274

KenozoikNEOGEN

KVARTAR

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• neogen

– miocen (eger, egenburg, otnang, karpat, baden, sarmat, panon, pont): 23 - 5,3 mil. god.

– pliocen (zanklij, piačenzij): 5,3 - 2,6 mil. god.

• kvartar– gelasij: 2,6 - 1,8 mil. god.– pleistocen: 1,8 mil. god. - 11.500 god.– holocen: 11.700 god. -

Neogen

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• važniji biološki događaji– d. miocen: prvi homonoidi– d. pliocen: prvi hominidi– d. pleistocen: Homo erectus– g. pleistocen: Homo sapiens

• važniji paleogeografski događaji– miocen, pliocen: kolizija Indije i Euroazije– d. miocen: početak formiranja Paratethysa– sr. miocen: početak formiranja Crvenog mora– pliocen: zatvaranje Paratethysa– pleistocen: oledba

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275

Neogenski život

• život u moru– miocenski pretci

kitova– miocenska

obnovaplanktonskihforaminifera

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Neogenski život

• život na kopnu– hladniji i suhi periodi smanjivali područja pod šumama

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Neogenski život

• strujanje oko pola– omogućen razvoj

ledenjaka na Antarktici

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276

Neogenski život

• sisavci– razvoj grupa

velikih sisavaca– mnogi prilagođeni

otvorenim područjima

– daljnji razvoj primata

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Neogenski život

• prije 6 - 7 mil. god. izumiranje dijela sisavaca

• širenje C4 trava• promjena

globalne klime u topliju

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Klima

Miocen

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277

Regionalni događaji - zapad

• izdizanja i magmatska aktivnost formiralizapadne provincije

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Regionalni događaji - zapad

• Basin and Range provincija se razvila u neogenu.

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Regionalni događaji - zapad

• miocen – subdukcija na sjeveru– rasjedanje i izgradnja

planina na jugu

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278

Regionalni događaji - zapad

• miocen– magmatski luk– rasjedanje i

deformacije u Kaliforniji

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Regionalni događaji - istok

• izdizanje u kenozoiku praćeno snažnom erozijom

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Američka razmjena sisavaca

• prevlaka Paname– sjeverno i

južnoamerički sisavci se razvijali odvojeno

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279

Himalaja

• razvoj širokog paltoa Tibeta

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Himalaja

• Indijski kraton kolidirao s Euroazijom

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Himalaja

• miocenskiklastiti prekrivaju eocenske vapnence

• najveće izdizanje zadnjih 15 mil. god.

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280

Himalaja• Indijska ploča

subducirana• kontinentalna

kolizija

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Europa

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Europa

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281

Europa

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Hrvatska

A L P S

C A R P A

T H

I

A N S

ZAGREB

VIENNA

BUDAPEST

St yrianBasin

North CroatianBasin

L. Hung .Plain

A d r i a t i c S e a0 100 km

Danube R.

Danube R

.

North Hungarian

Range

Grea t Hungarian Plain

Transcarpathian

Depression

Transylvan ian Basin

N

BekesBasin

/ /

Vienna

Basin

Mako t.

HRH

G

YU

RO

BGMC

CH

CZ

A

AL

IBH

SL

SLO

D

IN

A R I D E S

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282

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283

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Hrvatska5

10

15

20

25

30

35

M. A

.

EP

OC

H

AGECENTRAL

PARATETHYSSTAGES

PLI

O-

CE

NE

5,3ZANCLEAN DACIAN NN1 3

NN1 2

N N11

NN1 0

NN9 b

NN7

NN6

NN5

N N4

NN3

N N2

NN1

NP25

NP24

NP23

NP22

NP21

NP18

NP19-2 0

NN9a/8

( 5,6 )

Late

MIO

CE

NE

11,0

MESSINIAN7,1

PONTIAN

TORTONIAN PANNONIAN

Mid

dle

MIO

CE

NE

16,5

SERRAVALIAN

SARMATIAN( 13,0 )

11,5

14,8

LANG HIAN

BADENIAN

KARPATIAN( 17,2 )

OTTNANGIAN( 18 ,3 )BURDIGALIAN

EGG ENBURGIAN

Ear

ly M

IOC

EN

E

23,8

AQUITANIAN

CHATTIAN

28,5

EGERIAN

( 27,5 )

RUPELIANKISCELLIAN

OLI

GO

CE

NE

33,7

Late

EO

CE

NE

PRIABONIAN PRIABONIAN

20,5

CA

LCA

RE

OU

SN

AN

NO

PLA

NK

TO

N

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

Usporedba kronostratigrafije miocena Središnjeg Paratethysa s općom kronostratigrafijom.

Roegl, 1998

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Hrvatska

• tri regije s različitom sedimentacijom– sjeverna Hrvatska (Središnji Paratethys,

Panonski bazen)• Središnji Paratethys: dio Paratethysa

između Alpa, Dinarida i Karpata• Panonski bazen zauzima najveći dio Sr.

Paratethysa– slatkovodni bazeni u Dinaridima– bazen Jadrana

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284

Hrvatska

A D R I A T I C R E G I O N

D I N A R I D E S

PANNONIAN BASIN SYSTEM

H I G H

B E L T

K A

0 50

14 16 18

46

44

100 km

ZA GREBN O R T H

N O R T H E R N B O S N I A R E G I O N

C R O A T I A NB A S I N VUKOVAR

SARAJ EVO

MOSTAR

SPLIT

RS

T

SARAJEVO-ZENICA

LIVNO-DUVNO

SINJBASIN

BASIN

KORALJKA-I

BASIN

1

1

2

2

marine shoreline of the south-western Central Paratethys

south-western b ounda ry of the Central Paratethys

Dinaridic fresh-water basin

LJUBLJANA

DRAVA R.

SAVA R.

DAN

UBE R

.

N

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Hrvatska

Karlovac

Daruvar

Požega

StubičkeToplice

Slav. Brod

Našice

Zagreb

Sava R.

16°00' 17°00' 18°00'

46°00'Barcs

Drava R.

25 kmMt. KALNIK

Mt. MEDVEDNICA

Mt. ŽUMBERAK

Mt. MOSLAVAČKAMt. PAPUK

Mt. PSUNJ Mt. KRNDIJA

Mt. DILJ

Mt. POŽEŠKA

HRVATSKO ZAGORJE

NORTH

CROATIAN

BASIN

Neogene and Quaternary cover ofthe Pannonian Basin

Pre-Neogeneunits

Legend:

Normalfault

BASIN

S A V A D E P R E S S I O N

D R A V A D E P R E S S I O N

BJELOVAR

POŽEGAVALLEY

DEPRESSION

Reversefault

Periadriaticline

Strike-slipfault

1

1

5

7

6

3 4

2

Stop 1

The boundary between Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin and North Croatian Basin

PAL

PAL

MURADEPRESSION

Varaždin

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Hrvatska

• sjeverna Hrvatska– u donjem miocenu dva bazena s

različitom sedimentacijom do karpata• bazen Hrvatskog zagorja • Sjevernohrvatski bazen

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285

Hrvatska

• bazen Hrvatskog zagorja– eger: marinska do brakična sedimentacija

• klastiti, vulkanizam– egenburg - otnang: marinska

sedimentacija• klastiti, vulkanizam

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Hrvatska

• Sjevernohrvatski bazen– eger, egenburg, otnang: kopno– karpat: početak kontinentalnog riftanja - sin-

rift faza• spuštanje niz listričke rasjede uslijed izdizanja

gornjeg plašta• riječni okoliši

– početak badena: nastavak spuštanja• formiranje velikog slatkovodnog jezera uz

promjenu klime u humidnu

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Hrvatska

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286

Hrvatska

b) late Ottnangian

erosion erosiona)

S N

early Ottna ngian

Not to scale.extension

M

M

2

2

karpat

početak badena

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Hrvatska

– donji baden: marinska transgresija zbog uspostave veze s Jadranom - kontinuiran prelazak iz jezerske sedimentacije u marinsku

• spojili se bazen Hrvatskog zagorja i Sjevernohrvatski bazen

• siltiti, pješčenjaci

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Hrvatska

• produbljavanje ali i tektonsko izdizanje pojedinih blokova - formiranje otočnih nizova

• karbonatna sedimentacija: biokalkareniti i lapori

• klimaks vulkanizma: bazalti i andeziti

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287

Hrvatska

–gornji baden: post-rift faza: spuštanje zbog hlađenja litosfere; marinska transgresija i preplavljivanje otoka - uspostava veze s Indijskim oceanom

• biokalkareniti, lapori

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Hrvatska

–sarmat: početak izolacije bazena• reduciran salinitet• nestali ježinci, crvene alge, koralji,

planktonske foraminifere• laminirani lapori, gline, vapnenci,

pješčenjaci• pretaloživanje badenskih sedimenata• rijetki piroklastiti• koncem sarmata izdizanje i oplićavanje

___________________________________

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Hrvatska

– panon: definitivno zatvorena veza s morem, fomirano brakično jezero Panon, mjestimična transgresija na izdignute blokove• transgresija: konglomerati, lapori• kontinuitet: pločasti vapnenci, lapori• u Hrvatskom zagorju pijesci transportirani

iz Alpa• Croatica naslage, Banatica naslage• razvoj endemske faune: školjkaši, puževi,

ostrakodi

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288

Hrvatska

– pont: kontinuirano taloženje• lapori, progradacija deltnih sustava - najveći

rezervoari nafte i plina• Abichi naslage, Rhomboidea naslage

– mesinska kriza saliniteta u Sredozemnom moru• potpuno isušivanje i taloženje debelih naslaga evaporita

– pliocen (dacij i romanij): početak tektonskog izdizanja, slatkovodni okoliši • klastiti lokalnog izvorišta, ugljen• Paludinske naslage

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Hrvatska

– pleistocen: riječni i barski okoliši• klastiti• les• snažna vertikalna izdizanja i erozija

___________________________________

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Hrvatska

g) early Pleistocene

Dravadepression

Mt.Pap ukPože ga

valley

Mt.Pože škaSa va

dep ression

Mt.Motajica

M3 M3

M4 M4

M6

M6 M7

M7 QPl

Pl

M2 M2

pleistocen

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289

Hrvatska

> 450 m

> 300 m

> 450 m

> 500 m

> 300 m

> 180 m

> 50 m

> 270 m

> 300 m

> 100 m

Pz,Mz,Pg PODLOGA

MORSKO

KOMPRESIJA

K O M P R E S I J A

MORSKO

REDUCIRANISALINITET

BRAKIČNO

JEZERSKO

JEZERSK

OMOČVARNO

NISKI SALINITET

RIJEČNO JEZERSKO

EGENBURG

OTNANG

KARPAT

KARPAT

EGER

PANON

PONT

PLIOCEN

BADEN

SIN-RIFT

EKSTENZIJA

TERMALNO SPUŠTANJE

POST-RIFT

SARMAT

KVARTAR

RIJEČNO

AA

A B

BB

vulkaniti

BAZ EN HR VAT SK OG ZA GORJA SJEV ER NOHR VATS KI BA ZE N

piroklast it i uglj en vapn en ac

lapor glina krupn ozr nasti klastitis itn ozrnasti klastiti

LEGENDA

___________________________________

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___________________________________

___________________________________

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___________________________________

Bosna i Hercegovina

150

m15

00 m

200

m32

0 m

OLIGO- MIOCENE

FRES

H-W

ATER

MID

DLE

MIO

CENE

LATE

MIO

CENE

- PLI

IOCE

NEPL

IOCE

NEEA

RLY

MIOC

ENE C onger ia pe rnae fo rm is

C onger ia jad rov i

Orygo ce ras co rnic ulum

C onger ia da lm ati ca

C onger ia da lm ati ca

C onger ia da lm ati caM elanopsis sp .

ostrac ods

Pisid ium ov ulum

Orygo ce ras sp .

C onger ia d rva rensis

Fossa ru lus tri ca rina tusC li vune lla k atz eri

Plano rb is sp .Lym naea sp.Valva ta sp .Hydr ob ia sp.

LIVNO-DUVNO BASIN

(simp lif ied after Papeš, 1972, andPapeš, 1975)

• slatkovodni okoliši: riječni i jezerski• izrazito prevladavanje klastita s lokalnim izvorištima• samo endemska fauna

• u Hrvatskoj: Sinjski bazen, Pag

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Hrvatska• bazen Jadrana

– marinska sedimentacija: lapori, vapnenci, pješčenjaci, evaporiti

– mesin: isušivanje

– pleistocen: pad razine mora

70 m

170

m11

0 m

120

m60

m70

m

OLIGOCENE

MAR

INE

MIDD

LE M

IOCEN

ELATE

MIOC

ENE

EARL

Y

MIDDLE

LATE

PLIOC

ENE

PLIOCENE

PLIOCENE

EARL

Y MIO

CENE

Glo bo quad rina de hisc ensGlo bigerinoides trilobus

Glo bo ro tal ia c onomiozea

Glo bo ro tal ia m arg ari taeGlo bo ro tal ia punct ic ula ta

Glo bo ro tal ia aem iliana

Glo bo ro tal ia infla ta

Glo bo ro tal ia m ayeriOrbulina su tura li sPraeo rbulina glom erosa

Globigerinoides ob l iq uus extremus

KORALJKA-I WELL(ADRIATIC SEA)

(simplified a fter Miletić &Bajraktarević , 1995)

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290

Ledeno doba

• glacijalnimaksimum

• šest glavnih dokaza

– 1. eratički blokovi

___________________________________

___________________________________

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___________________________________

Ledeno doba

– 2. glacijalni til i bazeni pod utjecajem glacijacije

– 3. depresije na kopnu zbog težine ledenjaka

___________________________________

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Ledeno doba

– 4. glacijalnotrljanje

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291

Ledeno doba

– 5. pad razine mora

___________________________________

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Ledeno doba

– 6. migracija vrsta

___________________________________

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Ledeno doba

• polen– pomoć u

rekonstruk-ciji promjena vegetacije

– europske promjene

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292

Ledeno doba

• kronologija glacijacije

• glacijacija na sjevernoj hemisferi počela prije~3 mil. god.

___________________________________

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Ledeno doba

• promjena oceanskih strujanja u vrijeme glacijacije

___________________________________

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Ledeno doba

• globalni utjecaj klime na vegetaciju

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293

Ledeno doba

• globalan utjecaj na klimu– Sahara se

proširila

___________________________________

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Ledeno doba

• orbitalni ciklusi– promjene u

Zemljinoj orbiti su vezane uz glacijaciju

___________________________________

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Razvoj čovjeka

• miocenski čovjekoliki majmuni imali snažnu radijaciju

• najraniji čovjekoliki majmuni

___________________________________

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294

Razvoj čovjeka

___________________________________

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___________________________________

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Razvoj čovjeka

• australopitekus– prijelazni oblik između

čovjekolikih majmuna i čovjeka

Australopithecus Rani Homo Homo erectus

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Razvoj čovjeka

• otisci australopitekusa pokazuju dvonožno kretanje

___________________________________

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295

Razvoj čovjeka

• blago savinute kosti prstiju pokazuju da se australopitekus uspinjao uz drvo

___________________________________

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___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

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___________________________________

Razvoj čovjeka

• Homo– 2,4 mil. god.

Australopithecus

___________________________________

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Razvoj čovjeka

• 1,6 mil. god. dječak– Afrika

___________________________________

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296

Razvoj čovjeka

• neandertalci– Homo heidelbergensis

• Heidelberg– Homo

neanderthalensis krapinensis

• Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger

– Vindija• jedni od najmlađih u

Europi

___________________________________

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Razvoj čovjeka

• grobovi neandertalaca– glava položena

na ruku– moguće religiozni

___________________________________

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Razvoj čovjeka

• rast mozga kod primata

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297

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