UNIT IIChapter:5 Morphology of flowering plants

Content at a glance.

1. Studying the external features of plants is called Plant Morphology. A flowering plant has root (underground) and shoot (above ground) systems.2. Root is meant for anchorage and absorption of water and minerals. Some roots are modified to perform special functions as storage, Respiration and support .3. Stem holds leaves,flowers and fruits. Stems are modified to perform The function of storage, protection,climbing and photosynthesis.4. Leaves are photosynthetic organs.They are modified in certain plants to perform the job of climbing(tendril in Pea),trapping insects(Pitcher plant),protection(spines in cactus) etc.5. Leaves have either reticulate venation(Dicots) or parallel venation(Monocots)6. Leaves are arranges on stem in 3 ways. Alternate,opposite or whorled.7. Inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis.It is of 2 types.Racemose and cymose.8. Based on the position of ovary flowers are 3 types. Hypo, Peri and Epigynous.9. 4 whorls in a complete flower. Calyx(sepals) Corolla(Petals) Androecium(Stamens and Gynoecium(pistil)10. Arrangement of ovules in the ovary is called placentation. Marginal,axile,free central,parietal and basal are different types of placentation.11. Fruits are formed after fertilization.Parthenocarpic fruits are formed without fertilization. Fruit wall has epi,meso and endocarp.12. Seeds have seed coat and embryo.Embryio has cotyledons, plumule and radicle.Monocot seeds generally have endosperm (endospermouus seeds) ans dicots are mostly non-endospermous seeds.13.Description of flower can be simplified with the representation of floral formula and floral diagram.14. Fabaceae(Pea family/Lugume family)Solanaceae(Potato/Brinjal family),(Both dicots) Liliaceae(Lily/Onion family-Monocots) include many economically important plants

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. Draw a labelled diagram of a monocot seed to show its embryo.

2. Differentiate between Racemose and Cymose inflorescence. Ans. Racemose CymoseIndefinite growth of inflorescence axis Definite growthAcropetal arrangement of flowers basipetal3. Draw the floral diagram and write the floral formula of Fabaceae flower.

Br, K(5) C 1+2+(2), A (9)+1, G 1

Definitions

Pulvinus: The swollen leaf base in legume plantsVenation: Arrangement of veins in lamina of leafPhyllotaxy: Arrangement of leaves on stem.Inflorescence: Arrangement of flowers on inflorescence axis.Parthenocarpy: Development of fruit without fertilization

Mind mapping1. Explain various stem modifications.

Storage and Grass/strawberry,mint/jasmine tendrils & thornsPerennation Pisia,Chrysanthemum/Banana/Pineapple

Ginger,Potato,Colacasia,Onion etc

2. Explain various types of placentation.Ans. Placentation is arrangement of ovules in the ovary.

Marginal Axile Parietal free central Basal

Ovules on ovules on on inner on central axis, from base,ridge axial wall of ovary no septa single ovule Eg. Pea Eg Hibiscus Eg.mustard Eg.Primrose Eg.sunflower

STEMS

Underground stems

Sub-aerial stems

Aerial stems

Placentation

HOTS1. While digging the soil, you find a tuberous, swollen plant part. How would you identify whether it is a stem or root?A.

Stem RootNodes and internodes present No nodes and internodes. .Scale leaves and axillary buds present No leaves and buds

2. What benefits are offered to a leaf by a long petiole ?A. 1.hold the leaf lamina to light 2. Allows leaf blade to flutter in wind and helps in cooling of leaf/allow fresh air to leaf surface.3. What kind of root modifications are found in the following? a. Banyan b. Maize c. Mangrove plants d. CarrotAns. Prop roots for support, stilt roots for support, Pnematophores for breathing, Storage of food.(respectively)

VBQs1. A student of class XI feels that the introduction of plant morphology in his syllabus is to load his mind with many technical terms and botanical names. His teacher tells him that studying morphology has several traditional values and is of economic importance. List any 3 advantages of studying it. What value is being shown by the teacher?

Ans. Help in identifying the plants, to use them as medicines, to predict the flowering period and plan accordingly (to help the farmer) Concern for nature and promoting the enthusiasm to learn.

2. Students of class XI along with their biology teacher went on excursion to a Botanical garden.They saw a few pitcher plants.Rajesh plucked 2 such pitchers and wanted to preserve them in the lab museum while Rakesh took its photograph in various angles. Teacher appreciated Rakesh.

i. What values(any 2) did Rakesh show?ii. What is the speciality of pitcher plant?iii.What kind of soils support such plants?

Ans. Respect for nature/Scientific attitude/Vision for future/Protecting the vulnerable sps/biodiversity ii. Its an insectivorous plant.

Chapter 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTSContent at a glance

1. Studying the internal structure of plants is Plant Anatomy.

2. Cells form tissues to perform a specific function.

3. Plant tissues are basically of 3 types .Protective

tissue(Epidermis),Temporary tissue(Meristematic) and Permanent

tissue.(Simple tissues such as Parenchyma, Collenchyma and

Sclerenchyma) Complex tissues such as Xylem and Phloem(These are also

called Vascular tissue)

4. In transverse section(TS), stem shows collateral,conjoint vascular

bundles,endarch condition. Dicot stem vascular bundles are OPEN

while in monocots they are closed.Monocot stem has scattered vascular

bundles.

5. In TS of root,vascular bundles appear radial,separate, exarch.The

number of xylem elements are less and no pith in dicot root while the

xylem elements are more with pth in monocot root.

6. Leaves have upper and lower epidermis with mesophyll in

between. Dicots have palisade and spongy parenchyma in mesophyll

while such differentiation is not seen in monocot leaves.

7. Dicots undergo secondary thickening of stems and roots in a specific

manner. Seasons influence the activity of cambium and regulate

secondary growth of plants.

8. Plants grow girth-wise due to secondary growth in their stelar and

cortical regions.

9. Secondayr Xylem secondary Phloem and medullary rays are formed

during secondary thickening.Epidermis is replaced by bark. Stomata are

replaced by lenticels.

Most important questions

1. Draw a labeled diagram to show the location of 3 different types of meristems.

2. What are the differences between dicot and monocot stem anatomy?

Dicot stem Monocot stemRing like arrangement of vascular bundles Scattered bundlesOpen with cambium No cambium hence closed

3. What are the differences between dicot and monocot root anatomy?

Dicot root Monocot rootLess number of xylem elements(3-5) More number( > 5)No pith Pith present

5. Differentiate between the anatomy of stem and root.

STEM ROOTMulti cellular epidermal hairs Unicellular hairsCollateral conjoint bundles Radial,separateendarch exarch

Important Definitions

Exarch: Protoxylem towards periphery and metaxylem towards centre.Endarch: Protoxylem towards centre and metaxylem towards periphery.

Mind mapping

PLANT TISSUE

Epidermal tissue(Protection,gaseous exchange Transpiration

Temporary(Meristematic, actively dividing,produce new tissues

Permanent tissue

Complex tissueSimple tissue

Parenchyma

collenchyma

sclerenchyma

Xylem Phloem

Living,Storage

Dead Rigidity

Dead,Transportation of water

Living,Transportation of food

HOTs1. Mango and coconut are categorized as Drupe fruits.What are the edible parts in these fruits in terms of Morphology? What does the water in tender coconut represent?A. Mango—Mesocarp, Coconut- endosperm, Coconut water represents free nuclear endosperm.2. While eating guava or custard apple, we find gritty substance in their pulp.What are these structures called?Do these cells have the ability to divide. Give reason. Sclereids, no..they are dead and hence can not divide.3. Cattle graze on grass. Still grass continues to grow. Which tissue makes it possible?Why don’t grasses grow girth-wise like that of mango or tamarind plants?Ans. Due to intercalary meristem in grass stems. No cambium between vascular bundles,Closed vascular bundles. No secondary thickening.4. The TS of an old stem shows concentric rings/growth rings.How are these rings formed? How are they significant to us? Ans. These rings are called Annual rings which are formed due to the formation of secondary xylem.Helps us calculate the age of the tree. 5. Cell organ organ system organism. What is the link missing in this chain?What adavantage do organisms with different levels of organization have?A. Tissue is the missing link. Division of labour, loss of few cells do not have major impact on the organism, efficiency in metabolism.6. A student is given 3 microscopic slides of plant anatomy and observed the following. What can he identify them as? i. Open vascular bundles with collateral and conjoint arrangement. ii. Scattered vascular bundles,collateral conjoint arrangement. iii. Radial,separate and a few vascular xylem elements with no pith.Ans. i. Dicot stem ii. Monocot stem iii. Dicot root.7. Why are maize and rice considered grains but not seeds.Ans. In many monocots ,the fruit wall is attached to the seed. Hence they are fruits or grains.

8. Differentiate between a lenticel and a stomata. Ans.

Lenticel StomataPore on the surface of older stems not bound by guard cells.

present in younger parts and leaves. Bound by guard cells.

They have complementary cells No cpmplementary cells

9. Justify the statement that blood is a connective tissue. Blood connects various body parts through its flow.It has loosely arranged cells such as RBCs and WBCs and fluid matrix called Plasma.

10. How do gap junctions facilitate communication between cells?Ans. By connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells and transferring ions,molecules very rapidly.

VBQs1. Ajit’s sister finds the leaves of grass rolled in winter.She thinks that their long lamina is responsible for the rolling.Ajit explains her the mechanism. i. What is the reason for such rolling? ii.What advantage does it offer to the plant? iii. Mention any 2 values shown by Ajit.

Ans. Bulliform cells, it minimizes water loss,sharing knowledge and dispelling myths.

2. Ranbir went to a village fair but refused to go for a ride on merry go round.He feels that the fast movement of the chair will displace his internal organs.His friends convinced him saying that it will not happen by mere fast circular motion.

1.What supports the internal organs of our body and prevents their displacement??2. Give 2 examples of such supporting structures in our body.3. What value is shown by his friends?

Ans. Connective tissue, tendon/ligament/areolar/adipose. Concern for friend/sharing knowledge/dispelling myth/awareness************************************************************

Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals Content at a glance

1. Animal tissues are classified in to Epithelial tissue,Connective tissue,Muscle tissue and Nerve tissue.

2. Epithelial tissue is meant for protection, absorption and secretion.It covers or lines the organs.Glands are modified epithelial tissue.

3. Connective tissue links and supports other tissues. Areolar,adipose,Bone,Cartilage,tendon, Ligament and Bloodare some connective tissues.

4. Muscle tissue has ability to contract and relax. Striated muscles,smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are 3 different types of muscle tissues.

5. Nerve tissue has neurons and non-neural neuroglia.6. Insect body has 3 parts, Head,Thorax and abdomen.7. Male cockroach differs from female cockroach in having anal styles and

position of genital pouch.8. Trachea are the respiratory organs, Malpighian tubules are the excretory

organs in cockroach.

Important Definitions:Monoecious: One organism bearing male and female sex organs. Eg. EarthwormDioecious: male and female sex organs in different organisms of the species Eg. Cockroach,Humanbeings

Most important questions1. Explain various types of muscle tissue with the help of diagrams.

Striated Unstriated/smooth cardiaccylindrical,unbranched spindle shaped cylindrical branched

multi nucleated single nucleus single nucleusdark and light bands No bands Faint bands

voluntary involuntary involuntary

2. Differentiate between a tendon and a ligamentTendon Ligament

Connects muscle to bone Connects bone to boneMore strength and less flexibility More flexibility

3. Differentiate between bone and cartilage.Bone cartilage

Cells in concentric rings Cells occur single or in pairMatrix rich in Ca and P Matrix with sugar and protein

4. Explain the functions of the following in cockroach i. hepatica caeca(in digestive system) ii. Gizzard(in digestive system) iii. malpighian tubules iv. Trachea v. ootheca

structure functionhepatica caeca Secretion of digestive enzymes

gizzard grinding of foodMalpighian tubules excretion

trachea respirationootheca Protects eggs (in cockroach)

HOTs

1. Justify the statement that blood is a connective tissue. Ans. Blood connects various body parts through its flow.It has loosely arranged cells such as RBCs and WBCs and fluid matrix called Plasma.

2. How do gap junctions facilitate communication between cells?Ans. By connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells and transferring ions,molecules very rapidly.

3. What is the advantage of having ciliated epithelium in the inner

linings of bronchioles? Ans. To move mucus in a specific direction and to clean up.

VBQs

1. Ranbir went to a village fair but refused to go for a ride on merry go round.He feels that the fast movement of the chair will displace his internal organs.His friends convinced him saying that it will not happen by mere fast circular motion.

1.What supports the internal organs of our body and prevents their displacement??2. Give 2 examples of such supporting structures in our body.3. What value is shown by his friends?

Ans. Connective tissue, tendon/ligament/areolar/adipose. Concern for friend/sharing knowledge/dispelling myth/awareness

***************************************************Unit III Chapter 8, Cell-The unit of life

Content at a glance1. Cell theory states that all living beings are made of cells and their products.2. Prokaryotes have no membrane bound nucleus and no membrane bound

organelles.Their genetic material is concentrated at NUCLEOID region.Bacteria are of 2 types based on stainability (gram +ve and Gram –ve)

3. Depending on the shape of bacteria are classified as bacilli(rod) cocci(spherical),spirilli(spiral) and vibrio(comma shape).

4. Plant cell,animal cell and fungal cell have proper membrane bound nucleus and are called Eukaryotic.

5. Plant cell has cell wall ,large vacuole and plastids.6. Mitochondria,ER,golgi,lysosomes,ribosomes etc are various common cell

organelles of eukaryotes.7. Animal cell has no cell wall. It has centriole and centrosome.8. Chromosomes are classified as metacentric, Sub-metacentric, Acro-centric and

telocentric based on the position of centromere.

Important Definitions:Osmosis: Movement of water from the area of low solute conc to the area of high soplute conc through a semi-permeable membrane.Active transport: Movement of ions against concentration gradient(Up-hill tranasport). ATP used.

Eg. Na-K pumps

Passive transport: Movement of ions down the concentration gradient(down-hill tranasport). No ATP used Eg. Osmosis, Diffusion

Most important questions

1. Differentiate between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.Prokaryote EukaryoteNo membrane bound nucleus Proper nucleusNo membrane bound organelles Membrane bound organelles such as

mitochondria,vacuole are present.

2. Explain fluid mosaic membrane concept. i. Protein icebergs in sea of lipids ii. Protein-bi-lipid membraneiii. Peripheral and integral proteins are present.

3. Draw labelled diagrams of 4 types of chromosomes based on the position of their centromere.

4. Wrie the functions of the following . i. Chloroplast ii Mitochondria iii ER iv. Golgi v. Vacuole

Photosynthesis respiration lipid and Packing storage

and ATP protein synthesis & release transport

Mind mapping3. Various types of cells, organelles and functions.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Eg. Bacteria Plant cell Animal celli. Cell envelope cell wall Nucleus ii.mesosome Nucleus Mitochondriaiii.pili Plastid Golgi and ERiv. flagellum Mitochondrion Centrosome v. NUCLEOID Golgi and ER Centriole vi. ribosome Vacuole Lysosome--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NUCLEUS contains genetic materialMitochondrion respiration-energy storingPlastids photosynthesis/colours/storageCell wall rigidity and shapeCell membrane osmosis/transportVacuole storageER lipid(SER) and Protein synthesis(RER)Golgi packing and transportLysosomes suicide bagsRibosomes protein synthesis

HOTs1. Reason why i. nucleoli are larger in cells which carry active protein synthesis.ii. Water soluble compounds are transported across the membrane.iii. Golgi apparatus remains closely associated with ER.Ans. Nucleoli are the sites for RNA synthesis. Polar substances cannot pass through lipid part of membrane and hence they are transported through membrane receptor proteins

CELLS

across the membrane. Materials synthesized by ER are packed and transported by Golgi.2. What advantage does a cell get by having membranous extensions?A. increased surface area for activities.3. Ribosomes are invariably found in the cytoplasm all types of cells. What other sites within the cell lodge them?A. Plastids and Mitochondria4. If the cell membrane of the cell is damaged, which cell organelle is associated with its formation? Why?Ans. ER. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum forms lipids and RER forms proteins.Cell membrane is made of proteins and lipids.5. In the sequential order of formation, arrange the following layers of a plant cell. Middle lamella, secondar wall and primary wall.Ans. Middle lamella, primary wall and secondary wall.

VBQs

1. A farmer adds cyanobacteria to his rice fields every year.His son aged 15 years thinks that these filaments are eaten by the rice plants and produce more grains. How will you make him understand the fact?i.What value are you following to make him understand?ii. How is adding Cyanobacteria helping the farmer?iii. What additional advantage is the farmer getting out of it?

Ans. Plants are autotrophs and do not “eat” any food from Outside. Sharing the knowledge/creating awareness about organisms It makes soil fertile. He can save money/no chemical fertilizer-no pollution.

2. A student of class V thinks that Trees are hard to touch and a cat is soft because trees are non-living and dead while cat is a living being.His teacher tells him that both these organisms Have life and harming a tree is as bad as killing a cat. i. Why are the surfaces of tree hard? ii. Why is cat’s body soft to touch?iii. What 2 values did the teacher show in this situation?

Ans. Presence of cellulose and suberin

Absence of cell wall. Concern for nature, sharing knowledge, Professional ethics.

Chapter 9, Biomolecules Content at a glance

1. Chemical analysis of living tissue reveals the presence of various organic compounds such as Carbohydrates,Proteins,Lipids, Nucleic acids etc.2. Sugars are the simple carbohydrates (Micro-molecules)They are pentoses and hexoses.(Both called Monosaccharides)3. Monosaccharides join through glycosidic bond to form polymers(polysaccharides) such as cellulose,starch,Chitin and Glycogen.4. Aminoacids are the monomers of Proteins.Essential aminoacids are to be taken in our diet as our body can not synthesise them.Proteins play several roles in the body of organisms.Eg Collagen is structural protein,Antibodies are protective and Enzymes and hormone regulate several chemical reactions.5. Lipids have glycerol and fatty acids in them.6. Nucleic acids are polynucleotide chains.7. Each nucleotide has a pentose sugar, N2 base and phosphate group.8. Nucleotides are linked through phosphor-diester bonds.RNA has AUGC bases while DNA has ATGC.9. Enzymes have 3-d structure such as tertiary and quaternary.They form temporary complex with substrate and catalyse the reaction to form products.10. Enzymes are very sensitive and get denatured at high temperature and pH change. This is called inhibition of enzymes.11. Enzymes have a protein part called apoenzyme and a non-protein part called co-factor.

Definitions:Glycosidic bond: The bond between two monosaccharide units.Peptide bond: The bond between two amino acids.Phospho-di-ester bond: The bond between 2 nucleotides.

Co-factor: The non protein part of enzyme which makes it functionally active.

Important questions

1. Schematically represent an aminoacid. What bond is found between 2 aminoacids, on dehydration?

Peptide bond is formed between two aminoacids.

2. What is a nucleotide?Pentose sugar+ N2 base+ PO4 group

3. What are N2 bases in nucleic acids. Categorise them in to Purines and Pyrimidines. Adenine and Guanine PurinesThymine,Cytosine,Uracil Pyrimidines.

4. Differentiate between DNA and RNA.DNA RNA

Double stranded Single strandDeoxyribose sugar Ribose sugarA,T,G,C bases A,U,G and C basesUniversal genetic material Genetic material in a few viruses

5. Write any 4 important features of enzymes. Ans. i. reaction specific ii. Sensitive to chnge in temp. and pH iii. Has 3-D structure to be functional, iv. Binds with substrate at active site like a key is bound to the lock.

6. How does competitive inhibition of enzyme occur? Inhibitor molecue, which is structurally similar to substrate will bind to the active site of the enzyme stops the activity no product formed. Inhibitor concentration should be higher to inhibit the action.

7. What are the 6 classes of enzymes?Ans. Oxido-reductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Isomerases, Ligases and Lyases

Mind mapping

Prosthetic Co-enzyme metal ions

Organic molecule, organic molecule inorganic ionstightly bound to the bound loosely only apoenzyme during catalytic action

HOTs

1. Why are certain amino acids be included compulsorily in our diet?What are such amino acids called?2. Reason why Iodine gives blue black colour with Starch but not cellulose.Ans. Starch forms helical secondary structures which can hold iodine while cellulose does not have such helices.3. The first amino acid of a polypeptide is termed N terminal while the last one is called C terminal.Why?Ans. The first amino acid has free amino group while the last one has free carboxylic acid group(no peptide bonds) at that end.4. Classifythe following in to Primary and secondary metabolites. Cellulose, RNA, Lectins, Carotenoids,GlucoseAns Primary metabolites Secondary metabolitesCellulose,RNA and Glucose Lectins and carotenoids.

Protein part called Apoenzyme pAPOENZYME

ENZYME

non-protein part called co-factor

VBQs1. Karun’s father asked Karun to book a ticket online and hand over the printout. Instead Karun opted for sms. His father scolded Karun for not obeying his words.

i.What value did Karun exhibit?ii.What reason would have been given by Karun for not taking the print-out?iii. Name the biomolecule and its composition that constitutes the paper.

Ans. To save paper/conservation of trees/concern for nature and natural resources. The amount of cellulose manufactured in plants is far less than the amount of paper used by the people. Cutting more trees to meet the demand results in de-forestation and global warming.

Cellulose, a polysaccharide,monomeric unit is glucose.

2. While treating an infection, Dr.Sumanth enquired the patient whether he is allergic to sulpha drugs. He also tested the patient’s tolerance to this antibiotic and cured his infection.

i.What value was shown by the doctor?ii.How do sulpha drugs cure the infection?iii . Show schematically the kind of action in the above reaction.

Ans. Professional ethics/concern for patient They control bacterial multiplication/growth and control infection. Sulpha drugs are the competitive inhibitors for bacterial enzymes. They occupy active site(similar in structure of bacterial substrates) of the enzyme in higher conc. And prevent the formation of growth promoting substances in bacteria and thus control the infections.

3. Eswari’s grandson has been suffering from cold and weakness for 5 days and she thinks that it is due to the black magic performed against him by her neighbour. Donghi baba of their village gives her 3 lime fruits after performing pooja and the child consumes them for 3 days and feels relieved. The village head says that lime contains some vitamin which will regulate the activities in the body and black magic is all a myth.

i. What vitamin is present in lemon ?ii. What values did the village head show?

iii. How will you justify the statement of the village head with your knowledge in biology?Ans. Vitamin C Social responsibility/scientific attitudeVitamins become a part of co-enzymes to make the enzymes functional. Due to the deficiency of such vitamins, chemical reactions are not catalysed and body suffers discomfort. Thus lemon makes a good nutritive supplement to relieve the patients from common cold /weakness

Chapter 10- Cell Cycle and Cell Division Content at a glance

1. Every cell capable of dividing will undergo CELL CYCLE.2. Cell cycle has 2 stages….Interphase and Mitotic phase.3. Interphase has G1,S and G2 phase. During S phase DNA is duplicated.4. Mitosis is called EQUATIONAL DIVISION.The daughter cells get same chromosomal number as that in the parent cell. It serves growth, repair and also reproduction(in case of unicellular)5. Meiosis is called REDUCTION DIVISION as the daughter cells get half the number of chromosomes.

MITOSIS

Final product 2 cells

2n=12

2n=12

2n=12

MEIOSIS

Final product 4 cellsImportant Definitions

Karyokinesis: Division of nucleus during cell division.Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm during cell division.Chiasmata: The X shaped structures where the bivalent chromosomes have contact, even after crossing over.Bivalent/tetrad: Complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes

Most important questions

1. What are the important phases of cell cycle? Interphase G1 S G2 Mitosis

2. What are the steps in Mitosis division.

Karyokinesis Cytokinesis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and telophase

3. What are the various sub phases of Prophase I of meiosis I. Leptotene,Zygotene,Pachytene , Diplotene and Diakinesis.

2n=12

n=6

n=6

n = 6

n = 6

4. What is the significance of Mitosis? Growth,repair, reproduction in case of unicellular organisms,maintain cytoplasm and nucleus ratio

5. What is the significance of Meiosis? Reduction in the number of chromosomes(halved), crossing over , recombination which leads to variations

HOTs1. How would Mitosis be affected if interphase does not precede it?Ans. No S phase occurs.No duplication of genetic material hence mitosis can not occur.2. When a fungal cell underwent cell division thrice,it is expected to produce 8 cells but instead a single cell with 8 nuclei is found.What could have happened?Ans. Absence of cytokinesis resulted in this effect.3. How is interphase different from interkinesis?Ans.

Interphase Interkinesisthe phase of cell between two mitotic divisions

the gap between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

VBQs1. Atul took part in a “walk” protesting the use of plastics.His skin in the sole of feet is ruptured due to his long walk.His mother is scared that he lost the skin of his feet and will never get it back. Atul consoled her by saying that the skin will become normal within few days.

1. What value did Atul show by taking part in such walks?

2. What mechanism will his feet undergo to come back to normalcy?

3. What value did he show while consoling his mother?

Ans. Social responsibility/ creating awareness in public/concern for

environmental safety

Mitosis division to repair the damaged cells.

Concern for parents/sharing knowledge

Values that are to be imbibed among the students.

OTBA-CLASS XITips for answering OTB questions. 1. Do not copy the content from the text book/material supplied.2. Understand the question and write your answers in your own words with originality and creativity without bothering much about the grammatical errors.3. OTBA is not to test your content and memory. Its to test your level of thinking skills.Feel free to express your opinions as there are no fixed answers for these questions. Any convincing answer will fetch you marks.

UNIT I : DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLDChapter: The Living world

VSA type qns (1mark)1. In higher plants, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events.What do you understand by this?(Pg No 4)2. A student has taken copper sulphate crystal and arranged in the following way.The crystal grew bigger after some time. If he thinks that the growth of the crystal is a feature that living beings show, how can you convince him that it is not so always.(Pg No 4)

Cu SO4

Water

3. Justify the statement that “metabolism and consciousness are the defining features of life while reproduction is not”, citing an example. (Pg No 4 &5)4. Give two examples to show that organisms are aware of their

1. Professional ethics 2.Civic sense 3. Concern for nature and conservation of natural resources 4. Concern for others/elders/family members/friends. 5. Sharing knowledge/creating awareness/dispelling myths 6. Social responsibility 7. Protection of bio-diversity 8. Helping attitude 9. respecting the government/respecting the law 10. Social commitment and sensitivity towards social issues. 11. Sympathy 12. Alertness/maturity/openness 13.love for animals/nature 14. Scientific attitude/keen observation. 15. Care for environment and public health. 16. Brave and protesting the injustice and inequality / discrimination

surroundings.(pg no 5)5. Mention any two “quick” referral systems in taxonomical studies. (pg no 11 & 12)

SA 1 and SA2 type qns (2m and 3m qns)

1 We come across autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes, parasites, symbionts and decomposers. How do they all act as a team to maintain equilibrium in nature in terms of energy, nutritional requirement and population control?2. What is the advantage of having scientific names to organisms?3. A student while typing thscientific name of mango as “ mangifera Indica”. List any 3 mistakes that he committed in typing it.4. Kingdom Phylum Class order family Genus Species Observe the hierarchial arrangement and answer the following. i. Which taxa will include more number of organisms? Class or genus? ii. The members of which taxa exhibit more similarities than dissimilarities? Class or Family?(pg nos 9-10)iii. Is the number standard and constant in each taxa every year?Reason your answer.(Pg no 6)5. Small kids enjoy visiting botanical gardens, museums and Zoo.What is their objective in visiting them?What other purpose do these places serve for school and college students?(pg no 13)

5m questions.1. Match the following jumbled organisms/taxa in to the correct phylum/division/class/family/order/Genus they belong to.(pg No 11)

2. “Taxonomic groups are distinct biological entities and not merely morphological aggregates”. Explain.(pg nos 8-10)

Bat

Dipteran

Mango Ric

e

Dicot

Man

insect

Homo

MammalMonoc

ot

UNIT I : DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

Chapter: BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONVSA type qns(1m)

1. How are cyanobacteria superior to Rhizobium bacteria?(pg no 19)2. What property of diatomaceous earth make them suitable for filtration of syrups?(Pg no 20)3. Most of the members of “once” deuteromycetes are at present either asco or basidiomycetes. Give reason for this change in their placement. (pg no 24)4. Why are viruses not considered “living” by Whittaker?(pg no 26)5. Justify the statement that Lichens are considered “bio-indicators”. (pg no 27)

SA1and SA 2 type questions (2& 3 marks)1. Bacterial structure is very simple but they exhibit complex behaviour. Discuss.2. Observe the strategies folooed by 3 scientists.Whose classification is artificial and whose is natural and why?

Taxonomist 1: Classified animals based on presence or absence of wings. Taxonomist 2: Classified yeasts under fungi but not under Protista. Taxonomist 3: Classified Chlamydomonas under Algae but not under Protista.3. Give any four reasons why 2 kingdom classification was inadequate.4. What features of euglena make it exhibit dual mode of life?5. Protistan forms a link between various other groups of eukaryotes. Discuss whether this statement is appropriate and why.

LA type qns(5m)1. Discuss i. various ill effects of fungi on other living beings. ii. economic importance of fungi in nature.2. Explain in detail i. the role of useful bacteria in our daily life as well as in nature. ii. harmful effects of virus.

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MODEL QUESTION PAPER CLASS XI2014-2015.

Blue printMARKS

UNIT

VSA1 M

SA I2 M

SA II3 M

VBQ4M

LA5M

TOTAL

II(Structural organization in Plants and Animals)

- 1(2M) 3(9M) - 11M

III(Cell structure and functions)

2(2M) 1(2M) 2(6M) 1(5M) 15M

IV(Plant

physiology)

1(1M) 1(2M) 3(9M) 1(5M) 17M

V(Animal

Physiology)

1(IM) 2(4) 4(12M) - 17M

I (OTBA)(Diversity in the

living world)

1(1M) 2(4) - 1(4M) 1(5M) 10M

TOTAL 5M 10M 36M 4M 15M 70M

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, BHUBANESWAR REGIONMODEL QUESTION PAPER 2014-2015

Class: XI Max. Marks : 70Sub: BIOLOGY Time allowed: 3 hrs

Section A ( 1 m questions)

1. How are bacteria classified based on their stainability?2. Name the i. abundant animal protein ii. most abundant protein in biosphere.3. Name the primary CO2 acceptor in C4 plants.4. Name any two disorders related to muscular and skeletal system.

Section B ( 2 m questions)

5. How do the excretory organs in Cockroach facilitate the removal of nitrogenous wastes?In what form are these wastes excreted by the insect?6. What are the salient features of the model of the cell membrane according to Singer and Nicolson?7. What experiment do you perform so as to know and identify the tissue through which food is transported? What inference do you draw from your observations?8 Explain the terms deglutition and chylomicron. 9. Name the hormones that are released to perform the following actions in human body i. initiating vigorous contractions of uterus during child birth. ii. reducing water loss through urine. iii. increasing the Ca 2+ levels in the blood. iv. reducing the cellular glucose uptake.

Section C ( 3m questions)10. Draw a labeled diagram of maize seed to show its a. cotyledon b.aleurone layer c. endosperm d. seed coat

11. Observe the following diagrams and answer the questions that follow. i.

ii. If A and B are two different molecules, what kind of transport is shown in each unit of the cell membrane in the above picture?ii.

q. i. What structures facilitate the movement of water from epidermis to cortex through symplast path way? ii. What chemical makes the casparian strips of endodermis? iii. Why is symplast the only way for movement of water through endodermis?12 . After the secondary growth in stems, how are the new protective cell layers in cortical region be formed?Explain. OR What are the three types of cell junctions found associated with epithelial tissue? What function do they perform?13. Draw the general floral diagram of member of Fabaceae family and write its floral formula.14. Highlight the differences between RNA and DNA15. In which stage/phase of Meiosis,the following events occur? i. terminalisation of chiasmata. ii. Pairing of homologous chromosomes iii. Crossing over of non-sister chromatids16. Show diagrammatically the sequential order of events of Glycolysis in a plant cell.

17. The growth of lateral buds is inhibited by the terminal part of plant. What is this phenomenon called? Which PGR is responsible for it? Name one such natural PGR of this group.

18. How is CO2 transported in our blood?Explain.OR

Define the terms (with reference to respiratory volumes and capacities) i. TV ii RV iii. VC19. What causes the formation of reddish brown scum at the site of a cut/injury? Explain the events in the sequential order. 20. Which theory best explains the mechanism of muscle contraction?Show diagrammatically the formation and breaking of cross bridges.21. How does a protein hormone enters the target cell and shows its effect?

Section D ( 5m questions)

22. Explain various steps in the formation of root nodules in legumes.Draw thwe nitrogen cycle to show the relationship between the 3 main nitrogen pools.

OR Differentiate between cyclic and non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation. How do light and temperature affect the rate of Photosynthesis?

23. A plant cell with 2n= 6 undergoes cell division to produce 2 daughter cells with 12 chromosomes each in them. Name the type of cell division and explain its various phases with the help of diagrams.

OR What are the 6 classes of enzymes? What reaction do they catalyse? Give one example each of such class of enzyme.

SECTION E (OTBA)24. How is the genetic material of a bacteriophage different from that of a TMV? (1 mark ) 25. Ajit’s grandmother finds a colony of white button shaped structures on the logs and stumps near the cattle shed after a spell of rain. She thinks that this is a wonder and these structures are some heavenly bodies. She,being a pure vegetarian, also feels that eating them is equal to eating meat. Ajit being a student of Biology tries to explain and she is convinced and will prepare a traditional delicacy using them. i. What value is shown by Ajit?ii. What convincing explanation did he give to dispel the myth?

iii. Write two features of these organisms with reference to their mode of nutrition and mode of reproduction. (VBQ) (1+1+2 marks) 26. Ratan found a horticulturist transporting stem cuttings wrapped in a biotic/living packing material. On enquiring, he found that the packing material keeps the stems fresh during trans-shipment. OTBA (5 m)

i. What could be the probable living packing material used in this case?ii . What ability of the material keeps the stem cuttings fresh during trans-shipment?iii. What fuel of economic importance is obtained from it?iv. What ecological impact do they have with reference to water run off?v. With which other organisms do they combine to colonise rocks during ecological succession?

ORWe find lot of diversity among animals and plants around us and understand that these adaptations help them to survive successfully. Discuss how such adaptations in these organisms help them to cope up with their habitat, metabolic demands, nutritional demands and waste elimination.

***********************************************************

MARKING SCHEME Pg No 1

Q. No Value Points Division of marks

total

Remarks

1 Gram +ve and Gram –ve ½+ 1/2 12 Collagen and RUBISCO ½+1/2 13 PEP 1 14 Any two disorders ½+1/2 15 Bacteriophage-DNA, TMV- RNA ½+1/2 1 OTBA6 Malpighian tubules collect wastes from

haemolymph and excrete them in the form of uric acid.

½+1/2+1 2

7 Protein-bi-lipid membrane, Peripheral and integral proteins, fluid-mosaic model, quasi-fluid/ fluidity enabling the lateral movement of proteins, Protein icebergs in a sea of lipids, hydrophilic head with 2 hydrophobic tails for lipid molecule.

Any 4 points 1/2 m each

2 Diagrammatic representation with relevant material also can be considered.

8 Girdling exptPhloem tissue is responsible for transport of food.

1m1m

2 Procedure of the expt need not be written.

9 Deglutition:conveyance of bolus in to pharynx and then to food pipe by swallowing.Chylomicrons: end products of fat digestion are insoluble in water and hence are reformed to fat globules coated by proteins and are transported to lymph vessels in the form of chylomicrons.

1+1 2

10 Oxytocin, ADH/ Vasopressin, PTH, Glucagon ½ m each 211 Diagram and parts Correct

diagram 1 m, each labelling 1/2 m

3 Pg no. 77, fig 5.19 b.

12 i. Antiport, symport and uniportii. i. Plasmodesmata, ii. Suberin iii. Strips are impervious to water

i. ½ m eachii. ½ m each

3

13 Mentioning the names of Phellogen, formation of Phellem and Phelloderm.Their position either needs to be explained or diagrammatic

½ X 6= 3 m Alternate common names of

representation ORNames of three types of junctions(Tight,adhering and gap junctions)and their functions(stops leakage of substances,cementing neighbouring cells, communication between the cells respectively)

½ X 6= 3m

layers may be mentioned.

14 Floral diagram & Floral formula 2m+ 1m 3

15 DNA RNADouble helix Single strandedUniversal genetic material

A few viruses have this as genetic material

Thymine UracilDe-oxy ribose sugar Ribose sugar

Any 3 differences 3

m

3

16 Diakinesis,Zygotene and Pachytene respectively.

1m each 3

17 Pg 229,Fig 14.1 3 No of ATP,order of events are to be valued.

18 Apical dominance, AuxinIAA and IBA

1 m each½ m each

19 In 3 forms- as CO2 in plasma,as carbamino haemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions in RBC.When pCO2 is more in tissues,CO2 binds with Hb and on reaching lungs this carbamino haemoglobin dissociates.CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3

-+ H+

in alveoli pCO2is less and hence CO2 diffuses out. ORTV: Vol of air inspired and expired during normal respiration(6000 to 8000ml/min)RV:Vol of air left in lungs even after forceful expiration(1100ml to 1200 ml)VC:max volume of air a person can breathe in after a forceful expiration/ max vol of air a

1+1+1

Each definition 1 m

3

3

Partial pressures need

to be mentioned.

person can breathe out after forceful inspiration.(ERV+TV+IRV)

20 Injury stimulates platelets release Thrombokinase.Thrombokinase converts pro-thrombin to thrombinThrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin which traps RBCs and form the clot.

Each step 1m 3 Sequential order to be

written

21 Sliding filament theory 1m

2m3

22 1. hormone binds with membrane receptor and forms hormone-receptor complex2. second messenger such as C AMP,IP3 /Ca2+

generated.3. cellular effects regulated.

Each 1m/diagramma

tic representation

3

23 Value: dispelling the myth/any relevant valueThey are mushrooms,fungi and are not animalsSaprophytic, umbrella shaped structures are fruiting bodies,a mode of sexual reproduction

1m each point 4

24 3 steps in the formation of nodulesFig 12.4 in Pg no 201

ORCyclic Non-Cyclic

P 700 involved Both P680 and P700 involved

Electron lost by the pigment reaches back the same

Electron lost from the pigment is not returned back

Only ATP is produced Both ATP and

3 m2 m

Any 3 differences 3

5

NADPH are producedWater is not involved hence no Oxygen evolves

Spliting of water occurs and hence O2 is evolved.

Low temperatures inactivates enzymes and high temperature denatures the enzymes hence rate of ph.synth reduces.

At high light intensity, Ph.Synth rate increases.But very high light intensity may destroy photo centres and rate may reduce.

m

2m

5

25 MITOSIS (1m)Diagrams with explanation 4m

ORNames of 6 classesActions of any four enzymes with example

5m

Each ½ m= 3m2m

26 Bog moss,retains more water,Peet fuel,prevent soil erosion, with Lichens

ORRelevant adaptations of plants and animals(any five)

1m each

1m each5

CHAPTER-11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

IMPORTANT TERMS/ SUMMARY1. Plants obtain a variety of inorganic ions and salts from the soil dissolved in

water.2. Transport across the cell membrane takes place by passive transport (diffusion,

facilitated diffusion) or active transport.3. In the plants water and minerals are transported through Xylem and organic

food materials are transported through Phloem.4. In the passive transport nutrients move- down the concentration gradient and

does not require energy.6. Water moves across the semi-permeable membrane by the process of

Osmosis.7. The movement of water in the plants depends on Water potential.8. Water potential is the potential energy of water which helps in the absoption

and movement of water across the semi-permeable membrane.9. In active transport absorption and movement molecules or ions takes place

against the concentration gradient.10. In the hypertonic medium plant cells get Plasmolysed.11. In the higher plants water, minerals and food are transported by a mass flow

system in bulk from one part to another as a result of pressure difference.12. Water absorbed by the roots moves into the deeper parts two paths namely-

Apoplast and Symplast pathway.13. In the herbacious plants absorption and upward moment of water takes place

mainly by the process of root pressure upto a small height.14. In the taller trees root pressure alone is not sufficient therefore transpiration

pull helps in such plants.15. Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of vapour from aerial

parts of the plants through stomata.16. Rate of transpiration is influenced by environmental factors like temperature,

light, humidity, wind speed and internal factors like number of stomata in the leaves.

17. Excess of water in the herbacious plants water is removed through leaf tips and margins in the form of liquid by the process of Guttation.

18. Phloem is responsible in the transport of food in the form of sucrose solution from leaves to other parts.

19. Trans location in the Phloem is bidirectional.20. It is explained by Pressure flow hypothesis.

HOTS

1. Why does the water potential of pure water decrease when you add some sodium chloride to it?

A) * Water potential is the kinetic energy of the water molecules in a system.* When we add some solute like sodium chloride to pure water, the free movement and kinetic energy of the water molecules decrease.Hence the water potential of pure water decreases, when we add solute to it.

2. Two systems A and B, containing sodium chloride solutions of 5% and 10% respectively are separated by a semi-permeable membrane.(i) solution of which chamber has higher water potential?(ii) In which direction will Osmosis occur?(iii) Volume of which system will increase?

Ans.(i) Solution-A (ii) From system A to B (iii)Volume of system B3. In an experiment a thistle funnel was covered with egg membrane, filled with

sucrose solution and kept inverted in a beaker containing water. After 1 hour, it was observed, that the water level in thistle funnel raised.(a) What is the process of movement of water called as? (Ans. Osmosis)(b) What causes the raise water level in thistle funnel?(Ans. Because the water potential in thistle funnel is less than pure water into thistle funnel. This causes the raise of water level in thistle funnel.

4. How could prehistoric man use the swollen wood to split rocks and boulders? A) The imbibition of water by the wood causes its swelling and creates

imbibitions pressure.* This imbibition pressure is high and could be used by the prehistoric man to split rocks and boulders.

5. Why do we find the exudation of water drops from the leaf margins and leaf tips in the early morning?

A) Loss of water in the liquid state from the leaf margins and tips is known as “Guttation”. During night time, absorption of water through the roots continues by the root pressure, while transpiratory loss of water is low in the early morning.

Therefore excess of water in the plant is lost in liquid phase through the special openings along the tips and margins of leaves in the early morning.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. A plant cell when kept in a certain solution got plasmolysed. What was the nature of the solution?

A) Hypertonic solution2. What are 'Porins'?

A) 'Porins' are the proteins in the outer membranes of plastids and mitochondria

allowing smaller proteins to pass through.

3. What will happen to the water potential, when solutes are added?

A) Water potential decreases.

4. What are Plasmodesmata?

A) Cytoplasmic strands which connecgt the neighbouring plant cells.

5. In which group of the plants are the guard cells kidney shaped and in which

group are they dumb-bell shaped?

A) a) Kidney shaped guard cells in -Dicot plants.

b) Dumb-bell shaped guard cells in - Monocot plants.

6.. What is translocation? (1M)

A) The bulk moment of water, sugars, hormones and amino acids through Phloem.

7. Explain the influence of two factors on the rate of diffusion.A) (i) Size of the substances – smaller substance diffuse faster.

(ii) Solubility in lipids – substances soluble in lipids diffuse faster through the membrane.

8. Distinguish between uniport and symport?9. What is transpiration? Mention its significance in plants.

10. Explain the two path ways by which water is absorbed and moved through the

root hair. (3M)

A) Water is absorbed and moved through the root hair by two path ways.

(i) Apoplast path way:- Water exclusively moves through non-living

components like cell wall and intercellular spaces.

(ii) Symplast path way:- Water moves through living components like

Cytoplasm & Plasmodesmata.

11. What is Root pressure? How does it help in absorption and upward moment of

water? (3M)

A) Active absorption of ions into the root cells/ decrease of water potential in the

roots/ entry of water into the root/ positive hydrostatic pressure in the roots

(root pressure)/ adhesive and cohesive forces in the Xylem vessels/ continuous

chain of water molecules in the Xylem.

12. Explain the process of upward moment of water in the taller trees. (5M)

A) Transpiration through leaves / negative pressure in the leaves / cohesive

tension - transpiration pull through Xylem.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS (VBQ S )Q-1 One day in the evening while Mohan was standing under a tree, a few watery drops

fell on his head.He tried to find out the source of watery fluid. He found that drops were dripping from

the tips of the leaves. He shared his observation with his botanist uncle who explained the reason.

(I) what is the name of this phenomenon?(ii) What are hydathodes?(iii) What is the cause of guttation?(iv) Which quality of a good student of biology is exhibited by Mohan? Q-2 Biology teacher asked shivani to keep gram seeds overnight on wet cotton in a petri dish to study seed germination. In the morning, she observed that seeds increased considerably in size and the water in the petri dish disappeared. In the class, teacher asked the reason for the increase in the size of the seeds from the students.Read the above passage and answer the following question:(I) what is osmosis?(ii) What is the significance of this phenomenon?(iii) Can you give one example of practical application of osmosis in your home?Q-3 In rainy season ,Ramesh always had difficulty in closing the wooden door of his room .However in summer months, he faced no such problem .so, he asked his father ,who was a biology teacher, the reason for this problem. His father explained that it is due to the phenomenon known as imbibition. Read the above passage and answer the following question:(I) what is imbibition?(ii) How is it different from osmosis?(iii) What is the importance of imbibition to the plant?

CHAPTER- 12 MINERAL NUTRITIONSUMMARY:1. Plants obtained the inorganic nutrients from air, water and soil.2. The essentiality of minerals to the plants is determined by hydroponics.4. The elements which are required in excess amount (more than 10m moles kg-1

of dry matter) are knows as Macro nutrients. (C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg).

5. The elements needed in very small amounts (less than 10 m mole kg-1 of dry matter) are known as Micro nutrients. (Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn, B, Cl and Ni).

6. Deficiency of these essential elements lead to deficiency symptoms like Chlorosis, Necrosis, Stunted growth, impaired cell division, etc.,

7. The concentration of essential element below which the plant growth is retarded is turned as critical concentration.

9. The deficiency symptoms tend to appear in the younger tissues earlier.10. The accumulation of micro nutrients in higher concentration in the plants leads

to toxicity of micro nutrients.11. Absorption of elements takes place by passive or active process through the

roots. Nitrogen Nutrition : 13. Plants cannot absorb the molecular nitrogen from the atmosphere.14. Some plant like legumes fix the atmospheric nitrogen in the root nodules with

the help of symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium bacteria.15. The enzyme nitrogenase p lays important in the biological N2 fixation.16. It is an Anaerobic enzyme and the Anaerobic environment is created by

Leghaemoglobin pigment.17. Free living nitrogen fixing microbes like Azotobacter, Anabaena and Nostoc

also fix the atmospheric Nitrogen.18. Ammonia produced by the nitrogen fixation is used to synthesize various

amino acids either by the process of reductive amination or trans amination.HOTS

1. Why do in certain plants deficiency symptoms appear first in younger parts of the plant while in other plants they appear in mature organs? (2M)

A) The deficiency symptoms appear first in the young tissues whenever the elements are relatively immobile and or not transported out of the matured organs.Eg:- sulphur and calcium.

2. If a plant shows a symptom, which could develop due to deficiency of more than one nutrient, how would you find out experimentally, the real deficient mineral element?

A) by Hydroponic experiments

3. How does the presence of oxygen in the roots of a plant effect the nitrogenase enzyme activity on nitrogen fixation?

A) Nitrogenase being the anaerobic enzyme, can not fix Nitrogen.

4. A farmer adds Azotobacter culture to the soil before sowing maize. How does it increase the yield of maize?

Ans. Azotobacter provides nitrogen fixing bacteria which converts free nitrogen into nitrate and nitrites it increases soil fertility.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. What are Hydroponics? (1 M)A) The technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution.2. What is Necrosis? (1M)A) Death of the tissue particularly leaf tissue due to deficiency of Ca, Mg, Cu, K.3. Give example of two free living nitrogen fixing Cyano bacteria. (1M)A) Anabaena, Nostoc.4. Name a microbe which produces nitrogen fixing nodules in the non-

leguminous plants like Alnus.A) Frankia. (1M)

5. What is toxicity of micronutrients? Name the mineral whose deficiency causes chlorotic veins? (2M)

A) The requirement of micronutrients to the plants is low. When such micronutrients accumulate in the higher concentration in the plant tissue they become toxic to the plant.Manganese toxicity results in chlorotic veins.

6. Explain the two main ways of amino acid synthesis in plants. (2M)A) (i) Reductive amination-Ammonia reacts with alpha/ ketone/ glutaric acid and

forms glutamic acid.(ii) Trans amination-The enzyme Transaminase transfers amino group from one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid to form various amino acids.

7. List out the criteria for essentiality of elements to the plant. (3 M)8. Explain the steps involved in the formation of root nodule with the help of

labelled diagram? (5 M)A) Contact of root hair of legume plant with Rhizobium / curling of root hair /

infection thread / transport of bacteria into the cortex of the root / Division and differentiation of cells into root nodules

9. Mention the absorbable form and function of the following elements to the plants. (5M)(A) Nitrogen. (B) Calcium (C) Magnesium (D) Boron (E)Phosphorus

10. Explain the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation in the legume plants through different steps. (5M)

A) Rhizobium in the root nodules/ nitrogemase enzyme/ leg haemoglobin/ anaerobic condition/progressive reduction/ ammonia.

CHAPTER-13 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Important terms/ Summary:(1) Photosynthesis: It is the process by which the green plants use carbon dioxide

and water to synthesize carbohydrates in the presence of light energy, with the help of chlorophyll.

(2) The plants contain various photosynthetic pigments like Chlorophyll (Chlorophyll-A / Chlorophyll-B) and accessory pigments (Carotene / Xanthophyll/ Anthocynin).

(3) In the leaves the Mesopyll cells have more chloroplasts which are responsible for CO2 fixation.

(4) In the Chloroplast photosynthesis takes place in two stages-(1) Light reactions and (2) Dark reactions

(5) The photosynthetic pegments are organized into two photo systems- PS I (hasChlorophyll-A P700 molecule )and PS II (has P680 molecule.)

(6) Light reactions : Take place in grana of chloroplast ,involve Photophosphorilation either by cyclic or non cyclic process.

(7) Cyclic photophospori relation involves P700 (PS-I) where the path of electrons is cyclic. It results in ATP production.

(8) Non-cyclic photophosphorilation follows Z- scheme and involves PS-I (P700) and PS-II (P680). It produces ATP, NADPH. and oxygen as bi-product.

(9) In the C3 plants carbon dioxide fixation takes place by Calvin cycle.(10) In Calvin cycle, CO2 is added to RUBP by the enzyme RuBisCO to form two

molecules PGA.(11) PGA is then reduced to sugars and RUBP is regenerated.(12) During this process ATP and NADPH synthesized during light reactions, are

uitilized.(13) Photo respiration:

At high temperature and high oxygen concentration RuBisCO acts as oxygenase and oxidizes RUBP into 3C-compound- Phosphoglycerate and 2C-compound Phosphoglycolate by the process of Photorespiration.(14) Photo respiration takes place in chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria.(15) C4 Pathway:

Some tropical plants like Maize, sugar cane, overcome photorespiratory losses by C4 pathway or Hatch-Slack pathway.

(16) C4 plants exhibit Kranz anatomy with dimorphic chlorplast and bundle sheath around the vascular bundle.

(17) In these plants, carbon dioxide acceptor is a 3carbon compound called PEP and the first stable product is OAA (4C).

(18) Photosynthesis is effected by external factors like light, CO2, temperature, water and internal factors like amount of Chlorophyll, age of the leaf etc., 19) Absorption Spectrum: Absorption spectrum is the graph plotted with the

amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll as a function of wavelength of light.20) Action Spectrum: Action spectrum is the graph plotted with the rate of

photosynthesis as a function of wavelength.21) Photolysis of Water: It is the process of breakdown of water into and

ions by the chlorophyll molecules, making use of solar energy.

HOTS 1. Why do green plants start evolving carbon dioxide instead of oxygen on a hot

sunny day? (2M)A) On a hot sunny day, at high temperature, RuBP carboxylase acts as oxygenase

and carries out oxidation of RuBP (photo respiration).2. RuBisCO is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do

you think RuBisCO carries out more caroxylation in C4 plants.(2M)

A) C4 plants exhibit Kranz anatomy and RuBisCO enzyme carries out carboxylation in the bundle sheeth cells which are deeply located with less oxygen concentration.

3. Why are the plants that consume more than the usual 18 ATP to produce one molecule of glucose, favoured in the tropical regions? (2M)

A) In the tropical regions, photo respiratory loses take place at high temperatures. It is C4 plants which consume more than 18 ATP to reduce the photorespiratory loses.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. Name two carotenoids. (1M)A) Carotene, Xanthophyll.2. How many molecules of ATP are required to synthesize one molecule of

glucose in and pathways respectively?(1M)

A).

3. Name the most abundant enzyme in the world. (1M)A) RuBisCO4. How many turns of Calvin cycle are required to synthesize one molecule of

glucose? A) 6 turns (1M)5. Name the cell organelles involved in Photo respiration. (1M)A) Chloroplast, Peroxisome, Mitochondria.6. Name the CO2 acceptor in C3 cycle. (1M)A) RUBP.7. Name the first stable compound formed in C4 particle. (1M)A) OAA (Oxalo Acetic Acid).8. Name the enzyme which catalyses the formation of OAA in C4 cycle. (1M).A) PEPCase.9. Define Blackmans law of limiting factors. (1M)

A) When a bio-chemical process is affected by more than one factor, then the rate of the process is determined by the minimal factor.

10. How can we distinguish a C4 plant from C3 plant based on the anatomy?(2M)

A) C4 plants exhibit Kranz anatomy with the following features:(i) Dimorphic chloroplasts (Granal and Agranal).(ii) C4 plants have bundle sheeth around the vascular bundle in the leaves.

11. Explain the different steps of cyclic photophosporilation? Why is it called a cyclic process? (3M)A) PS-I/ primary acceptor/ETS/NADP12. Explain the important steps involved in Photorespiration. (3M)A) Oxidation of RuBP/ PGA/ Phosphoglycolate/ oxidation/ loss of

photosynthetically fixed CO2.13. Explain how does ATP and NADPH formation take place and oxygen is

evolved in Non -cyclic photophosphorilation through Z-scheme.(5M)

A) PS II/ primary electron acceptor/ETS/PS I/NADP/Photolysis of water/evolution of Oxygen.

14. Explain the improtant steps of different stages of Calvin cycle and significance of each stage. (5M)

A) 1.RuBP Carboxylation 2.Glycolytic reversal(Reduction) 3.RuBP regeneration.(explain)

15. What are C4 plants? Give two examples. Explain how do C4 plants overcome photo respiratory losses by Hatch-Slack pathway. (5M)

A) C4 plants/ Maize, Amaranthus/ C4 pathway-in mesophyll cells-reduction of PEP by PEPCase/ OAA(C4

acid)/ in bundle sheath cells/ decarboxylation/ C3 cycle/ RuBisCO/ Carbohydrate synthesis/Regeneration of PEP.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS (VBQ S )1.Rahul likes flowers. So, he kept one flower pot inside his study room. After some days, the leaves of the plants started turning pale yellow. He was concerned and, therefore, he asked his botanist uncle the reason for this. His uncle replied that it is due to insufficient light.Answer the following questions based on the above situation:

i) Which pigment is responsible for the green colour of leaves?ii) List conditions essential for photosynthesis.iii) Specify the values exhibited by Rahul?Ans i) Chlorophyll

ii)Light,CO2, water, Chlorophylliii) Rahul shows concern and love towards plants and environment.

2.Amit’s biology teacher emphasized that the green plants are essential for our survival as they provide food. However, Amit was not convinced as he thought that humans could get food from animals also. Answer the following questions based on the above statement.

i) How can plants synthesise their food?ii) In addition to food what essential substance is provided by the plants to the

environment?iii) What message is conveyed through teacher’s statement?:

CHAPTER-14 RESPIRATION IN PLANTSImportant Terms:

1. Respiration: It is the process of breaking the C-C bonds of complex organic molecules by oxidation leading to the release of energy; it is also known as cellular respiration.

2. Respiratory substrates: Those organic compound which are oxidized to yield energy are called respiratory substrates.

3. Fermentation: It is the process of incomplete oxidation that occurs in microbes and certain other cells in the absence of oxygen, leading to the formation of ethyl alcohol or organic acids.

4. Respiratory Quotient: Respiratory quotient is defined as the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved to the volume of oxygen consumed in respiration.

5. Electron Transport System (ETS): The pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, is called electron transport system.

6. Compensation Point: The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide at which the rate of photosynthesis is just equal to the rate of respiration, is called compensation point.

7. Oxidative Phosphorylation: Oxidation Phosphorylation refers to the formation of ATP in the mitochondria, utilizing the energy obtained by the oxidation of organic molecules.

8. Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic aid, is called Glycolysis.9. Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of incomplete oxidation of organic

molecules in the presence of molecular oxygen, into carbon dioxide and water.10. Anaerobic Respiration: It is the process of incomplete oxidation of organic

molecules in the absence of molecular oxygen.11. Oxidative Decarboxylation: It is the process in which carbon is removed from

a compound as carbon dioxide and the compound is oxidized.Types of Respiration:

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration(i) It is the type of respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen.(ii) The respiratory substrate is completely oxidized.(iii) Carbon dioxide, water and energy are the end products.(iv) Energy is liberated in large quantity.(v) The reactions take place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

It is the type of respiration, that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

The respiratory substrate is only partially oxidized.

Ethyl alcohol or organic acids (acetic or lactic acid), and energy are the end product.

Energy is liberated in less quantity. The reaction take place only in the

cytoplasm.

HOTS

Q1. Why is less energy produced during anaerobic respiration?

Q2. What is the importance of Fo-F1 particles in ATP production during aerobic respiration?Ans. ATPsynthatase consists of F0-F1 particles. Fo acts as channel through which H+ passes. F1 contains the site for synthesis of ATP.

Q3..Define respiratory quotient and mention the value for the proteins and fats.Ans. It is ratio of volume of CO2 evolved and volume of O2 consumed.R.Q. = Volume of CO2 evolved

Volume of O2 consumed

For proteins: R.Q. is 0.9 and the R.Q. for fat is 0.7

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. Name the most common respiratory substrate. (1M)A) Glucose.2. When a respiratory substrate was oxidised the RQ value was 4.0, mention the

type of respiratory substrate. (1M)A) Carboxylic acid.3. Distinguish between Aerobic and Anarobic respiration. (2M)4. What is Respiratory quotient? If the RQ value of Respiratory substrate is 1.0,

what is the nature of respiratory substrate? (2M)5. Where does Glycolysis take place? Explain the important steps involved.

(3M)6. Explain the oxidative phosphorilation. (3M)7. Where does TCA cycle take place in the cell? Explain the important steps of TCA cycle. (5M)

CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTImportant terms

1. Growth Curve: Growth Curve is the graph plotted with the increase in number of cells/volume or size/weight of an organism or any of its parts as a function of time.3. Differentiation: Differentiation is the process/Phenomenon by which totipotent

embryonic/ meristematic cells undergo changes in the structure, shape and chemistry to suit the function they perform.

4. Dedifferentiation: Dedifferentiation is the process by which the already differentiated or mature cells get back the power of division and become meristematic.

5. Redifferentiation: Redifferentiation is the process by which mersitematic cells formed by the dedifferentiated cells (secondary meristems) undergo changes in the structure and shape to suit the function they would perform.

6. Plasticity: Plasticity refers to the ability of plants to follow different pathways in response to environment or phase of life, to form different kinds of structures.

7. Heterophylly: Heterophylly is the phenomemnon in which different shapes of leaves are borne by the same plant.

8. Apical Dominance: It is the phenomenon in which the apical bud suppresses the growth the lateral buds into branches.

9. Bolting: Bolting refers to the sudden elongation of the internodes just prior to flowering in rosette plants.

10. Photoperiodism: Photoperiodism is the phenomenon in which the plants respond to relative length of day and night to which they are exposed.

11. Vernalisation: The low temperature treatment given to the seeds/seedlings to induce early flowering, is called Vernalisation.

12. Abcission : Abscission refers to the shedding of leaves, flowers or fruits by plants usually due to changes in hormonal balance.

HOTS: 1). A farmer grown cucumber plants in his field. He wants to increase the number

of female flowers in them. Which plant growth regulator can be applied to achieve this?

2). Would you expect soyabean plants to flower if given a daily light exposure of 6 hours? Give reason.

3. Would a defoliated plant respond to photo periodic cycle. Why? (2M) 4. Both a short day plant and a long day plant can produce flowers simultaneously in a given place. Explain.

(2M)

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. Placing a ripe apple in a bag of green bananas will cause them to ripen quickly.

This occurs because the apple:(i) absorbs cytokinin (ii) forms digestive enzymes(iii)lacks auxins (iv) produces ethylene

2. What is Vernalisation? (1M)3. Explain apical dominance. Name the hormone that controls it.4. Why is Absisic acid also known as Stress harmone? (2M)5. What is Photo periodism? Differentiate the long day plants and short day plants

and day neutral plants with suitable examples. (3M)6. List out the effects of Giberrelyns on the plants. (3M)

7. What is photoperiodism? Explain the different categories of plants on the basis of photoperiodism giving one example of each category. (5M)

8. Explain the three phases of growth with reference to root tip in plants. Mention the properties of cells at each of the phases. (5M)

9.. Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to-(a) induce rooting in twig.(b) to quickly ripen a fruit(c) to delay leaf sense(d) to induce growth in the axillary buds.(e) to cause bolting in a rosette plant(f) to induce immediate stomatal closure in the leaves. (5M)

A) (a) Auxin(b) Ethylene(c) Cytokinin(d) Cytokinin(e) Gibberellins(f) Abscisic acid

VALUE BASED QUESTIONSQ.1. Ramesh was very fond of gardening. He saw a beautiful flowering plant in Anil’s house. So, he asked Anil to tell him the method of growing that plant. Anil replied that this plant can be easily propagated by planting a portion of branch in the soil. Ramesh tried the same but the branch did not develop into plant as no roots were produced in the planted branch. He consulted his Botanist uncle who suggested him to apply some auxin on the cut end .He did so and roots appeared and new plants were formed.Read the above passage and answer the following questions:

(i) What are auxins?(ii) Give names of two other plant hormones.(iii) Which quality is displayed by Ramesh?

Ans. (i) auxins are a group of chemical substances (plant hormone) witch promote growth in decapitated as well intact stem.(2)Gibberllins , Cytokinins.(3) His habit to experiment with plants.Q.2. A wine of grapes was growing in the Suresh courtyard and it was full of grapes. However, he never liked consuming these grapes as these were full of seeds . One day , his uncle visited his home and he also brought grapes . Suresh was not willing to eat them but his uncle insisted so he consumed a few grapes and found that there were no seeds in those grapes . He asked his uncle how can he get seed less

grapes on the wine growing in his courtyard? His uncle suggested him to apply auxin to get seedless grapes.Read the above passage and answer the following questions:i)What term is used for seedless fruits?ii) How does auxin induce parthenocarpy?

iv) Suggest some other plant where this technique can be applied commercially.

Ans. i) parthenocarpic fruitsii)Auxin induces growth in the ovary wall without fertilizationiii)Lemon, apple

CHAPTER-16 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

Summary and Important Terms1. Thecodont: It is the type of dentition, where each tooth is embedded in a

socket of the jaw bone.2. Diphyodont: It is the type of dentition, where two sets of teeth appear during

the life, i.e., a set of milk teeth or deciduous teeth is replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth.

3. Heterodont: It is the type of dentition, where teeth are of different type.4. Ingestion: Ingestion refers to the first step in nutrition, where the animals take

in plant/animal food in bulk.5. Digestion: Digestion is the process of conversion of complex food

substances/.molecules into simple absorbable molecules.6. Absorption: Absorption is the process by which digested and simple nutrients

are taken into the blood/lymph from the alimentary canal.7. Egestion: Egestion is the process of eliminating the undigested and

unabsorbed matters of food in the form of faces through the anus.8. Peristalsis: Peristalsis refers to the involuntary contractions of smooth muscles

that spread in the form of waves.11. Hydrolases: Hydrolases are thoseenzymes which catalyse the break down of

covalent bonds of the larger molecules with the addition of water, into smaller molecules.

12. Lipases: Lipases are the enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of lipids/fats.HOTS1. In humans, starch digestion begins in the buccal cavity, but stops in stomach. Why? 2. Why are proteases generally released in inactive form?3. Why are Villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?

4. What would happen if HCl were not secreted in the stomach?5. Bile juice contains no digestive enzyme, yet it is important for digestion. Why?

6. Routine digesting enzymes are secreted in the intestine. How is the wall of intestine protected from being digested by the proteases.

7.If the pancreatic duct of person is blocked, how would it effect the digestion of fats

in the duodenum?

A . If the pancreatic duct is blocked, pancreatic juice along with digestive enzyme,

particularly, lipase, will not reach the duodenum and fat digestion will be affected.

8.HCl and proteolytic enzymes produced by stomach do not digest its own wall.

Why?

Ans..Gastric epithelium/ goblet cells secrete thick mucus and protect surface from

damage.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. What is peristalsis?

(1M2. What is Dipheodont dention? (1M)3. What do the Goblet cells of intestinal mucosa secrete? (1M)A) Mucus.4. How is the entry of food particles into wind pipe prevented while swallowing

the food?5. Bile does not contain any digestive enzymes, yet it is essential for digestion.

Why so? Explain. (2 M)6. How would non-secretion of hydrochloric acid in our stomach affect food

digestion? 7. Draw a labeled diagram of the human duodenum and the duct system of the associated digestive glands pouring their secretions into it?

(3M8. Explain the action of pancreatic juice on the digestion of various food substances?

(3)9. Explain the process of digestion and absorption of fats in the human digestive

system. (3M)10. Explain the different layers which form the wall of elementary canal. (3M)11. Trace the main steps in the digestion of proteins as the food passes through the

alimentary canal in human beings. (5M)

12. Describe the process of absorption taking place in the small intestine. (5M)13. Explain the different steps involved in the digestion of proteins in different

parts of the human elementary canal. (5M)

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS1) Ravi’s mother always insisted on inclusion of green leafy vegetables in the

meals but Ravi always tried to avoid consuming leafy vegetables and preferred soft vegetables devoid of fibres in them. Mother complained about it to his grandfather who explained to him the need of fibres in their diet.

Read the above passage and answer the following questions :(a) Name the term used to describe indigestible fibrous material in food.(b)What is the advantage of fibrous material in our diet?(c) What value is reflected in mother’s behaviorAns. (a) Roughage

(b) Roughage provides bulk to the diet for satisfying one’s appetite. Roughage expands the gut and stimulates peristalsis to eliminate faeces and prevents conctipation.

(c) As a mother, she has concern and sympathy about the health of her child.2) Sunita told her father that she was feeling very weak and was not able to concentrate in studies. Her mother was also listening their conversation and interrupted that she was not surprised as Sunita was not taking balanced diet and was regularly consuming fast foods such as burgers and fried products like wafers etc.Read the above passage and answer the following questions(a) What is meant by balanced diet?(b) what are vitamins?(c) In your opinion, what concern is shown by mother?Ans. (a) A diet which can provide materials for all the metabolic requirements of the body, i.e. , energy, growth, replacement and physiological regulation.

(b) These are organic compounds required in minute quantities in the diet for normal metabolism, health and growth

(c) Mother was concerned about the health of her daughter and wanted her to know the need of balanced diet.3) Sunita was very conscious about her health and wanted to look slim. So, she started heavy physical exercises and also started skipping meals. After some time, she started looking pale and weak and so she consulted doctor who enquired from her about her food habits and daily routine. He advised her to take balanced diet regularly and light physical exercise to remain healthy. Read the above passage and answer the following questions:

(a) What is the harmful effect of dieting on health?(b)What is the role of minerals in our body?(c) What value is exhibited by doctor ?

Ans. (a) It causes deficiency of many essential elements which result in many diseases such as anorexia. (b) These are structural components of various cellular compounds, cell organelles, tissues and enzymes etc. (c) professional ethics , concern and guidance of the doctor

Plant kingdomOTBA questions for practice

1) Analyse how did the seed habit develop eventually in the gymnosperms and

angiosperms. (tb Pg no.38/39)-3m

2) Do you think the study of different groups of plants like algae, gymnosperms,

angiosperms economically useful to the mankind ? Elucidate.

3) What do you imply about the formation of flagellated male gametes in the

bryophytes?

BIOLOGY (Code No. 044)SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

BIOLOGY (THEORY )CLASS XI (2014-15)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70

S.No./Unit Very ShortAnswer(VSA)(1 mark)

ShortAnswer-I(SA-I)(2 marks)

ShortAnswer –II(SA-II) (3marks)

Value basedquestion

(4 marks)

LongAnswer(LA)(5 marks)

TotalMarks

1. *Diversity of Living Organisms – Unit for OTBA

*1(2) *1(3) *1(5) 10

2. Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

1(1) 2(4) 2(6) 11

3. Cell: Structure and Function

1(1) 3(9) 1(5) 15

4. Plant Physiology

1(1) 1(2) 3(9) 1(5) 17

5. Human Physiology

2(2) 1(2) 3(9) 1(4) 17

Total 5x1=5 5x2=10 12x3=36 1x4=4 3x5=15 70(26)

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERBIOLOGY (THEORY)

Class-XI Time: 3 Hrs Max.Marks: 70

General Instructions:1. The question paper comprises of five Sections A, B, C, D and E.2. All questions are compulsory.3. There is no overall choice however; internal choice has been provided in one question of 2 marks, one question of 3 marks and all the two questions of five marks category. Only one option in such question is to be attempted.4. Questions1 to 5 in section A are very short questions of one mark each. These are to be answered in one word or one sentence each.5. Questions 6 to 9 in section B are short questions of two marks each. These are to be answered in approximately 20-30 words each.6. Questions 10 to 20 in section C are questions of three marks each. These are to beanswered in approximately 30-50 words each. Question 21 is of 4 marks.7. Questions 22 to 23 in section D are questions of five marks each. These are to beanswered in approximately 80-120 words each.9. Questions 24 to26 in section E is based on OTBA of 10 marks.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION-A

1.Name the Polysaccharide which constitutes the exoskeleton of arthropods.2. What are the suberin thickenings of endodermal cells in the roots called as ?3. Which the type of joint is present in the knee.4. Name the carbon dioxide acceptor in Calvin’s cycle.5.Which hormonal secretion is responsible for lowering of blood sugar level?

SECTION-B6. Why is transpiration known as necessary evil?7. Why are xylem and phloem called as complex tissues ?8. Define the following terms:(i) Zygomorphic (ii) Epipetalous stamen9. (a) What would happen if hydrochloric acid is not secreted in the stomach?

(b) Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?SECTION-C

10 . Write the function of each of the following is a cockroach:(a) Malpighian tubules (b) Gizzard (c) Hepatic caecae.

11. Explain the mechanism of transpiration pull by which water moves up in taller trees.

12. Draw the floral diagram of the family commonly called potato family and write its floral formula.

ORHow do you distinguish the dicot stem from monocot stem ?

13 Draw a standard ECG and explain the different segments of it.

14 Explain the important steps of development of root nodules in the legume plants.

15.What is the site of oxidative phosphorilation in the cell ? Explain the important steps of it ?

16. Draw the basic structure of a chemical synapse between neurons and label the following six parts in it:(i) Pre-synaptic membrane (ii) Synaptic vesicle(iii) Neurotransmittor (iv) Receptors(v) Post-synaptic membrane (vi) Synaptic cleft

17. Explain the formation of following types of bonds among the biomolecules—(a) Peptide bond (b)Glycosidic bond (c)Phosphodister bond18 Give a brief account of counter current mechanism in the human renal tubule.19. Explain the different types of Chromosomes based on the position of centromere.20. What is G0 (quiescent phase) of cell cycle? Explain the important events of inter phase of cell cycle.21. Anand a 14 years old boy thinks smoking makes him more energetic and feel like adult and thus more responsible citizen. He tries to smoke when he is with hispeer group. His friend Rohit advised him the ill effect of smoking and laterAnand quits smoking.a. What values do you find in Rohit?b. What is the main cause of smoking addiction in young children?c. What are the ill effects of smoking?SECTION-D22 (i) What are C4 plants?

(ii) Give two examples of C4 plants.(iii) Explain the mechanism by which C4 plants overcome photo respiratory

losses. (5M)OR

(i) Name the hormone which results in the following effects/ Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to:(a) quickly ripen a fruit

(b) delay leaf senescence(c) induce rooting in a tree

(d) induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves(e) induce growth in auxiliary buds

23. Explain important events of Prophase-I of Meiosis with the help of labeled diagrams. (5M)

OR(a) Who proposed the fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane?(b) Explain fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane with the help of labeled

diagram.

SECTION-E24. In your opinion how is the study of photosynthetic protists useful to the

mankind?(TEXT.BOOK .Pg no. 20/21) -2m

25.Analyse how did the seed habit develop eventually in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. (TEXT .BOOK - Pg no.38/39) -3m26.Discuss how do the animals like parasitic worms, fishes and birds adapt

themselves for successful survival in their environment.(TEXT BOOK. Pg no.51-60)-5m

******************************************************************Chapter 17:

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASESIMPORTANT POINTS

1. Breathing is the process in which animals take in air (oxygen) from the surrounding medium and give out Carbon dioxide outside the medium.

2. Inspiration is the process by which animals take in oxygen3. Expiration is the process by which animals release Co2 4. Oxyhaemoglobin is the complex formed when oxygen combines with Fe2++part

of Haemoglobin5. Tidal Volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration.

Approx.500ml6. Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV) is the additional volume of air a person can

inspire by aforcible inspiration ( Averages 2500ml to 3000ml)

7. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the additional volume of air a person can expire by forcible expiration( Averages 1000ml-1100ml)

8. Residual Volume (RV) is volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration( Averages(1100ml-1200ml)

9. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the volume of a person can inspire after a normal expiration. It includes TV+IRV

10.Expiratory Capacity( EC) Total volume of a person can expire after a normal inspiration .it includes TV+ERV

11.Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that will remain in lungs after a normal expiration. it includes ERV+RV

12.Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum volume of air of a person can breathe in after a forced expiration. it includes ERV+TV+IRV

13.Total lung capacity is the total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of forced inspiration. it includes RV+ERV+TV+IRV or Vital capacity +Residual volume.

14.Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by individual gases in a mixture of gases.15.Co2 combines with the Haemoglobin in combined state to form Car

aminohemoglobin.16.Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) catalyses the reaction Co2+H2O-H2CO3-

HCO3+H17.Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to

which respiratory surface is decreased. It is due to cigarette smoking.

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Higher Order Thinking Skills

1. What is Adam’s apple? What is its role in human’s body?2. If the ERV and RV of the normal person is 1300ml and 1200 ml what would

be functional residual capacity (FRC) of the person?3. What do you mean by Intra-Pulmonary pressure?4. Why respiratory capacity is decreased in Cigarette smoking?5. What does a sigmoid curve explain us during the transport of oxygen?

ANSWERS1. Larynx is often called as Adam’s apple. It is a cartilaginous box which helps in

sound production and hence also called as sound box.

2. The FRC of is the sum of Residual volume and expiratory reserve volume FRC=ERC+RV. Therefore, it is 1300ml+1200ml=2500ml.

3. The moment of air into and out of lungs is carried out by creating a preserve gradient-between lungs and atmosphere. It is advantage for the lungs if the preserve if the pressure in the lungs is lesser than atmospheric pressure. This condition is known as intra pulmonary pressure.

4. Cigarette smokers inhale CO burned by Cigarette. It is accumulated in the Alveolar sacs of lungs and damage thin alveolar sacs in turn decrease the respiratory capacity

5. O2 binds with the Haemoglobin to get transported to various parts of the body. A Sigmoid curve is obtained when percentage saturation of Haemoglobin with O2 is plotted against the Po2. This indicates the percentage of 02 transports. It is also called as O2 dissocian curve.

Important questions:

1. Name the organ in human respiratory system which produces sound.2. How many oxygen molecules can be carried out by one haemo globin

molecule?3. Give the name and function of fluid filled double membranous layer which

surrounds the lungs?4. Draw a labeled diagram of section of an alveolus with pulmonary capillary.5. Name the organs of respiration in the following organisms:

a) Flatworms b) Birds c) Frog d)Cockroach6. Explain the neural control of respiration in human.

ANSWERS:1. Larynx2. 4 molecules3. Pleuron. It produces friction and keeps the two pleura together and the lungs

inflated.4. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 273 fig. 17.4.5. Flatworms: trachea, Birds: lungs, Frog: lungs, Cockroach: trachea.6. Refer NCERT textbook. Page no. 275, section 17.5.

Mind Map

Value Based QuestionsBreathing and Respiration

1. Rahul is studying in class xii .he frequently suffers from Breathing problem.

His friend sanjay observe his suffering and took him to Chest specialist. Doctor enquire all about his family and realizes that his father is a chain smoker and suggest his father to stop smoking. On the basis of content answer the following.

a) What Diseases do Rahul and his father likely to suffer by passive and Active

smoking?

b) What do you mean by Emphysema?c) What moral values do sanjay express on Rahul?

Answers: a) Asthma or Bronchial allergy, and Emphysemab) Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which alveolar surface is decreased. One of the major causes is cigarette smoking.c) Snjay with human friendly relations showed empathy on Rahul.2. Sandeep is a regular student of class xi biology. When his bio teacher explains on transport of gases in blood he didn’t understand the partial pressure of gases. Several questions were asked to clear his doubts. Teacher realizes his problem and explainsPartial pressure of various gases in and out of atmosphere .on the basis answers the following questions.

a) What critical problem did Sandeep face in concept?b) What do you mean by partial pressure?c) What moral support was given by his bio teacher?

Answer: a) Diffusion of Co2, and O2 in blood stream on the basis of their combiningCsapacity.b) Partial pressure is the pressure contributed by individual gases.c) Teacher as moral responsibility explains the content.3. Satya whose father is working in asbestos cement factory suffers severely from lungInfection. He recalls when his bio teacher explains on occupational respiratoryDisorders and takes his father to doctor. Doctor suggested him to use face masks to prevent dust allergy. On the basis answer following.a) What are occupational disorders?b) What precautionary measures one should use during work?c) What moral values did satya showed to his father?

Answers: a) Diseases which are caused due exposing to dust released in working place.b) One should be aware of protecting them by using Face masks and keep awayFrom dust.Satya with love and affection on his father’s health took him to doctor.

CHAPTER 18BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

IMPORTANT TERMS1. Open Circulatory System:When blood is not confined to blood vessels,

but flows through open spaces (lacunae) and channels (sinuses), it is called open circulatory system:

2. Closed Circulatory System: When blood remains confined to heart and blood, it is called closed circulatory system.

3. Systole: The contradiction of a cardiac chamber is called its systole4. Diastole:The relaxation of cardiac chamber is called its diastole5. Joint Diastole: It is the phase of cardiac cycle, when both auricles and

ventricles are in diastole and are relaxed simultaneously.6. Cardiac Cycle: The diastole and systole of auricles and ventricles

occurring alternately during one heart beat constitute a cardiac cycle.

7. Portal Vein: If a vein returning blood from a system of capillaries divided again into a second capillary system in the tissue, before the blood can finally return to heart, it is called a portal vein

8. Portal System: A portal vein that divides into a second capillary system in the tissue along with the capillary system, to which it supplies blood, constitutes the portal system.

9. Arterial Pulse: The wave of distension passing along the arteries, when ventricle pumps a volume of blood into the arteries, already containing some blood, is called arterial pulse.

10.Arterial Blood Pressure: The pumping action of the heart maintains a pressure of blood in the arteries, which is called as arterial blood pressure

11.Electrocardiogram(ECG): It is the graphical representation of electrical potential changes produced by the excitation of heart muscles (i.e., contraction and relaxation), as a function of time

12.Hypertension: Hypertension is manifestation of the sustained increase in the arterial blood pressure of a person.

13.Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis refers to deposition of lipids, especially cholesterol, on the wall lining the lumen of large and medium sized arteries, thereby reducing the blood flow.

14.Stroke Volume: The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle during one cardiac cycle, is known as stroke volume.

15.Double Circulation: Double circulation is the phenomenon in which there are two separate pathways, i.e., the heart receives and pumps the oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood separately without mixing up.

Higher Order Thinking Skills1. Which type of cells are the Leucocytes are phagochz in nature classify them

into Gravole and Agranulocyte.2. Name the Three Muscular flappy (or) cuspi that are present in different

location of heart.3. In an Electrocardiograph (ECG) representation what does the P,Q,R,S,T

represents during cardiac cycle.4. Why Atheroscelerosis is also called as Caronary Artery Disease (CAD)5. i) What do you mean by Cardiac output of a man

ii) How can you calculate the cardiac output?

iii) What is the average cardiac out of a man?ANSWERS1. Neutrophils- Granulocytes

Monocytes- Agranulocytes2. 1) Tricuspidvalve - Between right Atrium and right Ventricle

2) Biscuspid valve (or) Mitral Value- Between the left atrium and left ventricle3)Semilunar valve- Between pulmonary artery and Aorta

1. Which type of cells are the Leucocytes are phagochz in nature classify them into Gravole and Agranulocyte.

2. Name the Three Muscular flappy (or) cuspi that are present in different location of heart.

3. In an Electrocardiograph (ECG) representation what does the P,Q,R,S,T represents during cardiac cycle.

4. Why Atheroscelerosis is also called as Caronary Artery Disease (CAD)5. i) What do you mean by Cardiac output of a man

ii) How can you calculate the cardiac output?iii) What is the average cardiac out of a man?

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:1. Name the instrument used for measuring blood pressure.2. Why is SA node called pace-maker of the heart?3. A cardiologist observed an enlarged QRS wave in the ECG of a patient. What

does it indicate?4. Name the enzyme that catalyses the formation of carbonic acid in erythrocytes.5. Explain when and how the two sounds of heart are produced?

ANSWERS:1. Sphygmomanometer.2. SA node being itself excitatory, initiates a wave of contraction.3. QRS wave denotes ventricular contraction of heart which may be normal or

abnormal.4. Carbonic anhydrase.5. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 284, Section 18.32.

Mind Map

Value Based Questions:1. Rachana and sakshi are very good friends in class XI. Both are good in

studies. But rachana is anemic and suffers a lot due to her irregular periods. Her mother complaints to bio her negligence in diet .the biology teacher along with rachana and sakshi consulted doctor to check her blood count. Doctor after medical checkup realizes that she is with weak Haemoglobin. Doctor suggested her to take Iron containing green leafy vegetables and fruits for vitamin source. On the basis of this contest answer the following questions.

i) What deficiency does Rachana suffering from?ii) Is it curable? iii) What morality does rachana s bio teacher played in this contest?

Answers: 1. Rachana is suffering from Haemoglobin containing Iron deficiency.

2. Yes it is curable provided the patient should take food containing green leafy vegetables And fruits regularly.

3. Rachanas bio teacher shows good moral sympathy with kind heart by taking her consult doctor.

CHAPTER19EXCRETORY PRODUCTION AND THEIR ELIMINATION

1. Excretion: Excretion is defined as the elimination of metabolic wastes.2. Dialysis:It is the process of separating small solute molecules from macro-

molecular colloids, using a selectively permeable membrane.3. Ammonotelism: Ammonotelism is the phenomenon of urinary elimination of

nitrogenous waste, mainly in the form of ammonia.4. Ammonotelic animals: Those animals which excrete ammonia as the main

nitrogenous waste in their urine, are called ammonotelic animals.5. Ureotelism:Ureotelism is the phenomenon of urinary elimination of nitrogenous

wastes, mainly in the form of urea.6. Micturition Reflex: The neural mechanisms that cause voiding or release of urine

from the urinary bladder, constitute the micturition reflex.7. Uremia: Uremia is the condition of excess accumulation of urea in the blood

caused by the malfunctioning of kidneys.8. Hemodialysis: Hemodialysis is the process of excess urea from the blood of a

patient (normally suffering from uremia), using an artificial kidney9. Glomerulo-nephritis: It refers to the inflammation of the glomerulus of the

nephron.10.Renal calculi: The insoluble masses of crystallized salts formed within the kidney

are called renal calculi.11.Glycosuria: It is the presence of glucose in urine of a diabetic patient.12.Ketonuria: It is the presence of ketone bodies in the urine of a diabetic patient.

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS- EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

1. Name the hormonal factor secreted by heart? What is its role?2. Expand RAAS?3. How does ADH regulate body fluid volume, explain?4. How the blood is filtered finely in Bowmens capsule??5. What do you mean by Counter current mechanism?

ANSWERS

1. Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) , cause vasodilation and decrease the blood pressure.

2. Renin Angiotensin & Aldosterone system3. Excessive loss of body fluids, receptors stimulate hypothalamus to release, Anti

Diuretic Hormone (or) VasopresinADH facilitates water reabsorption from later parts of tubule thereby preventing dieresis

4. The Bowmens capsule of nephron contains glomerulus that filters the blood; blood is filtered in 3 layers like Epithelium, Endothelium and Basement membrane. In between these layers specific cells called podocytes that contain filtration slits. These cells finely filter the impurities of blood, therefore, it is called as Ultra Filtration. Around 1100ml-1200ml of blood is filtered per minute.

5. I)Blood flows in the descending limb of vasarectum towards the medulla.Water is drawn out from the blood plasma by osmosis due to progressive increase in the concentration of interstitial fluid Na+ , Cl- and urea enter the plasma by diffusion.II) Blood flows in the ascending limb capilory towards the renal cortex leads to progressive decrease in the concentration of interstitial fluid. This counter exchange of fluids that leads to tenson in the tubules is known as Counter current mechanism IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. One part of loop of Henle is impermeable to water. Name it.2. Name two types of nephron found in human kidney.3. The mechanism of concentration of filtrate is also known as counter current

mechanism. Justify the statement.4. Write the functioning of enzyme ‘renin’ produced by kidney.5. Describe the hormonal feedback circuit in controlling the renal functions.

ANSWERS:1. Ascending limb.2. 1) Juxta medullary nephron 2) Cortical nephron3. (in the ascending limb)the out flow runs parallel to and in the opposite

direction of the inflow in the descending limb.4. Renin is used to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensim.5. Refer content 19.5, page 297 NCERT textbook.

Mind Map

VALUE BASED QUESTIONSakya deep while in bio class he couldn’t follow the term RAAS and its feedback operation in class. He miserably couldn’t attend the question during class test. Bio teacher could understand and took special class under group discussion asking small questions like on Renin,Angeotensin ,aldosterone, Atrial Natriuretic Factor by explaining very clearly. on the basis answer the following.

i) What is RAAS? Ans: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System a feedback mechanism operated to regulate kidney function.

ii) What is the role of ANF and from where it is secreted?Ans: ANF is secreted from atria of Heart. It controls the RAAS mechanism.

iii) What moral values we learn from teacher?Ans: Responsibility and sympathy on students learning.

CHAPTER 20

LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

1. Locomotion: When movements involves change of place, it is called locomotion.

2. Voluntary Muscles: Those muscles, whose movements are under the control of conscious mind and can be moved at will, are called voluntary muscles

3. Involuntary Muscles: Those muscles, whose movements are not under the voluntary control, i.e, cannot be moved at will, are called involuntary muscles.

4. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum of the striated/skeletal muscles, is called sarcoplasmic reticulum.

5. Contractility: It is the property of muscle cells by which they can shorten forcefully and return to relaxed state.

6. Excitability: It is the property of nerve cells and muscle cells by which they can react by changing the pre-existing potential differences across their wave along their membrane.

7. Joints: Joints are places of two or more bones or a bone and a cartilage.8. Arthritis: Arthritis refers to inflammation of joints.9. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is an age-dependent disorder of the bones,

characterized by low bone mass, deterioration in the micro-architecture of bone & increased fragility.

10.Sacromere:Sacromere is the structural and functional unit of muscle fibre.11.Neuromuscular Junction: It is the junction between a motor neuron and

sarcolemma of a muscle cell.

CHAPTER 20LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENTS

(HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS)

1. What is the fundamental unit of myofibril?2. Give the diagrammatic representation of anatomy of muscle fibre showing

sacromere?3. Name the genetic disorder in which there is progressive degradation of skeletal

muscle4. Name the auto immune disorder in which there is weakening and paralysis of the

muscles?5. List out total no. of bones present in each of the following

a) Skullb) Vertebral columnc) Rib caged) Fore limbse) Hind limbs

ANSWERS1. Sarcomere 2.

3. Muscular dystrophy4. Myasthenia gravis5. a) Skull- 22 bones

b) Vertebral column- 26 Vertebraec) Rib cage-12 Pairs or 24 ribsd) Fore limbs- 30 bones x 2=60 bonese) Hind limbs- 30bones x 2=60 bones

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:

1. Write the chemical that causes fatigue in the muscles.2. What lubricate that freely movable joints at the shoulder.3. Name the first vertebra.4. Write any two difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.5. Distinguish between red fiber and White fiber.

ANSWERS:

1. Actin and myosin.

2. Synovial fluid.3. Atlas.4. Refer NCERT textbook Class XI page.303

5. Refer NCERT textbook Class XI page. 304.

Classification of Bones

Axial skeleton system Appendicular skeleton system

Skull Vertebral column Sternum Rib cage fore limbs Hind limbs Pectoral pelvic

28Bones 26 Bones 1 Bone 12Pairs 30X2 30X2 4 6

CHAPTER 21NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

1. Coordination: Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another.

2. Central Nervous System (CNS): The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord.

3. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves coursing between central nervous system and different parts of the body.

4. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The autonomic nervous system lies outside the central nervous system and has connections with central nervous system, but works somewhat independently of the central nervous system.

5. Cranial Nerves: The nerves arising from different parts of the brain are called cranial nerves.

6. Spinal Nerves: The nerve arising from different segments of the spinal cord are called spinal nerves

7. Afferent Neurons-The neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the peripheral tissues and organs to the central nervous system, are called afferent neurons; they are sensory neurons.

8. Efferent Neurons: The neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral tissue and organs are called efferent neurons.

9. Sensory Nerve:A nerve which consists only afferent nerve fibers and conducts the nerve impulses from the peripheral tissue and organ to the central nervous system is called sensory nerve.

10.Motor Nerve-: A nerve which consists only of efferent nerve fibers and conducts the nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral tissues and organs is called motor nerve.

11.Mixed Nerve: A nerve which consists of both afferent and efferent nerve fibres and conducts the nerve impulses in both the directions is called a mixed nerve.

12.Synape: The functional junction between two neurons, the axon of a neuron and the Dendron/dendrite/soma of another neuron is called a synape.

13.Adrenergic Nerve Fibers: Those nerve fibers which secrete nor-adrenaline at their synapses / terminations as neurotransmitter are called adrenergic nerve fibres.

14.Cholinergic Nerve Fibers: The nerve fibres which secrete acetylcholine at their synapse/terminations as neurotransmitter are called cholinergic nerve fibres.

15.Receptors: The specialized structures at the ends of sensory nerve fibres that help in collecting information/stimuli are called receptors.

(HOTS)1. How can you distinguish CNS with PNS?2. What are Neurotransmitters and what is their role?3. Name to two types of photoreceptor cells that function in our eye? What is

their role?4. What is blind spot? Can image be formed on it?5. Where are the following structures located?

a) Macula

b) Cristac) Basilar membrane

ANSWERS1.

CNS(Central Nervous System) PNS(Peripheral Nervous System)

It includes Brain and spiral cord

It includes all the nerves of the body

It receives the impulses from various parts of the body

It relays impulses from the CNS to various parts of the body

It is the controlling part of the body

It is under the control of CNS and sometimes autonomic in action

2. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that transmit impulses from pre-synaptic nerve to post-synaptic nerve. Ex- Acetylcholine

3. There are two types of photoreceptor cells namely- Rods and ConesRODSa) These contain purplish-red protein called Rhodopsin or Visual purple which

contain a derivative Vitamin-Ab) It functions for twilight vision (Scotopic vision)

CONESa) Cones contain own characteristics of photo pigment that respond to red,

green & blue light.b) The sensation of different colors are produced by various combination of

these cones and color pigmentsc) The day light vision (Photopic vision) and color vision are the functions of

the cones.

4. The point on the retina from where the optic nerve starts is called the blind spot, no image is formed on it because it lacks receptor cells and it is insensitive to light.

5. A) Macula- is located in the wall of the utriculus and sacculus of membranous labyrinth.B) Crista-Each ampulla of semi circular duct has a sensory spot called crista.C) Basilar membrane- The floor of the middle chamber called cochlea and it is called as basilar membrane

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. Name the area of ratina where cones are densely packed.2. To which part of the brain communication and memory are associated.3. Name the photo pigment present in rod cells.4. What is organ of corti? Where is it located?5. Give the functions of the following:

a)Cerebrum b)hypothalamus c)Mid brain

6. Draw a diagram of V.S of human eye and label the following:

Iris ,ratina ,cornea ,blind spot ,ciliary body and vitreous chamber.

ANSWERS

1. Fovea2. Cerebrum3. Rhodopsin4. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 326.5. Refer NCERT textbook page no.321.6. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 323.

CHAPTER 22

CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

1. Endocrine Glands: Those glands which do not have ducts and pour their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood for transport to the target tissues, are called endocrine glands.

2. Hormones: Hormones are the chemicals produced in minute quantities by endocrine glands and act as intercellular messengers.

3. Endocrine System:All the organized endocrine glands and the diffuse hormone-producing tissues/cells located in different parts of the body

4. Adenohypophysi:It is the larger anterior lobe of pituitary

5. Neurohypophysis:It is the smaller posterior lobe of pituitary6. Hypo functioning: When an endocrine gland secretes less quantity of the

hormone than what is needed by the body, it is said to be hypofunctioning.7. Hyperfunctioning:When an endocrine gland secreetes more quantity of

hormone than what is needed by the body, it is said to be hyperfunctioning.8. Cretinism: It is the disorder caused in children hormones.9. Gigantism: It is a disorder caused by excess secretion of growth hormone by

the anterior pituitary during childhood, that turns the patient into a giant-like, with abnormal elongation of all long bones

10.Dwarfism: It is a disorder caused by the failure of secretion of growth hormones from childhood, where the patient becomes dward and the growth is stopped at an early age.

11.Grave’s Disease/Exophthalmic Goitre: It is an autoimmune disorder, where thyroid enlargement is accompanied by the bulging of eye balls.

12.Myxoedema: It is a disorder caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones in adults, where the cardinal symptom is oedema( face is swollen and fluffy)

13.Hyperglycemia: It is the disorder in which the concentration of glucose in the blood is high

14.Hypoglycemia: It is the condition in which the concentration of glucose In the blood is very low

15.Glycogenesis: It is the process of conversion glucose into glycogen.

(HOTS)1. If for any reason the release of ADH is inhibited, how will this affect the

volume of urine produced?2. Name the neurohormones which inhibit the secretion of growth harmone

from the anterior pituitary?3. Why is adrenal medulla termed as gland of emergency?4. Where are leydig cells located? Name their hormone secretion?5. Which hormone contains iodine and which endocrine gland secrete these?

ANSWERS1. ADH facilitate water re absorption from the parts of the tubule it prevents

diurasis increase in the body fluid volume can switch off the osmo receptors

and suppress the ADH release, this way the ADH facilitate maintenance of volume of urine produced.

2. Prolactin3. Adrenal Medulla secretes adrenaline and nor adrenaline hormones , at the time

of stress or danger this hormones prepare the animal to face emergency situation such as fall in the blood pressure or blood sugar it also prepares for pain, cold, fear, shock and grief because of the above role of the hormone adrenals also known as gland of emergency.

4. Leydig cells are present in the connective tissue between the sperm producing semini ferrous tubules, they secrete androgen, LH from the anterior pituitary to stimulate laydig cells to secrete androgens(Testosterone)

5. The thyroid gland secrete thyroxin and triidothyromine which contain iodine.IMPORTANT QUESTIONS1. Which two systems coordinate and regulate physiological functions of our

body?2. What is the role of melanocyte stimulating hormone?3. Name the hormones which act antagonistically in orde to regulate calcium

levels in the blood.4. Give the name of any one glucocorticoid and one mineralocorticoid.5. How does artrial natriuretic factor decreases blood pressure?6. What happens if a person suffers from prolonged hyperglycemia?

ANSWERS:1. Neural system and endocrine system.2. Acts on melanocytes and regulates pigmentation of the skin.3. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) and parathyroid hormone(PTH).4. Glucocorticoid- Cortiso; Mineralocorticoid- Aldosterone.5. By the dilation of blood vessels. 6. Gets affected by diabetes mellitus which causes loss of glucose through

urine and formation of harmful ketone bodies.

Mind MapClassification of Hormones

QUESTION WISE BREAK UPTYPE OF QUESTION

MARK(S) PER QUESTION

TOTAL NO. OF QUESTIONS

TOTAL MARKS

VSA 1 5 05SA-1 2 5 10SA-2 3 12 36VBQ 4 1 04LA 5 3 15TOTAL 26 70

MODEL PAPERBIOLOGY (THEORY)

Class-XI Time: 3 Hrs MM: 70

General Instructions1. The question paper comprises of five Sections A, B, C, D and E.2. All questions are compulsory.3. There is no overall choice however; internal choice has been provided in one question of 2 marks, one question of 3 marks and all the two questions of five marks category. Only one option in such question is to be attempted.4. Questions1 to 5 in section A are very short questions of one mark each. These are to be answered in one word or one sentence each.5. Questions 6 to 9 in section B are short questions of two marks each. These are to be answered in approximately 20-30 words each.6. Questions 10 to 20 in section C are questions of three marks each. These are to be answered in approximately 30-50 words each. Question 21 is of 4 marks.7. Questions 22 to 23 in section D are questions of five marks each. These are to be answered in approximately 80-120 words each.8. Questions 24 to26 in section E is based on OTBA of 10 marks. Section – A1. Define metamerism. Give an example.2. Give an example of zwitter ionic form.3. Draw a graph of oxygen dissociation curve.4. Show the taxonomic categories in hierarchical arrangement in ascending order.5. What are uricotelic animals? Give example.

Section – B6. Define the terms isotonic and solute potential?7. What is mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? Mention any two functions it performs.8. Bring out the differences between the stele of dicot root and monocot root.9. (i) Name two red algae from where agar is obtained. (ii) What is alternation of generations? Or What is meant by a heterosporous fern? Give two examples?

Section – C10. What are tap root system and fibrous root system? Give an example for each.11. Explain cell theory.12. Write a note on primary and secondary structure of proteins with a neat sketch.13. What are the key features of metaphase and prophase?14. Draw a well labelled diagram of head region of a cockroach. Or Draw a labelled diagram of structure of neuron.15. Bring out the role of haemoglobin in the transport of respiratory gases.16. How is a nerve impulse conducted along a non- myelinated nerve fibre17. Write a short note on euglenoids with the structure of Euglena.18. Explain briefly about the phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.19. Draw a graph to explain the concept of activation of energy.20. Explain the role of calcium to plants.21. Rashmi was a social worker in rural area. One day she met a lady. The lady discussed her problem about forceful termination of her Foetus for many time due to female child. Next day, Rashmi meets the parents in laws of the lady andPortal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks explained about the importance of girl child. Next time the lady was not forcedto undergo termination. a. What values do you find in Rashmi? b. Which procedure is used to know the sex of Foetus? c. How this practice is unlawful?

Section – D22. Explain in detail about Solanaceae. Or Give the physiological effects of Gibberellins and Cytokinins

23. What are the factors that affect photosynthesis? Or What are the disorders of muscular and skeletal system?

Section-E (OTBA) Questions

24. OTBA Question 2 mark

Why Poriferans are called pore bearing animals? Name the minute pores that enter water?

25. OTBA Question 3 mark i) Name the two body forms that cnidarians exhibit? ii) Give two scientific examples of phylum Aschelminthes iii) Give one example of urochordata? 26. OTBA Question 5 mark How can you differentiate Viruses, Viroids and Lichens? Or

i) Sexual reproductioin in fungi involves fusion between motile and non-motile gametes in which two phenomenon of Plasmogamy and Karyogamy . What way these two can be differentiated?

ii) List Various Bacteria on the basis of their habitat?

MODEL PAPER( KEY)Class-XI BIOLOGY (THEORY)Time: 3 Hrs MM: 70ANSWERS Section-A1. In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs is called metamerism. Eg – Earthworm.2. Refer page no. 144 of NCERT textbook.

3.

4. Refer NCERT textbook page no. 10.

5. Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals. Section-B6. The solution is said to be isotonic if it balances the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. i.e., it has the same solute concentration.7. Mesosomes are the extensions of the plasma membrane into the cell especially in Prokaryotes. They may be in the form of (i) vesicles (ii) tubules and (iii) lamellae. Functions: a) They are involved in cell wall formation during cell division. b) They help in DNA replication and its distribution to daughter cells.8.Dicot Root Monocot RootVascular bundles are usually tetrarch. Vascular bundles are polyarch.Pericycle is involved in secondary growth and not lignified.

Pericycle becomes lignified, since it is not involved in secondary growth.

9. i) Gelidium, Gracilaria. ii) It is the phenomenon in which there is alternation between the gametophytic Haploid phase and the sporophyte / diploid phase of the life cycle. Or Heterosporous ferns are ferns that produce two types of spores, namely microspores and Megaspores. Examples – Marsilea, Salvinia. Section-C10. The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root system. Example – Mustard Plant. In monocot plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system. Example - Wheat plant.11. Cell theory defines as: (i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells. (ii) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.12. In proteins, only right handed helices are observed. Other regions of the protein thread are

folded into other forms in what is called the secondary structure. In addition, the long protein chain is also folded upon itself like a hollow woollen ball, giving rise to the tertiary structure. This gives us a 3D view of a protein. Tertiary structure is necessary for the many biological activities of proteins. Diagram: Refer NCERT textbook page no. 150.(fig. 9.4)13. The key features of metaphase are: - Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes. - Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and get aligned along metaphase plate through spindle fibres to both poles. The completion of prophase can thus be marked by the following characteristic events: o Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere. o Initiation of the assembly of mitotic spindle, the microtubules, the proteinaceous components of the cell cytoplasm help in the process.

14.

Or

16.The role of haemoglobin in the transport of respiratory gases. Oxygen is transported as oxyhaemoglobin in the erythrocytes. Oxygen binds to the Fe2+ part of haem and is carried as oxyhaemoglobin. Each molecule of haemoglobin can

transported a maximum of four molecules of oxygen. Carbon dioxide is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin. CO2 combines with the amino radical of globin part of haemoglobin. About 23% of CO2 is transported in this form.16. In a resting nerve fibre the axoplasm is electronegative and the exterior is electropositive. This state of the resting membrane is called polarized state. When a threshold stimulus is applied, the resting membrane potential undergoes a change to become action potential, where the interior or axoplasm becomes electropositive and the outside is electronegative. Consequent to depolarization, cations diffuse through the cytoplasm from the electropositive depolarized part of the membrane to the electronegative polarized part. This flow of ions depolarizes the next region diffuse through the ECF to the electronegative region on the outer side.17. Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible. They have two flagella, a short and a long one. Though they are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms. Interestingly, the pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants. Example: Euglena.18. Phloem parenchyma is made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical cells which have dense cytoplasm and nucleus. The cell wall is composed of cellulose and has pits through which plasmodesmatal connections exist between the cells. The phloem parenchyma stores food material and other substances like resins, latex and mucilage. Phloem parenchyma is absent in most of the monocotyledons. Phloem fibres (bast fibres) are made up of Sclerenchymatous cells. These are generally absent in the primary phloem but are found in the secondary phloem. These are much elongated, unbranched and have pointed, needle like apices. The cell wall of phloem fibres is quite thick. At maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become dead. Phloem fibres of jute, flax and hemp are used commercially.

19.

20. Plant absorbs calcium from the soil in the form of calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium is required by meristematic and differentiating tissues. During cell division it is used in the synthesis of cell wall, particularly as calcium pectate in the middle lamella. It is also needed during the formation of mitotic spindle. It accumulates in older leaves. It is involved in the normal functioning of the cell membranes. It activates certain enzymes and plays an important role in regulating metabolic activities.21. a) Rashmi was a social worker and bounded to her duty about the society. b) The most common method used to determine the sex of undelivered child is ultrasound technique. c) The Determination of sex of Foetus is unlawful practice as this enable the parents to select the sex of the baby that may cause the termination in search of boy.

Section-D22. It is a large family, commonly called as the ‘potato family’. It is widely distributed in tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones. Vegetative Characters: Plants mostly, herbs, shrubs and small trees Stem: herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or glabrous, underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum) Leaves: alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; venation reticulate Floral Characters Inflorescence: Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Solanum Flower: bisexual, actinomorphic Calyx: sepals five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation Corolla: petals five, united; valvate aestivation Androecium: stamens five, epipetalous Gynoecium: bicarpellary, syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular, placenta swollen with many ovules Fruits: berry or capsule Seeds: many, endospermous Floral Formula: Economic Importance Many plants belonging to this family are source of food (tomato, brinjal, potato), spice (chilli); medicine (belladonna, ashwagandha); fumigatory (tobacco); ornamentals (petunia).

Or Gibberellins are another kind of promoter PGR. There are more than 100 gibberellins reported from widely different organisms such as fungi and higher plants. They are denoted as GA1, GA2, GA3 and so on. However, Gibberellic acid (GA3) was one of the first gibberellins to be discovered and remains the most intensively studied form. All gas are acidic. They produce a wide range of physiological responses in the plants. Their ability to cause an increase in length of axis is used to increase the length of grapes stalks. Gibberellins, cause fruits like apple to elongate and improve its shape. They also delay senescence. Thus, the fruits can be left on the tree longer so as to extend the market period. GA3 is used to speed up the malting process in brewing industry. Sugarcane stores carbohydrate as sugar in their stems. Spraying sugarcane crop with gibberellins increases the length of the stem, thus increasing the yield by as much as 20 tonnes per acre. Spraying juvenile conifers with GAs hastens the maturity period, thus leading to early seed production. Gibberellin also promotes bolting (internode elongation just prior to flowering) in beet, cabbages and many plants with rosette habit. Cytokinins have specific effects on cytokinesis, and were discovered as kinetin (a modified form of adenine, a purine) from the autoclaved herring sperm DNA. Kinetin does not occur naturally in plants. Search for natural substances with cytokinin-like activities led to the isolation of zeatin from corn-kernels and coconut milk. Since the discovery of zeatin, several naturally occurring cytokinins, and some synthetic compounds with cell division promoting activity, have been identified. Natural cytokinins are synthesized in regions where rapid cell division occurs, for example, root apices, developing shoot buds, young fruits etc. It helps to produce new leaves, chloroplasts in leaves, lateral shoot growth and adventitious shoot formation. Cytokinins help overcome the apical dominance. They promote nutrient mobilization which helps in the delay of leaf senescence.

23. The following factors affect photosynthesis:-Light There is a linear relationship between incident light and CO2 fixation rates at lowlight intensities. At higher light intensities, gradually the rate does not show furtherincrease as other factors become limiting. The light saturation occurs at 10 per centof the full sunlight. Hence, except for plants in shade or in dense forests, light is rarely a limiting factor in nature. Increase in incident light beyond a point causes thebreakdown of chlorophyll and a decrease in photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is the major limiting factor for photosynthesis. The concentration ofCO2 is very low in the atmosphere (between 0.03 and 0.04 per cent). Increase inconcentration upto 0.05 per cent can cause an increase in CO2 fixation rates; beyondthis the levels can become damaging over longer periods. The C3 and C4 plantsrespond differently to CO2 concentrations. At low light conditions neither groupresponds to high CO2 conditions. At high light intensities, both C3 and C4 plants show increase in the rates of photosynthesis. The fact that C3 plants respond to higher CO2concentration by showing increased rates of photosynthesis leading to higherproductivity has been used for some greenhouse crops such as tomatoes and bellpepper. They are allowed to grow in carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere that leadsto higher yields.TemperatureThe dark reactions being enzymatic are temperature controlled. Though the lightreactions are also temperature sensitive they are affected to a much lesser extent.The C4 plants respond to higher temperatures and show higher rate ofphotosynthesis while C3 plants have a much lower temperature optimum. Thetemperature optimum for photosynthesis of different plants also depends on thehabitat that they are adapted to. Tropical plants have a higher temperature optimumthan the plants adapted to temperate climates.WaterEven though water is one of the reactants in the light reaction, the effect of water as afactor is more through its effect on the plant, rather than directly on photosynthesis.Water stress causes the stomata to close hence reducing the CO2 availability. Besides,water stress also makes leaves wilt, thus, reducing the surface area of the leaves and their metabolic activity as well. OrMyasthenia gravis: Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leadingto fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.Muscular dystrophy: Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due togenetic disorder.Tetany: Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low Ca++ in body fluid.Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.Osteoporosis: Age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass andincreased chances of fractures. Decreased levels of estrogen are a common cause.Gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals.24. Because the body bears pores that help in circulation of water. Ostia25. i) Polyp and Medusae ii) Ascaris lumbricoides , wucheraria

iii) Ascidia and salpa26. please refer text book page no: 27 or Pl refer text book no: 23 Pl refer text book pg no 19

O T B A Q U ESTIONS 1. The Living World On the basis of the content given in page no: 11of the Text material from the taxonomical aids answer the following questions: 1. Why Herbarium is an important document for biology students? 2M An s: Herbarium is a Taxonomical aid. It is an important document for biology students because it help to preserve plant twigs for the longer duration.2. How Herbarium is prepared in the laboratory? 3M Ans : Herbarium can be prepared in the following manner: Step 1 Select a plant twig of your choice see that it is not infected. Step 2 Press the twig neatly spreading its leaves under old books allow it to dry for 10 days. Step 3 Take a Herbarium sheet of measurement size 16x 11 inches or 40x28 cm.Step 4 Paste the twig carefully on the sheet. Step 5 Write the details of collected plant i.e. Scientific name, common name, area of collection Botanical importance.

2. How can we identify plants and animals with help of key? 5M Ans: Key is based on the fact contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet. it represent choice made between two opposite options .each statement in the key is called a lead. Keys are generally analytical in nature.Flora, manuals monographs and catalogues are some other means of recording descriptions.

OrBrief out various other Taxonomical aids commonly factorized for biological student s to study various specimens, living beings under conservation? 5M

Ans: Brief Description on the following with suitable examples:1.Botanical gardens 2.Zoological parks 3.M museums etc. (other than Herbarium and KEY)

3.Plant kingdom: 1. Sphagnum has a lot of economic importance. Why? 2M

Ans: Sphagnum provides peat. It is used as packing material for Tran’s shipment of living materials.

2. The Gametophytes of Bryophytes are different from that of gymnosperms. How? Ans: Male Gametophytes have free existence in bryophytes and pteridophytes. But not in gymnosperms.3. On the basis of pigmentation classify algae into various classes and specify their

economic importance? 5MOr

Briefly explain the life cycle pattern of various plant groups with suitable examples? 5MAns: please refer answer from NCERT text book from page no: 30 to 43 for both the answers.4 .Animal kingdom:

Define the following terms? a) Pseudocoelomates b) Bioluminescence