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Kevin J. Hale, DDS, FAAPD
Founding Director, Points of Light project
Presentation Goals:
Brief Review of Cariology:Microbial EcologyEpigenetic Theory
Intergenerational Aspects of CariologyImplications for Prevention
“Good doctors treat disease, Great doctors prevent disease”
A Brief Review of Cariology
Indigenous Oral Biota:
Species Specific: Dog bacteria live on dogs and people bacteria live on people.
Site Specific: Oral Flora is unique as compared to flora from skin, nasopharynx, etc…(Adaptive Degeneration)
Qualitatively Stable: Once established
Def: Classical vs.
Non-classical infectious disease
Incidence of Caries in 35 yr. olds: NHanes
DMFS
Population
20% 20%
Make up of Normal Oral Flora
Total: 1000
Benign 800
Periodontal 150
Aciduric 50
Bacterial Guts & Stuff!
Sugar
Lactic Acid
EM
H+
ATP ADP
OH-
F-ATPase
Caries
A progressive shift in sub-population ratios of established normal, oral flora and a predominance of aciduric/acidogenic flora eventually resulting in dental decay.
Constitutional vs.
Adaptive (epi-genetic) Virulence
Hypoplasia-Associated Severe Early Childhood Caries
Rising “epidemic” of caries correlated with rising number of children living in poverty.
Diet consists of mainly processed food high in sugar & low in protein.
Obesity is a form of malnutrition and maternal obesity is associated with ECC.
Effects Inner city, Native Americans, etc….
Perinatal Components of Severe ECC:
Perinatal stresses linked to enamel hypoplasia, (EHP).
Hypoplasia linked to early colonization & higher levels of mutans streptococci.
Linked to maternal malnutrition, smoking, liver disease, drug and alcohol use and other factors leading to prematurity.
Prematurity and low birthweight are major contributors to EHP.
Management of Oral Flora
Benign Floral Enhancement:
Removal of Decay
Modification of Diet
Smoking Cessation
Optimization of Oral Hygiene
Judicious Administration of Fluoride
Utilization of Xylitol
General Oral Hygiene Assessment
No Inflammation
Inflammation
No Plaque Plaque
Compliance Diet
Performance Brushing
Non-Compliance
Putting the pieces together!
Caries Risk Assessment:
Based on developmental, behavioral & environmental factors over time.
Evaluates the probability of caries progressing to decay.
Allows for tailoring of preventive strategies for an individual patient’s caries risk.
Improves oral health in a cost-effective manner.
Very much a work in progress.
“When the cliff is steep, don’t dance at the edge!”
Non-dental risk factors for Caries
Low SES
Behavioral Issues
Medical Condition
Very young Patients
What is the probability of a good outcome?
Redefining the Goal of Oral Health Management
Restoring teeth is only a part of our obligation to our patients.
We are rangers of the oral veldt.
Our goal is to establish and maintain oral microbio-diversity in our patients’ mouths.
In fact, waiting for teeth to decay is NOT an acceptable practice.
Ideally, all children would establish a Dental Home by one year of age.
Identify those at risk and refer to a dentist.
First Visit Recommendations:
American Dental Association, Academy of General Dentistry & American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: 6 Months after the first tooth erupts and no later than 12 months of age.
American Academy of Pediatrics: As early as 7 months for infants deemed to be ‘At risk’ and no later than early toddler years.
Points-of-light.org