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Kerberos Authentication Systems. KERBEROS. In Greek mythology, a many headed dog, the guardian of the entrance of Hades (Hell). Outline. Authentication in Campus Kerberos 4 Realms (Domains) under Kerberos 4 Appendix: Kerberos 5. Authentication in Campus. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 1
Kerberos
Authentication Systems
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 2
KERBEROS
In Greek mythology, a many headed dog, the guardian of the entrance of Hades (Hell)
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 3
Outline
• Authentication in Campus
• Kerberos 4
• Realms (Domains) under Kerberos 4
• Appendix: Kerberos 5
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 4
Authentication in Campus
• Workstations, Servers are distributed
• Users/Clients: anyone, log in at any Wstn
• Servers software: examples?
– need to authenticate and authorize users
Can we trust Workstation software to
authenticate users on behalf of servers
What are the threats?
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 5
Authentication in Campus
• Threats: actions enabling unauthorized users to gain access to services and data
– User pretend to be another user.
– User alter the network address of a workstation.
– User listens to exchanges and use a replay attack.
How Users and Servers authenticate each other?
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 6
Approaches to Authentication
• Need Mutual Authentication
– Workstation cannot hold policy for all servers,
all computers, all users (“principals”)
– Use a trusted Authentication Server -
KERBEROS Server
• Kerberos Server holds policy – which users can
access which servers, and keys for all principals
Should we use Symmetric or A-symmetric keys
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 7
KERBEROS
• Centralized Authentication Server
– authenticating users to servers and v,v
– Relies on conventional encryption
– no use of public-key encryption – unlike PKI
– Long term shared secrets between Kerberos
and Servers and Users (not with client wstn)
What are the requirements from the
Kerberos Protocol?
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 8
Kerberos Protocol Requirements
• Partners are authenticated continuously
– Partners: Client, K Servers, Server
• Messages encrypted by secret short lived keys
• Little user involvement
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 9
Kerberos Protocol: 3 phases
ServerServerServerServerServerServerServerServer
ServerServerServerServer
KerberosKerberosDatabaseDatabase
ServerServerServerServer
KerberosKerberosDatabaseDatabase
Ticket GrantingTicket Granting ServerServer
Ticket GrantingTicket Granting ServerServer
AuthenticationAuthentication ServerServer
AuthenticationAuthentication ServerServer
WorkstationWorkstationWorkstationWorkstation
1
. Authenticati
oo
2. Authorization 3. Start service
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 10
Kerberos Version 4: Notation
• C = Kerberos Client module (on the workstation)• AS = Kerberos Authentication Server• TGS = Ticket Granting Server• tgt= Ticket Granting Ticket• V = server (e.g. mail server, ftp server, print server)• IDU = identifier of user on C (e.g. name, email address)• IDv = identifier of server V (e.g. Server IP address+port)
• PU = password of user; this is known to AS
• ADc = net (IP) address of Client (user’s workstation)
• Kv = secret encryption key shared by TGS and V
• TS = timestamp
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 11
Basic Kerberos Protocol
• 1.K Client sends (User ID: IDU) and PU ?
• 2. PU is known to AS. AS sends a packet with a tgt
encrypted (DES); key derived from PU
• Kerberos Client requests password from user
• K Client decrypts packet, finding User’s ID and
its own address (ADc) inside
– ensuring password is PU ;user authenticated
What will be the usage of tgt ?
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 12
Basic Kerberos Protocol
• tgt: User authenticated, allowed to get ticket
• 3. K client sends tgt to the Ticket Granting
Server, (TGS) is it now encrypted?
• 4. K. client receives a Service Ticket, ticketv
• 5. ticketv (client credentials) sent to server V
• ticketv encrypted by secret known to V and TGS
• tgt, ticketv have some lifetime
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 13
Authenticating Phase: Once per logon
• tgt is ”sealed” cannot be read by anyone but TGS (not even by User or Client); Why?
• Could the ticket sent directly to TGS?• Timestamp - against replay
(1) C AS: IDU || IDtgs
(2) AS C: EKc [tgt] what can an attacker do?
tgt = EKtgs[IDU || ADc || IDtgs ||TS1 || Lifetime1]
What’s the meaning of the tgt
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 14
Client request and get ticketv: Once per service
• IDU appears twice (also in tgt)
• ADc appears twice (in IP header, and tgt)
Why? Problem?
(3)C TGS: IDV ||tgt ||IDU
can attacker forge IDU?
can attacker impersonate the User?
(4) TGS C: ticketv
ticketv = EKv[IDU || ADc || IDv ||TS2 || Lifetime2]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 15
Client getting Service: Once per service session
• Server V sees its own ID --> ticketv is genuine
• V compares client address in IP header & ticketv
• V compares user ID in packet and ticketv
Problem?
(5) C V: ticketV || IDU
ticketV = EKv[IDU|| ADC || IDV ||TS2 || Lifetime2]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 16
The Lifetime of tgt
• If too short user will repeatedly enter password.
• If too long, an attacker might reuse message 3 (with forged IDU, ADc) before tgt expires
• Hence: Client needs to authenticate itself to TGS in its message 3
– Client adds secret authenticator to message 3
• For this Client and TGS Need a shared secret
How would they get it?
• AS to send a shared secret to both in message 2
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 17
New Message 2: AS sends to client a tgt, AND a shared
TGS-session key to be used in message 3
TGS session keyTGS session key
tgttgt::login name (IDlogin name (IDUU))TGS nameTGS namenet address (ADnet address (ADcc))TGS session keyTGS session key
Encrypted with user key Encrypted with TGS key
Who knows the session key?
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 18
New Message 3: Client authenticated by TGS, requests ticket
• 3 parts message
• tgt (previously obtained from AS), Encrypted by key known only to TGS (and AS)
• authenticator: encrypted with TGS session key
• Server (V) ID
tgttgt
authenticatorauthenticator
Server V NameServer V Name
encrypted withencrypted withTGS keyTGS key
encrypted withencrypted withTGS session keyTGS session key
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 19
The Lifetime of ticketv
• If lifetime is long, opponent might use it
– Client needs to authenticate to V in message 5
• Solution: AS gives in message 4 to both V and the
K client a one time, shared session key, Kc,v
– Client attach authenticator to its message 5
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 20
New Message 4: TGS sends to client a ticketv AND a shared
V session key to be used in message 5
V session keyV session key
ticketticketvv::login name IDlogin name IDUU
V nameV namenet address ADnet address ADcc
V session keyV session key
Encrypted with user keyEncrypted with V key
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 21
• 3 parts message
• ticketv (previously obtained from TGS),
Encrypted by key known only to V
• authenticator: encrypted with V session key
• Server (V) ID
New Message 5: Client authenticated by V, requests service
ticketticketvv
authenticatorauthenticator
Server NameServer Name
sealed with withV keyV key
sealed withV session key
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 22
Phase 1: User gets ticket granting ticket, authenticate itself to Client
• Authentication Service Exchange:
1. C AS: IDU || IDtgs ||TS1
2. AS C: EKc [Kc,tgs|| IDtgs || TS2 ||
Lifetime2 || tgt]
Shared Session key
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 23
Phase 2: User authenticated to TGS, gets ticketv
• Authenticator: Info about the Client (User name,
IP Address, Timestamp) encrypted with shared s
ecret. Expires immediately
• 3. C TGS: IDv || tgt || authenticatorc
• 4. TGS C: EKc [Kc,v|| IDv || TS4 || ticketv]
• tgt = EKtgs[Kc,tgs || IDU|| ADC || IDtgs || TS2 || Lifetime2]
• ticketv = EKv[Kc,v || IDU || ADC || IDV || TS4 || Lifetime4]
• authenticatorc = EKc,tgs[IDU || ADc || TS3]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 24
Phase 3: Starting Service
• 6. Server Authenticates itself to Client:
– Server reply: TS5+1, encrypted by the shared
session key (Kc,v)
5. C V: ticketv || authenticatorc
6. V C: EKc,v[TS5 +1]
ticketv = EKv[Kc,v || IDU || ADC || IDV || TS4 || Lifetime4]
authenticatorc = EKc,v[IDU || ADC || TS3]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 25
Summary of Kerberos 4 Protocol
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 26
Realm (Domain)
• A complete system is one Realm
• Realm under a single administration
– AS, TGS, Clients, service Servers
• The TGS must share a secret key with each
Server in the Realm
– All Servers in a Realm register with the TGS
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 27
Inter-operating Realms
• Users in one realm might need access to Servers
in another, interoperating realm
• TGS in realms register with all other AS
• AS in a realm trust other AS to authenticate its
users
• Servers in one realm trust TGS of the other
realm
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 28
User access Server RV in a remote Realm
Client applies to local AS for a Tickettgs for local
TGS
• 1. CAS: IDU || IDtgs || TS1
• 2. AS C:
EKc[Kc,tgs || IDtgs || TS2 ||LT2||tgt]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 29
User access Server RV in a remote Realm
Client applies to local TGS for a tgtr for (remote)
R-TGS
• 3. C TGS:
IDR-TGS || tgt || authenticatorc
• 4. TGS C:
EKc,tgs[Kc,r-tgs || IDR-TGS || TS4 || tgtr]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 30
User access Server RV in a remote Realm
Client applies to RTGS for a ticketrv for RV Server
• 5. C R-TGS: IDRV || tgtr || authenticatorc
• 6. R-TGSC: EKc,rtgs[Kc,rv || IDrv || TS6 ||
ticketrv]
Client connect to remote server
• 7. C --> RV: ticketrv || authenticatorc
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 31
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 32
Appendix
Kerberos Version 5
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 33
Kerberos Version 5: increased flexibility
• V4: Encryption system dependence (DES)
• Internet protocol dependence (IP addresses)
– Flexible protocols, addresses (using tags)
• V4: various Message byte ordering
– V5: standard (ASN.1)
• V4: Ticket lifetime limited field
– V5: arbitrary start/end times
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 34
Kerberos V: Delegation of Rights
• Client1 requests forwardble tgt with client2 addr.
– Client1 sent tgt to client2
– Client 2 requests a tgt, as if it is client1
– Client2 requests tickets to resources of client1
– E.g. print server request access to network file
• Client1 requests proxiable tgt with client2 addr.
– Client1 requests tickets on behalf of client2
– Client1 send tickets to client2
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 35
Kerberos V: Key in authenticator
• V4: same session key can be used in two parallel
sessions between client and server
– attacker may replay/mix message of sessions
• V5: client suggests in the authenticator a sub-
session key
– Server decrypts authenticator with old key,
but from there on will use new key
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 36
The forgetful Server: X Windows
• User on workstation, with local X Server that
draws on the screen
• Remote application (client) commands X server
• Remote & workst’n need mutual authentication:
• both get tgt, then will get ticket with session key
– But User password deleted from workstation
– workstation can’t decrypt packet with new tgt
– can’t get ticket with new session keys
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 37
Double TGT authentication
• Workstation has new tgt, & previous session key
– But no password to decrypt tgt packet
• Remote computer requests the new tgt packet
from workstation, sends both tgts to the TGS
• TGS decrypts tgts, by the known passwords
– Verify that 2 parties got authenticated before
– re-issues the tgt packet to the workstation, this
time encrypted with its old session key
• Workstation decrypts, gets ticket with session key
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 38
Kerberos V5: Evading dictionary attacks
• V4: Actual authentication by client after receiving tgt (encrypted by user password)
– Attacker gets tgt, tries all dictionary passwords
• V5: request for tgt accompanied by preauthentication-data
– Data: time stamp encrypted by user password
• V4: Attacker request ticket for a real user
– as if it is a server
– Then guessing password of that user
• V5: not allowing tickets for real user
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 39
Version 5: Authentication Service exchange
Client request tgt. It includes realm of user,
optional flags, from/till/renew times, nonce:
1. C --> AS: Options||IDc||Realmc||IDtgs||Times||
Nonce1
AS sends tgt & block encrypted by function of
password:
2. AS > C: Realmc ||IDc|| tgt ||
EKc[Kc,tgs||Times||Nonce1||
Realmtgs||IDtgs||]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 40
Version 5: Authentication Service exchange
Block: session key, same nonce, realm of TGS &
ID
Nonce (encrypted) guarantees no replay
Client info also in the clear
tgt = EKtgs[Flags||Kc,tgs||Realmc||IDc||ADc|| Times]
Flags: status of ticket and options
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 41
Version5: Getting Service Ticket phase
• Client requests from TGS a ticketv
– 3. C TGS: Options||IDv||Times||Nonce2||tgt||
MACc
– 4. TGS C: Realmc||IDc||ticketv||
EKc,tgs [Kc,v||Times||Nonce2|| Realmv ||IDv]
– Session key is carried in both ticket and block
– Realm v is provided to C
– block encrypted by the session key EKc,tgs
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 42
Version5: Getting Service Ticket phase
• Tickettgs = EKtgs[Flags||Kc,tgs||Realmc||IDc||ADc||
Times]
• ticketv = EKv[Flags||Kc,v||Realmc||IDc||ADc||
Times]
• MACc = EKc,tgs[IDc|| Realmc ||TS1]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 43
Version 5: starting Service phase
• 5. CV: Options||ticketv||MACc
• 6. VC: EKc,v[TS2||Subkey||Seq#]
– One-session sub-key may be created by client, carried to server in MAC
– Similarly for sequence number that will be used by server
• ticketv = EKv[Flags||Kc,v||Realmc||IDc||ADc|| Times]
• MACc = EKc,v[IDc|| Realmc ||TS2||Subkey||Seq#]
Winter 2006 Prof. R. Aviv: Kerberos 44
Summary
• Authentication in Campus provided by a central
authority
• Authentication is integrated with Authorization
• Authentication is provided by reusable series of
tickets
• Protocol exchanges are protected by
authenticators using one time session keys
• System provides for delegation of authentication