Kenya 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation Development Project

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Kenya 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation

Development Project

Feasibility Study Report

Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation

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Contents

1. Overview of the Project .................................................................................................... 8

1.1 Programme Background .................................................................................................... 8

1.1.1 Project name .......................................................................................................... 8

1.1.2 Project development nature .................................................................................. 8

1.1.3 Authority in charge of the project ......................................................................... 8

1.1.4 Project applicant .................................................................................................... 8

1.1.5 Feasibility study report preparer ........................................................................... 8

1.1.6 Preparation basis for feasibility study report ........................................................ 8

1.1.7 Purpose and process of project proposal .............................................................. 9

1.2 Project Profile .................................................................................................................. 11

1.2.1 Construction site .................................................................................................. 11

1.2.2 Development size and project target .................................................................. 11

1.2.3 Project construction conditions ........................................................................... 13

1.2.4 Total investment and benefits ............................................................................. 15

1.2.5 General technological and economic indicators ................................................. 16

1.3 Problems and suggestions ............................................................................................... 24

1.3.1 Major merits of the project ................................................................................. 24

1.3.2 Major weakness of the project ............................................................................ 24

1.3.3 Possibility to accomplish the project ................................................................... 25

2. Market Analysis and Prediction ...................................................................................... 27

2.1 Project product introduction ........................................................................................... 27

2.2 Product Supply and demand............................................................................................ 27

2.2.1 Demand and supply status in global market ....................................................... 27

2.2.2 Supply and demand status in Chinese market ........................................................ 28

2.3 Supply and demand prediction ........................................................................................ 29

2.2.3 Supply and demand prediction in product market .............................................. 29

2.2.4 Supply and demand prediction in Chinese market .............................................. 29

2.4 Analysis on target market of product .............................................................................. 30

2.5 Analysis on competitiveness in product market.............................................................. 31

2.5.1 Major competitors ............................................................................................... 31

2.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of competitiveness in product market .............. 32


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2.5.3 Analysis on share of target market of the product .............................................. 33

2.6 Analysis on industrial relevancy....................................................................................... 33

3. Development size and Production Programme .............................................................. 36

3.1 Project components ......................................................................................................... 36

3.2 Development size of project ............................................................................................ 37

3.2.1 Cassava plantation ............................................................................................... 37

3.2.2 Cassava improved seed cultivation ...................................................................... 38

3.2.3 processing of cassava ........................................................................................... 38

3.2.4 Sewage and biogas project .................................................................................. 38

3.2.5. Biological organic fertilizer .................................................................................. 39

3.3 Product programme ........................................................................................................ 39

3.3.1 Project product .................................................................................................... 39

3.3.2 Principles of product quality ................................................................................ 40

4. Site Conditions ................................................................................................................ 41

4.1 Project location and site selection ................................................................................... 41

4.2 Development site and geographical location .................................................................. 41

4.3 Status of land utilization .................................................................................................. 41

4.3.1 Status of land utilization where the project is located ........................................ 41

4.3.2 Status of land utilization where the project is located ........................................ 42

4.4 Climate conditions and resources ................................................................................... 43

4.4.1 Solar energy ......................................................................................................... 43

4.4.2 Temperature, accumulated temperature and humidity ..................................... 43

4.4.3 Precipitation ......................................................................................................... 43

4.4.4 Wind ..................................................................................................................... 43

4.4.5 Climate disasters .................................................................................................. 44

4.5 Topography and geomorphology conditions................................................................... 44

4.6 Hydrologic conditions ...................................................................................................... 44

4.7 Soil conditions .................................................................................................................. 44

4.8 Traffic conditions ............................................................................................................. 45

4.9 Labor resource condition ................................................................................................. 45

5. Technology, Equipment, and Engineering Solutions....................................................... 46

5.1 Technical solutions .......................................................................................................... 46

5.1.1 Technology route of cassava cultivation ............................................................. 46


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5.1.2 Production technology and production processes of seedlings and seed farms 46

5.1.3 Cultivation techniques and production processes of planting base .................... 52

5.1.4 Production technology and process of cassava starch and cassava flour ........... 59

5.1.5 Wastewater treatment, biogas technology and process..................................... 66

5.1.6 Production technology and process of bio-organic fertilizer .............................. 74

5.2 Major options for equipment .......................................................................................... 75

5.2.1 Seed breeding ...................................................................................................... 75

5.2.2 Cultivation management ..................................................................................... 76

5.2.3 Harvesting ............................................................................................................ 76

5.2.4 Production of cassava starch and cassava flour .................................................. 77

5.2.5 Wastewater treatment and biogas project ......................................................... 80

5.2.6 Bio-organic fertilizer production .......................................................................... 81

5.3 Engineering solutions....................................................................................................... 84

5.3.1 Office facilities ..................................................................................................... 84

5.3.2 Main characteristics and building area of cassava cultivation structures ........... 85

5.3.3 Main buildings and engineering structures of cassava growing areas ................ 87

5.3.4 Engineering solutions for major buildings and structures of cassava starch and cassava flour factory ............................................................................................................ 88

5.3.5 Wastewater factory project (2 lines of 5,000M3 / dAY wastewater treatment) . 90

5.3.6 Biogas digesters project (2 sets of 25,000 M3/ d gas station) ............................. 93

5.3.7 Bio-organic fertilizer factory project .................................................................... 94

6. Raw Material Supply ....................................................................................................... 96

6.1 Seedlings .......................................................................................................................... 96

6.1.1 Seedling varieties ................................................................................................. 96

6.1.2 Quantity ............................................................................................................... 96

6.1.3 Sources and transportation ................................................................................. 96

6.2 Fertilizers ......................................................................................................................... 98

6.2.1 Fertilizer varieties ................................................................................................ 98

6.2.2 Quantity ............................................................................................................... 98

6.2.3 Application method ............................................................................................. 98

6.3 Pesticides ......................................................................................................................... 98

6.4 Diesel oil ........................................................................................................................... 99

6.5 Electricity and fuel oil (heavy oil) ................................................................................... 100


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6.6 Chemical Pharmacy........................................................................................................ 100

7. Project’s Overall Planning and Utilities ......................................................................... 103

7.1 Overall planning ............................................................................................................. 103

7.1.1 Project composition and planning ..................................................................... 103

7.1.2 Overall planning ................................................................................................. 103

7.2 Transportation ............................................................................................................... 104

7.2.1 Transportation inside and outside of the area .................................................. 104

7.2.2 Transportation means and equipment .............................................................. 104

7.3 Utilities ........................................................................................................................... 105

7.3.1 Water supply and drainage engineering............................................................ 105

7.3.2 Power supply engineering ................................................................................. 110

7.3.3 Maintenance facilities ........................................................................................ 113

7.3.4 Warehousing facilities ....................................................................................... 114

8. Energy-saving and Water-saving Measures .................................................................. 115

8.1 Energy saving ................................................................................................................. 115

8.1.1 Energy-saving measures .................................................................................... 115

8.1.2 Energy consumption index analysis ................................................................... 115

8.2 Water saving .................................................................................................................. 116

8.2.1 Water-saving measures ..................................................................................... 116

8.2.2 Water consumption index analysis .................................................................... 116

9. Environmental Impact Assessments ............................................................................. 117

9.1 Project construction and impact of production on environment ................................. 117

9.1.1 Impact of project construction on environment ............................................... 117

9.1.2 Environmental impact factors during production ............................................. 117

9.2 Environmental protection measures ............................................................................. 117

9.2.1 Environmental protection measures during construction ................................ 117

9.2.2 Environmental impact prevention and treatment measures during project operation119

9.3 Environmental protection investment .......................................................................... 121

9.4 Environmental impact assessment ................................................................................ 121

10. Operation Management................................................................................................ 122

10.1 Project legal person formation planning ................................................................... 122

10.2 Management organization establishment planning .................................................. 122


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10.3 Human resources allocation ...................................................................................... 123

10.4 Staff training plan ...................................................................................................... 123

10.5 Operation mode......................................................................................................... 125

11. Implementation of the Project ...................................................................................... 126

11.1 Construction period ................................................................................................... 126

11.2 Project implementation progress arrangement ........................................................ 126

11.3 Project implementation progress sheet .................................................................... 127

12. Investment and Fund RaisinG ....................................................................................... 130

12.1 estimated Investment ................................................................................................ 130

12.1.1 Descriptions and basis of investment estimation .............................................. 130

12.1.2 Construction investment estimation ................................................................. 130

12.1.3 Interest incurred during construction ............................................................... 136

12.1.4 Cashflow............................................................................................................. 137

12.2 Fund raising ................................................................................................................ 137

13. Financial Evaluations ..................................................................................................... 138

13.1 Financial evaluation of project .................................................................................. 138

13.1.1 Basic data and parameter selection of financial evaluation .............................. 138

13.1.2 Estimation of sales revenue ............................................................................... 140

13.1.3 Estimation of cost .............................................................................................. 140

13.1.4 Financial Evaluation Report ............................................................................... 141

13.2 Financial profitability analysis .................................................................................... 141

13.3 Uncertainty analysis ................................................................................................... 142

13.4 Financial evaluation conclusions ............................................................................... 142

14. Risk Analysis .................................................................................................................. 143

14.1 Identification of project major risk factors ................................................................ 143

14.2 Risk degree analysis ................................................................................................... 144

14.3 Measures to manage and reduce risk ....................................................................... 144

15. Research Conclusions and SuggestIONs ....................................................................... 147

15.1 Overall description of the recommended plan.......................................................... 147

15.1.1 Market forecast results ...................................................................................... 147

15.1.2 Building scale and product program .................................................................. 147

15.1.3 Site selection plan .............................................................................................. 148

15.1.4 Technical equipment and engineering plan ...................................................... 148


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15.1.5 Raw materials and fuels supply plan ................................................................. 150

15.1.6 Environmental impact assessment .................................................................... 151

15.1.7 Total investment of the project ......................................................................... 151

15.1.8 Financial benefit................................................................................................. 152

15.1.9 Basic conditions for implementation of the project .......................................... 152

15.1.10 Main risks analysis and conclusion ................................................................... 153

15.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the recommended plan ...................................... 153

15.2.1 Advantages ........................................................................................................ 153

15.2.2 Existing issues .................................................................................................... 154

15.3 Conclusion and suggestion ........................................................................................ 155

15.3.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 155

15.3.2 Suggestion .......................................................................................................... 155


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1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

1.1 PROGRAMME BACKGROUND

1.1.1 PROJECT NAME

Project development of 30000-Hectare Cassava Plantation

1.1.2 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT NATURE

Cassava plantation and production of cassava starch

1.1.3 AUTHORITY IN CHARGE OF THE PROJECT

Kenya KISUMU provincial government

1.1.4 PROJECT APPLICANT

Vezion Pte Limited (Hong Kong)

1.1.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT PREPARER

Wuxi Yongfeng Starch Engineering Co., Ltd.

1.1.6 PREPARATION BASIS FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT

THE GREAT LAKES GROUP LIMITED provided data as follow (see appendices);

1. Cassava Cultivation Technologies and Industry Development in China; China

Agriculture Press 1st Edition, May 2008;

2. Management Methods for Basic Construction Projects of Agriculture Decree No.

39 of Ministry of Agriculture (implemented as of September 1, 2004);

3. Economic Evaluation Methods and Parameters of Construction Project (3rd

Edition); National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of

Housing and Urban-Rural Development [Development & Reform Investment

Decree No. (2006) 1325];

4. Guidance on Feasibility Study on Investment Projects. National Development

and Reform Commission [Planning Office Investment No. (2002) 15];

5. The material prices in the market shall be subject to Price Information on

Construction Materials and Equipment of Project in China.


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6. Price Rules for Construction Cost in China (2008);

7. Material prices issued by the local authorities of price information, price and

materials;

8. Instruction manuals and quotes from equipment suppliers;

9. Current information on similar enterprise investment in Cambodia;

10. The exchange rate of Dollar against RMB is 6.0.

1.1.7 PURPOSE AND PROCESS OF PROJECT PROPOSAL

Project Analysis

As one of the three major tubers in the world, cassava is regarded as “King of Starch”

and “Food under the Ground”. Cassava is mainly cultivated in the tropical areas. Being

capable of growing on marginal soils, it is highly adaptive; therefore enabling cultivation

technologies to be developed and promotes better utilization of land and labor

resources for plantation development.

For this project, the application of cassava includes three aspects. First, the cassava will

be used for the processing of cassava starch and flour, but huge amounts of residues

and effluents will be produced. Second, after biological fermentation, the residues and

effluents may be diverted to biological organic fertilizers and bio-fuels – biogas

production so that the biological organic fertilizers may replace the inorganic fertilizers

and the biogas may be used as the green fuel to replace coal and fuel oil. Third, the

overall utilization of the cassava residues and effluent treatment realizes the practical

and economic value of waste utilization as well as the benefits of a sustainable

economy.

The promotion of the economic cycle of “cassava plantation → processing → waste

utilization → cassava plantation” is able to highly improve the economic benefits of the

cassava industry.

General analysis of the economic situation in Africa

As a tropical crop, cassava originally grew in Amazon of South America. Together with

potato and sweet potato, they are known as three major tubers in the world. The

cultivation and use of cassava could be dated back to 5000 years ago. Cassava

originated in Brazil, and in the 16-17th century was extensively spread by the


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Portuguese in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean, especially in the tropical and subtropical

regions. Cassava is well adapted within latitudes 30° north and south of the equator, at

elevations between sea level and 2000 meters above sea level. Cassava is highly

adaptive and capable of growing on marginal soils. It is less vulnerable to pest and

disease damages, drought-tolerant, with high yield and high quality. Cassava offers

wide applications with good overall benefits and can become an important resource

closely related to a country’s economy and its citizen’s livelihood.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), over 90% of the cultivation

regions are located at the tropical areas. Due to its high adaptability, cassava has been

spread to regions out of latitudes 30° north and south of the equator. It grows in the

regions with average annual temperature over 18°C and frost-free period over 8

months. According to FAO, there are a total of 105 countries cultivating cassava, and

the annual global yields of fresh cassava in 2008 was 240 million tons, among which

half came from the African continent, with average yields of 14 tons/hectare. The

average yields of Africa, Latin America and Asia were 11 tons/hectare, 15 tons/hectare

and 18 tons/hectare respectively.

Cassava finds its application in edible, feeds and industrial purposes. Cassava starch is

one of the most important raw materials for starch. 65% of the cassava yields are used

for human food, constituting the main food crop for 600 million low-income peasants in

the wet tropical regions. For fermentation industry, cassava starch or dry cassava could

be used to produce alcohol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, cassava protein, glucose

and fructose, which are widely applied in the fields of food, beverage, medicine, textile

(cloth dyeing) and paper making. The peel can be used again as fertilizer and animal

feed. The dried waste fibers may be used in the mining industry as the flocculants, and

the low-concentration starch lost during the precipitation process may be used as the

feeds for pigs. Meanwhile, cassava is also an energy plant with huge potentials,

representing one of the important supports for the development of biomass energy

industry. With continuous development of high-tech processing technologies, cassava

has been regarded as the economic crop with extremely high overall utilization value

and industrial material of great importance, with the annual global trade volume of 20

billion U.S. dollars.

Recently, there has been increasing demands for cassava due to the development of

downstream industries like ethanol, modified starch, food, chemical engineering and


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textile. According to China Customs’ statistics, cassava imports increased over 3 million

tons from year 2000 to 2005. Since 2005, China has become the largest importing

country, with an annual import of 5 million tons. China mainly imports from Vietnam,

Thailand and Indonesia.

Cassava is drought-tolerant and adaptive to the infertile land. It is widely cultivated in

more than 40 countries and specific regions in Africa accounts for half of the total yields

in the world with annual yields of over 100 million tons. However, lots of African

peasants still use a non-improved cassava, and they also lack fertilizers and pesticides.

As the staple food grain for countries at tropical regions in Africa, cassava is the

important grain reserve against poor harvest or the reliable food source in the dry

season.

FAO's data (2002) suggested that, Nigeria, the largest producer and also the country

with the largest yield in Africa, has an annual yield of 34 million tons cultivated from an

area of 3.1 million hectares. Congo-Kinshasa and Ghana follow next with an annual

yield of 16 million tons and 10 million tons respectively. Other African countries with an

annual yield of over 2 million tons include Mozambique, Angola, Benin, Madagascar,

Tanzania and Uganda.

Kenya offers huge amount of land to be developed, which are suitable to the

development of cassava cultivation base, introduction and promotion of good cassava

varieties of disease-and-insect resistance and high yields as well as promotion of

high-yield cultivation technologies such as tractor-ploughing, rational close planting and

scientific fertilization. These strategies will double the cassava yields, maximize the

economic benefits, increase peasants’ incomes and improve people's livelihood, which

will provide both positive social and economic impacts to Kenya.

1.2 PROJECT PROFILE

1.2.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE

Kano Plain, Kenya KISUMU.

1.2.2 DEVELOPMENT SIZE AND PROJECT TARGET

Development size

The project shall occupy 30,000 hectares, comprising of 6 parts:


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500-hectare improved cassava seed cultivation base;

29,500-hectare field production area;

Production plant with capacity of 10,0000-ton cassava starch and 100,000-ton

cassava flour;

2 units of 5,000M³/d effluent treatment plant;

2 units of biogas digesters with daily yield of 25,000m³;

100,000-ton biological organic fertilizer plant

Development target

I. Overall target

With high-efficiency agriculture as the starting point, the technology as the basis and

the market as the orientation, we will create positive social and economic benefits and

protect the ecological environment so as to realize a sustainable agriculture industry.

II. Project development target

For the development of the agricultural industry as well as supporting facilities, we will

create the industrial clusters with value chains of “plantation → processing → waste

utilization → sales” via integrated technologies comprising of modern and improved

biological varieties as well as the operation pattern of “company + base (cooperation) +

staffs (peasants)”. We will upgrade the industrial structure of local agriculture, set up

the modern agriculture science parks with orientation of ecological agriculture and

profitable agriculture, realize the shift from traditional agriculture to modern

agriculture, and accomplish the overall target of the project as well as form a complete

industrial chain. When the project design is fully implemented, the annual output shall

be 100,000 tons of cassava starches, 100,000 tons of cassava flour and 50,000 tons of

biological organic fertilizer.

Project development period

The project shall be accomplished in 5 years according to the development plan of

industry, production size and production capacity:

1. 1st – 2nd year

To setup the cassava plantation limited company in the first year and establish


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500-hectare improved seed base for the cassava, and promote the plantation of

cassava on 5,000 hectares. In addition, a production plant for 50,000-ton cassava starch

and 50,000-ton cassava flour, a 5,000M³/d effluent treatment plant, a biogas digester

with daily yield of 25000m³ and a 50,000-ton biological organic fertilizer will be

constructed.

We will expand the plantation to 15,000 hectares in the second year.

2. 3rd – 4th year

After the establishment of the improved seed base, this will provide the local with good

seeds, lower the production costs, offer seed supply guarantee and enable expansion

of the cassava plantation. We will expand the plantation areas by an additional 15,000

hectares to fully demonstrate the scale benefits when the plantation areas reach

30,000 hectares. Based on the project development results, we will expand the

production scale by adding one production line to each plant so as to double the

output, with a target of 100,000-ton cassava starch, 100,000-ton cassava flour, and

daily yield of 50,000 M3 biogas as well as 50,000-ton biological organic fertilizer.

3. 5th year

Based on the results made at the first two stages, we will endeavor to further improve

the cassava seed and increase the yield of 25 tons/hectare and final yield of 75 tons,

which will be able to meet the demands of various industries and achieve higher

production benefits.

1.2.3 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Policy condition

In the future, oil resources will be limited and therefore biological fuels are the

solution. Therefore, many developed countries have attached importance to the

development of the biological fuel resources in Africa. At the Meeting of Agriculture

Specialists for Eastern and Southern Africa held in Nairobi in 2011, the specialists

promoted cultivation of cassava which is able to grow on dry and poor land, to deal

with the food security problems in Africa. FAO report also states that cassava

cultivation may provide poor countries and certain regions with a long-term safeguard

against increasing food and fuel oil prices around the world. However, most countries

in Africa still do not realize the value of cassava concerning the food security and


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industrial value. Unlike rice, corn and wheat, African countries are making less effort in

the research and development of cassava, leading to the low level of marketization and

low-tech processing methods currently in place. Most countries are having huge

demands for cassava in industrial production and China has become the largest

importer of cassava with Africa exporting most of its yield to China each year. In future,

large scale cassava cultivation will bring huge business opportunities to Africa.

In Kenya, thanks to the project of “Acrid and Semi-acrid Land in Kenya” sponsored by

EU, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute began to establish “commercial cassava

villages” around the country in recent years. The project objectives are to apply the

newly developed varieties immediately, stabilize the marketable cassava yields while

increasing the food reserves of the peasants. In addition, the target is to teach the

peasants the technologies of processing and packaging of cassava starch and achieve

self-sufficiency. However, the development of cassava processing still falls behind the

increase of the yield. At present, cassava is still processed in the manner of household

manual workshop, and there is shortage of large-and-medium processing equipment

and production plants. Cassava products in Africa still failed to meet the demand of the

global market.

Market condition

Recently, there has been increasing demands for cassava due to the development of

downstream industries such as ethanol, modified starch, food, chemical engineering

and textile. According to China Customs’ statistics, imports increased by over 3 million

tons from 2000 to 2005. Since 2005, China has become the largest importing country,

with an annual import of 5 million tons. China mainly imports from Vietnam, Thailand

and Indonesia. Therefore, demands still exceed supplies in the markets at home and

abroad, which will continue for a relatively long period. This is the potential of the

market for cassava.

Environment and resource condition

The project is located at the agricultural production region, which is far away from the

urban areas and free of industrial pollution. The quality of air and surface water is good

and the tropical climate is excellent for the growth of cassava. The soils are mainly

muck soils with sound fertility and land resources are abundant. The project covers a

land area of 72,980 hectares, 70% of which can be used for cassava plantation. The


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project area is not only close to Victoria Nyanza – the largest lake in Africa, but there

are also rivers going through the project area. The river features runoff and good water

quality, which is able to ensure adequate water supply and utilization for production.

Technology condition

The traditional cultivation technologies have been gradually improved and developed,

and a cultivation technology system for cassava breeding that is fit for the actual

condition in Africa has been established. And Kenya already has some experience of

successful development project for cassava cultivation, and Chinese experts are ready

to offer technical support.

Social condition

The project area has the experience of cassava plantation. In addition, the

establishment of the production plant for cassava starch and cassava flour will

safeguard the sales, providing the peasants economic benefits and stimulating their

enthusiasm for cassava cultivation.

Complementary condition of external collaboration

The asphalt roads of KISUMU go through the project area, and the area where the

project is located has roads in each village. This provides good traffic condition for the

produce transportation in the future. There are power stations in KISUMU, and the

power resources are abundant. The initial analysis on the development conditions

indicates the possibility of the construction and operation of the project.

1.2.4 TOTAL INVESTMENT AND BENEFITS

The total investment is US 82.2798 million with the breakdown as follow

I. USD 2.472m for office and accommodation facilities;

II. USD 41.73m for plantation of 30000-hectare cassava;

III. USD 17.0391m for starch production plant;

IV. USD 4.788m for effluent treatment plant;

V. USD 8.55m for biogas digester;

VI. USD 3.648m for biological organic fertilizer plant

VII. USD 3.2704m for other project construction;


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VIII. USD 0.7823m for reserve cost.

According to the calculation, the annual sales revenue after the completion of the

project will reach USD 72.6563m per annum with an annual average sales profit of USD

26.3254m per annum.

1.2.5 GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Table 1 – 1 Table of Major Technological and Economic Indicators


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No. Unit

1 Hectare

1.1 Hectare

1.2 Hectare

1.4 M³/d

1.5 M³/d

2 Year

3 Year

4 Hectare

Cultivation land Hectare

Effluent treatment plant M³/d

Biogas digester M³/d

Biological organic fertilizer

plantTons

Cultivation land Hectare

Cassava starch and cassava

flour plantTons

Effluent treatment plant M³/d

Biogas digester M³/d


plantTons

4.2 2017 Cultivation land Hectare

200000

100000

Tons

Completion of commissioning, and standard production

30000 Area of cultivation land with improved seed base

2016


100000 Completion of commissioning, and standard production



50000

Establishment of a production line of 50000-ton cassava

starch and a plant of 50000-ton cassava flour production

line

5000 Construction period



100000

Plantation plan and plant construction 30000

4.1

2015



flour plant

Project construction period 5

Project counting period 20

Biogas digester 50000 2 25000 M³/d biogas digester

1.6 Biological organic fertilizer plant Tons2 50000-ton biological organic fertilizer production line

line

1.3 Cassava starch and cassava flour plant Tons Cassava starch: 100000 tons; Cassava flour: 100000 tons

Sewage treatment plant 10000 2 5000M³/d sewage treatment lines

Cassava plantation area 29500

Improved cassava seed cultivation

base500

Indicator name Quantity Note

Project construction size 30000


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Effluent treatment plant Construction period

Biogas digester Construction period


plantConstruction period

Cultivation landArea of cultivation land with improved seed

base


flour plant

Completion of commissioning, and standard

production

Effluent treatment plantCompletion of commissioning, and standard

production

Biogas digesterCompletion of commissioning, and standard

production


plant

Completion of commissioning, and standard

production

Cultivation landArea of cultivation land with improved seed

base

Improve cassava seed Increase cassava yield

5

5.1

5.1.1

5.1.2

5.2

5.2.1

5.2.2 3.5 m in width, gravel road

5.2.3 1.0 m in width, earth road

5.2.4 0.5×0.3×0.5m,rubber irrigation

5.2.5 0.4×0.5m, earth ditch

5.2.6 50m3, brick concrete

5.2.7 100m3, brick concrete

5.3

Tons 100000

Starch plant

Well Set 50

Pool Set 30

Irrigation km 100

Drainage ditch km 50

Roads in the field km 50

Production road km 80

Plantation project

Accommodations for production

management and agricultural M² 2500

Office building M² 1800

Canteen and living area M² 3930

Project description and size

Office facilities

Tons 100000

4.3 2019Hectare 30000

T/ha 25

4.2 2018

Hectare 30000

Tons 200000

M3/d 10000

M3/d 50000

Establishment of a production line of 50000-

ton cassava starch and a production line of

50000-ton cassava flour

M³/d 5000

M³/d 25000

Tons 50000


flour plant


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5.4

5.5

5.6

6

6.1

Calculate as per use level of

1500kg

6.12 3 tons per hectare

6.13 750kg per hectare

6.14 25kg per hectare

6.15 Fuel consumption of tractor

6.16

6.17

6.18

6.19

6.11

6.111

6.112

6.113

6.114

Excavator Set 3

Road roller Set 1

Trailer Set 25

Bulldozer Set 10

Irrigation equipment Set 20

Cassava harvester Set 50

6-7 disc plough Set 50

Ridging plough Set 50

80 horsepower four-wheel tractor Set 20

3-4 disc plough Set 50

Diesel Liter 1,000,000

90 horsepower four-wheel tractor Set 80

Fertilizer Tons 22,500

Pesticides Tons 750

6.11 Seeds Tons 45,000

Organic fertilizer Tons 100,000

Major raw materials and equipments

30000-hectare cassava plantation

project

Biological organic fertilizer plant

Biological organic fertilizer production

line with annual yield of 50000 tonsSet 2

Biogas digester

25000M3

biogas fermentation system

poolSet 2

5000M3/d anaerobic system pool Set 2

5000M3/d aerobic system pool Set 2

Storage yard and sunning ground M² 10000

Effluent treatment plant

Warehouse M² 10000

Pool M² 5000

Plant, boiler room and power

distribution roomM² 5000


______________________________________________________________________

20

6.21

6.22Annual oil consumption of 14000 tons, among

which 50% are replaced by biogas.

6.23

6.24

6.3

6.31

6.32 PAM & PAC

6.4

6.41

6.42

6.5

6.51

6.52Annual oil consumption of 1000 tons, among

which 50% are replaced by biogas.

7

8

8.1

8.11

The seed expenses shall be paid for the first

cultivation, and the company shall cultivate

the seed in the future.

8..12

30% - 40% of the biological fertilizer shall be

offered by the biological fertilizer plant of the

project.

8..13

8.14

8.15

8.16

8.17

8.2

8.21 $0.08/KW.h

8.22 $0.85/L

8.23 Labor USD 30

Power bill USD 18

Fuel expenses USD 70

Expenses of equipment maintenance

and repairUSD 25

Cassava starch and cassava flour plant

(dollar/Tons)138

Diesel expenses USD 50

Labor USD 250

Pesticide expenses USD 45

Mechanical expenses USD 90

Seed expenses USD 152

Fertilizer USD 350

Average cost per unit

Cassava plantation (dollar/hectare) 962

Heavy oil (fuel oil) Tons 500

Labor Quantity 1800


project

Power consumption KW1 million kilowatt

hours


hours

Biological agent Tons 30

Chemical agent Tons 50

Biogas digester

Effluent treatment plant project


hours

Water consumption Tons 3 million M3

Fresh cassava Tons 800000 tons


hours

Heavy oil (fuel oil) Tons 7000

6.2

200000 cassava starch and cassava

flour

project


______________________________________________________________________

21

8.24

8.25

8.3

8.31

8.32

8.33

8.34

8.4

8.41

8.42

8.43

8.44

8.5

8.51

8.52

8.53

8.54

8.55

9

9.1

9.1.1 Cost of 500 dollars/M²


9.2

9.2.1

9.2.2


9.2.4

9.2.5

9.2.6

9.3 Starch plant USD 10000 1703.91

Road project USD 10000 150

Other projects USD 10000 80

Supporting project USD 10000 100

Irrigation and drainage project USD 10000 254

Agricultural machinery expenses USD 10000 703

Plantation project expenses USD 10000 2886

Facilities of living USD 10000 157.2

30000-hectare cassava plantation USD 10000 4173

Facilities of office and living USD 10000 247.2

Office building USD 10000 90


and repairUSD 8

Total investment for project USD 10000 8227.98

Labor USD 30

Expenses of package material and

supporting materialUSD 12

Power bill USD 5

Fuel expenses USD 30


and repairUSD 0.01


(dollar/ton)85

Biological agent expenses USD 0.1

Labor USD 0.1

Biogas digester (dollar/M3) 0.37

Power bill USD 0.16

Labor USD 0.1


and repairUSD 0.01

Power bill USD 0.2

Agent expenses USD 0.1


and repairUSD 8

Effluent treatment plant (dollar/M³) 0.41

Expenses of package material and

supporting materialUSD 12


______________________________________________________________________

22




9.3.5

9.3.6

9.3.7 33KV line

9.3.8

9.3.9

The design expenses shall be 2% of the total

investment, and the expenses of foreign

installation and commissioning shall be 12%

9.4

9.4.1

9.4.2

9.4.3

9.4.4




9.5

9.5.1

9.5.2

9.5.3


investment, and

the expenses of foreign installation and

commissioning shall be 12%

9.6

9.6.2 Cost of 400 dollars/M2× 2500M2

2×50000-ton biological organic

fertilizer production line

Plants and infrastructures USD 10000 100

9.6.3

2-ton fuel steam boiler and air

heating

furnace

USD 10000 10

9.6.1 USD 10000 200

9.5.4Expenses of design, installation and

commissioningUSD 10000 105

Biological organic fertilizer plant USD 10000 364.8

Infrastructures and equipment USD 10000 160

Bacterial agents for cassava residue

biogas treatmentUSD 10000 30

Biogas digester USD 10000 855

2×25000M3 cassava residue anaerobic

tankUSD 10000 560

Bacterial agents for wastewater

treatmentUSD 10000 20

Expenses of design, installation and

commissioningUSD 10000 58.8

2×5000M3 anaerobic sewage tank USD 10000 300

Infrastructures and equipment USD 10000 100



Effluent treatment plant USD 10000 478.8

6000KV distribution facilities USD 10000 60

4×6 ton fuel steam boiler USD 10000 48

2×150t/d cassava starch production

lineUSD 10000 300

2×150t/d cassava flour production line USD 10000 300

Warehouse USD 10000 350

Pool, storage yard and sunning

ground, etc.USD 10000 236.66

Plant and construction facilities USD 10000 200


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23

9.6.4




9.7

9.7.1

9.7.2

9.7.3

9.7.4

9.8

10

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.3.1300 days of production period, considering

capital return in 3 months







11

11.1Normal years of after meeting the designed

production capacity

11.1.1Normal years of after meeting the designed

production capacity

11.1.2

.1

11.1.2

.2


production capacity

Normal years of after meeting the designed

production capacity

Cassava starch plant Tons 100000

Cassava flour plant Tons 100000

29500 hectares of plantation area Tons 737500

500 hectares of improved cassava seed

cultivationTons 12500

Yield of fresh cassava per hectare Tons 25

Total annual yield of fresh cassava Tons 750000

Circulating capital for biological

organic fertilizer plantUSD 10000 212.5

Product programme

Circulating capitals for wastewater

treatment plantUSD 10000 36.9

Circulating capital for biogas plant USD 10000 33.3

Circulating capitals USD 10000 1048.6

Circulating capitals for starch plant USD 10000 765.9

Total investment for project USD 10000 8227.98

Interests during construction period USD 10000 760.35

Reserve cost USD 10000 78.23

Fund raising USD 10000 10036.93

Expenses of management of

construction unit (1.5%)USD 10000 117.34

Expenses of technological trainings USD 10000 35

Expenses of preparatory work (2%) USD 10000 83.46

Expenses of survey and design (2.5%) USD 10000 91.24



Other expenses of project construction USD 10000 327.04


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24

1.3 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS

1.3.1 MAJOR MERITS OF THE PROJECT

Environmental and social benefits

The project adopts the development approach of sustainable economy of “cassava

plantation → cassava starch processing → cassava residue biogas → biological organic

fertilizer → plantation irrigation”. The approach fully shows the environmental

protection, ecological circulation and sustainability, with good ecological benefits. In

addition, the cassava in the project can be utilized during the economic cycle,

improving the reliability of the project.

Remarkable economic benefit

The project will offer good economic benefits for the cassava plantation, with average

net profit per hectare reaching USD 877.51, providing the follow-up industries with

sufficient raw materials. The proposed project is able to add more than 1800 local jobs,

improving their livelihood, promoting the development of other industries and

increasing the national tax revenues.

1.3.2 MAJOR WEAKNESS OF THE PROJECT

The yields of the fresh cassava influence greatly the development of the whole project.

According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, the yield of fresh

cassava per hectare is about 11 tons in Africa making the project not viable if the yield

is not improved. Therefore, the seeds and plantation are related to the cassava yield. It


production capacity


production capacity


production capacity

12

12.1

According to the global market price and

KISUMU ex-factory price of cassava starch in

March 2014

12.2


production capacityAnnual sales revenue USD 10000 7265.63

Product lists of cassava starch and

cassava flourDollar/ton 387.5

Yield of cassava starch and cassava

flour10000 tons 18.75

Biological organic fertilizer plant Tons 100000

Sales revenue

Wastewater treatment plant M3/d 10000

Biogas digester M3/d 50000


______________________________________________________________________

25

is necessary to set up stable cooperation with local peasant organizations in Kenya and

also introduce the improved seeds and technologies from China, Thailand, Vietnam and

Africa so as to ensure the cassava yield and realize the overall target of the project.

Fluctuation of market price greatly influences the cassava plantation industry. Over the

past few years, the global recession depresses the demands for cassava starch, which

also has some negative influences on the production of the starch, and the slow decline

price of cassava starch led to some business difficulties in starch production. But it will

not last long. Due to the sustainable economy of integrating cassava plantation —

cassava starch processing, the anti-risk capacity is promising. The cassava plantation

and starch processing may complement each other for a win-win result - gaining of

remarkable profits as well as improvement of the local livelihood of the peasants.

1.3.3 POSSIBILITY TO ACCOMPLISH THE PROJECT

I. The project promoter has technological foundation for the cultivation as well

as appropriate site selection.

II. The technological foundation will improve agricultural efficiency, promote the

development of rural economy and increase peasants’ revenues, which is an

important component to promote the agriculture and the structural

adjustment of the agricultural industry.

III. There are sufficient production data, and the base can be used as the primary

workshop of the “company”. In addition, the product market is potentially

great.

IV. The project shall be operated in the organization structure of “company +

base + staffs (peasants)”, and it is a modern agricultural base integrating

“technology, industry, agriculture and trade”. The operation structure

comprising of “trade-industry-agriculture & production-supply-marketing” is

adopted for business management.

In conclusion, the development of the project is aim at adjusting the agricultural

industry and product structure, growth of biological resources and development of

innovative industries, which will transform natural resources into an economic

advantage. This complies with the requirements of national industrial policies, with the

strategic principles of development of cassava in Kenya as well as the overall planning


______________________________________________________________________

26

of the local agriculture and development of rural economy. It is also an important

action by the government at all levels to implement this poverty-relief strategy. The

implementation of the project not only has good economic benefits but also

remarkable social benefits. We are proposing this project in order to protect the

ecological environment and lay a solid foundation for the development of the cassava

industry in Kenya.


______________________________________________________________________

27

2. MARKET ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION

2.1 PROJECT PRODUCT INTRODUCTION

The main products of the project comprises of 100,000-ton cassava starch, 100,000-ton

cassava flour as well as 100,000-ton biological organic fertilizer per annum.

2.2 PRODUCT SUPPLY AND DEMAND

2.2.1 DEMAND AND SUPPLY STATUS IN GLOBAL MARKET

As a tropical crop, cassava originally grows in Amazon of South America; together with

potato and sweet potato, they are known as three major tubers in the world. The

cassava is highly adaptive and capable of growing on marginal soils, less vulnerable to

pest and disease damages, drought-tolerant, with high yield and high quality. Cassava

offers a wide range of applications with good overall benefits and development

prospect, and provides important resources closely related to the national economy

and people's livelihood. Cassava is an important food crop in Africa, and there are

about 600 million people living on cassava. As an important industrial material, cassava

is able to be made into cassava starch, modified starch, cassava alcohol, sorbitol and

over 2000 products, which are widely used in the food, feed, medicine, paper making,

textile, brewing, and many other industries. In recent years, ethanol made of cassava

has been acclaimed by governments of many countries due to its environment

conservation. Among all the starches, cassava starch becomes popular due to its sound

physicochemical and processing properties such as low content of non-starch

impurities (the protein in cassava starch is 0.1%, while the protein in corn starch is

0.35%), low gelatinization point (52 - 64°C for cassava starch and 62 - 72°C for corn

starch), strong viscosity, stable and transparent paste, good film-forming property and

powerful permeability. Meanwhile, as a starch made of non-food-based material,

cassava starch can be significant to the safeguard of national food security and

alleviation of imbalance of energy supply and demand if it is widely applied.

In 2006, the global yields of cassava were 226 million tons. As the largest economic

crop in the world, cassava is mainly grown in Africa whereby the yield was 122 million

tons, accounting for 53% of the global yields. The major producers include Nigeria,

Congo, Mozambique and Ghana. The Asian yield was 67.01 million tons, accounting for


______________________________________________________________________

28

29.7% of the global yields with the major producers including Thailand, Indonesia,

Vietnam, India, China, Cambodia and Philippine. The yields in Latin America and

Caribbean region were 37.93 million tons, accounting for 17.3% of the global yields,

and the major producers include Brazil, Paraguay, Columbia and Peru.

In 2005, the global trade volume of cassava was 7.92 million tons, reaching a market

value of USD 840 million. Most of the trades were dried cassava. The major exporters

include Thailand, Indonesia and major producers in Africa whilst the major importers

include China, South Korea, Japan, US and some European countries.

Since 1990s, there has been increasing demands for cassava on the global market due

to the rapid development of feed and starch industry. The insiders predict that the

global yield will reach 271 million tons by 2020, thus the market is has a huge potential

for growth.

2.2.2 SUPPLY AND DEMAND STATUS IN CHINESE MARKET

Cassava is mainly grown in Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan and Guangdong. By 2005, the

plantation areas across the nation reached 438,000 hectares. Guangxi is the largest

producer in China with annual yield of 8 million tons and plantation area of 260,000 –

270,000 hectares, accounting for 60% of the areas and yields in China.

The cassavas produced in China are mainly used for the production of starch and

alcohol which are applied in the areas of modified starch, monosodium glutamate,

sugar, pharmacy, noodles and paper making. The demand for starch is about 4 million

tons, while the demand for modified starch increased to 690,000 tons in 2000 from

208,000 tons in 1997. At present, the annual yield of modified starch in China is only

390,000 tons, far from meeting the demands of various industries. Cassava imports

have been on the rise year by year, reaching 1.5 million tons and the supply of cassava

starch in the Chinese market is still insufficient.

Since 2006, there has been an obvious increasing demand of cassava starch. In 2011,

the yield of cassava starch in China was 839,000 tons, an increase of 154.55% compare

to the previous year. But compared with Thailand, Vietnam and other countries in

southeast Asia, the China's yield per unit is still low and the harvest time is short (only

three months). China's yield still cannot meet the demands of the local starch industry,

and therefore it has to import over 2 million tons from Vietnam, Thailand and Burma


______________________________________________________________________

29

every year.

2.3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND PREDICTION

2.2.3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND PREDICTION IN PRODUCT MARKET

From 1995 - 1997, the global trade volume of cassava products increased from 5.2

million tons to 6 million tons, but China only exports 400,000 tons per year, thus the

market share is less. EU has always been the largest importer of cassava products, but

since 1990, as the rapid development of feed industries in Japan, Taiwan and South

Korea as well as the emergence of global starch industries, the import volumes of

cassava in these countries have been on the rise. The industry predicts that from 1993

to 2020, the global consumption of cassava will increase by 1.68% each year. By 2020,

the number will hit 2.716 million tons. Therefore the global markets of cassava

products are huge potentials.

2.2.4 SUPPLY AND DEMAND PREDICTION IN CHINESE MARKET

In recent years, China's starch industry has been developing quickly, and the raw

materials are mainly corn and cassava. Due to the limitation of resources and other

overall factors, the yield of corn starch is far higher than that of cassava starch.

Although the price of cassava starch is slightly higher, the stronger viscosity, lower

protein, better film-forming property and powerful permeability makes modified starch

more competitive among other starches made of corn.

The growing demand means China will still face the imbalance of supply and demand in

the longer period. According to projections, the annual consumption of starches in

some industries in China is about 5 million tons. The market capacity of the related

industries for the modified starch is about 1 million tons and the market capacity to be

developed is close to 2 million tons.

China is a large producer of starch based on the obvious increase of their yields in

recent years. The yield reached 22 million tons in 2011 (See Table 1:), among which the

yield of corn starch accounting for 85%, cassava starch for 10% and starches made of

other tubers, grains and wild plants for 5%.


______________________________________________________________________

30

Table 1: Development of China's Starch Industry

Rapid development of China's Starch Industry

Unit: 10,000 tons

Data source: China Starch Industry Association, Everbright Securities Study Institute

Table 2: Structure Figure of China's Starch Consumption

Data source: China Starch Industry Association, Everbright Securities Study Institute

The data show that China's market of cassava and cassava derivatives is far from saturation.

2.4 ANALYSIS ON TARGET MARKET OF PRODUCT

The target markets of the products are divided into three levels in the project: the main

39%

5%

5% 5% 11%

7%

10%

18%

Starch

Paper

Beer

Food

Medicine

Modified starch

Organic acid &chemical alcohol

Monosodiumglutamate


______________________________________________________________________

31

target market will be China, i.e. supply of high-quality raw material of cassava starch to

China at the first level. Upon meeting the demand for starch, the surplus starches and

flours will be sold to the local enterprises at Kenya, i.e. Kenya market at the second

level and African, European and American markets at the third level.

The world food crisis in 2008 led to the sharp rise of food price in Africa, and many

countries were facing problems of food supply. In order to improve the agriculture

condition in Africa, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) started the

research plan in 2009, aiming to develop the non-GMO agricultural products which are

more suitable to Africa. Peter Hartmann of IITA said that most countries are having

huge demands for cassava for industrial production, and China has become the largest

importer of cassava. Africa exports most of its yield to China each year although

cassava has been widely planted in Africa, it's still possible to export to other

continents.

2.5 ANALYSIS ON COMPETITIVENESS IN PRODUCT MARKET

2.5.1 MAJOR COMPETITORS

Major global competitors

At present, the major global competitors are the major producers and exporters in

Southeast Asia, Africa and America. However cassava products in the global market will

remain with imbalanced with demand exceeding supply and relatively competitive.

Therefore, there will be more cooperation for Chinese enterprises for the purpose of

creating a Kenya cassava brand to secure supplies to meet demands.

Major competitors in China

Cassava has been planted in Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and Yunnan, and the

yields account for 3.5% of the total yields in the world. China's cassava industries are

mainly distributed in Yunan and Guangxi. Because Chinese market will face the

imbalance of supply and demand for a long time, there will be no competition from

China. When the market reaches a stage where supply meets demands, this project

would have attained certain management experience and advantages to maintain its

competitiveness at the global stage. .


______________________________________________________________________

32

2.5.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPETITIVENESS IN PRODUCT MARKET

Advantages

1. Advantages of resources

The place where the project is located has good climate conditions. The tropical climate

is suitable for the cassava cultivation, the rich resources of land, road, water and labor

provide good conditions for cassava plantation;

2. Advantage of Undeveloped

The high-quality cassava varieties from Thailand, China and Africa, which will be

suitable for the local climate conditions combined with the advanced and developed

technologies of China and Thailand will be adopted. The success from these existing

countries will be used.

3. Advantages of scale benefit

A 500-hectare improved seed cultivation base will be set up at Kenya KISUMU initially

for the project, which will form the base to develop and cultivate 72,980 hectares

around KISUMU as well as promote the cultivation of improved cassava on

30,000-hectare of land.

4. Advantages of industry

To follow the development pattern of a sustainable economy, we will adopt the

improved cassava varieties and advanced management operation structure to build a

production plant for cassava starch and flour with yields of 200,000 tons, a biogas

digester with daily yield of 100,000 M3 as well as a biological organic fertilizer plant with

annual yield of 50,000 tons. This will enable to development of the enterprises, market

and extend the value chain of the industry.

5. Advantages of market

The cassava plantation in Kenya is not widely spread yet. The market access is easy and

it is far from saturation. Markets in Kenya, China, Europe and America demands huge

amounts of cassava products, and therefore the prospect for the market is huge.

Weaknesses

As the newly-emerged tropical crop industry, cassava lacks investment and support of


______________________________________________________________________

33

scientific research as well as scientific staffs. There are fewer results due to poor

foundation of scientific promotion, and there are fewer cultivation areas of improved

cassava. For instance, during the years from 2000 to 2004, China's harvest areas only

increased by 4.6%, the yield per unit increased by 5.1% and the total yields increased by

9.9%. However, lots of African peasants still use the unimproved cassava, and they also

lack access to fertilizers and pesticides, therefore the yield per hectare is only 11 tons.

Therefore, the introduction of improved varieties and scientific cultivation is the tool to

overcome the weakness of cassava development in Africa.

2.5.3 ANALYSIS ON SHARE OF TARGET MARKET OF THE PRODUCT

By 2006, the global yield was 226 million tons, with 122 million tons coming from Africa

accounting for 53% of the global yield. The major producers include Nigeria, Congo,

Mozambique and Ghana.

According to the status of supply and demand in the market, the market share will be

analyzed on the basis of cultivation. The project accounts for 0.33% of the global share

and 0.61% of the African share.

2.6 ANALYSIS ON INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCY

The development of the project will help realize the large-scale cultivation of special

biological resources as well as the industrial development. Meanwhile, on the basis of

“with the market as orientation, technology as the basis and benefit as the center”, we

will create additional value via processing and industrial relevance and promote the

development of sales and storage.

Related to the strategic goal of global ecological development

In the 21st century, the global ecological development aims are “worldwide spread of

greening, ecology development, separation of economic growth with environmental

degradation as well as realization of win-win results of environment and economy”. As

an agricultural project, the plantation may change the negative natural disaster to a

large extent, increase green coverage and fully realize the recycling of materials. It is

able to protect the ecological environment and gain the economic benefits.

The strategic development of biological resources in Africa and Kenya

The construction of the project complies with “Arid and Semi-arid Land in Kenya”


______________________________________________________________________

34

sponsored by EU. The project has the agricultural technical route with the biological

technology and organic technology as the basis. The project fully demonstrates the

development concept of “greening and environmental protection”.

Products of special biological resources and direct industry

Cassava is the tropical crop, and the place where the project is located has the history

of cultivation. Cassava is the direct material of cassava starch, and the market prospect

is good, which will definitely promote the development of the starch processing

industry as well as the cultivation and scientific research of cassava.

Related industries driven by development

Cassava can be directly used for production of food, starch and alcohol, and the

modified starch can be used for the production of monosodium glutamate, sugar,

modified starch, medicine, noodle and paper. In addition, the cassava residues from

starch production can be used as the feeds for breeding industry, and the waste

residues may be used to produce biogas and organic fertilizer, which will promote the

development of the breeding industry.

For this project, the 30,000-hectare cassava will promote a 200,000-ton processing

plant for cassava starch and flour, and the residues from the plant will be used for

wastewater treatment and biogas digester with daily yield of 50,000 M3 as well as the

production of green and recycling biological resources. The residues from effluent

treatment and biogas digester can be used to produce the biological organic fertilizer

which will be used for cassava plantation.

Figure 2 – 1 Schematic Diagram of Related Industries Driven by the Project


______________________________________________________________________

35


______________________________________________________________________

36

3. DEVELOPMENT SIZE AND PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

3.1 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The project consists of five functional regions: one cultivation region of high-quality and

high-yield cassava plantation, one improved seed cultivation base with a total area of

30,000 hectares, one deep-processing industrial region for cassava (200,000-ton plant

for cassava starch and flour), one green industrial region (2×5000M3/d effluent plant

and 2×25000M3/d biogas digester), and one 100,000-ton biological organic fertilizer

plant.

Cassava plantation region

This occupies approximately 29,500 hectares. It is located at Kenya KISUMU, which will

be used for the production of fresh cassava and managed by our experts and

technicians initially before locals are trained to manage eventually.

Cassava improved seed cultivation base

This will occupy 500 hectares, which is going to introduce and preserve the improved

seeds, enabling the development team to adjust the cultivation structure and varieties

according to the conditions of market and research results. This will also help prevent

the sudden outbreak of natural disaster and plant diseases and insect pests which may

influence severely the cassava cultivation, alleviate the seed crisis and safeguard the

normal production of cassava. The improved seed cultivation base is at Kano Plain,

which will be managed by our experts.

Industrial region for deep-processing of cassava

This will occupy 15 hectares, which is primarily the processing part of the project

supporting the 30,000-hectare cultivation. We will establish the production line for

cassava starch and flour with annual yield of 200,000 tons so as to meet the demands

of the starch market in the world.

Green industrial region

This will occupy 15 hectares, mainly dealing with the high-concentration of organic

effluents from the processing of cassava. The biochemical treatment process combining

anaerobic and aerobic will ensure the water quality and be able to protect the

ecological environment. To establish 2 units of 5000M3/d wastewater treatment


______________________________________________________________________

37

systems, we will not only treat the effluents and protect the environment, but also

utilize the waste materials and generate huge amounts of biogas to offer clean and

green renewable biological energy for cost saving. Meanwhile, in order to meet and

replace the mineral energies required for the production process and utilize the waste

straws from cassava plantation, 2 units of 25,000M3/d biogas digesters will be set up to

produce cheap, clean and green biogas energies. All these processes will create the

economy of green and ecological sustainability and improve the reliability of the

project.


This will occupy 10 hectares, which is mainly used for cassava residue and sludge

(derived from cassava processing), effluent treatment and biogas digester to produce

efficient biological organic fertilizer and supply of fertilizers required for cultivation of

cassava on 30,000 hectares land. We will setup 2 production lines of biological organic

fertilizer with annual yield of 50,000 tons to meet the demand of application of

fertilizer for cassava cultivation.

3.2 DEVELOPMENT SIZE OF PROJECT

3.2.1 CASSAVA PLANTATION

Three Chinese high-yield cassava varieties and three local varieties will be used in the

cultivation area, and the six high-quality varieties will be cultivated.

I. In the first and second year that the project is implemented, 2,500 hectares will

be cultivated for each variety; the cultivation area of each variety will be

expanded by 15 - 18% of the overall planning areas each year;

II. The project will reach the target of 30,000 hectares 5 years later, with 5,000

hectares for each variety.


______________________________________________________________________

38

Table 3-1 Plantation and Size of Cassava

3.2.2 CASSAVA IMPROVED SEED CULTIVATION

The improved seed cultivation base will be located at Kano Plain, mainly including

cultivation land and production management rooms, with the total area of 500

hectares. The base is able to provide 22.5 tons of high-quality seeds per hectare each

year, with an estimated total of 11,250 tons per year.

According to the requirement of 1.5 tons seeds per hectare, we will be able to increase

the new cultivation area by 75%, i.e. meeting the requirements of seeds for 7,500

hectares land. In addition, the cassava seeds on original cultivation land can be

reserved for reproduction of seed stems, which may be used for cultivation in the

following year.

3.2.3 PROCESSING OF CASSAVA

The 750,000-ton of fresh cassava from processing industrial region will be used as the

raw materials to produce 100,000-ton high-quality cassava starch and 100,000-ton

cassava flour.

3.2.4 SEWAGE AND BIOGAS PROJECT

To support the processing of cassava, the sewage and biogas systems deals with the

effluents to discharge after meeting the quality standard and protect ecological

environment, while generating clean and green biological energy - biogas. The project

is able to deal with 10,000 M3 effluents, fully meeting the requirements of the effluents

treatment of cassava processing. Meanwhile, 50,000 – 60,000 M3 biogas will be

generated to replace some mineral energy. In addition, the biogas produced by the

Variety QuantityConstruction

sizeNote

Huanan 10# Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, China



Karembo (KME-08-05) Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, Kenya

Karibuni (KME-08-01) Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, Kenya

Nzalauka (KME-08-06) Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, Kenya


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39

50,000 M3/d biogas digester will replace about 50% of the fuel oils, which is economic

and environmental friendly.

3.2.5. BIOLOGICAL ORGANIC FERTILIZER

The biological organic fertilizer plant is a supporting component for the processing of

cassava. It is design to promote “utilization of waste and recycle waste material” - the

waste straws from cassava cultivation, cassava residues from processing as well as the

sludge from effluent treatment and biogas project will be utilized to produce the

biological organic fertilizer required for cassava plantation. The system is able to offer

100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizers each year to vastly improve the local soil

conditions and benefit the farmers.

3.3 PRODUCT PROGRAMME

The high-quality variety is the safeguard for the cassava high yield and stable

production supply. The six varieties to be used in the project are widely used in China

and Kenya, featuring strong adaptiveness, high yield and high starch content.

The project is located at the south of southern tropic regions, which are the tropical

climate regions. The climate is good for the growth of cassava and almost all varieties

can be cultivated here. Quality principles for the variety selection includes yield, starch

content, adaptiveness, resistance, mature period, intercropping requirement and

difficulty of wide spread.

In addition, for the purpose of intercropping requirement, yield rate and avoidance of

launch in the market at the same time so as to manage the impact of fresh cassava

price in the market, the project adopts the combination of early-maturing,

mid-maturing and late-maturing at 2:2:2. The early-maturing uses Huanan 8# and

Nzalauka (KME-08-06), the early-mid-maturing uses Hunan 10#, mid-maturing uses

Karembo (KME-08-05), mid-late-maturing uses Huanan 5# and late-maturing uses

Karibuni (KME-08-01). The cultivation areas for the six varieties are same, accounting

for 15 - 18% of the planned area each year.

3.3.1 PROJECT PRODUCT

The product is fresh cassava, and the theoretical yield of the six varieties will be 20 - 40

tons per hectare. In consideration of the cultivation technologies, soil fertility and


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climate change in Africa, the yield per hectare will be calculated as 25 tons, and the

annual yield will reach 75 - 80 tons after reaching 30,000-hectare cultivation size.

After the treatment by the advanced and reliable processing technologies, we expect to

produce 200,000 tons of cassava starch and flour. The straws, residues and effluents

during the cassava cultivation and production will be able to provide green biogas.

Therefore, it is able to produce 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer required for

cassava cultivation.

3.3.2 PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCT QUALITY

Principles of product quality of fresh cassava includes free of mud, sand, root hair,

xylem and other foreign materials. The starch content of the fresh cassava shall be over

25%, cellulose 4%, protein 1%, others 3% and water 65%.

The above six varieties have the features of high content of starch. The quality principle

of the final product shall be starch content 25% - 32%, and the yield will be 4 - 6%

higher than other traditional varieties. In addition, the root is about 33% - 42%, and

hydrocyanic acid is low at 4 - 17 mg per hectogram; the low toxicity makes it applicable

to the production of cassava starch and flour.

Quality principle for cassava starch and flour includes over 85% starch, over 90%

whiteness, over 650BU viscosity and below 14% water. The product quality fully

complies with the international standard, applicable to various industries and

competitive to other first-class cassava starch products.

The biological organic fertilizer products are able to adjust the lacking microelements

and chemical elements as per the actual soil conditions at the plantation area so as to

maximize the efficiency and protect land resources.


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4. SITE CONDITIONS

4.1 PROJECT LOCATION AND SITE SELECTION

Project location

The project will comply with the requirements of local planning of national economic

development, industrial layout and control target of ecological environment as well as

meeting the requirements of construction and production of the project.

Site selection

The site is selected by considering the factors of climate, topography, hydrology, soil,

traffic, infrastructure and supporting facilities as well as local labor resources and other

overall factors.

4.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

The development site is located at Kano Plain in the south part of Kenya KISUMU:

eastern 34°53′55.7″ and southern 0°7′7.1. The headquarter is located at KISUMU, 25

km from KISUMU province, 10 km from the rail station and 820 km from the

international seaport.

4.3 STATUS OF LAND UTILIZATION

4.3.1 STATUS OF LAND UTILIZATION WHERE THE PROJECT IS LOCATED

The project is located at Kenya KISUMU, with available land area of 72,980 hectares

(including wetland) and 50,000 – 73,000 hectares are cultivation land. The status of

land utilization is under Table 4-1.


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Table 4 – 1 Status of Land Utilization in KISUMU

4.3.2 STATUS OF LAND UTILIZATION WHERE THE PROJECT IS LOCATED

Kano Plain owns the land area of hectares and the cultivated land area of

hectares. Among which: land for tropical crop hectares, wood land of

hectares and other cultivated lands of hectares. Centered around Kano Plain,

there are lands that can be used for cassava cultivation. The land resources

are abundant. The cultivated land for cassava at Kano Plain is under Table 4 - 2.

Table 4 - 2 Status of Cultivated Land for Cassava at Kano Plain

Area

(hectare)Percentage of total area (%)

Cultivation land

Garden plot

Woodland

Grassland

Other farming land

Land for residency and

independent mining

Traffic

Water conservancy facilities

Empty land

Other lands

Land type

3. Empty land

Total land areas by end of 2014

1. Farming land

2. Construction land

Empty land

Hillside land (hectare)Fallow land

(hectare)Waste grassland (hectare)

Total

Land type

Farming land (including flat acrid land and

terrace land)


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4.4 CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES

4.4.1 SOLAR ENERGY

The project is located at central Africa, east of Victoria Nyanza and north of southern

tropic. The sunshine and sunlight are abundant with average sunlight time of 2482 -

3212 hours per year, which are required for the photosynthesis and formation of

nutrients. The conditions are conductive to the growth of cassava as well as formation

of root.

4.4.2 TEMPERATURE, ACCUMULATED TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

I. The average temperature is 22.1 - 22.6°C; the average temperatures in cold

months are 14 - 18°C and 31.3°C in hot months.

II. The annual average relative humidity is 65%.

Cassava cultivation in China is often influenced at the seeding stage and mature &

harvest period. The low temperature often influences the seeding at the seeding stage,

while frost or chilling damage often influence at the mature & harvest period. The

region where the project is located has sufficient sunlight, free of frost in the year all

round. The cultivation and harvest is available during the whole year, which is suitable

for the regions where the cassava is cultivated.

4.4.3 PRECIPITATION

The areas of cassava cultivation have adequate rainfall and good moisture environment.

But Africa suffers little rain and more droughts; the average precipitation at project

region is 1179 - 1409 mm per annum. It rains mainly in March, April, May, November

and December with the rainfall accounting for 70% of the total amount in a year. The

dry season lasts from June to October.

4.4.4 WIND

The southeast monsoon is the predominant wind direction, with average speed of

1.2m/s. The calm winds are more frequent. It is good to the cassava growth, and the

region is free of adverse weather such as typhoon.


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4.4.5 CLIMATE DISASTERS

Drought

Due to less rainfall, drought will appear from June to October every year, particularly

after two consecutive years of drought, the second year of drought is more severe, with

many mountain streams and small rivers drying up and large areas of severe water

shortage.

Flood

The flood often appears in April and May. The drought could be effectively alleviated

and the flood could be prevented via collection and analysis of climate information as

well as improvement of construction of water conservation facilities. In conclusion, the

climate here is optimal for the normal growth of the cassava.

4.5 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY CONDITIONS

The project is located at Kano Plain of Victoria Nyanza, Kenya KISUMU. The plain is

1,156m above the sea level.

4.6 HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS

Nyando River goes through the project region, crossing KISUMU of Nyanza and Nyanda

regions. Nyando has good volume of runoff and good water quality. The light and heat

in good condition makes it able to develop tropical economic crops and ensure

sufficient water for production.

4.7 SOIL CONDITIONS

The soils are mainly black cotton soil (tuff), red sand and laterite with good fertility. The

parent material is formed at upper Permian of Triassic Period. The representative

section of natural soil has % organic material, % total nitrogen and PH.

During the management of cultivation, the reasonable formula fertilization shall be

implemented as per the soil nutrient conditions and nutrient diagnosis so as to

promote the rapid growth of cassava.

In addition, the project area and surrounding area are free of soil pollution, which is

conductive to the cultivation of cassava.


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4.8 TRAFFIC CONDITIONS

The project is located at southeast of KISUMU, about 10 km from the rail station. The

asphalt road connects the project area. Villages in the area are connected by roads.

These conditions provide suitable logistics and transportation solutions.

4.9 LABOR RESOURCE CONDITION

Quantity and level of agricultural technicians

There are already successful experience of cassava plantation and industrial

development in the project area, and the Chinese experts provided technical supports.

Quantity and quality of agricultural labor resource, per capita cultivated land and

income

The population of KISUMU is 400,000. The areas could be used to develop cassava are

73,000 hectares. The areas are having sufficient labor and land resources. Africa has the

history of cassava cultivation, and it is growing cassavas now, which constitute a good

foundation to promote further cultivation on a large scale.

Table 4~3 Basic information of KISUMU

Economic income in

total (10000 dollars)Population

Per capita

net income

(dollar)

Per capita grain (kg)


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5. TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT, AND ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

5.1 TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

5.1.1 TECHNOLOGY ROUTE OF CASSAVA CULTIVATION

After nearly 200 years of evolution, especially the last ten years of scientific and

technological progress, the traditional cassava cultivation techniques have been

gradually improved and enhanced, initially comprising of a realistic cassava breeding

and planting technology system. This technical system primarily includes cassava

breeding techniques, cassava purebred cultivation techniques, and inter-cultivation

techniques. The project is designed in accordance with this technical regulations and

standards during the implementation process.

5.1.2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF SEEDLINGS AND SEED FARMS

Variety selection principles

Variety selection is in strict accordance with the relevant regulations and standards of

the Chinese state principles. The state recommended varieties that are suitable for

cultivation in Africa are preferred, with comprehensive consideration of yield, starch

content, adaptability, resistance, maturity, intercropping requirements, as well as the

difficulty degree of large-scale promotion.

Proposed varieties

Varieties are chosen from the promoted productive varieties from Ministry of

Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. For unapproved new varieties, production

is prohibited. The project area is located at the southern Tropic of Capricorn region,

with a tropical climate, which can be planted with early, medium, and late varieties. The

following six Chinese and Kenya superior cassava varieties are proposed to be planted,

Huanan 10#, South China 8#, Huanan 5#, Karembo (KME-08-05), Karibuni (KME-08-01),

and Nzalauka (KME-08-06).

I. Huanan 10#

Variety source:

Huanan 10# is a high-yielding variety of starch bred by Chinese Academy of Tropical

Agricultural Sciences in 2006.


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Characteristics

The variety has a tall plant, compact plant type, thick stem diameter, high top branch

site, and small bifurcation angle, which is usually forked into 3 pieces. The variety has

light green edge on the top stems, off-white outer bark, and light green endothelia. The

variety has small leaves, light green line lobes and petioles. It has shallow centralized

palmate-stretching tuber, with thick and uniform size. The rate of large cassavas is high,

with white and smooth skin. It has white endothelia and meat. The dry matter holds 39

to 42 percent, while starch holds 30 to 32 percent, with low hydrogen cyanide. The

variety has good tolerance for fertilizer, high yield, strong adaptability, good root and

leaf yield, which is one of the high-yield, high-quality new varieties with combined use

of root stock and leaves.

Production performance

The variety has good tuber performance, higher yield per plant, and is more suitable for

intermediate fertility soil cultivation. It has high yield, high powder, and low toxicity. It

can generally produce 30 to 45 tons per hectare.

Cultivation techniques

1. It is a late-maturing variety, which can be harvested 10 months after planting.

When the temperature is stable and more than 16°C, it can be grown. It can be

intercropped in long-term seedling garden, or intercropped with short-term crops.

2. Asexual reproduction can be done with the stem, choosing complete upper and

middle seeds with enriched medulla as sprouts. We will cut the stems to 15 to 20

cm long pieces, and then flat plant them in holes with straight or tilted insert.

Thereafter, they are covered with shallow soil and the depth of the insert should be

2/3 of the length.

3. The spacing is 0.8 × 1.0 m. Due to the compact plant type, it can be close planted

with good soil fertility in order to increase the yield per unit area. As a result, the

planting space should be 1.0×1.2 m.

II. Huanan 8#

Variety source

Huanan 8# is a high-yielding variety of starch bred by Chinese Academy of Tropical

Agricultural Sciences in 2006, and an excellent variety for breeding.


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Characteristics

The variety has high top branch site and short branches. It is a compact plant type. Its

leaf lobes are dark green lanceolate, with green petiole and dense leaf sections. Its

mature stems have gray-green skin and dark green endothelium. It has centralized

tuber, with uniform size. The rate of large cassavas is high, normally with fastigiated

shape. It has yellow-white smooth skin and white endothelia. It is precocious, with good

adaptability, wind tolerance, drought tolerance, and cold tolerance. With good yields of

roots and stems, it is one of the high-yield, high-quality new varieties with combined

use of root stock and leaves.


The variety is an early-maturing variety, which can be harvested 7-8 months after

regular cultivation. It can generally produce 30 to 45 tons per hectare, with roots dry

matter content of about 38-42% and starch content of 31-33%. It is a popularized

variety with good production and quality.


1. It can be planted in areas with a mean annual temperature above 16°C or frost-free

period longer than six months. It can be contiguously planted in short gentle hill,

mountain valleys, and marginal land. And it can be intercropped in long-term

seedling garden, or intercropped with short-term crops.





2/3 of the length.

3. The spacing is 0.8 × 0.8 m. Due to the upright and compact plant type, top branch

site, and short branches; it can be close planted with good soil fertility in order to

increase the yield per unit area. As a result, the planting space should be 1.0×1.2 m.

III. Huanan 5#

Variety source

Hunan 5# is clonal descendants of cassava ZM8625 × SC8013F1 from Chinese Academy

of Tropical Agricultural Sciences in 1990, which has been widely demonstrated and


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recommended in Province Hainan, Yunnan and Guangxi, China.

Characteristics

Its plant height is 1.5 - 2.0m. It has earlier top bifurcation, lower bifurcation site, and

large bifurcation angle. It is in an umbrella plant type, with high yield of foliage and

tuber. The feed rate is also high. It has palmatipartite single leaf alternate, with 5-7

linear to lanceolate lobes. Its petiole is red with green. It is panicle with scattered stalks.

It has androgynous flowers with no wreath. It has 5 pink sepals and oblong capsule fruit.

It has prolate brown or dark brown seeds, which are kidney-shaped with a hard seed

coat and brown markings. As a result of hybrid, it cannot be used in production, with

the original species from stalk production. It has shallow centralized palmate-stretching

tuber, with thick and uniform size. The rate of large cassavas is high, with pale yellow

skin and pink endothelia.


The variety is an early-maturing variety, with a high yield, strong adaptability, drought

tolerance, barren resistance, and no epidemic diseases. It can generate a production

volume of 45 to 75 tons fresh cassavas, 30 to 35 tons stem and leaves per hectare. Its

root dry matter content is about 37-42% and fresh cassava starch content is about

28-32%, with 9-17% crude protein in leaves. With good yields of roots and stems, it is

one of the high-yield, high-quality forage-type new varieties with combined use of root

stock and leaves.


1. It can be planted in areas with a mean annual temperature above 16°C or frost-free

period longer than six months. It can be contiguously planted in short gentle hill,

mountain valleys, and marginal land. And it can be intercropped in long-term

seedling garden, or intercropped with short-term crops.





2/3 of the length.

3. The spacing is 1.0 × 1.0 m. Due to the plant type and large umbrella-shape head; it

cannot be close planted with good soil fertility to avoid the effect of shadowing. In


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order to increase the yield per unit area, the planting space should be 1.2×1.2 m.

IV. Karembo (KME-08-05)

Variety source

Karembo (KME-08-05) is a new cassava variety in Kenya.

Characteristics

It has low plants and split branches. It is barren-resistant and drought-resistant. It has

antiviral ability towards brown streak.

Production performance and cultivation techniques

It is a late-maturing high-yield variety of sweet cassava. It can be harvested eight

months after plantation, with generally 50-70 tons of fresh cassava per hectare.

V. Karibuni (KME-08-01)

Variety source

Karibuni (KME-08-01) is a new cassava variety in Kenya.

Characteristics

It has tall plants, which is suitable for crop intercropping. It is barren-resistant and

drought-resistant. It has antiviral ability for brown streak.


It is a late-maturing high-yield variety of sweet cassava. It can be harvested 8-12

months after plantation, with generally 50-70 tons fresh cassava per hectare.

VI. Nzalauka (KME-08-06)

Variety source

Nzalauka (KME-08-06) is a new cassava variety in Kenya.

Characteristics

It is very suitable for crop interplanting with straight stems crops. It is barren-resistant

and drought-resistant. It has antiviral ability for brown streak.


It is a late-maturing high-yield variety of sweet cassava. It can be harvested 6-8 months

after plantation, with generally 50-70 tons fresh cassava per hectare.


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Specimen, storage, selection, and processing of seedlings

I. Specimens and storage of cassava seed stems (seedlings)

In plantation, cassava mainly use stems as seeds. The quality of seed stems, to a large

extent, determines its growing condition after seeding and cassava production. The

whole plant should be pulled out with root stock and then cut. Or cassava could be

harvested with specialized tools to get a whole body, and then be cut with a sharp knife

at the junction of the head and roots. Attention to the shipping process is necessary

because the cassava stem is more vulnerable with tender skin, and the epidermis is

likely to be damaged, resulting in bacteria invasion and the occurrence of mildew. The

cassavas should be carefully strapped, and the strapping should be not too bulky.

During the process, carefully handling is necessary to avoid bruising. In case of frost or

chilling weather, the cassavas should be covered to avoid freezing of seedling stems.

The annual average temperature in the project area is 22.1°C, frost-free, with warm

climate. Cassava stems can be stored with the open-air method, with vertical or lateral

stacking arrangement. For the vertical stacking method, humid ground is selected and

loosened the soil with a hoe. Afterwards, cassava stems are directly stacked vertically

(even better if can be stacked together with cassava heads) so that the cassava stems

can be close to the surface of the base and properly earthed up. The lateral stacking

method is basically the same except for that cassava stems are laterally stacked. But it

should be wary of proper ventilation to avoid stuffing seedling stems at high

temperatures.

II. Selection and processing of cassava seedlings

Fully mature stout cassava stems, with short internodes, intact bark, robust full buds,

vivid color, enriched stem pith with rich water, and no pests, are required for excellent

cassava seedlings. Among them, those cassavas with the lower stem sections with a

diameter of 3 - 4cm are the best. They have strong ability in germination after planting

and high yield.

When planting, the stem should be cut with fast knifes. The stems should be cut with a

smooth slope mouth, without cracking, to prevent bacteria contamination, which will

affect emergence. The length of stems will affect the germination rate, which is closely

related to production. Too long a stem will result in large stem mass, while too short a

stem will affect the germination and yield. The length of the stem is dependent on the


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52

seed varieties as well as the stem thickness. Generally, each stem should keep 3-5 buds

and as long as 15-20 cm. The seed quantity per hectare is about 1,500 kg.

Chopped stems generally need disinfection. Disinfection is conducted with 500 times

Bordeaux mixtures or 1% carbendazim solution for 3-5 minutes before sowing, which

prevents virus infection and improve drought resistance and early germination. 75 g

‘Quick kill’ or ‘wide kill’ with 50 kg water can also be used before sowing. They are

mixed with the right amount of soil into mud and painted on both stem ends. It can be

used to control termites, cutworm, and other soil pests.

5.1.3 CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF PLANTING BASE

Choosing and preparing land

Cassavas can grow well and gain high yield with loose soil, good permeability, plenty of

sun, deep soil, abundant organic matter, especially soil with relatively high potassium

and phosphorus. Soil with high manganese nodules should be avoided. Cassavas cannot

grow well on excessively barren lands, or land with too many gravels or water. Cassava

is a root crop with deep roots. For its growth and development, especially during the

process of root elongation and enlargement, a deep and loose plow layer is required.

Soil preparation should be built on different terrains. For mountain forest, soil and

water conservation should be given attention to during cultivation. For mountains with

angles greater than 15 degrees, it is better to open a bench terrace for cultivation as to

avoid steep slopes. Grassy slopes should be fully reclaimed 2 to 3 months before

planting, while gentle slopes less than 10 degrees can be plowed with machines. Hills

and mountains are rugged, with small plots, which can be plowed by livestock or

cultivated on lands around mountains. For the slopes above 20 degrees, lands around

mountains should be developed for cassava cultivation. In addition, it should be

equipped with grass isolation belt against soil erosion, which is much effective.

Basal fertilizer

Cassava growth and development are based on a variety of nutrients, including

micronutrients. Cassava has a demand for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with

an approximate ratio of 2:1:3. Cassava has a larger demand for potassium, especially

during root elongation and enlargement. As a result, for the potassium-deficient region,

it will gain better yield with reasonable potassium fertilization. In addition, most

cassavas grow in areas of dry land, slopes, hills and mountains, etc. The irrigation


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53

conditions are relatively poor, and largely dependent on rainfall. Under such conditions,

using fertilizer as basal fertilizer in the soil can keep continuing nutriment for the

growth and development of cassava.

Basal fertilizer is comprised of inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers. The amount of

fertilizer per hectare is: manure 2.75 ton; phosphate 125 kg; compound fertilizer 50 kg.

Planting

Cassava is a tropical crop. It can be planted when the temperature stabilizes at above

12°C. It will germinate after sowing when the soil temperature reaches 14-16°C, and

rapidly sprout when the temperature is above 18°C.

Cultivation patterns

Cassava cultivation patterns include flat, slanting, and straight insert.

Flat: This method can produce cassavas all around. It is shallow and easy to harvest. But

its cassavas are all embedded in soil, with poor permeability and difficult germination,

which can lead to vacant patch and poor wind-resistance.

Slanting: This method has fast emergence and high germination rate, which can ensure

the emergence of all seedlings. Its cassavas stretch toward the same direction, which is

easy to harvest. Nonetheless, it has poor wind-resistance.

Straight insert: This method has early emergence and neat seedlings. Its cassavas are

deeply buried in soil with good wind-resistance. However its cassavas have non-uniform

size and need more planting labor; as a result, it is difficult to harvest and less used in

large-scale production.

Cultivation methods

When planting, the stems should be cut with a sharp knife. The appropriate length is

15-20 cm. The seed pieces should be straight or inserted in the hole at an angle, with a

shallow layer of soil. The planting density depends on the soil fertility and intercropping

requirements. When the soil is fertile, the intercropping density can be high, and vice

versa. Generally, 10,000 to 15,000 plants per hectare, on average, are appropriate, with

no more than 24,000 plants. The row spacing is mostly 1 × 0.8m or 0.8 × 0.8m.

Growth stages of different cassava varieties are significantly different. The

early-maturing varieties have a growing period of 6-7 months, middle-maturing

varieties of 7-8 months, and late-maturing varieties of 9-10 months. Therefore, the


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cassava plantation time should be reasonably arranged according to the selected

species, in order to get enough time for high yield. The project area is located in the

southern tropical Capricorn regions, which belong to tropical regions. The proposed six

varieties cover the early, middle and late-maturing varieties.

Planting density

Different species have different growth habits. For example, some varieties have low

and straight plants, with unbranched or short-branched head and concentrated tuber.

These varieties can be planted densely. Some varieties have tall plants, with

low-branching parts, and long branches. Some branches have secondary or three-stage

branches. They also have a long growing season. As a result, they should be planted

sparsely. Some varieties have a short growing season and should be planted densely.

Comparing with normal cultivation, intercropping may be appropriately planted

sparsely. If the soil is fertile, the cultivation can be appropriately spread and vice versa.

Planting density can be divided into three categories in production:

I. Sparse-cultivation categories:

This category should be planted in fertile soil with plenty of fertilizer. The plants have

tall plants, good yield potential per plant and for use of late-maturing varieties. The

planting density is 7,500-9,000 plants /ha, with spacing of about 1.1 × 1.1m. If the

average yield is 8 kg, the total yields will be up to 60 tons per hectare. Peanuts, soy or

watermelons can be interplanted. If the average yield is 6 kg, the total yields can be up

to 45 tons per hectare. That is 20 to 30 tons per hectare watermelons can be harvested.

II. Medium-density cultivation categories:

The planting density is 10,000 to 12,000 per hectare, with spacing of about 1 × 0.9m.

Such density is suitable for soil with medium fertility and medium fertilizer. These

plants generally have normal growth and are divided as medium- or late-maturing

varieties. If the average yield per plant is 4 kg or more, the total yields can be up to 45

tons per hectare. 2-3 lines of peanuts and soy can be interplanted.

III. High-density cultivation categories:

The planting density is 15,000 - 18,000 per hectare, with spacing of about 0.8 × 0.8m,

which can also be interplanted with soybeans and peanuts.

Cassava production is constituted by the total number of trees per unit area and the


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average yield per plant. During the evaluation of plant production, the average yield per

plant cannot be evaluated alone, which may result from low density and the total yield

may be not high. Rational close planting can achieve high yield by coordinating relations

between individuals and groups.

Filling the gaps with seedlings or thinning

Cassava seedlings often suffer vacant patch after planting due to long storage, water

loss, slender stem, too short cuttings, or climate reasons, such as low temperature,

drought, excessive rain, and excessive humidity. Under normal circumstances, cassava

generally has a vacant patch rate of about 10%. Therefore, it is better to keep some

seedlings when planting seedlings. The way for keeping seedlings is as follows. After

planting according to the row space, 10% of well-cut stem seedlings are planted with

high-density at the edge, which can be used to fill the gaps in case of deficiency. In

order to ensure the full seedlings, filling the gaps should be timely, usually beginning at

20 days after planting and completing within 30 days.

After planting, cassava usually has two to four or more unearthed buds. There will be a

number of main stems per hole, which will cause shading and consumption of nutrients.

As a result, it should be thinned timely. Thinning is generally done when the plant is as

high as 15-20 cm. It is best to keep 1-2 seedlings per hole.

Intertillage and weeding

Cassava had wide spacing, with slow early-growth and long seedling period. If weeding

is not done timely, cassava growth will be severely inhibited as weeds are easy to grow

with cassava. Cassava can develop well as the root needs loose soil and aeration as well

as good topsoil. The first weeding should be conducted generally 30 to 40 days after

planting, when the height is 15 to 20 cm. The second weeding should be conducted

generally 60 to 70 days after planting. The weeding frequency should be increased if

there is too much rain and weeds grow too fast. The management of the early-growth

is of great importance after three months of cassava plantation. Weeding is the key to

cassava production guarantee.

Weeding of large-scale cassava cultivation can be done with chemical methods.

Optional herbicides include Gramoxone and Beaphar. 2500-3000ml Gramoxone and

300-450ml Beaphar per hectare can eliminate the risk of weeds. Chemical herbicides

are commonly used in the dry weather, which can maintain rare weeds for two to three


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months. After death, dead weeds cover the natural ground, which can limit sun and

temperature conditions for weed seeds on the lower layer of dead weeds and topsoil.

They can inhibit germination and effectively control the growth of weeds. Meanwhile,

the weeds-covered soil surface can be better protected against erosion, playing the role

of water retention, and can be enhanced with drought resistance and soil fertility. The

weeds-covered soil surface is also helpful for ventilation, which is in favor of cassava

root enlargement and improving yields.

Fertilization

In the past, it was considered that cassava was easy to be cultivated with good

barren-resistance and no need of fertilization. That is in the case of extensive

cultivation. Scientific fertilization is recommended to increase yield.

In addition to large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, cassava needs

larger amounts of calcium and magnesium, and a small amount of trace elements, such

as boron, copper, manganese, zinc and others. For one ton of root stock, about 2.3 kg

nitrogen, 4.1 kg potassium, 0.5 kg phosphorus, 0.6 kg calcium, 0.3 kg of magnesium and

other trace elements are absorbed from the soil.

The principle of fertilization for cassava involves plenty of basal fertilizer with

reasonable top application. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are used in

conjunction. Organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer should be favored in basal

fertilizer. The requirements are 2.75 tons of organic fertilizer, 125 kg of phosphate

fertilizer, and 50 kg of compound fertilizer per hectare. Chemical fertilizer should be

favored in the top application. There are generally three times of top application,

including seedling fertilizer, fruiting fertilizer, and enlargement fertilizer. The seedling

fertilizer should give priority to nitrogen-fertilizer, at 30-40 days after planting, when

the height is 20-30 cm. The requirements are 100 kg urea, 50 kg compound fertilizer,

and 50 kg potassium chloride per hectare. The fruiting fertilizer should give priority to

potassium fertilizer with timely nitrogen at 60-80 days after planting. The requirements

are 25 kg urea, 50 kg compound fertilizer, and 50 kg potassium chloride per hectare.

They are usually given at 90-120 days after planting. The enlargement fertilizer is much

better, which can promote root enlargement and starch accumulation. The

requirements are 12.5 kg urea and 37.5 kg potassium chloride per hectare. In practice,

all the fertilizers can be implemented once a month after planting. The requirements

are 2.75 tons organic fertilizer, 50 kg urea, 100 kg compound fertilizer, 50 kg phosphate


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fertilizer and 50 kg potassium chloride per hectare.

Among all kinds of nutrients, cassava has the highest requirements for nitrogen and

potassium, followed by phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. According to soil

conditions survey of major Chinese cassava producing area, the general

recommendation is the balanced fertilizer ratio of N: P2O5: K2O = 2:1:2-3.

Pest and disease control

In China, cassava pests cause less damage, with no serious impact on production.

Currently the following pests are popular in China, for reference:

I. Cassava bacterial blight

This is one of the most serious diseases of cassava; starting with fully expanded mature

leaves and gradually spreading from the bottom up.

When hazarding, it first infests leaf margins or tips, resulting in water-soaked lesions,

and then rapidly expands with yellow latex overflowing from the lesions. Afterwards,

leaves fall off. Young shoots will wither or the whole plant will die when the condition is

serious. The disease can cause yield losses of 50% or more. In China, in the provinces of

Guangxi, Hainan and Guangdong were affected, but it was not epidemic then. When

necessary, chemical control methods can be used, sprinkling with 50% Tuzet (diluted

500 times) to treat these infections.

II. Bacterial angular leaf spot

These diseases occurred in the provinces of Guangxi and Hainan, China. It generally

becomes common in May and gets severe in August and September. The main feature

is the emergence of water-soaked angular leaf spots, which are scattered in various

parts of the blade, with visible yellow latex. At the beginning of infection, there are

yellow haloes. Then they expand and joint to become dark brown, causing leaves to

turn yellow and fall off. It can be controlled with 0.5% mushroom proteoglycans agent

(diluted 300 times).

III. Brown angular leaf spot

It is common in China. It can cause irregular brown spots on both sides of the blade

when infected. Disease lesion boundaries are clear with dark green edge. When the

condition is severe, leaves turn yellow and dry off. Generally it occurs in hot and rainy

seasons, with no significant impact on production. It can be controlled with 0.5%


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mushroom proteoglycans agent (diluted 300 times).

IV. Cassava red mite

It is common in China. Red mites assemble at the back of the blade and first attack the

lower mature leaves. They suck along leaf veins and cause yellow spots on leaves. Then

they harm the leaves from bottom up. When the condition is serious, they attack both

sides of the leaves and cause red to rust spots due to large number of mites. The leaves

fall or the whole plant will die under long-term drought conditions. However, during

the rainy season, most of the parasites can be washed away by rain, resulting in

reduced harm.

The control method is to breed mite-resistant varieties, to use natural enemies, or to

use available pesticide for prevention, with per hectare of 1500-2500ml 20% Dicofol.

V. Soil pests

After years of cassava plantation, soil pests can occur especially after continuous

cropping. Common soil pests are wireworms, weevils, cutworms, and mole crickets.

Artificial hunting can be adopted when the condition is less harmful. 150 kg 30%

phoxim flour per hectare can be used to prevent and treat soil pests when the

condition is serious.

Harvesting cassava

Cassava roots are vegetative. They show no apparent physiological characteristics of

maturity. The mature period in production refers to the period of the highest value of

tuber yield and starch content. In theory, Kenya cassava can reach the harvest period

after it completes the growth cycle. The rate of dry matter and starch content of this

period can maintain economic indicators for commodity production.

Too early or too late cassava harvest can have a direct impact on the yield and tuber

starch content. Early harvest can result in tender roots with less starch content, while

late harvest can result in increased root fibers and converted starch. Generally

early-maturing varieties can be harvested 7-8 months after planting, medium- maturing

varieties can be harvested 9 months after planting, and late-maturing varieties can be

harvested 10 months after planting.

Harvest occupies a maximum of labor in cassava cultivation process, which is a

labor-intensive work. Generally, small-scale production can be done with artificial


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harvest. Furrow cultivation can be plowed and harvested with animals. A large area of

cultivation can be harvested by machines. The detailed method is to cut off the stems,

and then equip the tractor with cassava harvester with no moldboard, which can plow

and loosen topsoil. The roots are easy to harvest in this way. With manual picking, one

person can harvest 0.3 to 0.35 hectares each day.

Seed stem storage

Different cassava growing areas have different stem storage methods due to different

weather conditions. The project area can use open-air storage method.

5.1.4 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS OF CASSAVA STARCH AND CASSAVA FLOUR

After research and in-depth analysis, taking into account the proposed company setup

and investment, in order to save funds, the project will produce with Chinese domestic

advanced, mature technology and equipment, as well as project management

experience, to carry out design, manufacture, and production of cassava starch

processing. Some foreign equipment will be procured for some instruments.

Cassava starch is processed by peeling and washing of fresh or dry cassava. Then it is

smashed with two grinders. The starch slurry is separated through the disc separator

for protein separation, concentration, and washing. And then clean starch pulp is

dewatered through a slicker. Cassava starch is produced as an end product after drying

by air drying systems, sieved, and packaged.


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The following is a diagram of cassava starch production process:

Description of cassava starch production process:

i. Raw material preparation;

ii. By conveyor, materials are delivered into the dry peeling desilter process;

iii. The dry peeling desilter inner wall is equipped with spiral guide plate for material

transfer. A revolving barrel is used with centrifugal force, leading to the

interacting and rubbing between raw cassava materials and the wall. The goal of

desilting and peeling is achieved in this way. The materials are sent to the next

step for washing.

iv. A U-shaped stirring washing machine is adopted in the washing step. Water is

injected using a U-shaped groove. Within the groove, the material is delivered on

a spindle with helical blades. The raw material is stirred in the blades and rolled

forward, reaching the goal of desilting, peeling and cleaning. The materials are

then sent to the roller cleaning process.

v. A drum type washing machine is used in the roller cleaning process. Three work

areas of the machine i.e. rough washing area, bathing area and washing area, are

used. The raw material revolves and rolls forward with the wall, spraying, washing,


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bathing, rubbing with water as the medium (1:4 with water), to further remove

the peel. By cleaning sediment, the peeling rate can reach more than 95%. The

cleaned materials are sent to the crushing process.

vi. Flyweight-type crushing machines are used in the crushing process. By destroying

the organizational structure of cassava, tiny starch flour can be disintegrated and

separated from the cassava root. The machine relies on high-speed operation of

the hammer, flange, dish and washboard. They hammer, rasp, cut, squeeze and

crush the continuously feeding cassavas and cassavas are digested and

continuously separated into starch flour. The digested cassavas are made into

starch solution with water medium (1:1 with water). Using the secondary crushing

process, cassava tissues are digested into smaller starch flour with a more

thorough separation of starch flour and high extraction rate. After the primary

crushing process, the primary starch pulp is passed through Φ8.0-16.0 mm sieves.

After the secondary crushing process, the primary starch pulp is passed through

Φ1.2-1.4 mm sieves. Digested primary starch pulp is sent to the next screening

process.

vii. A continuous vertical pulp residue separator is used in the screening process. A

three-stage screening of starch pulp is conducted with repeated washing and

separating of starch dregs and starch pulp. Starch pulp is separated from cellulose

(mostly cell wall). The screened starch pulp is sent to the next sieving process.

viii. A continuous vertical pulp residue separator is used in the sieving process. By

further screening, fiber fines are removed, reaching the goal of purifying starch

pulp. After purifying, fiber impurity is less than 0.02% in the starch pulp; and pulp

concentration can reach 5-6 Bé. The screened pulp is sent to the next

sand-removal process.

ix. A sand-removal cyclone is used in this step. According to the principle of gravity

separation, starch pulp is absorbed into the cyclone with a force pump. The slurry

access from upper levels and the underflow can get rid of grits, achieving the

purpose of grit removal. The screened pulp is sent to the next filtration step.

x. A rotary filter is used in the filtration step to further remove impurities in the

slurry and to avoid clogging subsequent devices. When the pulp is poured into

filtering cartridges, impurities are trapped by filtering cartridges and sent to the

filter bottom by a rotating brush. The filtered pulp is squeezed out from the


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drainpipe. The screened pulp is sent to the next separation process.

xi. A disc separator is used in the separation process. According to the different

proportion of water, starch, and yellow pulp protein, insoluble proteins, residual

soluble proteins and other impurities are isolated to achieve the goal of washing,

refining and concentration of starch. In order to perform two stage separations of

pulp, the incoming concentration is required to be 5-6 Bé while the outflowing

concentration is required to be 20-22 Bé. Separated concentrated pulp is sent to

the next dehydration process.

xii. Peeler centrifuges are used in the dehydration step. All water in the concentrated

pulp is dried with bridle method to facilitate drying. After dehydration, the

moisture content of wet starch is requested to be lower than 38%. Wet starch

powder is sent to the next air-cooled drying step.

xiii. An air dryer is used in the next air-cooled drying step to dry wet starch after

dehydration. After the wet starch is sent to the drying tube of a winnowing

machine from the conveyor, it can be mixed with heated fresh air. Negative

extreme pressure is produced in the drying tube due to fan power. Suspending

wet starch is dried during the process of heat exchange with the thermal current,

with the air temperature of 130-180°C. Dried starch, cooled by cold air cooling

system, becomes the end product with water content ≤ 13.5%. Cooled starch is

sent to the next screening step.

xiv. A horizontal screen is used in the screening step for the end product. After

screening and separating, dried starch can pass through screen meshes, fall down

into the collecting bucket, and enter the packaging entrance for packing. There

are middling that cannot pass the screen meshes. They are packed separately for

reproduction by dissolving, screening, drying and cycling.

xv. Packaging for storage.

Requirements for cassava starch production process

i. The freshness of raw cassava must be ensured, in order to ensure product quality

and increase the recovery rate.

ii. The peeling should be complete, because the cyanide toxins are mainly

concentrated in cassava cortex.


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63

iii. Large amounts of water are needed in the process; the water used is required to

meet the standards for drinking water.

iv. Do not use iron equipment and pipes, because cyanide will react with iron and

then produce blue colored ferrocyanides, dyeing starch and affecting starch

quality. It is better to use stainless steel or PVC materials for all the equipment

and fittings used.

v. During the production process, material throughput capacity is large, and

therefore more pumps are required in order to achieve the purpose of separation

during high-speed rotating.

vi. Because the starch is easy to precipitate and the fiber material is uneven, there

should be a flange or a movable joint at positions such as the channel bend. Once

a clogging happens, it is easy to disassemble and clean.

vii. To ensure product quality, it is necessary to pay attention to regular cleaning of

equipment and yard, in order to keep clean environment.

viii. Because starch is acidic, all slurry pools (or tanks) should undergo antiseptic

treatment.

ix. During the drying process, all flammable sources should be controlled and

eliminated, such as smoking, welding, electrostatic sparks, etc., in order to

prevent dust explosions and ensure production safety.

Characteristics of cassava starch production process:

i. Arrangement of production processes should combine planar workflow with

vertical workflow to cover less area and to reduce investment and energy

consumption.

ii. The production process is quick, i.e. 30 min from feeding to end product.

iii. The production process is continuous with high efficiency.

iv. Water is reused during the production process to reduce emissions and save

water resources.

v. Except for the drying process, the entire production process is carried out under

normal temperature and pressure.

vi. By using new technologies, the level of production technology can be further


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improved to fully exert equipment capacity. In this way, the number of devices

can be reduced to lower energy consumption and production costs. In addition,

yield and product quality can be improved.

The main parameters of cassava starch production process:

i. Washing with water 1:4.

ii. Crushing with water 1:1.

iii. Primary starch pulp is passed through Φ8.0-16.0 mm sieve pores.

iv. Secondary starch pulp is passed through Φ1.2-1.4 mm sieve pores.

v. By screening and washing, the fiber impurities in pulp should be below 0.02%; and

pulp concentration should reach 5-6 Bé.

vi. After primary separation, the entering pulp concentration should be 5-6 Bé, while

the exporting pulp concentration should be 12-15 Bé

vii. After secondary separation, the entering pulp concentration should be 8-10 Bé,

while the exporting pulp concentration should be 20-22 Bé

viii. The entering pulp concentration of the scraper centrifuge should be 20-22 Bé

ix. After dehydration, moisture content of wet starch should be below 38%.

x. Ready-made starch should have a moisture content ≤ 13.5%.

Key indicators for cassava starch production:

i. The cassava starch production line has the following specifications: daily

processing of 1,200 tons fresh cassava (daily starch production ≥ 300 tons).

ii. Requirements for fresh cassava raw material: starch content> 25%, fresh, no

mildew, no dirt or stones.

iii. Water supply requirements: turbidity <0.1, hardness <100 PH, SO2 <0.55 ppm,

iron <0.9 ppm, no floats, pressure > 2 kg/cm2.

iv. Commodity starch recovery rate > 96%

v. Water consumption: <20 ton per ton of fresh cassava (end product)

vi. Power consumption: <200 kwh per ton of fresh cassava (end product)

vii. Coal consumption (converting to standard coal) <0.2 ton per ton of fresh cassava


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(end product)

viii. Product qualities: first-class rate of 99% or more.

Cassava flour production process

Cassava is one of the world's three major tuber crops. Cassava is an important food

crop in Africa and it is regarded as a staple food for about 600 million people. Currently,

cassava is mainly developed and utilized as bio-energy and industrial raw materials in a

large scale worldwide. Research and development of cassava food will bring greater

development space for cassava industry and ensure food security in Africa, which has

far-reaching social and economic benefits.

Cassava roots are nutritious. Fresh cassava contains 20-35% of starch, 1-2% of protein,

0.3-4.3% of fat, 1-2% of cellulose, 1% of ash, and 60-80% of water. Cassava flour retains

a variety of nutrients of fresh cassava. And its taste is close to the original taste of fresh

cassava. The cassava flour is an indispensable raw material for food industry.

Cassava flour production process:

Fresh cassava → dry peeling → washing → steam peeling → dry brush peeling →

washing → sorting → coarse crushing → fine crushing → dehydration → drying with hot

air (sterilization) → packing → end product

Dry peeling: The peeling and desiltering machine is used for the first stage peeling. The

principle is that mutual friction between fresh cassavas through movement can result in

excoriation. The attached mud and other debris will fall. The removal rate of fresh

cassava skin can reach 70-80%.

Washing: The process is composed of rotating screen and high-pressure water spray.

The principle is that large mud and sands can be thrown away through shaking of

trundle screens. Then sands on the cassava tubers can be cleaned by high pressure

water spray.

Dry brush steam peeling: Dry brush steam peeling is the second stage peeling to ensure

thorough removal of fresh cassava skins. The principle is that within a special

multi-spindle apparatus, cassava frictions can rub with brushes on the spindle in

different rotational directions and then remove the peel. During the peeling process,

raw material is treated with 1.0% Vc, 1.5% lemon acid, and 0.1% CaCl2 for 20 min to

avoid brown staining due to oxidation.


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66

Washing and sorting: After washed by spraying, peeled cassavas fall on the

slow-moving sorting table to accept manual inspection and amending. In this way, their

root blocks, black and rotten parts, and residual skins are excluded.

Coarse crushing: Coarse crushing is the first stage crushing, with a hammer cassava

crushing machine. Fresh cassavas are made into cassava pulp.

Fine crushing: Fine crushing is the second stage crushing, with a needle lapper. The

purpose is to gain a smaller granularity of cassava fibers to meet the requirement for

fine food processing. During the cassava flour production process, the rate of free

starch should be kept less than 1.5% to 2%, in order to maintain the original flavor and

taste of the product.

Dehydration: After crushing, the cassava pulp is dehydrated with a high-speed

centrifuge. The water content of wet cassava flour should be controlled to around 38%

Drying: The drying process is conducted with the air drying system. The water content

of cassava flour should be controlled to less than 12%. Meanwhile, cassava flour

contacts with high-temperature air and is sterilized during the drying process, which

meets the hygiene standards of edible products.

Packing: In the finishing room, cassava flour is packaged with automatic packaging

machine. All the products are stored in the shipping department for sales and to be

made into other products.

The main production indicators of cassava whole flour are basically the same as those

of cassava starch production:

i. Requirements for fresh cassava raw material: fresh, no mildew, no dirt or stones.

ii. Water content of cassava flour ≤ 12%;

iii. Water consumption <10 tons per ton of fresh cassava (end product);

iv. Power consumption <150 KWh per ton of fresh cassava (end product);

v. Coal consumption (converting to standard coal): 150 kg per ton of fresh cassava

(end product).

5.1.5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT, BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS

According to an annual production of 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava whole

flour, 9,000-10,000m3 / day of starch wastewater can be produced in the production


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process. The supporting sewage treatment plant should have a handling capacity of

10,000 m3 / day, with 24-hour operation and an average flow of 417m3 / hour.

Water quality is determined on cassava starch production data, referring to the Guide

for Starch Wastewater Treatment Technology as well as related water quality data, as

follows:

Entering water quality (mg/l, except for pH)

According to the requirements of China's environmental management department, the

first level emission standard of Comprehensive Pollutant Discharge Standards

(GB8978-1996) should be implemented, as follows:

Exporting water quality (mg/l, except for pH)

The design scale of wastewater treatment is 10,000 m3/day. The treatment level should

be at or slightly above the first level emission standard of Comprehensive Pollutant

Discharge Standards (GB8978-1996).

Cassava starch and cassava flour production effluent itself is rich in organic matter, TN

and suspended matter. However, it has good biodegradability and there are higher

requirements for water quality in this project. Taking into account the above factors,

S/N ProjectWater quality of

wastewater (mg/l)

1 CODcr 10000

2 BOD5 5000

3 SS 2500

4 TN 300

5 pH 4.0-5.0

S/N ProjectWater quality of

wastewater (mg/l)

1 CODcr ≤100

2 BOD5 ≤30

3 SS ≤70

4 NH3-N ≤15

5 pH 6.0-9.0


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68

physical and biological treatment methods are combined in the process. Physical

method includes pharmaceutical dosage and flotation, mainly removing suspended

matters, colloidal substances and some organic matters. For the high concentration of

organic matter in the wastewater, anoxic-aerobic treatment method is adopted in

biochemical treatment.

Framework diagram for starch wastewater treatment process

Description of wastewater treatment process

Pretreatment

Starch effluent from the starch plant first goes through screen meshes to get rid of big

chunks of impurities (which should be regularly cleaned), and then comes into the

collecting tank. In the collecting tank, effluent is lifted up with a pump and poured into

a fine grid (grid slag will be cleaned and packaged with other solid waste of the factory),

and then enters the primary sedimentation tank. In the primary sedimentation tank,

effluent undergoes slurry separation, with the top layer effluent into adjusting pool and

the lower mud into the sludge hopper. By ascending into the sludge thickener, floating

dregs are sent to the sludge thickener (periodically filtered and pressed) by a mud

scraper.


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Adjusting pool

Here the adjusting pool is built on a homogeneous pool with rectangular diagonal

effluent. The pool is characterized by adjusting the water channel along the diagonal

direction. The effluent enters the pool from the left and right sides, and reaches the

water channel at different times. In this way, mixed effluent at the water channel has

different entering time and concentration, the goal of automatically adjusting is

therefore achieved. Due to the large amount of suspended matters in the starch

wastewater, a mechanical shaker is set in the adjusting pool to recover a large number

of plant proteins by preventing precipitation of suspended matters with mechanical

agitation. The adjusting pool is made of reinforced concrete structure, with the main

functions as following: regulation of effluent yield and water peaks, balancing water

quality, reducing peak load (good for the follow-up treatment), and lifting effluent with

pumps to meet the requirement of the elevation layout of sewage treatment units.

Coagulation tank, flotation tank, neutralization pool and temperature-control pool

Suspended matters enter the flotation tank with water flow. Meanwhile, in the

coagulation tank flocculants PAC (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) are dosed, as

proteins are ampholytes with an isoelectric point of about pH 4.0-5.5, which is exactly

the pH value of starch wastewater. As a result, proteins in starch effluent have an

automatic aggregation tendency with small agglomerate particles. They are quite

unstable because their surfaces are covered with the same charge and influenced by

hydration. Inorganic polymer flocculants agents can neutralize the surface charges and

make it easy for small particles to agglomerate. It can achieve better flocculation effect

and reduce flocculants dosage by first adding inorganic polymer flocculants to

neutralize charges and then adding the organic polymer flocculants. Meanwhile, CODcr

and SS in wastewater can be reduced significantly, lightening the load on subsequent

treatment process. The optimum pH for UASB reactor operation is 6.8 to 7.2. Therefore,

the neutralization pool is used to adjust pH in this project. The floating dregs are sent to

the concentrated tank by pumps while treated effluent after the above reactions can

regulate the temperature by the temperature-control pool. The temperature of water

into the UASB pool is about 35 degrees. Pretreatment of wastewater can reduce

subsequent biological treatment load.

UASB pool

UASB pool is composed of sludge reaction zone, solid-gas-liquid separator (including


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70

precipitation zone) and gas chamber. At the bottom of the sludge reaction zone, there

is a large number of anaerobic sludge with a sludge layer of good performance and

cohesion properties. Wastewater to be process passes from the bottom of the

anaerobic sludge layer and fully contacts with sludge. Microorganisms within the sludge

can decompose organic matters from the effluent and convert them into biogas. Biogas

is constantly emitted in the form of tiny bubbles. During the rising process, tiny bubbles

gradually merge into larger bubbles, which can stir the sludge layer and form a thin

sludge bed. It can be lifted into the solid-gas-liquid separator with water. When biogas

encounters the reflector, it will be reflected around the baffle-board and then comes

into the gas chamber through the water layer. Biogas is concentrated in the gas

chamber and can be exported by a catheter. After reflection, the solid-liquid mixture

will come into the precipitation zone of solid-gas-liquid separator. Mud in the mixture

flocculates with gradually increased granularity and sinks with gravity. Precipitation on

the inclined wall can return to the anaerobic reaction zone along the wall, resulting in

large amounts of accumulated sludge in the reaction zone. Separated from mud, the

left water overflows from the upper tumbling bay of the settling zone, and then is

discharged from mud beds.

A/O & secondary sedimentation tank

A/O biochemical reaction tank is a common reaction tank. After a period of aeration,

organic wastewater can produce a dark brown flocculation mainly composed of aerobic

bacteria. There are a large number of active microbes and this mud is the activated

sludge. The activated sludge is mainly composed of microorganisms, such as bacteria,

protozoa and microbes. There are also some inorganic residues, such as remainder

decomposition of organic matter and residues of own metabolism. Activated sludge has

a loose structure with large surface area for strong cohesion and oxidative

decomposition ability of organic pollutants. In appropriate conditions, activated sludge

also has good self-aggregation and sedimentation properties, with most floc unit

between 0.02-0.2mm. From the perspective of effluent treatment, these features are

very valuable. Activated sludge uses organic pollutants in effluent as culture medium. It

can continuously culture new activated sludge in the presence of dissolved oxygen. Its

cohesion adsorption and oxidation decomposition capacity can purify organic

pollutants in effluent. Conventional activated sludge treatment system consists of the

following parts:


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71

Aeration tank: Organic pollutants in waste water can fully contact with activated

sludge, and be adsorbed as well as oxidative decomposed in the tank.

The aeration system: The aeration system supplies oxygen to the aeration tank for

biological processes, and has a mixing effect.

The secondary sedimentation tank: The secondary sedimentation tank is used to

separate the activated sludge from aeration tank water. It is relatively named in

terms of the primary sedimentation tank. The primary sedimentation tank is

located before the aeration tank. It is used to remove original large suspensions in

wastewater. If there are few suspensions, it can be omitted.

The sludge return system: This system is to guide part of the secondary

sedimentation tank sludge back to the aeration tank, to supply the biochemical

reactions of microorganisms.

Residual sludge discharge system: Sludge in aeration tanks continue to increase.

The increased sludge is regarded as residual sludge and discharged from the

system.

Sand filtering tank: Sand filtering tank is usually filled with sands or activated

carbon, which is mainly used to eliminate impurities and organic matters by

filtering water.

Sludge concentrated tank (using the original sludge concentrated tank of effluent

treatment system): Sludge from the adjusting pool, sedimentation tank, UASB and

A/O are exported into the sludge concentrated tank for condensing, in order to

improve solid rate of sludge. The sludge water content is below 95%. After

condensing, sludge is delivered into the dewatering chamber for mechanical

dewatering. The produced sludge cakes are transported outward, while the

supernatant and machine filtrates are returned to the adjusting pool for further

processing.

After the completion of wastewater treatment, CODcr removal rate of wastewater is

stabilized at around 90%, fully reaching the standard. Meanwhile, the process can

produce 50,000-60,000 M3/day biogases, which can save mineral resources and reduce

CO2 emissions. This project is good for reducing the greenhouse effect and protecting

the ecological environment.


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72

Biogas technology and process

To further promote agro-ecological recycling economy and to protect the atmospheric

environment, mineral resources can be replaced with biogases produced with cassava,

as a large number of cassava straws can produce biogases with fermentation

technology. Two straw digesters of 25,000 M3 are constructed, with per day biogas

production of 50,000 M3 and an annual consumption of 500,000 tons of cassava stalks.

This project uses the mesotherm fermentation method. Two 5,000m3 up flow CSTR

reactors are constructed, with daily consumption of 150 tons of straws. Six 0.6Mpa

high-pressure gas tanks of 300 cubic meters and two 300 m3 dry buffer tanks are

adopted with the storage method. Volume of the adjusting pond and feeding pool adds

up to 200m3.

Description of process

According to the actual situation of the construction site, biogas energy production is

the key. A set of practical solutions are made to fully utilize biogas and biogas residues.

The detailed flow diagram is shown in the following:


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73

TS content of the material in the adjusting pool is regulated to 8%. The adjusted liquid is

poured into the reactor through the feeding system. Within the reaction tank, biogas,

residues and biogas slurries are obtained by fermentation. After dehydration and

desulfurization, biogas comes into the buffer tank. Then it is compressed to and stored

in a gas tank with 0.6Mpa fixed-volume by the compressor. Biogas residues are

collected directly after being discharged from the reactor, which can be used directly as

organic fertilizer, or be further processed into compound fertilizer. There are fewer

amounts of biogas slurries, which can be used to pretreat raw materials (as sprays for

heap leaching materials).

The features of the process plan

o Mesotherm fermentation technology has a slightly slower digestion rate

and a low rate of gas production. However, this process consumes less

energy. Biogas fermentation can generally be maintained at a high level

and a fast production rate. Liquid almost does not crust and there is less

loss of fertilizer efficiency with the residues. This process has stable liquid

temperature and relatively balanced gas production.

o Within the CSTR reactor, fermentation temperature is at a stable

temperature of 35°C. Raw materials are added from the bottom of the


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74

fermentation tank, so that the new materials and anaerobic

microorganisms can fully contact with each other. In a quite short period of

digestion, raw materials can be completely degraded. There is a heating

system and a temperature control system in the fermentation tank, to

ensure the fermentation temperature stabling at 35°C ± 2°C. The

fermentation process is ensured to be stable and efficient.

o The multi-point discharging design ensures that the raw materials are fully

fermented, overcoming the disadvantage of insufficient fermentation for

raw materials by single-point design.

5.1.6 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS OF BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Bio-organic fertilizer is one of the most promising new generations of fertilizers in the

21st century, which is pollution-free and environment-friendly. Bio-organic fertilizer is

suitable for a variety of crop productions and forestry industries as well as soil

improvement projects in the agriculture production base. This process takes advantage

of the latest equipment and specialized technologies developed by experts, which can

turn a variety of organic wastes - farm animal manure, organic wastes from refuse

processing plants, agricultural waste, sewage sludge, waste slag and cassava starch

plant wastes, into environment - friendly green fertilizers (bio-organic fertilizer).

Bio-organic fertilizer is a new type of multi-microbial organic fertilizer. In addition to the

efficient micro-organisms for nitrogen fixation, phosphate-degradation and

potassium-degradation, it is rich in organic matters and trace elements. It is not only a

pollution-free, long-lasting fertilizer, but also has good seedling disease resistance. It

can improve soil quality, increase yield, and improve crop quality. Moreover, it can

overcome the defects, such as environmental pollution and ecological damage, which

are caused by heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides.

This product is vaccinated with unique bioactive agents, which can turn solid organic

wastes into high-quality organic fertilizers in a short time, with no foul smell. This

product can also effectively increase the biological activity of the product and the

applied soil.

The flow chart of bio-organic fertilizer is as below:


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75

The cassava peels, sewage and biogas sludge are transferred into the tempering tank,

where they are heated for sterilization. Then a binder is added into the mixture and

stirred evenly. Afterwards, a screw feeder is used to carry the mixture into a sludge

drying machine for downstream hot air drying. The dried sludge is transported into the

blender with a belt, and is added with NPR and other nutrients. After evenly stirring,

the mixture is sent into the granulator. By drying, cooling and screening, end products

are derived with fine return feed directly sent back into the granulator. Coarse return

feed are returned to a pelletizer after smashing. The end gas is exhausted after

purifying.

Depending on the characteristics of cassava residues, sewage sludge and biogas,

combined with the actual cassava starch production condition, a bio-organic fertilizer

production line of 100,000 tons per year capacity is designed.

5.2 MAJOR OPTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT

5.2.1 SEED BREEDING

This project uses the cassava stem breeding method, which is a low-cost simple method

with low technical content and easy operation. Any common farm machines can meet

the requirements.


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76

5.2.2 CULTIVATION MANAGEMENT

Tillage management of cassava cultivation mainly includes plowing, fertilizing, weeding

and spraying pesticides. Because cassava cultivation in the project area is mostly on

large land, mechanized farming management is essential. Agricultural machinery for

farming, fertilizing and irrigation is required. Meanwhile, a large number of tractors and

farm machineries are needed to meet the farming requirements. In accordance with

the features and processing power of agricultural machineries and large tractors,

combined with African soil and climate features, a land size of 30,000 hectares is

considered for cassava plantation to meet a monthly requirement of 3,000 hectares of

cassava plantations. The main agricultural machinery and farm machinery for tractors,

ploughing, land preparation, fertilizing and irrigation are as follows:

5.2.3 HARVESTING

Cassava harvest mainly includes digging and transportation of its underground roots.

Small area cassava harvest can be done with simple human digging, while the

large-scale cultivation of cassava harvest usually adopts large machines. The use of

cassava harvester, towed by a four-wheel tractor, improves cassava harvest efficiency.

Each cassava harvester is able to harvest 5-8 hectares of cassava every day, with the

main equipment as follows:

S/NSpecifications and

NameUnit Quantity Remark

190-horsepower four-

wheel tractorSet 80

Made in

China

280-horsepower four-

wheel tractorSet 20

Made in

China

3 3-4 disc plow Set 50Made in

China

4 6-7 disc plow Set 50Made in

China

5 Ridging plow Set 50Made in

China

6 Irrigation equipment Set 20Made in

China

7 SD16 bulldozer Vehicles 10Made in

China

8 1M3 excavator Vehicles 3Made in

China

9 Roller Vehicles 1Made in

China


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77

5.2.4 PRODUCTION OF CASSAVA STARCH AND CASSAVA FLOUR

The following is the equipment configuration list of the cassava starch production line

with an annual output of 100,000 tons

S/NSpecifications and

NameUnit Quantity Remark

1 160 cassava harvester Set 50Made in

China

2 Farm Trailer Vehicles 25Made in

China

Power

per set

/KW

1 Boiler6 tons of steam

boilers2 Set 63 126

2 WeighbridgeScales can weigh 100

tons1 Set 0 0

3 ForkliftLG50 (increased

bucket capacity)1 Set 0 0

4 Slurry storage tank

Slurry storage tank,

high slurry storage

tank

8 Set 0 0

5 Power distributionTransformers and

ancillary facilities1 Set 0 0

6 Electric wiringElectrical control

cabinet and wiring1 Set 0 0

7Piping, transportation,

etc.

Piping, valves,

instrumentation,

equipment, domestic

transportation

1 Set 0 0

8 Raw material conveyor PDS-B650 2 Set 8.6 17.2

9Dry cleaning machine

drumGTGXJ-1400 2 Set 7.5 15

10 Stir washing machine JBSXJ-1400 4 Set 7.5 30

11Drum washing

machineGTSXJ-1400 2 Set 5.5 11

12 Crushing machine SJJ-P81A、SJJ-P81B 8 Set 78.75 630

Remark

Ancillary

equipment

facility

Washing,

crushing

section

S/N Name Parameter Quantity Unit

Total

power/

KW


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78

Power

per set

/KW

13 Stirrer JBQ-1800-30R 8 Set 3 24

14 Starch pump DFB-150-22A 8 Set 22 176

15The crude residue

screening machineCZSFJ800 22 Set 11 242

16Fine slag screening

machineXZSFJ700 8 Set 5.5 44

17 Cyclone filters XLGL80 6 Set 0 0

18 Screen filter GL80 6 Set 0 0

19 Disc separator DPF550 6 Set 55 330

20 Scraper centrifuge GL1250 6 Set 56.5 339

21 Food grade conveyor PDS-SP-B500 2 Set 4 8

22Raising powder

machineYFJ6830 2 Set 26 52

23 Heat sink SZL270 24 Piece 0 0

24Collection hood, duct,

separators and bracketZFR-D1200、FL-D350 2 Set 0 0

25 Hot unit G4-73-D12 2 Set 90 180

26 Cold unit 9-26-5.6A 2 Set 22 44

27 Sheltered machine BFQ-D350-50L 4 Set 2.2 8.8

28Finished double rotary

screenGTSGFS-8LS 4 Set 5.5 22

29Suction-type powder

packing scaleDCS-50-FL-Q 4 Set 4.07 16.28 Package

30

Cassava dregs

dewatering filter

presses

FKYLJ-B2000 2 Set 11 22

31Semi cassava residue

conveyorPDS-B500 1 Set 11.5 11.5

Statistics 2348.78

Total

power/

KW

Remark

Master

Equipment

Cassava

residue filter

press

S/N Name Parameter Quantity Unit


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79

The following is the equipment configuration list of the cassava whole flour production

line with an annual output of 100,000 tons

Power

per set

Total

power

k w (KW)

PDS-B6500 2 8.6 17.2

GTGXJ-1400 2 7.5 15

JBSXJ-1400 4 7.5 30

GTSXJ-1400 2 5.5 11

ZQP-500 10 5.5 55

DSTC-45A 8 75 600

DZM-660 8 55 440

CX1.5 4

10M3 4 3 12

2 2.2 4.4

GL1250 6 56.5 339

PDS-SP-B500 2 4 8

YFJ6830 2 26 52

SZL270 24

2

G4-73-D12 2 90 180

9-26-5.6A 2 22 44

BFQ-D350-50 L 4 2.2 8.8

4 4

7

6 T Steam boilers 2 63 126

LG50 (Increased bucket

capacity)1

Transformers and ancillary

facilities1

Electrical control cabinet and

wiring

Statistics

Electric wiring

16.28Suction-type powder packing

scale

Boiler

Forklift

Power distribution

Collection hood, duct, separators

and bracket

Hot unit

Cold unit

DCS-50-FL- Q

Shelter

Tanks

High tank

Scraper centrifuge

Food grade conveyor

Raising powder machine

Heat sink

Stir washing machine

Drum washing machine

Dry brush steam peelers

Hammer crushing cassava

machine

Cassava needle Lapper

Sand remover

Specification NameQuantity

/ setRemark

Belt Conveyor

Drum dry cleaning machine


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80

5.2.5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND BIOGAS PROJECT

The following is the equipment configuration list for the 2×5000 M3/day wastewater

treatment process (two independent sewage treatment systems)

S/N Name Specification Quantity Unit Remark

CP511-150，H＝15m,

Q＝145m3/h，P＝7.5KW

2 Sieve WX2500-1000 2 Set

3 Grillage machine ZG-600，P＝1.5KW 2 Set

4 Slag removal machine 1 PT-5000，P＝1.5KW 2 Set

5 Sludge pump QBY-80 14 Set

100HYF-32T，H＝16m，

Q＝215m3/h，P＝15KW 8 Set

Air-dissolved 50HYF-32T，H＝34m，

circulating pump Q＝50m3/h，P＝7.5KW

8 Mud scraper 2 PT-3000，P＝1.5KW 2 Set

9 Air-dissolved can ￠1000X1430 2 Set

10 Compressor Z-1/7-4，4KW 2 Set

11 Submersible mixer LFP3/4-1100-85，P=3.0KW 8 Set

25HYF-8，H＝11m,

Q＝1m3/h，P＝0.25KW

13 Dosing tank PT-5000 8 Set

14 pH meter PH-6109 4 Set

15 Inclined tube DN80 200 Square

16 Centre diversion canal ￠1000X2500 2 Set

17 Mixers 5KW 6 Set

18 Three-phase separator 4 Set

19Temperature control

deviceBL-W541 2 Set

3L62WD， P=55kw

H＝4880mAq,Q=41m3/min,

21 Aerator Z215 3200 unit

22 Dissolved oxygen meter DO-6309 2 Set

CDL85-10，H＝22m， 6 Set

Q＝70m3/h，P＝5.5KW

K167R97-1613-M1307-Y0.75 2 Set

P＝0.75KW

CDL120-20-1，H＝34.5m， 2 Set

Q＝160m3/h，P＝22KW

27 Filter filler 2 Batch

28Pressure filtration

system1.0m Bandwidth，13.0KW，Cast iron 2 Set

29 Electrical cabinet 2 Set

26 Recoil pump

24 Filter pump

25Secondary settling tank

mud scraper

20 Fan 6 Set

23 Filtering tank ￠2800X4500 2 Set

7 4 Set

12 Dosing pump 8 Set

1 Lift pump 1 6 Set

6 Lift pump 2


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81

The following is the equipment configuration list for the 2×25,000 M3/day biogas

system (two independent biogas systems)

5.2.6 BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER PRODUCTION

The following is the equipment configuration list for the production of 100,000 tons

bio-organic fertilizers.

1 Fermenter 5000m³ Set 2

2 Grinder Set 2

3 Regulating mixer Non-standard Set 2

4 Feeding system Set 2

6 300m3 gas tank unit 6

7 Buffer tank 300m³ Set 2

8 Gas compressor Set 2

9 Dehydrator Set 2

10 Desulfurization tower Set 2

11 Dry flame arrester Set 2

12 Heating system Set 2

13 Electrical control system Set 1

14 Lightning protection system Set 1

15 Fire protection system Set 1

16 Regulator Set 2

5 Gas mixing system Set 2

S/N Purchase equipment Product modelManufacturer

and OriginUnit Quantity


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82

Power per

set

Total

power

Automatic batching system

(or stir plate with artificial

ingredients)

PCS-5T5C 1 Set 20 20Belt weighing

ingredients

Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L12.5 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s

Double-roller scatter

grading deviceDGFS600 1 Set 22 22

Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L10 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s

Drum granulator GTZL-1870 1 Set 7.5 7.5 Belt speed 3°, 6r/min


Disc granulator YPZL2845 2 Set 11 22 Adjustable slope


Burner (or with 0.5 to 2

tons of steam boilers)3800×2200×3600 1 Set 30

Automatic

temperature control

with digital display

Burner blower (or with 9-19

Model)G4-72-3.2A 1 Set 2.2 2.2 Air quantity 3200m3/h

RemarkDevice NameSpecification and

modelQuantity Unit

Power /KW


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83

Power per

set

Total

power

11 Drum dryer GTHG2222 1 Set 37 37 Slope 3°, 6r/min

12Corrugated sidewall

conveyorDJ.JB－B650L750

01 Set 4 4

Belt speed

0.6m/s，Normal belt

conveyor can be used

13 Roller Cooler GTLQ1816 1 Set 18.5 18.5 Slope 3°, 6r/min

14Corrugated sidewall

conveyorDJ.JB－B650L800

01 Set 4 4

Belt speed 0.6m/s,

Normal belt conveyor

can be used when

12.5r/min, 2.5×2.5－4.

8×4.8mm Mesh

16Vertical chain hammer mill

(re-circulating scrap mill)LSLCFSJ900 1 Set 22 22

17 Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L15 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s


19Roller coating polishing

machineGTPGJ1260 1 Set 7.5 7.5 Slope 3°, 6r/min


21Automatic packing

quantifying scalesDCS-50K/ST 1 Set 1.1 1.1

22

Dryer settling chamber (or

with high temperature

pulse dust collector)

3800×8000×4000 1 Set 0

23 Dryer and induced draft fan G4-72-10C 1 Set 22 22 25000m3/h

24Cooler settling chamber (or

with pulse dust collector)3800×8000×4000 1 Set 0

25Cooler and induced draft

fan G4-72-6C 1 Set 7.5 7.5 16000m3/h

Total 232.8

RemarkS/N Device NameSpecification and

modelQuantity Unit

Power /KW

15Compound fertilizer

finished screenFHFCPS1460 1 Set 7.5 7.5


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84

5.3 ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

5.3.1 OFFICE FACILITIES

An office building of 1,800 M2 will be constructed to meet the requirements of

management personnel and technical personnel for office use. Meanwhile, taking into

account the large number of managers and workers as well as the three-shift working

system, a 3,840 M2 facility for housing, living and dining rooms will also be constructed.

I. Office and guest house: The office building has an area of 1800 M2, covering an

area of 450 M2, which is a 4-storey brick-concrete structure and also used as a

guest house.

II. Guard room: 2 guard rooms, with a building area of 30 M2. They are a single-floor

brick-concrete structure and integrally designed with factory gates.

III. Canteen: this is a building with an area of 500 M2 and a single-floor brick-concrete

structure

IV. Bathroom: The bathroom is divided into two rooms, with a building area of 100

M2 and a single-floor brick-concrete structure.

V. Dormitories: There are 180 dormitories in total. Each one is 5 m × 3.6 m. The

dormitories are divided into two double-storey buildings,. The building area is

3240 M2, with a brick-concrete structure.

VI. Toilet: There are two toilets with a single-layer brick-concrete structure. Each has

a building area of 30 M2 and the total area is 60 M2.


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85

5.3.2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND BUILDING AREA OF CASSAVA CULTIVATION STRUCTURES

The economic and practical principles are followed for architectural design, while the

operational requirements for the overall arrangement are met. Structural deformation

and structural seismic principles are taken into account. All the adopted standards can

meet the requirements of production and daily life, which are also in line with existing

national building design specifications and industry standards, and the local building

standards.

Structures

Houses for production and management

The houses are used as space for daily management of cassava cultivation, agricultural

equipment and temporary storage for fertilizers and pesticides. There are 30,000

hectares of cassava plantation. 100 houses will be constructed to provide a 25 M2 room

for production and management per 300 hectares.

Roads

Roads are used for transportation of seeds, fertilizers and cassavas, as well as to

facilitate production management. In order to fully cover the project area, new field

roads between fields and production roads are planned and constructed, which are

connected to the highway near the project area.

Covers

areaGFA

(m2) (m2)

11Office and

guest houses4 3.2 450 1800

Brick and

Concrete

12 Guard room 1 3.2 30 30Brick and

Concrete2 rooms

13 Canteen 1 3.4 500 500Brick and

Concrete

14 Bathroom 1 3.2 100 100Brick and

Concrete2 rooms

15 Dormitory 2 3.2 1620 3240Brick and

Concrete

180

rooms

16 Toilet 1 3 60 60Brick and

Concrete2 Set

S/N Name FloorFloor

height (m)

Structure

TypeRemark


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86

o Field road

The field road has a width of 3.5m and a roadbed width of 4.5m. There is 0.5m earth

on both sides of the shoulder, with bilateral drains. Passing tracks are placed in

favorable locations every 300m, with a roadbed width of 6.0m. And the effective

length is more than 20m. The sand-gravel surface is equipped with 100mm-thick

graded gravels and compacted dense. Then the surface is covered with 80mm-thick

mud-gravel layer and 30cm-thick sands.

o Production road

The production road has a roadbed width of 1.0 m, with a soil compaction surface.

The compaction density is 93%. The road surface is 30mm higher than the original

ground surface. Unilateral drains are adopted. In the project area, about 50km field

roads and 80km 1m-wide production roads will be built.

Irrigation ditch, pond and pumping stations

o Water demand analysis

Cassava is a dry land crop, with strong drought tolerance. Cassava can grow in regions

with annual rainfall of 278mm. However, due to dry soils, cassava roots have

significantly reduced ability of absorption and transportation of nutrients, resulting in

an adverse impact on yield. Especially during the tuber enlargement stage, cassavas

can grow well when the soil water holding capacity is 50% to 70%. The most suitable

annual rainfall of cassavas is 1000 - 2000mm. They can grow well in areas with

uniform rainfall distribution and humid soils. However, hydrous should be avoided as

cassava roots tend to decompose when soil water holding capacity is more than 80%.

Cassava will suffer hypoxia because of poor soil permeability. The normal growth of

the aerial cassava parts will be affected, resulting in reduced production output.

Under water requirement law of cassavas, as a dry land crop, both drought and

waterlogging can affect the cassava yield. The total water demanding trend is “less in

the early stage, and more in the later stage”. That is, cassavas need less water during

seedling and the medium growing periods, while cassavas need more water during

late growing stage. The annual rainfall in the project area is 1179-1409mm. The

normal annual rainfall can meet the needs of growth and development of cassavas. As

a result, for years with little and excessive rainfall, water management should be


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87

strengthened for cassava cultivation.

Furrow irrigation method is dominant in cassava field production, which is widely used

at home and abroad. It is simple and can save water. In addition to the irrigation

effect, it can also be used as a drainage way, during the rain.

o Drainage analysis

The project area is located on mountainous and sloping fields with big natural slopes

and good drainage properties. However, it is necessary to pay attention to soil and

water conservation to control soil erosion caused by heavy rainfall on the land. For

steep mountains and big slopes (no more than 25 degrees), farmland should be

cultivated along contour lines. A small ditch should be built between the plots. A small

dam about 10cm high is built with soils in the middle of small ditches at every 10m.

These small dams are connected to a water ditch for collecting rainfall on rainy days.

And then the water flows into the main drains of farmland and is excluded through

irrigation ditches. In this way, soil erosion is effectively prevented and adequate

moisture is ensured for cassava growth and development..

o Engineering solutions

The irrigation ditch in this project is a rectangular cross-section rubble irrigation ditch,

which is completely built with M7.5 cement mortar and Mu30 rubble masonry.

Three-sides sleeking is used for the M10 cement mortar pipe surfaces, with

specifications of 500mm deep, 300mm thick, and 500mm wide. Ditches are built with

soil in a unified specification. Their fracture surfaces are trapezoidal, with a bottom

width of 400mm, a depth of 500mm and a slope of 1:0.75. In the cassava growing

areas, about 100km irrigation ditches are built and about 50km soil drainage ditches

are built. 80 pools will be constructed, among which there are 50 pools of 50m3 and

30 pools of 100m3. Pumping stations will be set up in the management house.

5.3.3 MAIN BUILDINGS AND ENGINEERING STRUCTURES OF CASSAVA GROWING AREAS

Table 5-1 Main Engineering Structures and Buildings


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88

5.3.4 ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR MAJOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES OF CASSAVA STARCH AND CASSAVA FLOUR FACTORY

The economic and practical principles are followed for architectural design, while the

operational requirements for the overall arrangement are met. Structural deformation

and structural seismic principles are taken into account. Landscape design is paid

attention to where possible. All the adopted standards can meet the requirements of

production and daily life, which are also in line with existing national building design

specifications and industry standards, and the local building standards. Main building

structures in this project include: the production structures, auxiliary manufacturing

buildings, office and residential buildings.

Production structures

I. Raw materials and drying yard field: The total area is 10,000 M2, compacted with

200mm thick gravels, then covered with 30mm thick sands and a 100 mm thick

C20 concrete layer. The surface is smoothed with cement.

II. Factory building for delivering crushing section: covering a building area of 1,400

M2, with a light steel structure and the height of 11m.

III. Finished goods warehouse: a building area of 10,000 M2, in a flat rectangular

shape. It is built in a light steel structure, with a height of 6.5m. The wall is built of

4.2m-high wall bricks and 2.1m high color profiled steel sheets.

IV. Main plant: a building area of 3600 M2, in a light steel structure with a height of

S/N Name Unit Quantity SpecificationStructure

Type

1

Production

management

space

room 100 5×5m wideBrick and

concrete

2 Field road km 50 3.5m wide Gravel

3 Production road km 80 1m wide Soil road

4 Irrigation ditch km 100 0.5×0.3×0.5m

Rubble

irrigation

ditch

5 Drainage ditch km 50 0.4×0.5mEarthen

trenches

6 Pool Seat 50 50m3 Brick and

concrete

7 Pool Seat 30 100m3 Brick and

concrete


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89

11m. Thin-walled high-frequency welding H-beam is used for steel columns and

beams, with high-strength bolts. C-shaped cold-formed steel is used for purlins,

which are connected to steel beams and steel columns with bolts.

V. Boiler Room: a building area of 600 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure with a

height of 3.4m.

VI. Cassava residue pools: built with ashlars, covering an area of 2000 M2 and a

volume of 1400 m3.

Auxiliary manufacturing buildings

I. Switch board room: an area of 40 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure.

II. Water pumping station: it is located in the water source points, with a building

area of 40 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure.

III. Reservoir: a building area of 5,000 M2.

IV. Weighbridge room: a building area of 24 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure.

There is a 50-ton weighbridge in the room, with 200 M2 cement space around.


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90

Table 5-2 Main Structures, Buildings and Engineering Projects

5.3.5 WASTEWATER FACTORY PROJECT (2 LINES OF 5,000M3 / DAY WASTEWATER TREATMENT)

In industrialized countries, unlike other civil buildings and commercial buildings,

industrial buildings are required to be concise. Therefore, on the architectural style, we

try to follow the concise style in addition to functional requirements.

I. All the buildings, structures and greeneries in the factory are arranged in

accordance with the relevant requirements. The proportion, spacing, and scale

are strictly measured. The relationship between buildings before the factory area

and buildings in the production area should be coordinated.

II. The main building is equipped with a duty room and a toilet, in order to facilitate

civilized production.

III. Connecting walkways or stairs between the various structures should follow a

high standard. If conditions permit, reinforced concrete stairs should be

considered.

floor

height

(m)

1 Field materials 10000 Cement

2

Factory building of

transportation crushing

section

1 11 1400 1400Light steel

structure

3 Finished goods warehouse 1 6.5 10000 10000Light steel

structure

11, local

15

5 Boiler room 1 3.4 600 600Brick and

concrete

2000

7 Tank 1 5000 5000Brick and

concrete

8 Distribution room 1 3.2 40 40Brick and

concrete

9 Water pumping station 1 3.2 40 40Brick and

concrete

10 Weighbridge room 1 24 24Brick and

concrete

Volume

1400m36 Cassava slag pool 1Rubble

stone

Remark

4 Main plant 1 3600 3600Light steel

structure

S/N Name Layer

Covers

area

(m2)

GFA (m2)

Structure

type


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91

IV. The inside and outside decoration material durability of buildings and structures

should be considered to reduce regular maintenance. The roofing waterproof

rating should be no less than level three, generally level two. An organized

drainage should be adopted.

Building structures design content

I. Seismic resistance: wooden works are designed as six-degree seismic fortification

II. Load: wind load 0.5 KN/m2, live load: the office and control room by 2.0 KN/m2,

toilet by 2.0 KN/m2, flat roof deck with people: 1.5 KN/m2, and flat roof deck

without people: 0.7 KN/m2.

III. Materials ① concrete strength grade of C20, housing pad of C10; ② wall: KP1

standard brick (built with bricks, walls above the damp-proof coating top with

M10 cement mortar, and the wall above damp-proof coating with M5 cement

mortar); ③ concrete iron: using grade II steel; when d ≥10, using grade I steel,

when d <10.

General Information of building structures

I. Design conditions

o The live load of the pool roof is 2.0 KN/m2, while the live load of pool edge is 5.0

KN/m2.

o Soil conditions: By anti-floating check, soil load of the pool roof is 16KN/m2; while

by strength calculation, soil load of the pool roof is 20 KN/m2 (saturation value). By

lateral soil pressure calculation, the filling soil load is 18K N/m2, and its angle of

internal friction after conversion is φ= 25°.

o Site category is class III.

o Groundwater situations: the proposed sites for this project are clay with small

permeability within the range of exploration. Generally it is regarded as the

impermeable layer or impermeable layer, with only pore water in the shallow

layers. Its dynamic changes are mainly affected by atmospheric precipitation and

farmland irrigation.

II. Materials


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92

Concretes ① cushion with C10; ② the pool body with C25; ③ pool body

impermeability grade of S6.

Concrete iron: using grade I steel when diameter ≤10; using grade II steel when

diameter ≥10.

Steel ladders: embedded parts using Q235A steel (original A3 steel).

Whitewashing: ① For the inner pool wall, the bottom surface of the roof and the

top surface of the base plate, 20mm thick 1:2 waterproof cement mortars are used

for plastering. ②For the outer pool wall, piles and other surfaces, 15mm thick 1:2

cement mortars are used for plastering.

E Brick setting: The brick strength is of class MU10 for use in 240mm thick vitrified bond

brick walls. They are built with M5 cement mortars and 15mm thick 1:2 cement mortars

are used for plastering.

List of buildings and structures

Table 5-3 List of Buildings and Structures


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93

5.3.6 BIOGAS DIGESTERS PROJECT (2 SETS OF 25,000 M3/ D GAS STATION)

The workshop is equipped with the single portal frame structure, with exterior walls of

370 thick brick walls and interior walls of 240 thick brick walls. Under the columns,

there is an independent foundation of reinforced concretes. Under the wall, there is a

base made of ashlars. A dual-cross trapezoidal lightweight steel roof structure is

adopted for the roof. The roof material is Ō = 0.6mm thick color profiled steel sheet.

100 thick ultra-fine glass cottons are used for insulation of roofing. The main steel

structure is covered with fire-retardant painting, with fire-resistant time of 1.5h.

S/N NameSpecification

(L×B×H)(mm)Volume Unit

Structure

typeRemark

1 Water pond 5000×4000×5000 100 m3 Concrete 2 sets

2 Grill Pool 8000×2000×2500 40 m3 Concrete 2 sets

3

Primary

sedimentation

tank

40650×5000×3500 722.8 m3 Concrete 2 sets

4 Adjusting pool 40000×11000×4000 1760 m3 Concrete 2 sets

5 Coagulation tank 4000×3000×4000 48 m3 Concrete 2 sets

6 Flotation tank 20500×3000×2300 145 m3 Concrete 2 sets

7 Neutralizing pool 5000×1500×3500 26.3 m3 Concrete 2 sets

8 Thermostat pool 15200×1500×3500 79.8 m3 Concrete 2 sets

9 UASB pool 15000×15000×8500 1912.5 m3 Concrete 4 sets

10 A/O pool 20500×26300×6000 3235 m3 Concrete 2 sets

11

Secondary

sedimentation

tank

15000×15000×7000 1575 m3 Concrete 2 sets

12 Middle pool 5000×3000×3000 45 m3 Concrete 4 sets

13 Clean water pool 8750×3000×3000 78.8 m3 Concrete 2 sets

14Equipment

foundation8200×4240×250 1 Seat Concrete 2 sets

15

Flotation

Equipment

foundation

9500×3000×250 1 Seat Concrete 2 sets

16 Dosing room 13140×5000×4000 65.7 m2 Brick and

Concrete2 sets

17Electric control

room6840×6000×4000 41 m

2 Brick and

Concrete2 sets

18 Fan Room 9500×6500×4000； 61.7 m2 Brick and

Concrete2 sets

19 Ladder 4 Seat Concrete

20Earthwork

excavation15000 m3


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94

Single-frame is adopted for windows with double glass and plastic steel. Extrapolation is

adopted for doors. Puttying is applied to the inner workshop walls. The ceiling and the

outer walls are painted with coating materials. The floor is covered with cement

mortars.

Table 5-4 List of Main Buildings and Structures

5.3.7 BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER FACTORY PROJECT

Table 5-5 Building Projects of the Bio-organic Fertilizer Factory

S/NBuilding

(structure) nameQuantity Unit Structure type Remark

1 Feeding room 200 m2 Light steel

structure2 sets

2

Materials

warehouse (with

crushing room)

500 m2 Light steel

structure2 sets

3

Raw material

pretreatment

field (15 rooms)

3000 m2 Brick-concrete

structure2 sets

4Biogas collection

site660 m2 Concrete 2 sets

5Fermenter and

equipment base1000 m3

Underground

reinforced

concrete

2 sets

6

Biogas

purification plant

and the regulator

100 m2 Brick-concrete

structure2 sets

7Gas compression

plant50 m2 Brick-concrete

structure2 sets

8Electrical control

room30 m2 Brick-concrete

structure2 sets

9 Fire pump 25 m2 Brick-concrete

structure2 sets

10 Fire water pond 300 m3 Brick-concrete

structure2 sets

11 Outdoor road 800 m2 Concrete

12 Wall 500 mBrick-concrete

structure


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95

S/N Name Area (㎡) QuantityThe total

area (㎡)Remark

1 Workshop 1000 1 1000

2Packaging

workshop200 1 200

3Finished goods

warehouse1000 1 1000

4Supporting

housing300 2 600


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96

6. RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY

6.1 SEEDLINGS

6.1.1 SEEDLING VARIETIES

The following six Chinese and Kenya superior cassava varieties are proposed to be

planted : Huanan 10#, Huanan 8#, Huanan 5#, Karembo (KME-08-05), Karibuni

(KME-08-01), and Nzalauka (KME-08-06).

6.1.2 QUANTITY

Large-scale cassava cultivation can be done in the cassava mature seasons. Semi-woody

stems of fine cassavas are saved for propagation in the coming year. As a result, in this

project, cassava seedlings are purchased in the first year and cassava seedlings will be

reserved and propagated for the new developed land by the farm.

4,500 hectares of cassavas are planned for cultivation in the first year, with 750

hectares of all six varieties. Based on 1,500kg seedlings for each hectare, 6,750 tons of

seedlings will be needed in total.

6.1.3 SOURCES AND TRANSPORTATION

Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences and other research institutions

devote themselves to the research of high quality cassava seedlings. They have

successfully introduced and nurtured a number of excellent cassava varieties, with good

resistance and adaptability. They are rich in cassava resources. In May, 2010, China

aided Congo with construction and introduced cassava varieties, including Hunan 10#,

Huanan 8# and Huanan 5#, which is a huge success. Cassava production reached about

30 tons per hectare. The three Chinese cassava varieties can be purchased from the

above areas while the three Kenyan cassava varieties can be purchased from the

Kenyan Agricultural Science and Technology Organization.


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97

China’s cassavas in Congo (Brazzaville)

Significant effect of cassava cultivation in the agricultural technology demonstration

center of Congo (Brazzaville), aided by China


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98

6.2 FERTILIZERS

After the project is put into operation, urea, compound fertilizers and manure fertilizers

are administered, which can be used in basic fertilizers, seedling fertilizers, fruiting

fertilizers and enlargement fertilizers.

6.2.1 FERTILIZER VARIETIES

Bio-organic fertilizers are widely used as basal fertilizers in cassava cultivation.

Bio-organic fertilizers, urea, phosphate and potassium chloride can also be used as

seedling fertilizers, fruiting fertilizers and enlargement fertilizers.

6.2.2 QUANTITY

The amount of fertilizer per hectare is: bio-organic fertilizer 3,000 kg, phosphate 187.5

kg, urea 206.25 kg, and potassium chloride 206.25 kg. After the project achieves the

scale of 30,000 hectares, 90,000 tons of bio-organic fertilizers are needed in total as

well as 18,000 tons of various chemical fertilizers.

6.2.3 APPLICATION METHOD

In order to achieve the goal of scientific fertilization and to avoid over-nutrition, soils

and fertilizers should be evenly stirred. The application of basal fertilizers can be

scheduled in land remediation process before planting. Fertilizers can be buried into

the soils below the surface, which can result in relatively uniform application. The

spreading method can be used in top application, and then covered with soils.

Bio-organic fertilizers can be supplied by the bio-organic fertilizer plant in this project,

while other fertilizers can be purchased by local Chinese or Kenya’s sales departments.

Transportation is relegated to their own organization or a professional transportation

company.

6.3 PESTICIDES

Comparing with other crops, cassavas have strong barren resistance and drought

resistance. Moreover, they have a relatively strong ability to resist pests and diseases.

In China, cassava pests do relatively small harm to yield. Common cassava diseases are

viral diseases, bacterial blight, bacterial angular leaf spot, brown leaf spot and dull leaf

blight. Main pests are mites, wireworms, weevils, cutworms, and termites. For pest


______________________________________________________________________

99

control, the guiding principle of “giving priority to prevention, with comprehensive

control” should be adhered to. A strict plant protection system should be established. A

strict disease prevention and prediction network should be set up as one of the

important technical measures to obtain high and stable yield.

Pesticide varieties

The main pesticide varieties include Gramoxone, Viper, Dicofol, Tuzet, 0.5% mushroom

proteoglycans agent and 30% phoxim flour.

Quantity

I. The amount of pesticides applied per hectare is 1,500-2,250ml of 20% Gramoxone

agent, 500-600ml of 8.05% Beaphar agent, 1,500-2,250ml of 80% Dicofol EC, 750g

of 50% Tuzet wettable powder, 450g of 0.5% mushroom proteoglycans agent and

20kg of 30% phoxim flour.

II. The amount of pesticides applied for 30,000 hectares is 45,000 liters of 20%

Gramoxone agent, 18,000 liters of 8.05% Beaphar agent, 45,000L of 80% Dicofol

EC, 22.5 tons of 50% Tuzet wettable powder, 13.5 tons of 0.5% mushroom

proteoglycans agent and 600 tons of 30% phoxim flour.

Application method

The above pesticides mainly include liquid, powder and flour, with different methods of

application. Liquid and powder agents can be used with agricultural sprayers or hand

sprayers after diluted in proportion with water. Flour are mixed with fine soil and

spread into the planting holes during plantation.

Sources and mode of transportation

Pesticides can be purchased by local Chinese or Kenya’s sales departments.

Transportation is delegated to their own organization or a professional transportation

company.

6.4 DIESEL OIL

Engineering jobs, such as tractors ploughing, irrigation, fertilization and pesticide

spraying, all need diesel oil. In addition, mechanized harvesting of cassavas is also in

demand of diesel oil. 40-45 liters of diesel oil is needed for an 80-90 horsepower tractor


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100

to work 8 hours per day. In order to harvest 30,000 hectares of cassavas, it will take

about 80 tractors to work 300 days. It can cost 33.3 liters per hectare of diesel oil for

mechanized farming and harvesting of cassavas, which adds up to 1,000,000 liters for

the whole year.

6.5 ELECTRICITY AND FUEL OIL (HEAVY OIL)

Processing of cassava requires the use of large amounts of electricity and fuel. As

225KWh electricity is needed for each ton of starch, 200,000 tons of cassava starch and

cassava whole flour production can consume 45,000,000-KWh electricity for the whole

year. The drying process consumes 70kg fuel oil (heavy oil) for per ton of starch. Four

6T boilers need 14,000 tons of fuel oil (heavy oil) for the whole year, with the actual use

of 7,000 tons and the remaining 50% replaced by biogas produced from the facility’s

biogas generator. 10,000 M3/d wastewater treatments can consume 1.33KWh per M3

of effluents, with the annual electricity consumption of 4 million KWh. 50,000 M3/day

biogas digesters can consume 0.2KWh/M3 of biogas, with the annual electricity demand

of 3,000,000 KWh. The 100,000 bio-organic fertilizer plants has an electricity demand of

2,000,000 KWh. 2 sets of 2T boilers can consume 2,000 tons of fuels, with the actual

use of 1,000 tons and the remaining 50% replaced by biogas.

6.6 CHEMICAL PHARMACY

Chemicals are needed to adjust the pH value of water and change the water charges

during wastewater treatment. In order to treat 10,000 M3 effluent every day, 50 tons of

PAM and PAC are needed. 30 tons of biological agents are needed for the digesters

according to the process defined.

List 6-1 List of Main Raw Material Supply


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101

5000 ha

Seedling ha

5000

ha

5000

1500 kg

/haha

Karembo 5000

(KME-08-

05)ha

Karibun 5000

i(KME-0 ha

8-01)

Nzalauk 5000

a (KME-0 ha

8-06)

Bio-

fertilizer

3000 kg

/ha

Fertilizer

187.5 kg

/ha

KCl206.25 kg

/ha

1500~225

0 ml /

ha

Viper600~750

ml /ha

1500~225

0 ml /

Pesticide ha

Tuzet 750 g /ha

Antitoxic

Feng450 g /ha

Phoxim 20 kg /ha

Diesel

fuelS/N 0

33.33L/h

a

Provided by this cassava base




Car

Car

Car

Car


100 0000 L Local supply

Diesel fuel used by

farming land and

cassaca harvest

13.5 t Chinese or local procurement Car

600 t Chinese or local procurement Car

Mitigan 45000 L Chinese or local procurement Car


Gramoxo

ne45000 L Chinese or local procurement Car

18000 L Chinese or local procurement Car

Phosphat

e

fertilizer

5625 t Chinese or local procurement Car


90000 t Homemade Car

Urea206.25 kg

/ha 6187.5 tChinese or local procurement Car

1500 kg

/ha7500t Car

1500 kg

/ha7500t Provided by this cassava base

1500 kg

/ha7500t

Huanan

5#7500t

Huanan

8#

1500 kg

/ha7500t

Transportation

method

Huanan

10#

1500 kg

/ha7500t

Raw

materialsSpecies

Amount

per unit

Construction

Scale

The average annual

amountSource


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102

Table 6-2 List of Energy and Chemical Reagents in the Processing of Cassavas

Name DepartmentAnnual

consumptionRemark

Electricity Starch factory45,000,000

KWh

Effluent treatment

plant

1.33KWh/

M3

Biogas digester0.2

KWh/M3

Bio-fertilizer plant 20KWh/ t

Starch factory 70kg/t

The actual use of

7000 t, 50%

replaced by biogas.

Fuel oil Bio-fertilizer plant 20kg / t

The actual use of

1,000 t, 50%

replaced by biogas.

Effluent treatment

plant

Biogas digester

Chemical

agents

50tChinese or local

procurement

30tChinese or local

procurement

200,000 t 14,000 t Local supply

100,000 t 2000 t Local supply

10,000 M3/d 4,000,000 KWh Local supply

50000M3/d 3,000,000KWh Local supply

100,000 t 2,000,000 KWh Local supply

Amount per unit Production scale

225KWh/t 200,000 t Local supply

Source


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103

7. PROJECT’S OVERALL PLANNING AND UTILITIES

7.1 OVERALL PLANNING

7.1.1 PROJECT COMPOSITION AND PLANNING

This project focuses on the “high-yield, high quality, stable yield, low-consumption and

high efficiency” standard cassava plantation and development. It consists of

29,500-hectare cassava plantation area and 500-hectare seedling breeding base.

This project is subject to the rule of adjusting measures to local conditions, making full

use of land, and following the principle of realizing the highest profit with the lowest

investment to reach the project goals.

7.1.2 OVERALL PLANNING

Plane planning

This project is located in Kano Plain, Kisumu, Kenya. Based on the project needs and

their interrelation and in combination of the site condition and external environment

conditions, the project should be classified into five functional areas.

I. Cassava plantation Area

The project’s 29,500-hectare cassava plantation area is located in Kano Plain, Kisumu,

Kenya, consisting of ___, ___ and ___ subareas. ___ is located in the east of Kano Plain

and has a land area of ___ hectares, ___ of which can be developed to plant the

cassava; ___ is located in the middle of Kano Plain and has a land area of ___ hectares,

___ of which can be developed to plant the cassava; ___ is located in the north of Kano

Plain and has a land area of ___ hectares, ___ of which can be developed to plant the

cassava;

II. Cassava Improved Variety Base

Located in Kano Plain, it mainly includes the 500-hectare improved variety breeding

base.

Vertical planning

According to the cassava’s biological habit and climate conditions and planting

environment as required for high quality and high-yielding cassavas, the vertical


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104

planning for the cassava plantation land in this project is as follows:

I. The cassavas should be not planted in the area with the lowest temperature lower

than 15-16°C during the seeding time.

II. If cassavas are planted in the mountain land, the Chinese management

regulations on planting in the mountain land must be strictly followed; generally,

cassavas are planted in the mountain land with the gradient lower than 25

degrees.

III. The land with sufficient sunshine, deep soil layer, loose soil texture, rich organic

matter, good drainage and enough fertility should be selected.

IV. As conditions permit, the dry land with the field roads network and sound flood

prevention, drainage and irrigation systems should be selected.

V. In order to conserve water and soil and prevent erosion, cassavas should be

planted on the mountain ridge or steep slope land along the high line furrow with

equal altitude. The plant and grass belt with equal altitude should be provided to

prevent and control water and soil loss.

7.2 TRANSPORTATION

7.2.1 TRANSPORTATION INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE AREA

Transportation inside of the area

The materials in the project area to be transported mainly include the organic fertilizer,

chemical fertilizer, pesticide, cassava seedling, fresh cassava, etc. The annual inbound

transportation quantity is estimated to reach about 950,000 tons.

Transportation outside of the area

The transported materials outside of the area mainly include the diesel for plantation,

cassava starch, fuel oil, drug, etc. The annual transportation quantity is estimated to

reach about 210,000 tons.

7.2.2 TRANSPORTATION MEANS AND EQUIPMENT

Transportation means and routes comprises mainly the cassava seedlings as provided

by the cassava seedling breeding base to the surrounding area and fresh cassavas as


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105

provided by the cassava plantation area to the surrounding cassava processing plant. All

areas are inland, so the transportation means adopt the land transportation.

The project products and farm-oriented materials belong to the short-distance

transportation in the project area, so they are mainly transported by the agricultural

vehicle and assisted by the tractor to reduce circulation link waste and reduce direct

production costs. The cassava starch and cassava flour finished products are

transported by the train or car to the port and then placed in the container to ship to

be sold all over the world.

7.3 UTILITIES

7.3.1 WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING

Design basis

I. Outdoor Water Supply Design Specification GB50013-2006;

II. Outdoor Water Drainage Design Specification GB50014-2006;

III. Construction Water Supply and Drainage Design Specification GB50013-2003;

IV. Integrated Discharge Standards for Sewage GB8978-1996;

V. Construction Design and Fire Control Specification GB50016-2006;

VI. Building Fire Extinguisher Configuration and Design Specification GB50140-2005;

VII. Standards for Drinking Water Quality GB5749-2006.

Water supply engineering

I. Water source

Water for this project is from Nyando River which runs through this project area with

large runoff volume and excellent water quality; it can meet the water demand for

production, living and fire control in the project area.

Specific measures for water intake: We will build a dam at the water source location for

intake water. Based on assumptions on the volume required, the intake dam’s

temporary dimension are; 10m long, 3m high, 3m wide for the dam crest and 5m wide

for the dam base; pumping station with its area of 40m² and a grit basin with its volume

of 180m3; a reinforced concrete pool with its construction area of 5000m² and volume


______________________________________________________________________

106

of 10,000m3 in the processing of cassavas plant within the project area.

II. Water supply quality

The quality of the domestic water must comply with Standards for Drinking Water

Quality (GB5749-2006). The quality of production water must be in line with water

quality requirements for the cassava starch processing as defined in the production

process: turbidity <0.1, hardness<10°, SO2<0.55ppm, iron <0.9ppm, pressure >0.2MPa,

without floating objects.

III. Water supply volume calculation

Production water consumption

According to the construction scale, fresh cassavas are used as raw materials for

producing 100,000 tons of cassava starch and 100,000 tons of cassava flour in the

whole year with the highest daily output of 600 tons. As for water consumption norm

for cassava starch and cassava flour, 20 tons and 15 tons of water should be

respectively used for producing 1 ton of cassava starch and 1 ton of cassava flour

respectively. The sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant

make use of the discharged waste water which is processed and qualified so their water

consumption is excluded in the water consumption calculation.

Q1=∑ (Qs×Ns) = 100 thousand tons × 20 tons/tons + 100 thousand tons × 15 tons/tons

=3.5 million tons, of which: Q1: the annual water consumption (ten thousand tons)

Qs: water consumption norm for producing starch (ton/ton);

Ns: annual output (ten thousand tons)

q1= Qs×ns= 600 tons×20 tons/tons=12,000 tons, of which: q1: highest daily production

water consumption (ton);

Qs: water consumption norm for producing starch (ton/ton);

ns: Highest daily output (ton)

Consumption of water for living

In the project area, there are 400 staffs in 3 shifts and 120 persons in each shift. It is


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107

assumed that consumption of water is 30L/person·d·shift and the annual production is

300days. It is assumed that staffs’ highest daily water consumption is 50

L/person·d·shift.

Q2= ∑ (Qi × Ni × Di) =120 persons × 3 shifts × 30L/ person·d·shift × 300days

=3240000L=3240 tons=3240 tons

Of which: Q2: annual water consumption (ten thousand tons);

Qi: consumption norm of water for life (L/person·d·shift);

Ni: planned person in each shift to use water (person·shift);

Di: annual production time (d)

q2= qi × ni = 50 L/person·d·shift × 120 persons × 3 shifts = 18000L = 18 tons

Of which: q2: the highest daily water consumption for life (ton);

Qi: highest daily consumption norm of water for production (L/person·d·shift);

ni: planned person in each shift to use water (person·shift).

Unforeseen water volume and pipe network water loss

Q3= (Q1+Q2) ×10% = 350,300 tons

q3 = (q1+q2) ×10% = 1201.8 tons

5) Annual water consumption Q=Q1+Q2+Q3 = ten thousand tons

6) Highest daily water consumption: q =q1+q2+q3= 13,241.25 tons

Table 7-1 Water Consumption Summary Statement


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108

Due to large amount water supply of the project, the water supply system can still meet

the demand of water for fire-fighting purpose completely. Water for fire-fighting

purpose is only used in case of the accidental event, so its consumption is excluded in

the water supply volume calculation.

IV. Water supply system

In consideration of water demand for production and fire-fighting purpose, this project

adopts the “Water source - High-water-level reservoir - Starch factory” water supply

system. At the water source location, 4 sets of IS200-150-400 water pumps (3 for use

and 1 for standby) and 1 set of water purifying device are installed. The water pipes and

main water supply pipes within the production area are DN400PE pipes so the annular

water supply system is formed in the plant area. The domestic water supply pipes are

DN100PE pipes.

Water drainage engineering

I. Water drainage volume

Production wastewater

Calculating based on 90% of water consumption, the annual water drainage volume is

3.15 million M3 and the highest daily water drainage volume is 10,800M3.

Domestic wastewater

Serial No. Items

Annual water

consumption (ten

thousand tons)

Highest daily water

consumption (tons)

1Production water

consumption350 12000

2Domestic water

consumption0.324 18

4

Unforeseen water

volume and pipe

network water loss

35.03 1201.8

5 Total 385.354 13219.8


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109

Calculating based on 80% of water consumption, the annual water drainage volume is

2,590 M3 and the highest daily water drainage volume is 14.4 M3.

II. Water drainage design plan

Production wastewater

Wastewater from the production wastewater workshop is drained through the blind

ditch to the yellow slurry pool and after being processed. The wastewater is drained to

the 10,000 M3/d wastewater processing system for processing. Once it is treated, the

water will be drained to the fish pond and recycled for irrigating cassavas. The

500mm-wide drainage ditch should be available in the plant.

Domestic wastewater

The sanitary wastewater is drained after being processed in the septic tank and other

domestic wastewater with light pollution and less quantity can be drained to the rain

gutter directly for drainage.

Rain water

Rain water can be drained in two ways: around the building, the 260mm-wide drainage

ditch should be available water drainage and on roads and sites, D500 concrete pipes

should be installed.

Main structures and equipment

Table 7-2 List for Main Structures and Equipment of Water Supply and Drainage

Engineering


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110

7.3.2 POWER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Design specification

The following specifications were referred to in the design of power supply for the

project.

1. Electric Power Engineering and Cable Design Specification GB50217-94;

2. Design Specification for Power Supply and Distribution GB50052-95;

3. Design Specification for Low-voltage Distribution GB50054-95;

4. Architectural Lighting Design Standards GB50034-2004;

5. Building Lightning Protection Specification GB50057-94;

Design scope

This design focuses on the newly-built processing of cassavas plant construction

Serial No. Project nameModel &

specificationStructure Unit Quantity Remarks

1 Intake dam 10m×3m

Cement

laid stone

masonry

Nos. 1

2 Pumping house 40m2Brick and

concreteNos. 1

3 Grit basin 180 m3 Reinforce

d concreteNos. 1

4 Water purifier 200 m3/h Set 5

6 Reservoir 1000 m3 Reinforce

d concreteNos. 2

DN400 PE pipe m 1000

DN100 PE pipe m 1000

8 Septic tank Z4-9 Brick Nos. 2

B=260mm Brick m 2000Rain water

ditch

9 Drainage ditch B=500mm Brick m 2000Wastewater

ditch

10 Rain water pipe D500Concrete

pipem 1500

Three for use

and one for

standby

7Water supply

pipe

5 Water pump IS200-150-400 Set 4


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111

engineering, including a 33/0.4kV electric power substation, power distribution,

building lightning protection, internal lighting of the main building and power utilization

of supporting living facilities.

Power supply, voltage and power distribution system

I. Power supply and voltage

The existing overhead transmission lines go through the project area and considering

that these lines can meet the power utilization demand of this project. Therefore, the

power supply of this project adopts 33kV electrical transmission lines with power to be

connected to the vacuum circuit breaker on the column and then to the power

transformer. After the power is stepped down to 380/220V by the power transformer,

electricity can be used in the starch plant.

II. Load level

According to the process condition, all electrical loads should be in three levels. The

power load depends on the process condition and lighting load is calculated by the load

density method. The load density indicator of buildings in the office area and dormitory

area is 50W/m2 and lighting load density indicator in the production area is 5W/m2 so

the electric load of processing of cassavas can be gained.

Table 7-3 Electric Load Estimation Table

Equipment

Capacity

Serial No.

Name of the

unit to use

electricity

380/220V Pc Qc Sc Remarks

(kW) (kW) (kvar) (kVA)

1Production

power4342 3474 2606 4342

2 Water source 495 396 297 495

3Production

lighting84 67 50 84

4Living and

office facilities112 90 68 112

Sub-total 5033 4027 3021 5033

Reactive power

compensation5×160

3×2000kV

A

Low-voltage

electric power

substation

5033 4027 2221 46003×2000kV

A

Required capacity


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Based on load calculation, 3 power transformers of S11-2000kVA are selected for load

power consumption in the plant area.

III. Distribution room and electric power substation

A low-voltage electric power substation should be set up in the load center and the

production power, water source and wastewater processing locations should be

respectively equipped with a power distributing cabinet (power supply from the

low-voltage electric power substation). Since the power factor of the low-voltage

power load is low, the power factor automatic compensation device should be available

in the low-voltage distribution room. From our calculation, the compensation capacity

is 800kvar to increase the power factor to over 0.9. After compensation, the calculated

capacity becomes 4,600kVA from 5,033kVA and the load rate of the transformer is 77%.

Main equipment selection and lines laying methods

I. As for the 33kV overhead transmission incoming lines, each column is equipped

with one set of ZW32M-12/630-20 vacuum circuit breaker.

II. The low-voltage electric power substation is equipped with 3 sets of power

transformers respectively in S11-2000, 10/0.4D and yn111 and 30 sets of GCS

low-voltage drawer and the water source location is equipped with 4 sets of XL-4

power distributing cabinet.

III. From the low-voltage distribution room to all current-dependent equipment, the

cross-linked power cables are paved along the cable duct and anti-corrosion cable

bridge. After passing through the bridge and then through anti-flaming PVC pipes,

the lines are connected to all current-dependent equipment. The plant lighting

lines through the steel pipe should have open wiring and the living facilities’ lines

adopt anti-flaming PVC pipes to concealed wiring.

Table 7-4 Data Sheet of Main Electrical Equipment


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Lightning protection and grounding

The buildings of this project should be set up subject to the standard recommendations

for lightning protection of buildings.

7.3.3 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES

The tractor and agricultural machinery repair station is set up in the management room

in 30,000 cassava plantation area of the project. In addition, the main building of the

starch plant in the cassava processing area is equipped with the special repair room

with a construction area of 120M². It can be used for minor repairs and daily

maintenance and check of the process device, auxiliary device and pipe, emergency

troubleshooting, repair of old parts, technical transformation, spare products and parts

Serial No. NameModel &

specificationUnit Quantity

1 Vacuum circuit breakerZW32M-12/630-

20Set 1

2 Power transformer S11-2000kVA Set 3

3 Low-voltage drawer GCS Set 30

4 Low-voltage bus structure 2500A Set 8

5 Power distributing cabinet XL-4 Set 4

6 Site control box JX3001(change) Nos. 70

7 Overhaul power box Nos. 10

8 Lighting distribution box XRM Nos. 10

9 Anti-corrosion cable bridge XQJ Ton 20

10Low-voltage overhead

transmission lineLGJ-4×50 m 5000

11 Road lamps10-LND-01,

1×150W×NASet 25


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repair and manufacturing of simple quick-wear parts.

7.3.4 WAREHOUSING FACILITIES

The warehousing facilities of the project mainly include the raw material site and

finished products warehouse.

I. Raw material site: Comprises of an area of 10,000M2 to store fresh cassavas and

meet the storage demand of raw materials of the day.

II. Finished products warehouse: Comprises of an area of 10,000M2 and store

products for 30 days.


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8. ENERGY-SAVING AND WATER-SAVING MEASURES

8.1 ENERGY SAVING

8.1.1 ENERGY-SAVING MEASURES

I. The equipment should be selected to match with the production capacity to avoid

idle equipment and unnecessary waste.

II. In this project, all production processes are arranged subject to proper and

compact material flow in order to reduce time and distance of material shuttle

transportation.

III. The electric power substation should be set up near the main plant and close to

the load center.

IV. The distribution room is equipped with the low-voltage automatic reactive

compensation features.

V. The water pump motor is equipped with the frequency converter.

VI. The office should be equipped with LED energy saving lamps and the corridor

equipped with sound/movement-sensors light-controlled switch.

VII. The plant adopts the new type energy-saving LED lamps according to production

requirements.

VIII. The road lighting adopts LED energy-saving lamps.

8.1.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION INDEX ANALYSIS

Normally, a cassava processing plant consumes 200 kwh of electricity to process 1 ton

of cassava starch. Based on our analysis, our proposed plant design takes fresh cassavas

as raw materials with 150kwh of electricity consumed to process 1 ton of finished

products. As a result, 50kwh of electricity is saved and 6 million kwh of electricity can

be saved in the whole year. In this project, the cassava straws are fermented to

generate biogas to provide clean and environmentally friendly energy for the steam

boiler so as to replace 50% coal fuel. Therefore, 7,000 tons of fuel oils will be saved and

CO2 emission is also reduced.


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8.2 WATER SAVING

8.2.1 WATER-SAVING MEASURES

I. In the cassava processing process, water for washing is replaced by the process

water to promote recycling.

II. Processed production wastewater reaching the relevant standards can be used for

irrigating the cassava plantation base or drained to the fish pond for recycling.

III. The domestic water and washing water should be controlled by water-saving

valves. Measures should be taken to avoid spill, drop, drip and leak.

8.2.2 WATER CONSUMPTION INDEX ANALYSIS

Generally, the cassava processing plant consumes 25 tons of water to process 1 ton of

cassava starch. Through our analysis, our proposed design takes fresh cassavas as raw

materials with 17.5 tons of water consumed to process 1 ton of finished products so 7.5

tons of water is saved, amounting to 1.5 million tons of water saved in a year.


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9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

9.1 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND IMPACT OF PRODUCTION ON ENVIRONMENT

9.1.1 IMPACT OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION ON ENVIRONMENT

During the development of this project, the following potential impacts may be

generated on the environment:

Environmental impact of wastes

Noise, dust, wastewater, sewage and garbage generated by the operation of

engineering construction machinery, operation of construction vehicles and normal

activities of constructors, in case of improper treatment, may pollute the environment.

Ecological impact of the construction project

At the construction site, land leveling, earth excavation and filling, especially in areas

with certain slope, filling and excavation are needed. Without efficient measures, they

may cause water loss and soil erosion as well as other environmental impacts.

Engineering constructions can change surface structures and surface materials, damage

the original balance of light, heat, water, vegetation and other systems in the

construction site, creating new balances which leads to adverse impact on the

environment.

9.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS DURING PRODUCTION

During the production and operation process, processing of cassavas mainly generates

wastes such as cassava residue, cassava bark, smoke dust and production wastewater.

Without proper treatment, they may cause immediate impact and secondary pollution

on the environment.

9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES

9.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION

For wastes generated during construction and their pollution prevention and

treatment, the policies of comprehensive management, active prevention, itemized

prevention and treatment are applicable with the following measures to be taken:

Comprehensive measures


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1. The construction unit must strengthen the management of personnel and

equipment to minimize and control pollutants effectively. They must clearly mark

the construction party, construction unit and set up an environmental protection

complaints hotline to provide convenience for the public to make complaints and

accept social supervision.

2. Before conducting processing of cassavas, the environmental protection

assessment should be established and relevant environment examination

department should be invited to monitor environmental factors such as water, soil,

air, etc. to be used as the original comparison data.

Pollutants and factors control, prevention and treatment measures

I. Wastewater and sewage pollution prevention and treatment measures

The construction party should define a certain area for wastewater discharge and

conduct a centralized and uniform treatment after the completion of construction.

Domestic sewage must be collected in a centralized way and then uniformly delivered

to the local sewage system for discharge instead of arbitrary discharge.

II. Noise pollution prevention and treatment measures

It is essential to conduct closed construction instead of open operation to reduce noise

diffusion. Without the approval from the environmental protection administration,

construction is prohibited from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. on the next day.

III. Solid waste pollution prevention and treatment measures

It is prohibited to spill wastes on the building sites. Building wastes and muck generated

should be cleared timely and in a centralized way, and then delivered to the place

designated by the local environmental protection administration. The transport vehicle

must be airtight, tidy and leak proof; solid wastes generated by constructors should be

standardized, handled, cleared and transported in a centralized way.

IV. Waste gas and dust prevention and treatment measures

When the wind power reaches above level 4, corresponding measures must be taken or

all dust generating operations must be stopped. It is essential to take water spray and

wetting construction operations to reduce waste gas and dust generation.

Ecological environment impact prevention and treatment measures

I. Ecological environment impact prevention and treatment


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119

According to the overall layout of the project construction and taking full advantage of

the terrain to reduce damages to the original terrain and ecology, based on

combination of functional areas of the project, greening and landscape arrangement

can be conducted by imitating the original terrain to make the ecological balance

features before and after construction.

II. Water loss and soil erosion prevention and treatment

During construction, surface excavation, especially areas with steep slope, should not

be done in rainy days. Excavated surface and filling locations as required by

construction should be done rapidly. Construction and greening should be accelerated.

9.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREVENTION AND TREATMENT MEASURES DURING PROJECT OPERATION

For wastes generated during project operations and their pollution prevention and

treatment, the policies of full utilization, comprehensive management, unified

prevention and treatment are applied and the following measures are taken:

Rational layout

Based on the production process and interrelations of the project, rational layout

should be made to avoid mutual interference and cross contamination of processes,

especially pollution to food and raw materials. The living quarters of staff and

production area should be separated by greenbelts.

Increase greening

According to the layout of project equipment, multi-level greening in all areas without

affecting normal production and operation, especially the design and implementation

of greenbelt will be necessary.

Defining production and operation area

The cassavas processing area should be enclosed to reduce interference to

surroundings, waste gas and noise pollution. Isolating the living quarters of staff and

production and operation area internally and making proper enclosure according to the

internal process and sanitary requirements of production and operation area to avoid

cross contamination is important.

Resourceful treatment of cassava residue

Based on industry practice, cassava residue should go through resourceful treatment.


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Squeeze and dewater cassava residue after processing from the starch plant will be

delivered directly to the biogas digester to be used as one of the main raw materials of

generating biogas, thus achieving the zero emission target of cassava residue without

environmental pollution.

Resourceful treatment of cassava bark

Cassava bark is an excellent raw material for organic fertilizer. It can be turned into

organic fertilizer after mixing with yellow slurry and landfilling for one month.

Therefore, cassava bark undergoes resourceful treatment to be delivered to the

bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant supporting the project construction to generate

organic fertilizer directly. This will provide fertilizer supply guarantee for the 30,000

hectares of cassava plantation and also an indirect material guarantee for the starch

plant.

Smoke dust prevention and treatment

Smoke dust mainly comes from the boiler. This project takes heavy oil and biogas as the

boiler fuel. The waste gas discharged after burning has no smoke dust and only

generate a small impact on the environment.

Production wastewater treatment

Production wastewater comes from the processing of cassava starch containing a small

quantity of yellow slurry cassava bark and sodium hydrogen cyanide, appearing to be

slightly acid and its PH value is about 5.0. The project is also supported by the

construction of a 10,000m3/day sewage treatment system to make sure waste water is

discharged only after it is treated according to standards. The treated water can be

used as pond farming and water conservancy irrigation of cassava plantation.

Solid waste

Household waste and solid waste generated by other activities should be collected by

unified dustbins and dump sites, and then uniformly cleaned and dumped to the local

central waste disposal site once a day.

Noise

Equipment which meets noise standards should be purchased. Technological and

engineering measures should be taken on those equipment with too much noise.

During operation, the proper operation time should be selected based on the features


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of noise and the production and operation area should be enclosed to reduce noise

diffusion.

Enhancing supervision and control

The local environment examination department of Kenya should be invited to

periodically test environmental parameters such as air, water, soil, etc., and

environmental should be assessed based on the test result and improvement measures

should be presented. The management will conduct strict enforcement of relevant

occupational health and safety regulations of Kenya and take effective measures to

eliminate or reduce unsafe factors to guarantee safe production.

Strengthening staff management and public supervision

Improve production skills of staff and regular trainings for them to strengthen their

environmental protection awareness will be conducted. The management must

facilitate environmental publicity, educate and standardize various operations in

addition to encouraging public supervision, accept public suggestions modestly and

make improvements timely.

9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION INVESTMENT

The project will be developed with suitable layout and construction based on industry

relevance and take full advantage of wastes to turn waste into raw materials by strictly

following emission reduction guidelines. In the domain of environmental protection,

this project takes key engineering measures to deal with various wastes. The

environmental protection investment is USD 13.338 million.

9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

By focusing on the analysis of features, form and type of emissions of this project,

proceeding from industry relevance and “3R” requirements of a sustainable economy

and taking environmental protection as the critical target, relevant measures and

treatment engineering are put forward. Whether it is the atmospheric environment,

water environment, soil environment or noise environment, no harmful effect will be

brought to the construction site and the surrounding environment after the project is

put into operation. From the aspect of environmental protection, this construction

project is feasible.


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10. OPERATION MANAGEMENT

10.1 PROJECT LEGAL PERSON FORMATION PLANNING

Competent authority of the project

Competent organization of project will be _____________.

It is mainly responsible for project coordination, management and supervision.

Construction unit of the project

Construction unit of the project will be _____________.

These parties will be responsible for the whole process of project planning,

construction, implementation, fund management, operation after completion, etc.

10.2 MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION ESTABLISHMENT PLANNING

The proposed set up of the project companies will include three subsidiaries: Cassava

plantation Co., Ltd., Cassavas Processing Co., Ltd. and Biological Organic Fertilizer Co.,

Ltd. Cassavas Processing Co., Ltd will include effluent treatment and biogas production.

The company organization structure includes Management, Production Technology

Dept., Financial Dept., Improved Variety Base and Logistics Management Dept.

After formation, the company will employ the legal person responsibility system. Each

department should perform its own functions to organize and manage cassava

cultivation, production and the production and sales of cassava starch, cassava flour

and biological organic fertilizer. The major responsibilities of each department are as

follows:

I. Management will be responsible for integrated planning, organization,

coordination and control of the company's businesses to achieve established

production objectives.

II. Production Technology Dept will be responsible for purchasing seedlings and fresh

cassava, providing technical support for cassava plantation, technically guiding

and managing cassava starch, cassava flour and biological organic fertilizer.

III. Financial Dept will be responsible for the financial management and fund raising

of the company.


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123

IV. Logistics Management Dept will be responsible for the logistics management of

company products and personnel.

V. Improved Variety Base will be responsible for cultivating and optimizing cassava

seedlings to be planted in large area.

VI. Sales Dept will be responsible for selling cassava starch, promoting and selling

cassava flour.

10.3 HUMAN RESOURCES ALLOCATION

The company takes “Company + Cooperation” as its business policy. Cassava

production is completed by about 1,400 personnel and processing of cassavas is

completed by about 300 workers. Human resources allocation is mainly managed

amongst the above six departments, with approximately 89 personnel.

Table 10-1 Human Resources Allocation Table of Cassava plantation Company

10.4 STAFF TRAINING PLAN

In order to ensure normal production after project construction and promote

participation, project management personnel, technicians and workers should receive

trainings. All workers should master operational procedures and given official

appointment with certificates.

Department Personnel allocation

(people) Remark

Manager 1

Deputy Manager 4

Financial Dept. 6

Production Technology Dept. 8

Improved Variety Base 60Including: 50 workers

and 10 technicians

Sales Dept. 6

Logistics Management Dept. 4

Total 89


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Training participants

Training participants are all workers, including management personnel, technicians and

regular workers.

Training form

1. Send competent personnel to advanced companies at home and abroad to study.

2. Organize a training and technical summary study for technicians semi-annually

inside the company.

3. Organize a production workers study and training semi-annually

4. Encourage and inspire communications and study among workers.

Training content

I. Production and operation knowledge

Based on the production and operation status of project, management personnel and

competent technicians should be sent to advanced planting bases in the same industry

to learn their practical production and operation technologies and concepts, popularize

them on the entire farm and use them in actual production.

II. Production safety knowledge

The company will organize technical and production workers to participate in a safety

production study semi-annually, strengthening their safe production awareness,

improve production efficiency and make sure safety using of pesticide and chemical

fertilizer.

III. Production technology knowledge

The company will organize technicians of Production Technology Dept. and Improved

Variety Base to receive a science and technology training semi-annually to make them

adapt to the development of the cassava industry, master the latest production

technology methods and facilitate production.

Other knowledge

Ideological and political training, farm ethos development training, individual

occupational ethics training and staff incentive mechanism training will be conducted

to improve the overall quality of staff in aspects of ideology and politics, style of work,


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working enthusiasm, etc. to facilitate production and operation.

10.5 OPERATION MODE

The production, supply and sales operation structure is planned whereby the cassava

plantation employs the model of “Company + Cooperation”. The cultivation,

optimization and supply of cassava seedlings are completed by the Improved Variety

Base of the company. Fresh cassava are mainly supplied to the cassava starch

processing plant with an annual productivity of 200,000 tons supporting the

development of the project and cassava starch is sold to satisfy global customers’

demands.


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11. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

11.1 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

The construction period of the project is 5 years, with the assumption the project will

commence in Dec 2015

11.2 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS ARRANGEMENT

I. Before the end of Dec 2015, we will complete the establishment, report, approval,

survey, design and other preliminary work of project construction feasibility study

report, start to prepare for introducing seedlings, infrastructure construction of

500 hectares of Improved Variety Base and land reclamation of 4,500 hectares of

plantation area, and then complete site selection and design of cassava starch and

cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical

fertilizer plant.

II. From the 1st to 3rd month, we will complete the introduction of Improved Variety

Base and land reclamation of 5,000 hectares of plantation area and carry out civil

engineering such as road engineering, irrigation, drainage engineering, etc. on the

Base and technical trainings. We will start the infrastructure construction of

cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and

bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.

III. From the 4th to 12th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling

cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 4,500 hectares of fresh cassava

production in the cassava plantation area. In addition, we will complete road

engineering, irrigation and drainage engineering on the Base as well as civil

engineering of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas

digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant. We will purchase farm tools and

plant equipment and carry out further technical trainings.

IV. From 13th to 18th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling


production in the cassava plantation area. We will start equipment installation of




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127

V. From 19th to 24th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling


production in the cassava plantation area, and finish equipment installation and

commissioning of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas

digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.

VI. From 25th to 30th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling


production in the cassava plantation area to reach the planned cassava plantation

scale. We will start capacity expansion infrastructure and equipment purchase of



VII. From 31st to 36th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling


production in the cassava plantation area, and start capacity expansion

equipment purchase of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant,

biogas digester and bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant.

VIII. From 37th to 42th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling


production in the cassava plantation area, and finish capacity expansion

equipment installation and commissioning of cassava starch and cassava flour

plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.

IX. From 43rd to 48th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality improved

variety cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 15,000 hectares of fresh

cassava production in the cassava plantation area, finish equipment

commissioning of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas

digester and bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant and get ready for production.

X. From month 49th onwards, we will carry out high-yield cassava seedling selection

and cultivation, optimize cassava seedling, increase cassava productivity and

achieve the planting target of 25 tons per hectare.

11.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS SHEET

With the development project fully funded, the implementation progress of project


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construction should be planned according to required time of various works. The

implementation cycle will be measured in years and progress arrangement measured

quarterly (3months).

Table 11-1 Project Schedule

Time Implementation stage

1st year

2nd year

3rd year

4th year

5th year

Remarks

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1. Report, approval, project design of feasibility study report

2.Seedling introduction of improved variety Base and land reclamation of plantation area

By end of 2016, finish the reclamation of 30,000 hectares of planting land

3. Seedling base planting engineering

4. Seedling base irrigation and road engineering

5. Seedling introduction and planting engineering of planting area

From 2017, plant 2,500 - 3,000 hectares of cassava each month to achieve the target of 30,000 hectares each year

6. Cassava harvest and improved variety selection

From July 2016, harvest

1,200-2,500 tons of fresh cassava every day

7. Farm tools and plant equipment purchase of cassava starch plant, biogas digester and other infrastructure projects


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8. Plant equipment installation and commissioning of cassava starch plant, biogas digester and other infrastructure projects

To the end of 2015, finish production of 10,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour, and 5,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer

9. Capacity expansion infrastructure projects and capacity expansion equipment purchase of cassava starch plant, biogas digester, etc.

10. Capacity expansion equipment installation and commissioning of cassava starch plant, biogas digester, etc.

To the end of 2018, achieve the target to produce 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour, and 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer

11. Optimizing cassava seedling project

Improve cassava productivity and achieve the target of planting 25 tons of cassava per hectare

12. Trainings


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12. INVESTMENT AND FUND RAISING

12.1 ESTIMATED INVESTMENT

12.1.1 DESCRIPTIONS AND BASIS OF INVESTMENT ESTIMATION

The investment estimation for this project is established according to the Guideline of

Investment Project Feasibility Study (Trail Version) approved by State Development

Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China and relevant regulations of

existing agricultural project economic evaluation. It is the optimum solution based on

the comparison of market prediction, construction scale, technical proposal, equipment

proposal, engineering proposal, project implementation progress and other aspects.

The main bases:

I. Investment policies and regulations issued by national and relevant authorities;

II. Economic Evaluation Methods and Parameters of Construction Projects (Third

Edition) issued by National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of

Construction;

III. The Guideline of Investment Project Feasibility Study issued by State Development

Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China [Ji Ban Investment (2002)

No. 15];

IV. A Practical Manual for Economic Evaluation of Agricultural Projects (Second

Edition) issued by Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Construction;

V. Basic data provided by the implementation unit of the project;

VI. Construction Cost Valuation Rules in China building standard (2008);

VII. Local price information, price of commodities, supplies and other price of

materials published by relevant department;

VIII. Existing similar enterprise investments;

IX. The data of Kenya was provided by THE GREAT LAKES GROUP LIMITED (see

schedule);

X. The Dollar-Yuan exchange rate is 6.0.

12.1.2 CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENT ESTIMATION

Estimation scope


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According to The Guideline of Investment Project Feasibility Study, this project classifies

the estimation of construction investment into office and living facilities cost,

30,000-hectare cassava plantation cost, starch plant cost, sewage plant cost, biogas

digester cost, bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant cost, other project construction cost

and reserve cost. Estimations are made respectively as follows.

1. The estimated value of construction investment is USD 82.2798 million.

2. For details, see Schedule 1 Construction Investment Estimation Form.

Office and living facilities

The estimated investment of office and living facilities is USD 2.472 million which

includes the office building with an area of 1800 m2 based on a 4-storey brick-concrete

structure. The unit construction cost is 500 U.S. dollars/m2, adding up to a total of

900,000 U.S. dollars.

The accommodation for the management personnel are:

1. Dormitories with the building area are 3,240 m2. The unit construction cost is 400

U.S. dollars/m2, adding up to a total of 1.296 million U.S. dollars.

2. The guard room, canteen, bathroom and toilet with the affiliated building area is

690 m2. The unit construction price is 400 U.S. dollars/m2, adding up to a total of

276,000 U.S. dollars.

30,000-hectare cassava plantation

I. Agricultural machinery cost

Reclaiming 30,000 hectares of land to realize mechanized farming for cassava

plantation project requires a large number of agricultural machinery and equipment

such as tractors, soil preparation and land cultivation machines, irrigation and

fertilization machines, cassava harvesters. These equipment require a total investment

of USD 7.03 million and the investment estimation list is as follows:


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II. Planting engineering cost

Planting engineering includes land clearing, cultivation, planting, seedling cost,

fertilizer, pesticide, labor, cost of machinery depreciation, equipment repairing cost,

etc. Each hectare needs a comprehensive investment of USD 962, so the 30,000

hectares will cost USD 28.86 million in total. For details, see Per Hectare Estimation

Form of Cassava plantation:

Table 12–1 Per Hectare Estimation Form of Cassava plantation (USD/hectare)

Unit price Total

10,000 U.S.

dollars

price 10,000

U.S. dollars

1 90 hp 4-wheel tractor set 80 2.45 196 Made in China

2 80 hp 4-wheel tractor set 20 2.15 172 Made in China

3 3-4 Disc plough Set 50 0.55 27.5 Made in China

4 6-7 Disc plough Set 50 0.45 22.5 Made in China

5 Ridging plough Set 50 0.3 15 Made in China

6 Irrigation equipment Set 20 0.5 10 Made in China

7 SD16 bulldozer Set 10 12 120 Made in China

8 1M3 Excavator Set 3 20 60 Made in China

9 Road roller Set 1 15 15 Made in China

10 160 Cassava harvester Set 50 0.8 40 Made in China

11 Farm trailer Set 25 1 25 Made in China

Total 703

S/N Specification and name Unit Qty. Remark

S/N Project nameEstimated

costRemark

1 Seedling cost 152

The first batch needs to pay for

seedling cost; thereafter, the company

will breed on its own.

2 Fertilizer 350Biological fertilizer is provided by the

biological fertilizer plant of the project

3 Pesticide cost 45

4 Machinery depreciation 90

5 Diesel cost 50

6 Labor cost 250

7Equipment maintenance

and repairing cost25

Total 962


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III. Auxiliary engineering cost

As estimated, the auxiliary management offices of this project are; single storey

brick-concrete structure; each building is 25m2, so for 100 buildings this adds up to

2500m2. The unit construction cost is USD 400 /m2, and the total cost is USD 1 million.

IV. Irrigation and drainage engineering

The design includes irrigation furrow, drainage channel and pond, adding up to USD

2.54 million which includes:

Irrigation furrow, free stone masonry, the unit construction price is USD

20,000 /km, and so for 100km the cost is USD 2 million;

Drainage channel, earth ditch, the unit construction price is USD 1,000 /km,

so for 50km it cost USD 50,000;

For a 50m3 pond, brick-concrete structure, the unit construction price is

USD 5,000 /pond, so for 50 ponds it will cost USD 250,000;

For a 100m3 pond, brick-concrete structure, the unit construction price is

USD 8,000 /pond, so for 30 ponds it will cost USD240,000;

Road engineering includes field road and product road, taking a total cost of

USD 1.5 million which includes

a. Field road: mud-gravel, the unit construction price is USD 20,000 /km,

so 50km shall cost USD 1 million;

b. Production road: earth road, the unit construction price is USD 6,250

/km, so 80km shall cost USD 500,00;

Other engineering shall cost USD 800,000.

The estimated investment for field water suction pumps, pump room and small farm

tools is USD 200,000. Auxiliary accessories such as tractor, agricultural machinery

equipment shall cost USD 600,000.

The total investment for 30,000-hectare cassava plantation is USD 41.73 million.

Starch plant

The building area of the main workshops for cassava starch and cassava flour

production lines is 5000 m2; the unit construction price is USD 400 /m2, so the total cost

is USD 2 million;


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The area for finished products warehouse is 10,000 m2; the unit construction price is

USD 350 /m2, so the total cost is USD 3.5 million;

A total of USD 2.085 million should be invested for stock yard, cassava residue pond

and water pond, including: 10,000 m2 of stock yard and drying yard. With the unit

construction price of USD 150 /m2, so the total cost is USD 1.5 million. The effective

volume of cassava residue pond is 1,400 m3, with the unit construction price at USD

150 /m3, so the total cost is USD 210,000. The building area of the water pond is

5000m2, with the unit construction price at USD 75 /m2, so the total cost is USD

375,000 .

The building area of the boiler room is 600m2, power distribution room 40m2, pump

room 40m2 and weighbridge room 24m2, covering a total area of 704 m2. The unit

construction price is USD400 /m2, so the total cost is USD 281,600;

The whole set of equipment for cassava starch production lines with a daily output of

150 tons need an investment of USD 1.5 million. The two lines cost USD 3 million in

total. The whole set of equipment for cassava flour production lines with a daily output

of 150 tons needs an investment of USD 1.5 million and therefore the two lines cost

USD 3 million in total.

The 6000KV power facilities of the plant need an investment of USD 600,000. The

supporting production line has four sets of 6-ton steam boilers, with each set costing

USD 120,000, so the total cost is USD480,000.

The estimated investment amount for the above engineering construction, machinery

equipment and supporting facilities of starch plant is USD 14.9466 million. According to

relevant national and industrial regulations and combining the actual situation of local

and this construction project, the engineering design cost of starch plant accounts for

2% of the total investment amount, and the installation and commissioning cost in

Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to USD 2.0925 million.

Therefore, the total investment of 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour

production plant is USD 17.0391 million.

Sewage plant

The estimated investment amount of sewage treatment engineering project equipment

with a daily treatment capacity of 5000m3 is 1.5 million U.S. dollars. The investment for

infrastructure and supporting projects facilities is 500,000 U.S. dollars and the


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investment of sewage treatment strains is 100,000 U.S. dollars. Therefore the total

investment amount is 2.1 million U.S. dollars. The total investment amount of 2 lines of

5,000m3/d sewage treatment system is 4.2 million U.S. dollars.

According to relevant national and industrial regulations and combining the actual

situation of local and this construction project, the engineering design cost of sewage

plant accounts for 2% of the total investment amount, and the installation and

commissioning cost in Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to 588,000 U.S. dollars.

Therefore, the estimated total investment for the sewage plant is 4.788 million U.S.

dollars.

Biogas digester

The estimated investment amount for biogas and straw fermentation engineering

project equipment with a daily output of 25,000m m3 is 2.8 million U.S. dollars (biogas

technology from Germany). The investment for infrastructure and supporting projects

facilities is 800,000 U.S. dollars and the investment for biogas strains is 150,000 U.S.

dollars. Therefore the total investment amount is 3.75 million U.S. dollars. The total

investment amount of 2 sets of 25,000m3/d biogas digester is 7.5 million U.S. dollars.




commissioning cost in Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to 1.05 million U.S. dollars.

Therefore, the estimated total investment of biogas digester is 8.55 million U.S. dollars.

Bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant

The building area of the biological organic fertilizer production line workshop and

infrastructure with an annual output of 100,000 tons is 2,500m2. The unit construction

price is 400 U.S. dollars/m2, so the total cost is 1 million U.S. dollars. The estimated

investment amount of 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer production line

project equipment is 2 million U.S. dollars. The 2-ton steam boiler and Cowper stove

cost 100,000 U.S. dollars each, so the 2 sets shall cost 200,000 U.S. dollars in total.




commissioning cost in Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to 448,000 U.S. dollars.


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Therefore, the estimated total investment of sewage plant is 3.648 million U.S. dollars.

Other engineering construction costs


situation of local and this construction project, the estimated cost of other engineering

constructions is 3.2704 million U.S. dollars. This includes preliminary operating expense

(Estimated to be 834,600 U.S. dollars as the investment of 30,000-hectare cassava

plantation project accounts for 2% of the total investment amount); survey and design

cost (estimated to be 912,400 U.S. dollars as the total investment of office and living

facilities, starch plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer

plant accounts for 2.5% of the total investment amount); management fee of

construction unit (estimated to be 1.1734 million U.S. dollars as the investment of

project engineering accounts for 1.5% of the total investment amount) and 350,000

U.S. dollars of technical training cost. For details, see Schedule 1 Construction

Investment Estimation Form.

Fundamental reserve cost

The estimated investment amount of the office and living facilities, 30,000-hectare

cassava plantation, starch plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and biological organic

fertilizer account for 1% of the total investment amount, i.e. 782,300 U.S. dollars.

12.1.3 INTEREST INCURRED DURING CONSTRUCTION

I. The construction period of this project is 4 years and the assumed bank interest

rate is 3.5%.

II. The construction investment is 82.2798 million U.S. dollars, which is invested on a

yearly basis. The interests calculation are as follows:

The invest capital of 1st year is 42.6878 million U.S. dollars, the interest is

747,000 U.S. dollars;

The invest capital of 2nd year is 11.7093 million U.S. dollars, the interest is

1.699 million U.S. dollars;

The invest capital of 3rd year is 24.62 million U.S. dollars, the interest is


The invest capital of 4th year is 32.627 million U.S. dollars, the interest is



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The total interest during construction period is 7.6035 million U.S. dollars.

12.1.4 CASHFLOW

Considering plant production and sales of the project, that cassava starch clients are

mainly distributed in China and all over the world, and there is a long distance between

Kenya and China so that it generally takes 30-40 days to ship products to China.

Therefore, the capital return time is set as 90 days. Based on the product cost of each

plant, the cashflow needed by each plant is as follows:

The cashflow needed by starch plant is 7.659 million U.S. dollars;

The cashflow needed by sewage plant is 0.369 million U.S. dollars;

The cashflow needed by biogas digester is 0.333 million U.S. dollars;

The cashflow needed by bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant is 2.125 million

U.S. dollars;

The total cashflow needed is 10.486 million U.S. dollars.

12.2 FUND RAISING

The total investment of the project is 100,369,300 U.S. dollars, among which project

construction needs 82,279,800 U.S. dollars, production cashflow needs 10,486,000 U.S.

dollars and interest incurred during construction period is 7,603,500 U.S. dollars.

Based on the construction progress of the project, the investment plan of each year is

established. See the following table for details.

Table 12-2 Yearly Capital Investment Schedule (Unit: 10,000 U.S. dollars)

Operation period of construction and production

1 2 3 4 5

1Construction

investment8227.98 4268.78 1170.93 2462 326.27

2Interest during

construction period760.35 74.7 169.9 282.27

3 Liquid capital 1048.6 266.7 382.25 399.65

Total investment of

project

4 (1+2+3) 10036.93 4343.48 1607.53 3077.73 608.54 399.65

S/N Name Total


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13. FINANCIAL EVALUATIONS

13.1 FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF PROJECT

13.1.1 BASIC DATA AND PARAMETER SELECTION OF FINANCIAL EVALUATION

Financial price

The sales prices of products of this project are determined by their target market.

Project input mainly takes existing market price as the basis, output mainly takes recent

wholesale price of similar products in the market as the basis and proper adjustments

have been made according to market analysis and prediction.

The main materials for processing of cassavas in the project, i.e. fresh cassava, are

developed and planted on its own. Main materials for the biogas digester takes

advantage of discarded straws and cassava residue generated by deep-processing of

cassavas to make good use of waste materials and turn waste into wealth. Raw

materials of bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant takes sludge generated by wastewater

treatment and biogas digester, starch yellow slurry generated by processing of

cassavas, cassava bark, etc., which are processed by high technologies. All raw

materials in the project are reused to achieve environmental protection and

sustainable economics for the project.

Table 13-1 Sales Price List of Main Raw Materials and Products

Calculation period of project

The calculation period of project is 20 years, including 4 years of construction period

and 16 years of production period.

S/N Name Price Remark

1 Diesel1.25 U.S.

dollars/L

2 Heavy oil0.85 U.S.

dollars/L

4 Cassava starch387.50 U.S.

dollars/T

5 Cassava flour387.50 U.S.

dollars/T

3 Electric power 33KV0.08 U.S.

dollars/KWh


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Production load

Based on industrial experience and combining concrete conditions of the project, the

production load is determined as 10% for 2nd year, 40% for 3rd year, 80% for 4th year

and 100% for 5th~20th year.

Financial benchmark yield

Based on industrial experience and combining the average capital cost of this project,

the discount rate is 8%. It is also taken as the basis for internal yield rate target of the

project (benchmark yield).

Interest

Based on the annual interest rate of bank loan issued by the World Bank, the interest of

long-term loan (over five years) is 3.5%.

Other calculation parameters

Parameters are selected according to relevant national and industrial regulations of

China and combining the actual situation of the project.

Table 13-2 Summary of Other Calculation Parameters

Name Calculation parameters Remark

2.Amortization of intangible

assets15 years Average amortization

3.Amortizationofotherassets 5 years Average amortization

4.Salary and welfare cost 1800 peopleWelfare cost accounts for 14$ of

salary

5.Repairing cost 3%Depreciation of fixed assets is

taken as the base number

6.Other management fees2.5 % (sales revenue is taken as

the base)

7.Other selling expenses2.5 % (sales revenue is taken as

the base)

8.Other taxes - VAT is taken as the base number

9.Surplus accumulation fund -

10. Public welfare fund -

1.DepreciationoffixedassetsMachinery equipment 15 years,

buildings 15 years

Straight-line-method, rate of

residual value takes 5%


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13.1.2 ESTIMATION OF SALES REVENUE

Based on the price of cassava starch on international market in March 2014, the market

conditions of Kenya as well as market analysis and prediction, the sales price of cassava

starch and cassava flour is 387.50 U.S. dollars/ton. Upon reaching the production

capacity, a total of 72.6563 million U.S. dollars of sales revenue can be achieved per

year.

13.1.3 ESTIMATION OF COST

Based on various costs of production and operation of the project, this project mainly

takes the “Factors method” to calculate production cost. The consumption quantity of

materials, power, etc. and empirical data obtained from similar products in recent

years are used as basis for calculation.

Average cost per unit

I. The cost of 30,000-hectare cassava plantation is 962 U.S. dollars/hectare;

II. The production cost of 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour is 138 U.S.

dollars/ton (starch product);

III. The estimated cost of sewage treatment is 0.41 U.S. dollars/m3;

IV. The production cost of biogas is 0.37 U.S. dollars/m3;

V. The production cost of biological organic fertilizer is 85 U.S. dollars/ton.

See Schedule 2 - 30,000-Hectare Cassava Development Unit Cost Estimation Form for

more details.

Amortization expense

The investment amortization expense is calculated by straight-line method. Residue

value is calculated by 5% and the average depreciation and amortization expense per

year is 4.1138 million U.S. dollars.

Other expense

This includes selling expense and management fee. Selling expense refers to the

advertising expense, travel expense of sales personnel, salary of sales personnel, etc.

paid by the enterprise to sell products. It is calculated as 2.5% of the sales price.

Management fee refers to fees paid by the management department to operate this


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project, including salary of management personnel, a part of taxation expense included

in the management fee and other fees disbursed by the management department. It is

calculated as 2.5% of the sales price. After normal production, other expense is 2.4

million U.S. dollars.

Variable cost and fixed cost

I. Variable cost: the annual average estimate is 24.1056 million U.S. dollars;

II. Fixed cost: the annual average estimate is 22.2253 million U.S. dollars.

Operating cost

Operating cost: the annual average estimate is 42.2867 million U.S. dollars.

Estimation of total cost

Total cost: the annual average estimate is 46.3309 million U.S. dollars.

See Schedule 5 - Total Costs Form for more details.

13.1.4 FINANCIAL EVALUATION REPORT

Please refer to the following financial forecast statement for financial evaluation

report:

Schedule 3 Fixed Assets Investment Form

Schedule 4 Depreciation and Amortization Form

Schedule 5 Total Costs Form

Schedule 6 Investment Cash Flow Statement

13.2 FINANCIAL PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS

The profit that can be obtained within the project calculation period is analyzed and the

result shows that the financial internal rate of return of the project is 18.02%, the

financial net present value of 76.1569 million U.S. dollars and the investment payback

period of 7.47 years. Static analysis result shows that the average annual total profit of

calculation period can reach 26.3254 million U.S. dollars and the profit ratio of

investment is 26.23%.


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13.3 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

Based on sales, cost, taxation expense and other data of years with full production, the

Break-Even Point (BEP) is figured out by formula or drawing. The fixed cost of each year

is different, so years with relatively high fixed cost and relatively low fixed cost are

selected respectively for calculation.

BEP is calculated by the utilization rate of production capacity. This project takes the

data of 20-year project period as the basis, and BEP (capacity utilization rate) = 61.34%.

The result shows when the project is completed and put into operation, the company

can keep balance of revenue and expenditure without any loss only if the designed

capacity utilization rate reaches 61.34%.

13.4 FINANCIAL EVALUATION CONCLUSIONS

The above calculation and analysis results show:

I. Financial internal rate of return is 18.02%; financial net present value is 76.1569

million U.S. dollars, which is larger than zero;

II. Investment payback period is 7.47 years;

III. BEP is 61.34% of designed capacity utilization rate;

IV. Profit ratio of investment is 26.23%;

Based on the above analysis, after large-scale production, the project can generate

profits for the nation and the company, with good economic returns and ideal financial

indexes. Financially, this project is feasible.

Note: The tax policies of Kenya related to agricultural planting are not available;

therefore, the financial assessment of this project leaves taxation expense out of

consideration.

Annual fixed cost x 100% = 61.34%

(Annual sales revenue -

annual variable cost -

annual sales tax and

additional tax)

BEP =


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14. RISK ANALYSIS

Employing the model of “Company + Base + Staff”, this project of 30000-hectare

cassava plantation, comprehensively develops processing of 200,000 tons of cassava

starch and cassava flour, and provides 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer.

The project complies with national and industrial policies with feasible proposals and

guaranteed supply of raw materials. However, the construction project still has certain

risks as analyzed below.

14.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT MAJOR RISK FACTORS

Risks of the project are mainly market risks, natural factors, social factors, variety

resources, etc. Through the above analysis and study, the main risk factors of this

construction project are in market, technique and other aspects.

I. At present, the planting techniques employed by cassava plantation areas in

Africa and Kenya are mixed with good and bad ones. It is also the same case with

project zones. They have little understanding of cassava plantation techniques,

varieties and other knowledge, and still follow the traditional extensive cultivation

method. Thus, the overall planting level and the yield of cassava are relatively low.

Low yield will definitely lead to low output, thus leading to low rate of return of

cassava plantation. In addition, the enthusiasm of planting cassava and the

implementation progress of 30,000-hectare cassava plantation scale are affected.

II. Currently, the price of fresh cassava has been on the increase. However, it is

influenced by several factors with complicated relations. The price might fall

sharply in the next few years, so certain market risks still exist.

III. When plant diseases, insect pests and sudden adverse climatic factors appear, the

large area of cassava cultivation will be extensively affected and the yield of

cassava will be greatly impacted. For example, the continuous low temperature in

January to February of 2008 inflicts heavy losses on cassava plantation in China,

especially that in Guangxi Province. The crop yields of Cassava in most areas

dramatically decrease, or even die of frost.

IV. Cassava plantation is an emerging industry of tropical crops. Insufficient input and

support of scientific research funds, shortage of research and extension workers,


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poor scientific research extension basis and few achievements lead to a higher

risk of technical and fund guarantee.

14.2 RISK DEGREE ANALYSIS

Based on the above analysis, main risks of this project are estimated. The analysis sheet

of risk factors and risk degree are as follows:

Table 14-1 Risk Factors and Risk Degree Analysis Sheet

14.3 MEASURES TO MANAGE AND REDUCE RISK

Based on the analysis of risk degree of various risk factors, the following measures to

manage and reduce risk are put forward in terms of main risk factors facing the project.

They are for the reference of various parties of the project.

Selecting correct variety of cassava

1 Market risk √

1.1 Market demand √

1.2 Competitive capacity √

1.3 Price √

2 Raw materials risk √

2.1 Price √

2.2 Supply √

3 Technical risk √

3.1 Advancement √

3.2 Applicability √

3.3 Reliability √

3.4 Availability √

4 Engineering risk √

4.1 Engineering geology √

4.2 Hydrogeology √

4.3 Engineering quantity √

5 Capital risk √

5.1 Interest rate √

5.2Capital source

interruption√

5.3 Shortage of funds √

6Risk of external

collaboration conditions √

6.1 Transportation √

6.2 Water supply √

6.3 Power supply √

7 Social risk √

8 Natural risk √

S/N Risk factors

Risk degree

DescriptionCatastro

phicSerious Major General


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The core of agricultural production is “variety”. As the saying goes, “Variety determines

the overall situation”. Therefore, selecting the fine variety suitable for the plantation

area is a guarantee for successful cultivation. China has selected a batch of cassava

varieties with high yield, high flour and high adaptability, which are being applied in

production. It is recommended to select some varieties with good properties suitable

for the plantation area, promote the cultivation and increase cassava output. Improved

varieties with good stress resistance as well as disease and insect-resistant varieties can

also be selected to avoid and reduce the impact of adverse environment and factors on

cultivation.

Reasonable application of cultivation techniques

Scientific planting technology is critical to achieve successful cassava plantation and

obtain ideal yield. It is necessary to actively explore scientific planting technology, sum

up experiences, and then promote and apply in accordance with to local conditions. For

now, mature planting technologies include intercropping cultivation technique of

cassava. This technique means while planting cassava, other crops such as peanut,

soybean, watermelon, pumpkin, maize, etc. are interplanted in order to increase the

multiple cropping index in unit area and improve economic returns.

Strengthening the relationship with scientific research units

It is necessary to conduct extensive exchange with international matured cassava

regions, pay close attention to cassava variety selective breeding and introduce

improved new varieties adaptive to large-scale production and application as early as

possible.

The company's marketing strategies should emphasize the following aspects:

I. Strengthening technical service network to develop new and high value-added

products.

II. Under the condition that the product quality of this project is almost the same as

the general quality level on the market, price becomes a highly sensitive factor. In

order to improve product competitiveness, the low-cost strategy should be

employed. During the entire production process, the production cost should be

lowered via effective management while ensuring stable product quality.

III. Exploit the market, strengthen market consciousness, accurately locate target


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market, grasp market trend, seek opportunities, seize the opportunity and

participate in competition, expand and occupy market, build brand image through

market to establish a brand. Broadening distribution channels and expanding its

extent of influence by publicity means to improve visibility.


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15. RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

15.1 OVERALL DESCRIPTION OF THE RECOMMENDED PLAN

15.1.1 MARKET FORECAST RESULTS

As one of the three major tubers in the world, the cassava is regarded as “King of Starch”

and “Food under the Ground”. The cassava is mainly used as food and fodder and for

industrial utilization. 65% of total cassava outputs throughout the world are used as

food for human consumption and cassavas are the main food of about 0.6 billion

low-income household in the tropical wetland areas. Currently, many countries have

great demand on cassavas for industrial production and China has become the number

one cassava importer with the annual import volume reaching 5 million tons. Every

year, Africa exported most of its cassavas to China and cassavas have been widely

planted in Africa. Although it is still early for Africa to export its cassavas to other

continents, cassava plantation will be bound to bring about huge business opportunity

to Africa in the future.

With new technologies and materials constantly emerging, starch is used as raw

material and the market demand for starch is huge. However, currently, production

and total output of starch, especially the output of the cassava starch cannot meet the

market demand. Demand will exceed supply for a long time, so this market is

promising.

In conclusion, cassava plantation and cassava starch development have huge market

space and growth potential.

15.1.2 BUILDING SCALE AND PRODUCT PROGRAM

I. The cassava plantation area has an area of 29,500 hectares and annual output of

fresh cassavas is 750,000 tons.

II. The cassava seedling base has an area of 500 hectares with annual output of

quality cassava seedlings is 11,250 tons.

III. The cassava starch and flour deep processing plant has an output of 200,000

tons, 2 cassava starch production lines with a daily output of 150 tons and 2

cassava flour production lines with a daily output of 150 tons.


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148

IV. 10,000 M3/d sewage treatment plant comprising of 2 units of 5000M3/d sewage

treatment systems with daily biogas output of 50,000-60,000M3.

V. 50,000 M3/d biogas digester: 25,000M3/day straw biogas production lines in

total.

VI. The bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant with an output of 100,000 tons

comprises of 2 bio-organic chemical fertilizer production lines with output of

50,000 tons each.

15.1.3 SITE SELECTION PLAN

The construction site is located at Kano Plain, Kisumu, Kenya. The project area belongs

to the tropical climate of Africa with enough heat and annual average temperature of

22.3°C, which is suitable for growing of cassavas. Within the project area, the land

resource is rich and the soil is mainly black cotton soil with upper-middle soil fertility. It

has enough water, electricity and convenient transportation. All conditions can meet

the construction and production demand of the project.

15.1.4 TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND ENGINEERING PLAN

Technical plan

I. Quality cassava breeding

Variety selection → nursery land planning and arrangement → planting and

management → quality seedlings retaining → planting seedlings

II. Fresh cassavas planting

Variety selection → planting land planning and arrangement → planting → production

management → harvest

III. Cassava starch and cassava flour production

Cassava starch production:

Fresh cassavas → cleaning → breaking → screening → separating → dehydration →

drying → packaging

Cassava flour production:

Fresh cassavas → dry peel removal → cleaning → wet peel removal → cleaning


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149

→go-no-go → coarse breaking → fine breaking → dehydration → drying and sterilizing

→ packaging

IV. Wastewater treatment

Starch wastewater →catchment →sediment →UASB →anaerobic → aerobiotic →

sediment →sand leach→emission biogas

V. Biogas digester

Straw → stacking and immersing →CSTR → biogas

VI. Bio-organic chemical fertilizer production

Sludge → sterilization → blending → drying → mixing granulation → screening →

packaging

Engineering plan

I. Office facilities

Office building and guest house: 4-storey brick-concrete structure office

building with a construction area of 1,800M2.

Guard room, canteen, bathroom and dormitory: construction area of 3,930M2.

II. Supporting engineering of the cassava plantation area

Land engineering: existing forest land and wild grass ground renovation.

Production management room (and pump room): build 100 production

management rooms in the dimension of 5×5m.

Irrigation engineering: irrigating by canals and ditches.

o Irrigation ditch: build 0.5×0.3×0.5m rubble irrigation ditches at 100km

long.

o Pond: build 50 units 50m3 ponds and 30 units 100m3 ponds.

Water drainage engineering: build the 0.4×0.5m drainage ditch with 50km long.

Road engineering: build 130km roads, of which:

o Field road: 50km gravel roads (width: 3.5m);

o Production road: 80km earth roads (width: 1m).


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150

III. Cassava starch and cassava flour plant

Production building, including raw material site, conveying and breaking

section plant, finished product warehouse, main plant, boiler room and

cassava residue pond.

Additional building for production, including switch board room, pumping

house and weighbridge room.

IV. Sewage plant

Production building, including collecting basin, grid pool, primary

sedimentation pool, adjusting pool, coagulating basin, neutralization pond,

temperature adjusting pool, UASB pool, A/O pool, secondary sedimentation

tank, intermediate tank and clean water pool.

Additional building for production, including chemical feed room, electric

control room and ventilator room.

V. Biogas digester

Production building, including feeding room, raw material warehouse, raw

material pretreatment site, biogas residue collection site and biogas

purifying and compressing workshop.

Additional building for production, including the electric control room,

fire-pump room, fire-water pond and fence.

VI. Bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant

Main building including production workshop, packaging workshop, finished

products warehouse and supporting room.

15.1.5 RAW MATERIALS AND FUELS SUPPLY PLAN

In the first year, the seedlings as required by the project are the high-quality cassava

varieties of China and Kenya introduced from the professional scientific research

institution and after that the seedling base will breed seedlings.

Every year, 750,000-800,000 tons of fresh cassavas are needed for processing, which

are provided by the cassava plantation area of the project. The cassava straw, cassava

bark, cassava residue and yellow waste slurry, etc. are the continuous raw materials for


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151

the biogas digester. Wastewater treatment and biogas sludge will generate the

fertilizer for the bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant to make good use of waste

materials to support the ecology of the project.

Every year, the project needs 7,000 tons of heavy oil as the boiler fuel, which will be

purchased internationally. Other raw materials will be supplied from local suppliers or

wherever it can be source at competitive prices. Raw materials and fuels will be

transported to the plant by tractor or other specific purpose vehicles.

15.1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

This green and environmental-friendly project is an agricultural development project,

generating and releasing no toxic pollutant. During the operation course, the relevant

pesticide, chemical fertilizer and chemical agent application specification should be

strictly followed to manage the potential environmental impact to the lowest level and

value conservation of water and soil and environmental protection.

Based on the feature, form and type of emissions caused by processing of cassavas and

starting from the industrial relationships and requirements of Recycle Economics “3R”

(reducing, reusing and recycling), waste materials should be made full use of to form

the industrial recycling chain and realize balance among the society, environment and

economy. The technical and engineering measures should be actively adapted from

construction to the whole industrial chain, achieve clean production and reduce

emission. The final emissions should be comprehensively controlled to meet

up-to-standard emission.

Through clean production, utilization of ecological and environmental protection

energy, waste resource utilization and comprehensive technical and engineering

measures, pollutant emissions can be minimized to have small adverse influence on the

construction site and surrounding environment.

15.1.7 TOTAL INVESTMENT OF THE PROJECT

The total investment of the project is USD 100.3693 million. Therein:

I. Investment on construction is USD 82.2798 million, accounting for 81.98% of the

total investment;

II. The interest incurred during construction is USD 7.6035 million, accounting for


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7.58% of the total investment;

III. The working capital is USD 10.486 million, accounting for 10.44% of the total

investment.

15.1.8 FINANCIAL BENEFIT

The financial internal rate of return of the project is 18.02%, higher than the industrial

base earnings ratio (8%). The financial net present value (ic=8%) is USD 76.1569 million

and the investment payoff period is 7.47 years. After the project reaches the target, the

annual sales revenue is USD 72.6563 million, annual average profit of USD 26.3254

million and return on investment of 26.23%.

15.1.9 BASIC CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

Market conditions

In recent years, the global cassava and cassava starch consumption increases yearly and

fresh cassavas’ demand exceeds supply. The huge difference between the quantity in

demand and yielding capacity causes rising price of the cassava starch. To meet the

international market demand, the cassava plantation area needs further expansion and

planting technology, per unit area yield of the cassava and quality of cassava starch

needs to be improved. As Africa lags behind in technology and its development just

begins, there is promising market space for cassava plantation and development and

processing of cassavas.

Technical conditions

Currently, China has a mature technological base in terms of cassava plantation. In

particular, these technologies have been widely applied in Guangxi Province in terms of

cassava production. Africa has a long history in cassava plantation going back 400 years

ago, where civilization began to plant cassavas and mastered some planting

technology, which lays a technological foundation for building the planting base. In this

project, one cassava processing plant with an output of 200,000 tons, 100,000 M3/d

sewage treatment plant, 50,000 M3/d biogas digester and bio-organic chemical

fertilizer plant with an output of 100,000 tons will be built. The technological base has

been established for (“cassava plantation → cassava’s processing → biogas →

bio-organic fertilizer → cassava plantation”) agricultural and ecological environmental


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protection recycling production chain.

Complementary conditions

The project area belongs to the tropical climate of Africa with enough heat, moderate

rainfall and adequate sunshine, suitable for the growth of cassavas. The land resource

is rich whereby more than 70,000 hectares of land in the vicinity centered with Kano

Plain (within 50km) can be developed to plant cassavas. Nyando River which has large

runoff and excellent water quality runs through the project to ensure production and

domestic water supply for the project. There is abundant supply of electricity and

convenient transportation. All villages within the county have highways to extend in all

directions to create the beneficial transportation condition for products transportation

for the project. Therefore, after the project is completed, the land resources can be

made full use of to develop local economy.

Environmental protection conditions

The project area is located in the agricultural production area far from cities and towns.

During the production period of the project, the state’s safe, efficient and low-pollution

production requirements will be strictly followed. Use of the chemical agents and

fertilizers will be strictly controlled in the whole production chain to ensure no adverse

impact on environment in the production course.

Based on the aforementioned analysis, the market, technology, equipment, fund and

environment conditions of the project is suitable.

15.1.10 MAIN RISKS ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

The project’s main risks are from the market demand, competitive capacity, pest and

disease damage and sale price, of which the market demand risk is higher. More

attention should be paid to technical services, enhancement of understanding of

products and promotion of products sales.

15.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE RECOMMENDED PLAN

15.2.1 ADVANTAGES

Low investment risk


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Through comprehensive investigation by the project study group, the project site is

appropriately selected, with rich land resources and excellent natural, traffic and social

conditions. The project’s development unit has powerful technological base for project

development. The market of cassava starch, cassava flour and bio-organic fertilizer is

promising. After completion, this project will provide the largest cassava plantation

base and cassava processing plant in Kenya at a scale which is beneficial to improve

product consistency and ensure product quality. Therefore, the investment risk of the

project is low.

Sound social benefit and ecological benefit

After this project is completed, 30,000-hectare plantation area will be formed to

reclaim lands, barren mountains and wastelands, comprehensively govern mountains,

forests and roads, promote sound development of the cassava industry of Kenya. It will

also improve ecological environment and economic productivity of land, solve the

problem of employment of Kenya and increase rural income and local financial

revenue. The benefits in terms of ecology, society and economy will comply with the

national development programs of Kenya.

15.2.2 EXISTING ISSUES

Farmer’s participation

Local farmers’ enthusiasm on cassava plantation is crucial to the development of

cassavas, so it is necessary to build the stable production and planting cooperation

mode with local farmers to ensure abundant supply of land, cassavas and cassava

plantation and achieve overall goals of the agricultural and ecological environmental

protection recycling economy model.

Natural conditions

The main issue of the project lies in the continuous production of the plant. Processing

of cassavas is 24-hour and rate of equipment utilization is higher, so equipment quality

and maintenance level is highly demanding, otherwise normal production will be

affected. Long-term drought and rainy season in Africa will greatly influence cassava

yield and harvest and meanwhile insufficient water and electricity supply in Africa will

impact processing of the cassava.


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15.3 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

15.3.1 CONCLUSION

I. This project is in line with the national industrial policy and orientation. The end

products have promising market potential, which is in favor of adjustment of the

cassava’s breed structure, improvement of the cassava’s yield and quality as well

as expansion and stabilization of the cassava industry in the project area.

II. The project’s implementation unit has the powerful technical support,

well-established organization and management capacity, with the ability to

undertake implementation and operation of this project and provide technical

guarantee to ensure successful implementation of the project.

III. The natural condition in the project area is excellent, suitable for planting of

cassavas and gaining high yield.

IV. The project adopts the quality seedlings and advanced and scientific seedling

breeding technology to provide technical guarantee for high yield of cassavas and

production of excellent seedlings.

V. The project product has stable market, excellent production conditions, mature

technical facility supporting and technical plan to support the rollout.

Based on the abovementioned analysis, the project enjoys reasonable investment,

technical feasibility, economic feasibility, good benefit as well as construction and

production conditions.

15.3.2 SUGGESTION

I. The project’s development team should secure the financing channel in a timely

manner, ensure funds for the project are in place. The project management team

will be key to the planning and implementation of the project and therefore, the

correct team with experience will be essential

II. The project’s development unit should enhance project organization and

construction, build and improve the project’s institutional framework and set out

the detailed execution plan for smooth implementation of the project. It should

also build and improve the project’s organization and management agency, set

out the detailed execution plan carefully, deal with the incidence relation among


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the key components of the project i.e. “cassava plantation”, “processing of

cassavas”, “wastewater disposal and biogas digester” and “bio-organic chemical

fertilizer plant” to ensure smooth implementation of the project.

III. After the project is completed and implemented, the technological development

fund should be extracted from the project profits to be used for introducing new

variety, conducting variety comparison test and increasing varieties reserve.

IV. The operations team must try to reduce production costs, enhance risk

resistance capacity, enhance after-sales services and technical guidance and

expand the market demand.


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Schedule 1 - Construction Investment Estimation Form (Unit 10,000 USD)

Items Item name Unit QuantityCosts (USD

10,000)

Investment

amountsRemarks

Total construction

investment estimation8227.98

I. Office and living

facilities247.2

Office building M2 1800 0.05 90

Dormitory M2 3240 0.04 129.6

Guard room M2 30 0.04 1.2

Canteen M2 500 0.04 20

Bathroom M2 100 0.04 4

Toilet M2 60 0.04 2.4

II. 30,000-hectare

cassava plantation4173

1. Agricultural

machinery costs703

90-horsepower four-

wheel tractorSet 80 2.45 196

80-horsepower four-

wheel tractorSet 20 2.15 172

3-4 disc plough Set 50 0.55 27.5

6-7 disc plough Set 50 0.45 22.5

Ridging plough Set 50 0.3 15

Irrigation equipment Set 20 0.5 10

SD16 earthmover Vehicle 10 12 120

1M3 excavator Vehicle 3 20 60

Road roller Vehicle 1 15 15

160 cassava harvester Set 50 0.8 40

Farm trailer Vehicle 25 1 25

2. Planting engineering

costs2886

Seedlings costs Hectare 30000 0.0152 456

Fertilizer Hectare 30000 0.035 1050

Pesticide Hectare 30000 0.0045 135

Machinery

depreciationHectare 30000 0.009 270

Diesel fees Hectare 30000 0.005 150

Labor fees Hectare 30000 0.025 750

Equipment

maintenance and

repair fees

Hectare 30000 0.0025 75

3. Supporting

engineering costs100

Management room M2 2500 0.04 100

4. Irrigation and

drainage engineering254

Irrigation ditch KM 100 2 200

Drainage ditch KM 50 0.1 5

50M3 water pool Nos. 50 0.5 25

100M3 water pool Nos. 30 0.8 24

5. Road engineering 150

Field roads KM 50 2 100

Roads for production KM 80 0.625 50

6. Other engineering 80

Field pump and farm

tools and accessories20

Tractor and farm

machinery parts60

III. Starch factory 1703.91

1. Basic constructional

engineering786.66

Main plant M2 5000 0.04 200

Warehouse M2 10000 0.035 350

Raw material site and

bleacheryM

2 10000 0.015 150


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Schedule 1 - Construction Investment Estimation Form (Unit: USD 10,000)

Items Item name Unit QuantityCosts (USD

10,000)

Investment

amountsRemarks

Reservoir M2 5000 0.0075 37.5

Boiler room M2 600 0.04 24

Switch board room M2 40 0.04 1.6

Pumping house M2 40 0.04 1.6

Weighbridge room M2 24 0.04 0.96

600

The production line with daily

output of 150 tons of cassava

starch

Set 2 150 300

The production line with daily

output of 150 tons of cassava

flour

Set 2 150 300

108

6000KV power distribution

facilitySet 1 60 60

6-ton steam boiler Set 4 12 48

29.89

179.36

478.8

5000M3/d wastewater

treatment equipmentSet 2 150 300

Basic building and auxiliary

engineeringSet 2 50 100

Wastewater treatment bacteria Set 2 10 20

Engineering design costs 8.4

Engineering installation and

debugging costs50.4

855

25000M3/d biogas straw

fermentation project

equipment

Set 2 280 560

Basic building and auxiliary

engineeringSet 2 80 160

Biogas bacteria Set 2 15 30

Engineering design costs 15


debugging costs90

364.8

Plants and infrastructures M2 2500 0.04 100

100,000 tons of bioorganic

chemical fertilizer project

equipment

Set 1 200 200

2-ton steam boiler Set 2 10 20

Engineering design costs 6.4


debugging costs38.4

327.04

Prophase operating expenses 83.46

Investigation and design costs 91.24

Management costs of the

construction unit117.34

Technical training costs 35

78.23VIII. Basic budget reserve

VII. Other costs for engineering

construction

3. Supporting engineering costs

2. Production line

4. Engineering design costs

5. Engineering installation and debugging

costs

IV. Wastewater Plant

V. Biogas digester

VI. Bioorganic Chemical Fertilizer Plant


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Schedule 2 - 30,000-Hectare Cassava Development Unit Cost Estimation Form

Serial No. Item name Unit Cost Remarks

1 Cassava plantation costs 962 USD/hectare

1.1 Seedlings costs USD 152

The first planting needs the seedling

costs but later the company will

grow seedlings.

1.2 Fertilizer USD 350

The biological fertilizer will be

provided by the bioorganic chemical

fertilizer according to the actual

engineering and construction

output.

1.3 Pesticide costs USD 45

1.4 Machinery costs USD 90

1.5 Diesel fees USD 50

1.6 Labor costs USD 250

1.7 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 25

2 Cassava starch and cassava flour plant 138 USD/ton (starch products)

2.1 Electricity costs USD 18 $0.08/KWh

2.2 Fuel charge USD 70 $0.85/L


2.4Costs of packaging materials and auxiliary

materialsUSD 12


3 Wastewater plant (USD/M3) 0.41 USD/M3 (wastewater flow)

3.1 Electricity costs USD 0.2

3.2 Chemicals costs USD 0.1

3.3 Labor costs USD 0.1

3.4 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 0.01

4 Biogas digester (USD/M3) 0.37 USD/M3 (biogas flow)

4.1 Electricity costs USD 0.16

4.2 Biological agent costs USD 0.1

4.3 Labor costs USD 0.1

4.4 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 0.01

5 Bioorganic chemical fertilizer (USD/ton) 85 USD/ton (fertilizer products)

5.1 Electricity costs USD 5

5.2 Fuel charge USD 30


5.4Costs of packaging materials and auxiliary

materialsUSD 12



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Schedule 3 - Fixed Assets Investment Form

Serial No.

Engineering or cost

name

Construction

engineering

Equipment

procurement

Installation

engineeringOther costs

Total

amountsProportion

1 Fixed assets investment 4,682.09 2,801.00 417.85 327.04 8,227.98 100.00%

1.1 Part 1: engineering costs 4,603.86 2,801.00 417.85 7,404.86 90.00%

1.1.1Cassava plantation and

construction2,886.00 703

1.1.2Main production

equipment886.66 1,660.00 417.85 2,964.51

1.1.3Auxiliary production

equipment438 - 438

1.1.4 Utilities 247.2 - -

1.1.5Supporting, roads and

auxiliary engineering584 - 584

1.2 Part 2: other costs 327.04 0

1.2.1Prophase operating

expenses83.46 83.46

1.2.2Investigation and design

costs91.24 91.24

1.2.3Management costs of

the construction unit117.34 117.34

1.2.4 Technical training costs 35 -

Total costs of the part 1

and part 24,603.86 2,801.00 417.85 327.04

1.3 Other costs 78.23 78.23 0.95%

1.3.1

Basic budget reserve

(1% of engineering

costs)

78.23 78.23

1.3.2

Reserve fund for rising

in price (6% of

engineering costs)

-

2 Working fund 1048.6 1048.6

Total 4,682.09 2,801.00 417.9 1375.64 9,276.58


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Schedule 4 - Depreciation and Amortization Form

Serial No. Year Depreciation

Items Year(s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Total fixed assets

Original value 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98

Depreciation

charge0 0 0 0 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54

Net value 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98 7,739.44 7,250.91 6,762.37 6,273.83 5,785.30 5,296.76 4,808.23 4,319.69

2

Intangible and

deferred assets

amortization

Original value

Amortization 0 0 0 0

Net value 0 0 0 0

Construction period Production period


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Schedule 4 - Depreciation and Amortization Form (cont’d)

Serial No. Year

Items 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 Total fixed assets

Original value

Depreciation charge 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54

Net value 3,831.15 3,342.61 2,854.07 2,365.53 1,876.99 1,388.45 899.91 411.38

2

Intangible and

deferred assets

amortization

Original value

Amortization

Net value

Production period


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Schedule 5 - Total Costs Form

Serial No. Year

Items 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Production load (%) 0.1 0.4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1Purchased raw and auxiliary

materials20,607.40 295.9 718.5 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00

2 Fuel and power costs 25,477.25 250 851 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75

3 Wages and benefits 29,091.50 233 807 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50

4 Repair costs and others 5,293.50 38 143.5 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323

5 Depreciation charge 7,328.07 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54

7 Amortization

8 Financial expenses 760.35 169.9 233.48

9 Sales expenses 2,051.88 19.38 77.5 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

10 Management expenses 2,051.88 19.38 77.5 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

11 Other costs

12 Total costs 92,661.83 1,025.56 2,908.48 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79

Including: 1. fixed costs 44,450.60 460.28 1,261.48 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04

2. Changeable costs 48,211.13 565.28 1,647.00 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75

13 Operating costs 84,573.41 855.66 2,675.00 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25

74.7 2,818.00

4,854.00

74.7 5,136.27

2,318.27

74.7 282.27

155

155

267

1,143.00

1,520.00

1,614.00

Total Construction period Production period

1 4

0.8


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Schedule 5 Total Costs Form (cont’d)

Serial No. Year

Items 13 15 16 17 18 19 20

Production load (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1Purchased raw and auxiliary

materials1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00

2 Fuel and power costs 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75

3 Wages and benefits 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50

4 Repair costs and others 323 323 323 323 323 323 323

5 Depreciation charge 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54

7 Amortization

8 Financial expenses

9 Sales expenses 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

10 Management expenses 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

11 Other costs

12 Total costs 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79

Including: 1. fixed costs 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04

2. Changeable costs 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75

13 Operating costs 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25


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Schedule 6 - Investment Cash Flow Statement

Serial No. Year

Items 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Production load (%) 0.5 0.6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 Cash inflow 775 3,100.00 6,200.00 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63

1.1 Product sales revenue 775 3,100.00 6,200.00 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63

1.2Reclaim the residue value of fixed

assets

1.3 Reclaim working fund

2 Cash outflow 4,268.78 2,293.29 5,519.25 5,180.27 5,478.90 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25

2.1 Fixed assets investment 4,268.78 1,170.93 2,462.00 326.27

2.2 Working fund 266.7 382.25 399.65

2.3 Operating costs 855.66 2,675.00 4,854.00 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25

2.4 Sales tax and surcharge

2.5 Income tax

3 Net cash flow -4,268.78 -1,518.29 -2,419.25 1,019.73 1,786.73 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38

4 Accumulated net cash flow -4,268.78 -5,787.07 -8,206.32 -7,186.59 -5,399.86 -3,213.48 -1,027.10 1,159.28 3,345.66 5,532.04 7,718.42 9,904.80 12,091.18

5 Net cash flow before the income tax -4,268.78 -1,518.29 -2,419.25 1,019.73 1,786.73 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38

6Accumulated net cash flow before

the income tax-4,268.78 -5,787.07 -8,206.32 -7,186.59 -5,399.86 -3,213.48 -1,027.10 1,159.28 3,345.66 5,532.04 7,718.42 9,904.80 12,091.18

Calculation indicators:After income

tax

Before income

tax

Financial internal rate of return (%) 18.02 18.02

Financial net present value (Ic=8%) 7,615.69 7,615.69

Investment payoff period (starting

from the construction period)7.47 7.47

Construction period Production period


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Schedule 6 - Investment Cash Flow Statement (cont’d)

Serial No. Year

Items 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Production load (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 Cash inflow 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,677.01

1.1 Product sales revenue 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63

1.2Reclaim the residue value of fixed

assets411.38

1.3 Reclaim working fund

2 Cash outflow 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25

2.1 Fixed assets investment

2.2 Working fund

2.3 Operating costs 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25

2.4 Sales tax and surcharge

2.5 Income tax

3 Net cash flow 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,597.76

4 Accumulated net cash flow 14,277.56 16,463.94 18,650.32 20,836.70 23,023.08 25,209.46 27,807.22

5 Net cash flow before the income tax 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,597.76

6Accumulated net cash flow before

the income tax14,277.56 16,463.94 18,650.32 20,836.70 23,023.08 25,209.46 27,807.22

Calculation indicators:

Financial internal rate of return (%)

Financial net present value (Ic=8%)

Investment payoff period (starting

from the construction period)

Documents

Kenya 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation Development Project