Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com

Barbara Stanwyck (1907 – 1990)

Ruby Catherine Stevens

1944: highest-paid woman in the USA

1924: as a Ziegfeld girl (age 17)

Ruby Keeler (1907 – 1990)

Ethel Hilda Keeler

George Raft (1901 – 1980)

George Ranft

Mary Louise Cecilia "Texas" Guinan (1884 –1933)

Vaudeville singer "Wild West"-related patter

Silent films First movie cowgirl "The Queen of the West."

Mary Louise Cecilia "Texas" Guinan (1884 –1933)

Vaudeville singer "Wild West"-related patter

Silent films First movie cowgirl "The Queen of the West."

1920: 300 Club NYC Speakeasy First female emcee 40 scantily-clad fan dancers

By 1926: $700,000/year

Depression Too Hot for Paris

Texas Guinan, 1931

Mae West as Texas Guinan in Night After Night (1932)

Incendiary Blonde, a 1945 American musical drama film biography of Texas Guinan, starring Betty Hutton.

Phyllis Diller as Texas GuinanSplendor in the Grass (1961)

Whoppi Goldberg as Guinan, the bartender on The Enterprise in Star Trek: The Next Generation was named after Texas Guinan.

1925: Short-lived enforcement crackdown

Emory Buckner: Prohibition enforcer in NYC

Understaffed and underfunded 1250 poorly paid agents

Population: 100 million people 3.5 million square miles 18,700 miles of coastline and

borders

Lack of support from States Pre-Prohibition: half NYC’s

income from liquor taxes

Corruption: Speakeasies

$150 million/year in bribes Agents confiscate liquor

Sold back to original owners Confiscated liquor disappeared

1933: 2/3 of the 50 million gallons in government warehouses was missing

Doctors: $40 million/year Blank prescription slips

Chicago: 20,000 speakeasies operating openly

NYC: 32,000 speakeasies operating openly

Raids

Emory Buckner

Volstead Act: shut down a speakeasy for one year without going to court

Announced plans to shut down most famous/visible speakeasies in NYC

1925: 4700 speakeasies padlocked across America

No impact on speakeasies Ruined many hotels

Padlocks of 1927 Broadway Review Summer, 1927 Shubert Theater

Opium Poppy

Papaver somniferum “sleep-bringing poppy“

Opium Poppy

Papaver somniferum “sleep-bringing poppy“

Narcotics (Opiates) Morphine

Heroin Codeine

Opium Poppy

Papaver somniferum

“sleep-bringing poppy“

Narcotics (Opiates)

Poppy SeedsPoppy Seed Strudel

(Mohnstrudel)

1800s

Medical Research Safer alternatives Reduced reliance

Chinese Diaspora SF, NYC and London Opium smoking and opium

den Stigmatized opium use

Typical apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical in the 18th or 19th century

1875: San Francisco Opium Den Ordinance Banned dens for public smoking of opium

1882: Federal legislation limited smoking to opium dens

1883: Federal tax on importation of opium

1891: California Required narcotics to carry warning labels Sales recorded in a registry

1907: California’s Pharmacy and Poison Act Crime to sell opiates without a prescription

1909 CA bans possession of opium or opium pipes Federal Opium Exclusion Act prohibits

importation International Opium Commission

1912: International Opium Convention First international drug control treaty

1914: Harrison Narcotics Tax Act

Placed taxes and restrictions on the sale and prescription of opium

Criminalized use of opium-based products

Initiated a “demon drug” campaignBayer heroin bottle

Cannabis Plant (Mexican Spanish: Marihuana)

Hemp: variety of the Cannabis plant One of earliest domesticated plants (12,000

years ago) Produces fiber, oil, seed, wax, resin, rope, cloth,

pulp, paper, and fuel. Native to south-central Asia

1545: Spanish – Western Hemisphere 1607: Jamestown 1619: Virginia export

Mandated by House of Burgesses 1645: Puritans – New England

George Washington James Madison James Monroe Andrew Jackson Zachary Taylor Franklin Pierce

Tincture Oil

Powder (Kief)

Solid (Hashish)

Cannabis Plant (Mexican Spanish: Marihuana)

1840-1860: Increasingly prescribed by doctors 1853: personal use: “fashionable narcotic”

1880s: Common ingredient in medical products Sold openly in pharmacies Recreational use: hashish parlors – East Coast cities

500 in NYC 1883: Harper’s Magazine: “the better classes”

1906: Pure Food and Drug Act

Required accurate labeling of contents (including cannabis)

Aimed at “patent medicines”

Cities/States: regulate pharmaceutical industry

Move towards “prescription only” Wave of state “anti-poison” legislation

1910: Mexican Revolution 1920: Flood of

immigrants – “Marijuana Menace”

Exposed more Americans Associated marijuana use

with immigrants Crime attributed to

marijuana and the Mexicans who used it

1930s: Great Depression

Unemployment: increased resentment/fear of Mexican immigrants

Escalated concern about marijuana Flurry of research:

Linked marijuana with violence, crime “Racially inferior”

1931: 29 of the 48 states outlawed marijuana

1930: Creation of the FBN Federal Bureau of Narcotics

1932: Uniform State Narcotic Act Encouraged states to take responsibility by

creating and adopting uniform legislation

1937: Marijuana Tax Act

Restricts to individuals who pay an excise tax for medical and industrial use

Effectively outlaws and criminalizes marijuana

1930s and 1940s: “Cautionary Films”

“Lurid subject matter”

Evaded the strict censorship by claiming to be educational

Marihuana (1936)

Reefer Madness (1938)

Children of Loneliness (1937)

Sex Madness (1938)

Mom and Dad (1945)

She Shoulda Said No! (1949)

Stimulant Obtained from the

leaves of the coca plant

1890 – 1903

Non-medical use increased 5X Middle-aged, white, professional class Associated with laborers, youths, African-

Americans and the urban underworld

Employers

From “God’s Good Creature” to “Demon Rum”

From “God’s Good Creature” to “Demon Rum

Wild West Lawlessness, violence

Immigration Poverty, crime, violence “Un-American”

1. American Boycott of British Goods (1769)

Changed the nature of “women’s work” Politicized the “domestic sphere”

Reinforced “Domestic sphere” of women “Public sphere” of men

1. American Boycott of British Goods (1769)2. The Enlightenment (1600 – 1800)

Cultural/intellectual movement: The Age of Reason

Reform society using reason Advance knowledge through the scientific method. Challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith

Importance of the individual and natural rights

Question the status of women in society/marriage

1. American Boycott of British Goods (1769)

2. The Enlightenment (1600 – 1800)3. 18th Century Women

Mercy Otis Warren (1728 – 1814) Catherine Macaulay (1731 – 1791) Abigail Smith Adams (1744 – 1818) Judith Sargent Murray (1751–1820) Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797)

1. American Boycott of British Goods (1769)

2. The Enlightenment (1600 – 1800)3. 18th Century Women4. Republican Motherhood

1. American Boycott of British Goods (1769)

2. The Enlightenment (1600 – 1800)3. 18th Century Women4. Republican Motherhood5. Education for Women

1780 New England

Women’s literacy was half that of men’s

Farmers functioned well enough with little/no ability to read/write

Women’s education Ridiculed as a waste of

time Unfair Dangerous

1850 New England

Both men and women’s literacy rates increased

Little difference between men and women’s literacy rate

Colonial Era

Very limited educational opportunity for anyone

Virtually no public education Generally taught at home by mothers/tutors

Exceptions Larger towns/cities – expensive/elite Quakers (1.3% of population) Descendants of Dutch

Thomas Paine 1676: school teacher in England Earliest proponents of universal, free public education

Colonial Girls/Women

Education provided at home (if at all)

Some academies Equivalent of secondary school Generally operated by an individual woman Did not outlive founder

Exceptions: Bethlehem Female Seminary (Moravian College) Little Girls' School (Salem College)

New Republic: Teaching Seminaries Normal Schools (Ecole Normale)

Secular Schools Often started as academies

Educated women to be teachers Not “charted colleges” Only socially acceptable occupation: teaching. Only unmarried women could be teachers

New Republic: Advanced Education for Women

Between 1780 and 1830 13 schools opened

Between 1830 and 1840 12 schools opened

Between 1840 and 1850 20 schools opened

“We too are primary existences... not the satellites of men."

American women's rights activist who dedicated her life to education

Founded the first school for women’s higher education, the Troy Female Seminary (Troy, New York)

1895: renamed the Emma Willard School in 1895 in her honor.

Education of women (Address to NYS Legislature, 1818):

"has been too exclusively directed to fit them for displaying to advantage the charms of youth and beauty“

"the taste of men, whatever it might happen to be, has been made into a standard for the formation of the female character"

Reason and religion teach us that "we too are primary existences... not the satellites of men."

19th and early 20th Centuries Original focus

Property Rights Suffrage

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucy Stone Susan B. Anthony

1847: first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree

1850: Helped organize the first National Woman’s Right’s Convention

1850 to 1860 Annual series of meetings Both men and women Speeches on:

Abolition Women’s suffrage Temperance Birth control Marriage Reform Women's Property rights Equal wages Expanded education and career opportunities

Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis

Helped organize the first 2 conventions

1848: Seneca Falls Convention 300 people (40 men) The Declaration of

Sentiments Modeled on the Declaration

of Independence Signed by 100 participants

(68 women, 32 men) Charlotte Woodward was

the only signer still alive in 1920

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Local News Reports

The National Reformer The convention "forms an era in the progress of the

age; it being the first convention of the kind ever held, and one whose influence shall not cease until woman is guaranteed all the rights now enjoyed by the other half of creation—Social, Civil and POLITICAL.”

The Oneida Whig This bolt is the most shocking and unnatural incident

ever recorded in the history of womanity. If our ladies will insist on voting and legislating, where, gentleman, will be our dinners and our elbows? Where our domestic firesides and the holes in our stockings?"

National News

Lowell Courier: With women's equality, "the lords must wash the dishes,

scour up, be put to the tub, handle the broom, darn stockings.“

The St. Louis Daily Reveille The flag of independence has been hoisted for the

second time on this side of the Atlantic.

Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune: When a sincere republican is asked to say in sober

earnest what adequate reason he can give, for refusing the demand of women to an equal participation with men in political rights, he must answer, None at all. However unwise and mistaken the demand, it is but the assertion of a natural right, and such must be conceded."[

Religious Reaction

Some of the ministers heading congregations in the area attended the Seneca Falls Convention

None spoke out during the sessions, not even when comments from the floor were invited.

Following the conventions they attacked the Convention, the Declaration of Sentiments, and the resolutions.

1. American Boycott of British Goods (1769)

2. The Enlightenment (1600 – 1800)3. 18th Century Women4. Republican Motherhood5. Education for Women6. Suffrage Movement and Temperance

"Woman's Holy War"

Widows to Alcohol

The Effects of Drunkenness