Kel 2 Plant Clasification

8/11/2019 Kel 2 Plant Clasification

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Plants

Classification

ByYesi Febriyanti

Elok Prayogi

Fina Lutfiya

Elita Anggraeni


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Definition of plant

classification The ordering of plants into a hierarchy of taxa in

positional compartments

The species being the fundamental unit, rank orcategory

A means of grouping plants according to theirsimilarities


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Purpose of

classification To order organisms into taxa on the bases of their

relationships

To provide an orderly arrangement or system, position,and rank that expresses the relationships in practical ornatural way

To produce a system for 1) efficient and effectiveinformation storage and 2) use for taxa particular a)

circumscriptions, b) positions, and c) ranksEx: Aster and Rosa of same rank (genus) but different

positions (Asteraceae and Rosaceae)


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Basic premise for

classification

in the tremendous variation in the plant wordconceptually discontinuous groups exist that canbe identified

Via discontinuity of variation and character

correlation can be ordered into a hierarchy andpositional compartment for taxa that express thelogical relationships among the groups


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Fundamental principles

of classification

Variation in plant makes possible the

establishment of classification systems

Classifications of taxa are changed for the

proper reasons of either a more profoundknowledge of the facts resulting from

adequate taxonomy study


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Classification

Artificial classification system:

based on one or two morphological characters that can

be easily seen, and the purpose for

Natural classification system

Phylogenetic classification system


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Approaches to

Classification

Utilitarian (Uses) Dioscorides, Herbalists

Form (habit of plant)Theophrastus, Caesalpino

Artificial (few obvious characters)Tournefort,

Linnaeus


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Natural (overall resemblances)Bauhin, Ray,

deJussieu, de Candolle, Bentham & Hooker

Molecular and Phylogenetic classification

(reflects evolution)Engler & Prantl, Bessey,Hutchinson, Cronquist, Takhtajan, Thorne,

Dahlgren, APG


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Important Influences on

Classification Systems

Needs of the historical period

Level of knowledge of the historical periodPhilosophical concepts of the historical

period

Available technology of the historical period


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APG versus earlier

classifications

Premolecular

classification

Artificial

Natural

Phylogenetic

Molecular

classifications

Phylogenetic

Postmolecular

classifications

Phylogenetic

based on a wide

array of

characters

including themolecular and

micromorphologi

cal level


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Artificial System of PlantClassification


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Classification based on

reproductive organs

Class determinedby Stamen

Order by Pistils


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Before Linnaeus

Naming practices varied

For instance, the common wild rose:

Rosa sylvestr is inodora

seu canina

andRosa sylvestr is alba cum

rubo re, fol io g labro


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Artificial System of

Plant Classification

Carl Linnaeus


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Linnean hierarchy

Phylum Spermatophyta (seed plants)

Division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

Order Rosales

Family Rosaceae

Genus PrunusSpecies Prunus avium L.

Each entity within the hierarchy is called a taxon (plur.

taxa)


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7 Levels of Organization each level

is called a taxon Kingdomlargest, most inclusive

(diverse) group

Phylummade up of groups of classes(share body plan features & internal

functions) Classcomposed of similar orders

Ordercomposed of similar families

Familymade up of genera that share

many characteristics Genusa group of closely related species

Speciessmallest, least inclusive group ofvery similar organisms that can breed andproduce fertile offspring

Decreaseindiversity& size ofgroup


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Higher Categories

Kingdom

Division(Phylum)

Class

OrderFamily

Genus

Species

Box in a Box Concept

Taxon(plural - taxa) = a

group of organisms at a

particular level in the

classification system

The greater the similarity

between two taxa the more

closely they are related


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What is Artificial

Plant Classification?

Method of classifying plants

based on a limited number oftheir physical and sexual

characteristics


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Basics

Sexual system

Divided plants into 24classes

Classes based largely on

the amount, union and

length of stamens


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The Linnaean Period

Technologically, there were

early microscopes,

use of herbarium specimens, and

printed books were now available to the

masses.


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Convergent evolution:

spines of cacti & euphorbs Euphorb

Cactus


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euphorb spines cactus spines

Convergent evolution:

spines of cacti & euphorbs


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A B C D E F

TIME

Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree

TAXA

common ancestor(of taxon A & taxa B-F)

common ancestor(of taxon D, E, & F)

Keturunan Umum


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Monophyletic Group

a group consisting of:

a common ancestor + all descendents of that common ancestor


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monophyleticgroup

A B C D E F

TIME


TAXA




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monophyleticgroup

A B C D E F

TIME


TAXA




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monophyleticgroup

A B C D E F

TIME


TAXA




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monophyleticgroup

A B C D E F

TIME


TAXA




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monophyleticgroup

A B C D E F

TIME


TAXA




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C B F E D A

Cladograms can be flipped at nodes, show same relationships


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Relationship

= hubungan dekat dari keturunan umum

i.e., taxa sharing a common ancestor

more recent in time are more closely relatedthan those sharing common ancestors more

distant in time.


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Shark Fish Humans

TIME

common ancestor ofFish and Humans

common ancestor ofSharks, Fish, and Humans


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monophyleticgroup

OsteichthyesVertebrata

Shark Fish Humans

TIME

common ancestor ofFish and Humans

common ancestor ofSharks, Fish, and Humans


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Paraphyletic group

Consist of common ancestor but not all

descendents

Paraphyletic groups are unnatural, mengubah

sejarah evolusi, and tidak harus diakui


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Lizards &Snakes Crocodyles BirdsTurtles

"Reptilia"

Reptilia here paraphyletic


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Reptilia

Re-defined Reptilia monophyletic


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Dinosaurs

Reptilia


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Importance of systematics & evolution:

1) Foundation of biology - study of biodiversity

2) Basis for classification of life

3) Gives insight into biological processes:

speciation processes

adaptation to environment

4) Can be aesthetically/intellectually pleasing!


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All of life is interconnected

by descent.

A B C D E F

TIME

lineageor clade


TAXA


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There are no higher or lower

species.

A B C D E F

TIME

lineageor clade


TAXA


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MODERN CLASSIFICATION

Since Linnaeus, the taxonomy system has

had some modifications as new methods of

classification have developed


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MODERN CLASSIFICATION

Domainshave been added as the largest taxonthat

includeskingdoms

3 Domain System Eukaryabroken into four kingdoms

Protists, Fungi, Animals & Plants

Bacteriacontains KingdomEubacteriawhich are more

common bacteria (ex. E. coli, Streptococcus)

Archaeacontains Kingdom Archaebacteriawhich are

bacteria that live in extremely harsh environments

(poles, volcanic vents, hot springs, deep ocean

trenches)


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Eubacteriacommon bacteria, very large group

Archaebacterialeast complex, but may be

ancient ancestors of present day eukaryotes

*** archaebacteria & eubacteria used to be grouped

into one kingdom calledMonera***

Protistasingle-celled eukaryotic organisms,

very diverse and might be broken up intoseparate kingdoms in the future

The number of kingdoms has also

changed --6 Kingdom System


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Funginot grouped with plants b/c of their

type of cell walls and how they obtain energy

Plantaecell walls are made of cellulose and

they are photosynthetic

Animaliamost complex group, include

reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals, fish,

insects, etc.

The number of kingdoms has also

changed --6 Kingdom System

Documents

Kel 2 Plant Clasification