Keeping Your Ears to the Ground

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Keeping Your Ears to the Ground

A Journalist's Guide to Citizen

Participation in the News: A Primer onCommunity Journalism

Tamara L. Gillis, Ed. D.

and

Robert C. Moore, Ed. D.


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Keeping Your Ears to the Ground

A Journalists Guide to Citizen Participation in the News: A Primer on Community Journalism

Tamara L. Gillis, Ed. D.

and

Robert C. Moore, Ed. D.

Elizabethtown College, PA, USAThe Polytechnic of Namibia


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Published by The Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

Department of Media Technology

Private Bag 13388

Windhoek, Namibia

The Department of Media Technology currently offers a National Diploma in Journalism and Communication Technology. Though a partnership with the Department of Communications at Elizabethtown College and the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa (NIZA), the program isengaged in both the instruction of civic/community journalism and its application in the publicsector.

Copyright 2003 by Tamara L. Gillis and Robert C. Moore

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informationstorage or retrieval system, without permission.

Printed in the Republic of Namibia


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Table of Contents

About the Authors iii

About This Guide v

Chapter 1: Developmental Communication and Civic/Community Journalism 1

Making the Connection Between Developmental Communication and Civic/CommunityJournalism 1

Thinking of Journalism in a New Way 3

What is in a Name? 3

Of Special Note 6

Additional Resources 6

Chapter 2: Public Listening and the Practice of Community Journalism 9

Key Concepts of Community Journalism 9

Public Listening 10

There are Various Layers of Public: Tapping into These Layers 11

Identifying What is Important to the Community 13

Limitations of the Media 15

Questions to Consider 15


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Assignment 15


Chapter 3: Public judgment and the Practice of Community Journalism 17

What are Some of the Characteristics of the Relationships Between Journalists, theCommunity, and the Media in General? 17

Public Judgment 18


Assignment 20


Chapter 4: How Can Journalists Engaged in Community Journalism Help Citizen Act?23

Review of Public judgment 23

Finding Solutions: Consensus 24

Helping Citizens Act 25


Assignment 26


Chapter 5: The Five Layers of Civic Life, Broadcasting, and the Practice of CommunityJournalism 27


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Review of the Five Layers of Civic Life 27

A Community Journalism Model for Broadcasting 28

Commitment 28

Research 29

Substance 29

Questions for Review 30

Assignment 30


Chapter 6: Putting All of This into Practice: The Community Journalism Project 31

A Few Final Comments 31

The Project 32

APPENDICES 33

Civic & Community Journalism Bibliography 35

Civic Journalism and Community Empowerment Organizations and ResourcesOnlineLinks 47

Civic Organizations (From the Battlefield School District) 59

Civic Journalism Online Resources (From the Texas A & M University) 61

The WWW Virtual Library: International Affairs Resources (Maintained at ElizabethtownCollege, Pennsylvania, USA) 63


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Journalism Organizations and Related Sites (From the University of MD) 65


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About the Authors

Dr. Tamara L. Gillis

Ed. D., Higher Education Administration, University of Pittsburgh; M.S., CommunicationsStudies, Shippensburg (PA) University; B.A., English, Shippensburg (PA) University. Dr.Tamara Gillis is associate professor of communications and chair of the department atElizabethtown College. In addition, she has held the position of director of student publications,advising student media (The Etownian and the Conestogan yearbook) and teaches journalism,publication design, and public relations courses. Her research interests include civic journalism,student culture, change management, public relations officers in organization structures, publicart as communication, and a "great books" approach to teaching public relations. Dr. Gillis' emailaddress is: gillistl at etown dot edu

Dr. Robert C. Moore

Ed. D., Higher Education Curriculum and Instruction and Communications Technology, West

Virginia University; M.S., Mass Communications and Educational Media, Clarion (PA)University; B.S., Education - English, Speech and Communications, Edinboro (PA) University.Dr. Robert Moore is professor of communications and former chair of the department atElizabethtown College. He teaches communications seminar, media and society, introduction tomedia production, international communications, and organizational training. His researchinterests include international communications, civic journalism, freedom of the press,communication administration and curriculum development. Dr. Moore's email address is:moorerc at etown dot edu


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About This Guide

This guide is designed to accompany an advanced journalism course in the study of currentjournalistic initiatives. The guide emphasizes the important connection between communitiesand their media -- print and broadcast and the resultant imperative for journalists to serve thecitizenry.

Using an investigative approach, coupled with case study analyses, participants/students willdevelop an understanding and appreciation for civic/community journalism, its practices, its

application and development, and the implications for it in global communications.

The purpose of this guide is to encourage journalists to learn, understand, and apply the basicvalues and principles of traditional journalism in light of new democracies and communityempowerment found within the tenets of civic/community journalism.

Objectives

The course and study guide will help the journalist recognize and value the practice of journalism as an agent of social change and empowerment.

It will help the journalist become aware of the resources and develop the skills to applycivic/community journalism practices in their daily work as a journalist.

The journalist will adopt a philosophy for developing journalism initiatives in service to thecommunity and its members.

Of Special Note


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When discussing the civic journalism model presented here, the authors will use the termcommunity journalism. It should be understood that in this context, the word community couldbe interchanged with civic or public. Many of the readings or resources used to support this

guide, in fact, use civic or public journalism rather than the term community journalism.

A further distinction needs to also be made. Community journalism, as defined here, is notinterchangeable with the term community media. In this regard, community media is referred toas a media that has its focus, and perhaps its geographic location and distribution, limited to avery defined local group of people or target area. It is also often referred to as a media that islocated in a local community. Community journalism is a way of doing journalism, of servingthe people, of involving the people in the issues that are important in their community.


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Chapter 1

Developmental Communication andCivic/Community Journalism

READINGS

Charity, A. (1995). Doing Public Journalism. New York: The Guilford Press. CHAPTER 1.

MAKING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTALCOMMUNICATION AND CIVIC/COMMUNITY JOURNALISM


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NWICO, the New World Information and Communications Order, the movement by UNESCOin the 1970's, can be seen as a foundation, a basis, for the current trend, the current emphasis,among journalists known as civic, public, or community journalism.

The goals of developmental communication fit nicely into the movement of communityjournalism or civic journalism.

To briefly define developmental communication, it was the belief that the instruments of media(radio, television, newspapers) could be used by the central government of a country to helpbuild a nation. The whole idea behind UNESCO and NWICO is that developing countries couldbuild themselves up using the media. This was both a very important concept and a verymisunderstood concept. That is, governments, not only the colonial governments but also the

current governments of independent and developing countries, interpreted the UNESCO positionto mean that they could take control of the media, and that they would use their governmentauthority to tell the media what to do. The purpose was then to tell the media what wasimportant to tell the people.

This, in a sense, disenfranchised the people and the media, it took away some of their freedomsbecause it was essentially the government telling the citizens what was important to them. Whatmust be remembered in terms of nation building, in terms of development communication, is thatit occurs as the result of people, not of government. No matter how much the government tells

the media to develop people, if people don't want to develop, they don't. If people don't develop,nations don't develop. This is where both the theory of development communication and thepractice of development communication collided. Instead of media often being used to support agovernment agenda, they should be used to support the people's agendas, to support what isimportant to them. This, by the way, is not different from what UNESCO in the early 1970's wassaying; it was just different in terms of practice.

Illiteracy, health, poverty, education and even political awareness are all elements of nationbuilding, of people building, and while developing countries' governments acknowledge that

these things are important, it was probably their control that caused the lack of media beingsupportive of initiatives in developmental communication. So, community journalism issometimes interpreted as a return to the goals of developmental communication. It is an effort to,what has been called, "democratize the media."


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When the term democratization of the media is invoked, the idea expressed is not about makingthe media democratic, not about making it American, not about making it free. Democratizingthe media is all about making it responsive to the people. When the media is democratized, it ismedia whose mission is one that serves the people.

The basis of this approach comes directly from the UNESCO Commission. According to theUNESCO report on the New World Information and Communications Order aboutdemocratization of the media, "It is a matter of human rights, the right to communicate is anextension of the advances toward liberty and democracy. Democratizing the media cannot besimply additional facilities. It means broader access to the media by the general public , and theinterchange of information between people without the dominance of any one person or onegroup ."

When the media is democratized, it means, in practice, that it serves the people and that thepeople use the media to get the information that they are interested in so that they can live their daily lives in an improved way. In order for that to happen, the people must participate indetermining the focus of the media. There is not necessarily a hierarchy in this process.Journalists are not above the people in this regard. In fact, journalists are servants to the peopleand partners with the people. All people are considered equal and central to the purpose of themedia. Urban residents are simply one of the groups of people that are involved in theconsultative process with the media. They are not to be elite, not to have undue influence. But,in order to do its job properly, the media may have to go far outside of urban centers to reach allof the constituencies that they are to serve. Reporters must cover rural and remote areas as well

know how the people feel and to share information that is important with them. It is the use of information as a self help, as personal growth, and to achieve greater information and educationfor everyone that is essential to developmental communication and the common goals of community journalism. These are very laudable goals and are important to self-determination,self-improvement, and to nation building. These are the goals that journalists should strive for intheir daily work.

In civic/community journalism, relationships must be forged between the media and the citizensas equal participants in this entire process. That is actually a very old concept and the basis on

which journalism was established hundreds of years ago. That is where journalism began andcivic/community journalism is a return to journalism's roots.

THINK OF JOURNALISM IN A NEW WAY


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There is a new way of thinking about journalism, a new way for each journalist to do his or her job. When a journalist goes into the field and begins exploring stories, the focus is to be lessfrom the mouthpieces of business, industry and government and more in collaboration with the

people. That's easily said but more difficult to do. Another component of this new way of thinking is in the newsroom--in editorial meetings. As a story lead develops, the journalist mustconsider how it impacts the people from all levels of the community. Civic/communityjournalism requires a more people-centered approach to developing stories and to the storiessuggested for the media.

If journalists are more people-centered in their writing, more people-centered in their reporting,then the newspaper or broadcast station, regardless of who owns it, will become more valuable tothe people. The goal of civic/community journalism is to make the media valuable to the people,

because journalists are telling and sharing with them the things that are important to them.

WHAT IS IN A NAME?

There are three terms that are used, often interchangeably, to represent this new journalismconcept: public journalism, civic journalism, and community journalism. All three terms have, asa common basis, the idea of the journalist as a member of the community gathering new storiesfor the civic good ... for the public goodfor the community.

A journalists focus is on the community and how as a journalist, reporter, broadcaster, they canbest serve the people. This is best done when the journalist is a member of the community bybeing one of the citizens, not as an elitist member of the media or society.

These three terms represent the same idea--that collaboration between the citizens of thecommunity and the media should all work together to solve problems or come up with ideas thatmight be solutions to problems that face the community and have a focus on self-improvement.


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The term civic journalism began with American newspapers in the Nineties as they began torevisit the roots of the worthy profession. But today, journalists are involved in cases of civicjournalism that include collaboration of the different community media - television, radio and thelocal newspaper. They work together to help the community deal with issues, or just bringingthese issues to light, so that the people in the community can begin to discuss solutions and

opportunities to make their lives and communities better.

In fact, civic journalism is happening around the world. Case studies have documented projectsrelated to civic improvement and public deliberation (some with the participation of the media)in: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Guatemala, Hungary, Lebanon, Poland, Romania,Russia, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tajikistan.

Civic journalism can be described using a simple three-phase process as written about by manyof the authors in this movement in civic/community journalism. Those three phases include:consciousness raising, working through the issue with the community, and then a phase of issueresolution. While the resolution phase may sound like a final stage, it is just the beginning of actually solving problems and getting the community involved in solving their own problems or challenges.

In the consciousness-raising phase, the media finds out what issues are of concern in thecommunity. To do that, the media must go out and become part of the community. The media

reconnect themselves and talk to people, not just opinion leaders in the community. The medianeed to learn from the citizens. They need to learn: what the people think is going on in their community; what would the people like to know more about; and, how do the citizens think theycan make a difference and improve their lives. In the first phase, the journalist is on fact-findingmission to learn about the community. In the process, news stories may be written or producedabout various aspects of the information uncovered. However, during this phase, reporters areconducting research on their community for the purpose of a much more long-rangeinvestigation.

In the second phase of working through problems or issues, the community has now identified,for the journalist, the issues, an agenda or a public agenda, with the emphasis on "public." Thecitizens have given their input to the media and enlightened them on what they think is importantin their community. From these issues, the media can begin to construct news stories thathighlight the peoples' point of view of what's happening, or perhaps hold meetings to find outwhat the community would like to know more about, how they'd like to see issues addressed,collect ideas, discuss ideas, bring government into the discussions, find out a variety of ideas are


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and how they fit into the picture. This activity leads to the third phase of civic/communityjournalism, resolution.

The plans and activities in phase two may lead to news coverage (print or broadcast) like a seriesof articles in the newspaper, or a series of segments on a broadcast news program, or acommunity project that addresses the original issue to alleviate the problem. But, thecivic/community journalists responsibility does not stop there.

Because civic/community journalism is a process, the final phase, the resolution phase, leadsback to the beginning of the process. In the resolution phase, news stories and projects may becompleted. This may result in a resolution to the issue originally identified for thecivic/community journalism project. But other issues may have come to the surface during the

reporter's work with the community. It is at this time that these new issues are taken back to thefirst phase and worked through the process, again, with the community, in an attempt to solvethese new issues.

Problems aren't always solved, and sometimes when they are solved, new problems come tolight. So, the cycle continues. As the media becomes more aware of issues, they try to helppeople find solutions to the issues, and with the citizens, continue to focus on improvement andresolution of the issues. Because it's the peoples solutions, not the media's solutions, the mediasimply continues to be that voice in the community, that forum in the community, where the

public feel that they are the center, they are the most important part of the community.

As mentioned previously, this is the bridge between developmental communications andcivic/community journalism. This is the return to what journalism was all about when journalistsfirst started writing in newspapers--to keep their communities informed of issues affecting their survival. Early newspapers developed for local citizens to have a voice in public issues, for citizens to know what was going on in their community, and for citizens to know how toparticipate in their community. Civic journalism, public journalism, and community journalismis a movement with the people leading the media, telling the media what is important to them,

and directing how the media can provide that forum for the citizens to engage in problemsolving.

In the United States and other countries, civic journalism projects have addressed such issues aselections, crime prevention, youth programs, AIDS, health care, and education. These topics areof universal importance and many of the international projects have focused on the same topics.


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While much of the published support materials in the field use American projects as examples,the tactics employed and the lessons learned will be able to be applied throughout the world.

Civic/community journalism is not a movement among scholars. It is not a movement amonglecturers at polytechnics and universities, it is not teaching new journalists or new students howto serve people better. In fact, civic/community journalism is a movement of practicingjournalists to do their job better and to make the impact of the media for meaningful. Arthur Charity, author of Doing Public Journalism , became most noted for his efforts in this area whenhe was an editor at a newspaper in Ottawa, Canada. Civic journalism has its roots, its growth, ina non-American movement. Today, it is still not solely American. How do the journalists feelabout this new way of approaching journalism? Arthur Charity notes in his book a positivechange for reporters in the performance of their jobs. They have reconnected with their localcommunities and improved their writing and focus skills as journalists.

The Pew Foundation for Civic Journalism has documented the shift in newsroom attitudes usingthis process. An enormous amount of reading material is available from the organization andfrom their website: www.pewcenter.org Your lecturer has copies of many of the articles andpublications. See the extensive bibliography at the end of this guide (items that are in bold areavailable for loan from the lecturer.)

Reporters from newspapers and broadcast organizations embrace the concepts of civic, public or

community journalism and they talk about them at length in these publications. They provideinsights about how the process has changed the way these reporters think about stories and theway that they collaborate on stories. Civic/community journalism has brought the reporterscloser to the issues and to the people. Journalists feel like they're making a difference in the livesof their public instead of just being an elitist organization. That is one of the most rewardingthings for a reporter that comes out of this process.

OF SPECIAL NOTE

From this point forward, when discussing this approach to journalism, the authors will use theterm community journalism. It should be understood that in this context, the word communitycould be interchanged with civic or public. Many of the readings or resources used to supportthis guide, in fact, use civic or public journalism rather than the term community journalism.
http://www.pewcenter.org/http://www.pewcenter.org/


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A further distinction needs to also be made. Community journalism, as defined here, is notinterchangeable with the term community media. In this regard, community media is referred toas a media that has its focus, and perhaps its geographic location and distribution, limited to a

very defined local group of people or target area. It is also often referred to as a media that islocated in a local community. Community journalism is a way of doing journalism, of servingthe people, of involving the people in the issues that are important in their community.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

VIDEOTAPE: "Civic Journalism: A Practical Guide."

This video is a collection of journalists talking about how they have become active in their communities. These journalists discuss what that interaction has brought to their reporting, their writing and their broadcasting. A number of the projects highlighted in the video are partnershipsbetween television, radio, and newspapers in different communities. These cases include thejournalists' descriptions of how civic journalism has changed the way they report and also theway that they gather information and interact with their communities.

VIDEOTAPE: Civic Journalism: Its More Than Just Good Journalism.

This video is a conversation between Davis Buzz Merritt, editor of The Wichita Eagle andmedia analyst Hodding Carter III. They talk about what journalism has become and how it canbe improved. Two of the most creative thinkers in journalism today, they reach a workingdefinition of civic journalism that will serve journalism practitioners, students, and citizens atlarge.


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Chapter 2

Public Listening and the Practice of Community Journalism

READINGS

Charity, A. (1995). Doing Public Journalism. New York: The Guilford Press. CHAPTER 2

Harwood, Richard C. and McCrehan, Jeff. Tapping Civic Life: How to Report First, and Best, Whats Happeningin Your Community. Second Edition. Washington, DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism/Tides Center. 2000.FRAMEWORK 1-4, PAGES 10-22.

VIDEOTAPE

Schaffer, Jan (Exec. Producer.) A Journalists Tool Box: Techniques for Building Better Journalism. Washington,DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism. 2000. PART 3: FINDING THIRD PLACES: OTHER VOICESDIFFERENT STORIES.


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KEY CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY JOURNALISM

There are three key concepts of community journalism:

1. The goal of community journalism and the goal of the journalist in this process, isconsciousness raising. What that means is, to help bring to light information or issues that maybe important to the citizens.

2. To interact with the people of the community and to have the citizens tell the journalistabout the things that are important to them.

3. To have the journalist identify the issues that are important to the community. Communityjournalism means getting the public and the media involved in the same community issues.

"Working through the issues", phase two of the community journalism process, gets thejournalist involved in investigating the issue. The journalist gets the people involved in lettingthe media know what is important about the issues. The media provides a forum so that thepeople can share that information and learn and understand those issues that are important to thepublic in their everyday life.

For the journalist to be involved in the community, the journalist must be in touch with people.The journalist needs to be in touch with the issues and know where to get information. Thejournalist needs to know how to share information with the people.

The third or final step in this simple community journalism model, which is actually the maingoal of community journalism, is resolution of the issues. But while that is a goal of what the


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media want community journalism to do, seldom does the actual project solve a problem.Seldom do the media actually solve the issue. But what the media have done is set the stage for the people, the community, to discuss and learn so they can resolve the issues themselves.

In this process, journalists are not leaders, and the people are not followers; they are partners inthe discussion of what is important to people in the community. It is only the people that aregoing to solve the issues, not the journalists. What journalists do is get the people involved, getall of the issues and discussion on the table, cover it, and facilitate the interaction to help thepeople help themselves.

PUBLIC LISTENING

Public listening is the first step in a journalist's research of an issue. Journalists need to knowhow the community feels and what's important to the people. That's exactly what public listeningis. It is the process of finding out from the community members the issues that are important tothe community.

If the reporter is truly thinking about the community, being a community journalist, the reporter should ask the community, "what's important to you?" and allow the community to form thequestions that the media can help to answer through their reporting.

The feedback or information that the public provides may include a number of sources. Feedback represents the ways reporters and the community can connect in this public conversation or dialog. Public listening is part of a conversation between the media and the community. Someways of making this connection include getting involved in the community; talking to peopleindividually; talking to groups of opinion leaders -- the clergy, schoolteachers, bankers, chiefs,local citizens --getting a cross-section of opinions. Surveys could also be used to collectcommunity feedback. For example, newspapers could solicit public input through a mail-inballots, while broadcast audiences could call a special telephone number to express their ideas.Other innovative ways to collect information include town meetings and focus groups.


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Another important item about public listening is that the media shouldn't just ask people aboutwhat's wrong with their community. The media should also ask the public what's "right", so thatthe community can also see that there are good things going on so the community and can buildon what has made their community good to help solve the problems that they see as making their community less than good.

The media must consider the public, the community, and the agenda? What are their issues?These issues, in the final analysis, may not be the issues the media think are the most important.

THERE ARE VARIOUS LAYERS OF THE PUBLIC

TAPPING INTO THESE LAYERS

Throughout this discussion of the community journalism model, ideas have been shared abouthow journalists identify the issues that are important to the people. The media don't set theagenda. They go to the people and try to find out what the people's (the community's) agenda is.

The Pew Foundation segments the public into five basic groups or places. Those five groups or places in the community are:

1. The OFFICIAL group: those people who are part of the political system or recognizedleaders of institutions in society;

2. The QUASI-OFFICIAL group - organizations or people who are involved in thecommunity, but not necessarily representatives of either national or local government. Thesepeople tend to be considered leaders by the community but not by the office held.


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3. THIRD PLACES, or people who congregate in those places, make up the next group.These places are where people gather informally, like churches, community events,schools, etc.;

4. INCIDENTAL PLACES are where people are simply able to talk informally with oneanother. Sometimes this is just simply on the sidewalk, perhaps at the market, or maybeeven at a coffee shop; and

5. PRIVATE PLACES - in the privacy of one's home; in people's own private lives.

As noted above, there are five layers/places or five groups of people in society to whomjournalists often go to get their story information. Traditional journalism tends to immediately goto the first group, which is the official group. They want to hear what leaders of institutions andpolitical bodies, whether they be national or local, have to say about an issue. Then they tend togo to the last group, which is private people. That means, they go to an individual person to ask them what they think about what the first group has said or done. In community journalism,journalists focus on is the middle three groupsthose who make up the community.

A journalist, who is going to be more responsive to the community, actually becomes part of the

community. That is, they get to know and understand members of organizations, clergy, chiefs,and business leaders in the community. They sit and talk with these individuals in thecommunity, whether it is at social functions, or at the schools, or in churches. They, to an extent,interact informally, live with, visit with, and get to know these people and the community, so thatthey are more in touch with, more in tune with what the people think, not only asking thoseleaders what THEY think the people think, but they are actually talking to the people about whatthey think themselves.

The challenge is for journalists to learn about people--what they value and what is important to

them--and then to use that information to begin to investigate a story and then to provide a forumfor these people to discuss and ask questions about what is important to themin a public way.If the media do that, they are empowering the people. The media are asking the everyday citizensto set the agenda, rather than using a more hierarchical approach, or simply asking leaders to setthe agenda.


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Community journalism also means, then, that the journalist becomes a member of thecommunity and can connect what the official and civic leaders have to say with what individualmembers of the community have to say. Additionally, there are people in every community whoare looked to as leaders -- opinion leaders. Sometimes we find that these individuals are veryactive people who work very well with the everyday citizen and still work very well with

institutions and organizations in the community. These kinds of people are 'connectors' or thepeople who exist in the community who can tie official life to private life.

Journalists need to also find those people who can give the background, the history, to give thewisdom on the issues. All too often, journalists come into an unfamiliar area and they don't havethat historical perspective that is so important in framing an issue more clearly. If journalists dothese things, then the journalists have three important goals for their involvement:

1. To find out how people think--what is important to them;

2. To engage these people from all five levels of the community in conversation, so that theyare able to share with us and we are better able to understand what they have to say, and,

3. To investigate the stories based on these interactions and find out what is important for the

journalist to pursue.

These goals mean that journalists determine, from their input, the struggles and those things of importance that the journalists will deal with in their framing of the stories.

Community journalists are always trying the answer the question, "why?" They want a person toelaborate on what they're thinking, what they're feeling, rather than simply giving a short answer.

The journalist would like to know what is important to the community. They want to know whatare the main concerns of people and what are they thinking. They want to get a greater perspective regarding the peoples thinking on the issues. The journalists want to look at thecauses and why the causes exist. How does the community think things should be? How do theythink people should help? What has been done? What can be done? All of these things are open-ended questions that, if a journalist works to seek input from a variety of levels with questionsthat are open-ended like these, the journalist may begin to be able to put together a picture of


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what they need to address in a project and what forums they need to make available incommunity journalism.

In summary, at this point, journalists need to try to find a way in the existing media to not onlyaddress issues that are important to the people, but also how they are going to address issues thatare different in each of the various regions of the country.

IDENTIFYING WHAT IS IMPORTANT TO THECOMMUNITY

The Pew Foundation identifies a five-step process for beginning journalists to use in discoveringwhat is important to a community.

Step 1: Identify a particular communitya geographic area, a neighborhood/suburb, or issueimportant to a certain group of people or beat.

Step 2: Hold newsroom conversations about contacts in the community. Use the five layers of the community previously discussed to create a specific contact list.

Step 3: What is it that needs to be investigated for the story? Formulate the kinds of questionsthat might be asked of civic leaders, quasi-civic leaders, the charity group leaders, as well ascivic officials. (This gives the journalist a start for the interviewing process, but it doesn't limitthe him or her to just those questions, because in these meetings obviously more information is

going to come to the surface in discussion rather than just the questions that are asked.)

Step 4: Interview catalysts, means talking to those people that are the everyday leaders in thecommunity. These catalysts are those people to whom citizens look as quasi-officials or opinionleaders. The diverse opinions gotten will be valuable to the story and will be indicative of aoverall sense of the communitys important issues.


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Step 5: Interview citizens, not just in those public places, but make this a public process for encountering and talking with the citizenry. This stage also includes possibly developing publicforums for discussion.

This five-step process should help the journalist develop a news gathering plan, a way of developing interviews and contacts, that maybe didn't seem apparent when the issues were firstthought about.

In review:

1. Get the idea first. It is really a function of being out and involved and hearing about andfrom people before it ever really reaches an official level of concern.

2. Expand sources. Don't simply go to officials and private citizens, but expand issuesources to include all the various layers of an area or of a neighborhood.

3. Ask better questions. That is, have them open-ended. Get people's ideas and feelings,their insights to what is important.

4. Expand the possibilities for framing stories. A story is not one-dimensional and iscertainly not what the journalist perceives it is. The frame of a story is decided as aresult of the conversations in the community.

5. Write harder hitting stories. Talk about tensions, talk about issues, talk about problems,and let people know. Hard-hitting stories--give facts, give issues, give background, andgive experiences.


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6. Have a conversation about the story with other journalists, whether it be in the editorialmeeting, when developing the daily diary, or whether it be just among the reporters in thenewsroom, what are the other ideas that people think about? What are other angles for usto write stories about?

7. Bridge civic layers . Attempt to get people from all the different areas of society fromofficial to semi-official, to private citizens to be part of the investigative process.

8. Put aside preconceived ideas to try to approach every story not in a biased way. Do notwrite from a vantage point of what the journalist thinks is right, but to provide a story or to write a story or stories that show a variety of points of view, both the minority as wellas the majority point of view.

Gathering information from a number of different layers of the community gives the journalist abalance of input. It gives the reporter a balance of ideas because certainly, the things that areimportant to one person might not be important to another person.

A key reason to get a variety of input from the public is so the reporter can find out what theclimate is really like in the community. The same issue might be of interest to many people but

for very different reasons. This breadth of reasons behind the issues provides depth to theproject and stories.

Community journalism issues are those issues that are important to the majority of thecommunity. These issues have the greatest impact on the community. As journalists, we don'twant to talk about issues that simply are important to a couple, we want to look for a variety of views on an issue that is important to many people. Yet, there are minority views to each of thestories and they should be covered as well.

LIMITATIONS OF THE MEDIA


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The media has certain limitations in the coverage of issues. While television is not broadlyreceived by everybody in the country, it is received by a certain type of audience. The types of issues journalists would deal with in television news stories would be those that are appropriateto that audience. Certainly, you would not focus upon an issue dealing with people that could notreceive your information, because the key to community journalism is to report what the people

think is important to their lives and to the people. Again, journalists do not solve the problem,journalists help give the people a forum so that the people can work through and solve their ownissues. So, the forum must be appropriate to the specific audience and be able to reach thespecific audience.

The media might deal with an issue thats important in the urban area and also important in therural area differently. A newspaper might, in fact, address issues from the rural perspective andtelevision (in a cooperative project) might deal with the urban perspective.

Community journalism is changing the way journalists do their job. Journalists are asked tocommit to the long-term investigation for long-term analysis for long-term improvement in thecommunity.

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

1. How can community journalism fit into your current reporting practices?

ASSIGNMENT

Public Listening Exercise: Develop a public listening project to determine the needs of your community and a topic suitable for development using the civic journalism model.


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VIDEOTAPE: New Listening Posts: Blending Investigative with Civic Journalism inAsbury Park.

Jody Calendar, for the Pew Center for Civic Journalism, discusses a civic journalism project inAsbury Park, New York, USA. In particular, she reviews how important it was for thenewspaper to be in touch with the community and how the journalists found new sources amongthe members of the community.

VIDEOTAPE: Tune in Your Community, Turn on Your Viewers.

This videotape, produced by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism, shows how five TV newsoperations try to meet the challenge of leading serious public conversations on important issues.The tape reviews how stories were chosen, the approaches or framing used in the stories, howjournalists try to make themselves think like community journalists, and how the media

connected with individual citizens.

VIDEOTAPE: Issues in Community News

This videotape, produced by the Center for Community Journalism, reviews the kinds of newsgathering that takes place in newspapers, radio and television. Issues in CommunityNews looks at how journalists are stakeholders in their communities and the issues of

balancing that role with more familiar hard news, watch dog, aspect to the profession.

VIDEOTAPE: Civic Journalism: A Work in Progress.


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This Pew Center for Civic Journalism video looks at The Gazette in Colorado Springs, Colorado(USA) and how Steven A. Smith tried to create a civic culture in the newsroom. Throughpublic listening, alternative framing, and tapping new voices, the journalist is challenged toinvent a new kind of journalismone that challenges readers to see things in new ways.


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Chapter 3

Public Judgment and the Practice of

Community Journalism

READINGS

Charity, A. (1995). Doing Public Journalism. New York: The Guilford Press. CHAPTER 3 & 4.

Harwood, Richard C. and McCrehan, Jeff. Tapping Civic Life: How to Report First, and Best, Whats Happeningin Your Community. Second Edition. Washington, DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism/Tides Center. 2000.PART 2, PAGES 23-37.

VIDEOTAPE

Schaffer, Jan (Exec. Producer.) A Journalists Tool Box: Techniques for Building Better Journalism. Washington,DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism. 2000. PART 1: INTERVIEWING: NEW QUESTIONS, BETTER STORIES.


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It is very important to match the type of news media that people use to help them to solve theproblems and be part of the solution of problems.

In community journalism, all of the media are in partnership to help the community. Eachmedium has its strengths and weaknesses in addressing the issues. If all media in a communitycome together in a cooperative effort for the community, then the media may be able to reachmany different aspects of the community.

An example:

In dealing with the community journalism issue of education, there might be a collaborationbetween newspapers, radio and television on the news coverage of the issues surrounding

education. Different issues would be dealt with by each media: newspapers, radio and television.Each media would take different angles; each would follow up regarding education in differentways each involving the people in the issue that is raised. Perhaps, one of the media mightsponsor an open on-air discussion on the issue. Then, as a result of cooperative coverage, thepeople of the community who are reading about the issue in a newspaper, when told that theyllbe able to hear more about the issue on radio, will tune into the radio when they might nototherwise have tuned in. If television, for example, covers a public meeting on the issue that wasannounced in the newspaper, then people are going to watch that on television. Different anglesand different stories, with each one promoting the other, helps in this collaboration. Its not acompetition, its each media cultivating the other and the others coverage of an issue of importance to the public.

PUBLIC JUDGMENT

Community journalism is a conversation, a dialogue, a two-way exchange. It is the media talkingto the people; very importantly, it is the people talking back to the media. The focus of thatdialogue is to explore more than one side of an issue, to explore all the various viewpoints of anissue, and not to draw a judgment that one person is right or one person is wrong. Instead, thisexploration presents a variety of sides of the issue so that the people can be informed about theissue as they find their own solutions to problems. This dialogue is not a debate. A basicunderstanding of a debate is that one party is in favor of an solution to an issue, while one partyis against the solution. Community journalism is not a debate; it is a conversation about all thevarious elements or aspects of an issue and its potential solutions. There are strong points to bediscussed on aspects on each side. There are some points that are weaker. By the media focusing


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on all the different aspects, all the different angles of an issue, the media are promoting peopletalking on their own. The media are promoting people acting on their own to address a problemissue. Its not the media acting; its not the media solving the problem; IT IS the media providingthe forum for people to discuss issues of importance to them. Then the people feel strongenough, informed enough, to pursue their own solutions to problems. This issue could be health,

literacy, education, transportation, or simply how to get more information to the rural areas.

Dialogue is the key element. Whats the role of the journalist, then, in promoting this dialogue?How do we focus in on creating a dialogue instead of preaching, telling the people that certainthings are right and certain things are wrong? "Deliberative discourse" means dialogue. It islengthy discussion of issues resulting from the investigation within the community. The mediaand citizens are fellow problem solvers, but public judgment, what the people decide, is what isbest, not what the media decides. When the people decide, they do so by weighing the strengthsof all the various sides of an issue to come to a compromise; the community decides what they

would like to do. The medias job is to help them understand and appreciate how other peoplethink and feel so that the people have more knowledge, more of an ability to come to their ownopinion, their own decision, regarding the issue.

Deliberative discourse is often described as the best form of democracy. In ancient Rome, wherepeople came together to be involved in decision-making, it clearly was designed to have peopleunderstand and agree to common ground in their decision making in public.

The community media want to help the people to arrive at their own course of action, to addressan issue they think is important to them. This part of the community journalism model isdescribed as working toward a choice that everybody can agree upon. The media do that bypromoting the decisions and actions of the people. Community journalism is a grassrootsmovement, a way in which the media serve the citizens of a community.

In community journalism, the reporter should be collecting more than "just the facts" about anews story. Journalists should find out whats important to the community. They want to know

what the background is, and to describe those elements of the issue from the various points of view of the community. After that is done, and the media ask the right questions, they areproviding an in-depth opportunity for analysis -- far more than news. When looking at whatkinds of issues that might be of interest to focus on in community journalism efforts, journalistspoll the people. They survey and talk to the people. The key here is, once it is decided whatissue is going to be pursued, once it is decided where and how support will be provided to helpthe people, that the people drive the agenda. The people tell the media whats important and themedia give them as much information/opportunity to discuss the issues as possible.


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The public judgment, when made on an informed basis, is always right, regardless of whether themedia agree with it or not.

Community journalism is also about establishing trust. Journalists can be far more effective if they address simple issues first. Go into the community and address issues to start building adialogue around those issues. The journalist will have an easier time addressing some of themore difficult issues later.

There has to be some trust built on issues that everyone can agree upon and rally around beforemore difficult, controversial issues can be tackled. Community journalism helps to build some

common ground between the community, the media and the political system if we start out smalland dont try to take on too much at one time.


1) What value does your news media (whether youre from radio, television, newsprint) add toyour role in your urban communities?

2) How can we, as the media, make it easier for citizens to have a voice and to act on theissues that we raise in our work in community journalism?

ASSIGNMENT


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Layers of Civic Life Exercise: Develop a process by which community journalists may captureopinions of the five layers of civic life described by The Harwood Group. Coordinate this projectwith an additional public listening activity.


VIDEOTAPE: Civic Journalism: Covering Your Community Through CreativePartnerships.

This tape is a recording of a session at the Radio and Television News Directors Association(USA) Convention. It highlights the unique alliances made between different media to cooperateon the same community journalism project. The focus is on partnerships and how each mediabuilt their approach to the issue in combination with, not competition with, the other media.

VIDEOTAPE: Self-Publishing Communities: Partnering with the New Competition.

Glenn Ritt, former vice president of news and information at The Bergen Record in Hackensack,NJ (USA) shares his ideas for making newspapers the foundation of a region's informationhighway by building partnerships with community groups on the Web


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Chapter 4

How Can Journalists Engaged in CommunityJournalism Help Citizens Act?

READINGS


VIDEOTAPE

Schaffer, Jan (Exec. Producer.) A Journalists Tool Box: Techniques for Building Better Journalism. Washington,DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism. 2000. PART 3: FRAMING A STORY: WHATS IT REALLYABOUT?

REVIEW OF PUBLIC JUDGMENT


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What brought you into this issue? This question promotes understanding in group interviewsbecause opponents can usually empathize with each other's personal stories more easily thanwith each other's arguments.

What experiences or beliefs might lead decent and caring people to support that point of view?This question asks people to look sympathetically at points of view they've rejected and at theopponents themselves.

Is that where the disagreement lies? When a source explains how two sides in an issue disagree,the reporter might restate what's been said in very concrete terms and ask this question. It oftenprods the source to reply with a more refined or focused definition of the disagreement,narrowing the issue.

What's your underlying interest? Is that something you personally believe? What's your reasonfor saying that? These types of questions are intended to get the source to define the motivationbehind their aims and beliefs.

Describe the other side's position to me. The request asks the sources to give a description, not acaricature, then is followed by a question of accuracy and fairness. This might force the source to

reason for a moment from within their opponent's terms.

What point, that the other side makes, makes the most sense to you? What trade-offs would yoube willing to live with? What sacrifices are you unwilling to accept? What alternative is the least persuasive? What makes this issue so difficult?

These types of questions help define where common ground is more or less likely to be found.

(This list of questions was compiled from Arthur Charity's book titled "Doing PublicJournalism.")

If people disagree, the media want to know where that disagreement is, or if it is believed that aparticular course of action is the proper one, citizens need to know on what basis that course of action is the proper one. Community journalists should have each side describe or discuss the


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other side's position to understand why perhaps agreement or disagreement might occur. Thegoal in pursuing solutions to an issue is consensus.

HELPING CITIZENS ACT

Being available to various constituencies is very important for a community journalist. Lettingthe community know that the media is interested in what they have to say on the issues that areimportant to them is a very important part of the process in facilitating change in the community.This is hopefully what community journalism has as its end reward. It is very important to beaccessible to community constituencies and to let them know that they are important not only assources, but also because they are the people who make decisions and make change happen in acommunity. It is very important to keep those avenues open and to see the media as a facilitator in the community in getting the different voices heard.

The media have to make a change in their philosophy about who their constituency is. It's onething to talk about a parliamentary constituency or a head man's constituency. But often times,the media forget that there are people outside of the urban areas. So journalists need to look differently at who it is they serve, so that they are in touch with all of those constituencies.

Some other ways that the media can facilitate community involvement include: continuingcoverage of issues of interest to the citizens; helping to plan and cover town meetings to discussissues; developing citizen forums. (As facilitators, journalists have to try to help the communityact, but can not act on their behalf.) These town meetings are planned by the media as a publicforum to build and identify the public agenda. The media is simply a participant in the forum.


Consider an issue that is key in your community:


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1. How would you normally cover the issue? That could include discussions of who youwould interview, what information would be gathered, and so on. That's a very traditionalquestion. Then, how would you handle it now in a community journalism approach?

2. How would you get involved in the community? How would you identify communityangles to these issues? Look at it from the citizens' point of view rather than the journalists' pointof view. When you identify how you would look at these different angles, list what kinds of activities you would engage in, in order to uncover those angles. Of course, the easiest one is thetown meeting, but we would like you to talk about other different kinds of activities that youwould use to find these angles.

3. How would each of the different media cover those angles and still complement one another in the community?

ASSIGNMENT

News Coverage Exercise: Develop a plan for including the voices of the community in a timedelimited community journalism news campaign for the community news media. Consider/planpartnership activities with other media. Develop promotional concepts to support your newscampaign.


VIDEOTAPE: Citizen Reader: Building Civic journalism Pages at the Virginian Pilot.


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Dennis Hartig, Managing Editor of the Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, explains how his paper experimented by devoting an entire page three days a week to covering education, public life andpublic safety. The goal was to help make readers more effective citizens by imparting knowledgeas well as news.


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Chapter 5

Looking at the Five Layers of Civic Life,Broadcasting, and the Practice of

Community Journalism.

READINGS


VIDEOTAPE

Schaffer, Jan (Exec. Producer.) A Journalists Tool Box: Techniques for Building Better Journalism. Washington,DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism. 2000. PART 4: TAPPING YOUR COMMUNITY: WHAT DONTYOU KNOW?


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REVIEW OF THE FIVE LAYERS OF CIVIC LIFEANEXAMPLE

A sample issue for identifying the Five Layers of Civic Life (and the places that sources mightbe found) is the health-related issue of AIDS.

For an issue like AIDS, it important to consider sources that will help journalists to identify howthe citizenry feels about this issue, as well as information about the issue itself. What are thelayers of civic life to be investigated?

Official contacts from the official layer that might be used to begin to research and write a storyabout AIDS might include the Ministry of Health.

The quasi-official layer may include advocacy groups, the organizations who talk on behalf of people with AIDS, and so on.

The third places layer may include the churches, the unions and the employers, schools.

The incidental layer, especially as it relates to a health issue like AIDS, may include peopleliving with AIDS, individuals talking about people in the community who have acquired thedisease, and even individuals who might give some information on how the whole situationoccurred and how they feel that the community is dealing with the matter.

The private layer for this issue may include the family of someone who is suffering from thisdisease.


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KEYS TO A COMMUNITY JOURNALISM MODEL FOR BROADCASTING

Community journalism is more than just interviewing citizens. It's definitely not just printingarticles that the citizenry is interested in, but actually facilitating the discussion and the debate of civic issues with the citizens of a community, and making them aware of the issues and their discussion of the issues public so that the community benefits.

In that way, this community journalism model improves the way that the business of journalismis done on a regular basis, not just the specific stories that are chosen to be done about an issue,but the way that all the news stories that are written or broadcast are approached.

There are three keys to implementing civic journalism in the practice of broadcast journalism:

commitment

research, and

substance.

COMMITMENT

Commitment on part of both the broadcast and the print media, when a partnership is formed, isto work with one another and not compete against one another. One aspect of the media thatcannot be denied is the inherent competitive nature of the mass media -- television, radio and thenewspapers -- in covering news. But, the three different media have their own strengths andweaknesses, and when covering the same stories in a community journalism project, the medianeed to compound the strengths of those individual media in producing cooperative stories thatserve the people. In many instances, the media will be covering similar issues, maybe even thesame event. But each media need to have something to differentiate the stories, to take advantageof the strength of that particular media, and at the same time to work in partnership. There has to


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be a commitment on the part of the media to the community model of journalism for coveringthe particular issue at hand. The print journalist will approach it differently than the broadcastjournalist, but they need to be committed to working on the same issue and at times, workingtogether.

Since community journalism projects are long term projects (projects that will be addressed over a number of days or weeks of news coverage) the media must be committed to seeing the projectthrough to its completion for the public's sake. So the journalist, the public and the newsoperation must be committed to this work. Partnerships always require commitment of all partiesinvolved.

If a local radio news operation and a local newspaper operation develop a community journalism

partnership, then the commitment is not only in time given to the issue, but they are committedto one another to cooperate with one another and cover the issue the best they can whilemaintaining that natural competition that the media enjoy. Journalists all want to cover the mostcurrent issues, to be there to cover the newsmakers, to be there when the hard and critical newsbreaks. While hard news is important to the people and their right to know, service to thecommunity to make it a better place to live is a commitment to excellenceto serving thepeople. This also comes about when journalists have a respect for one another to share someinformation and also to allow each media to take advantage of the different strengths that itbrings to the partnership.

RESEARCH

Research is the second key. Research is key to understanding any news issue. It's also the key tofinding the resources that are needed to develop stories. Those resources include not onlyinformation from the official layer of our community or the quasi-official layer, but also fromthose other layers of society--our citizens as resources are exceptionally important to the stories.The average citizen, who makes up the majority of the community is able to identify what theimportant issues are, to help determine what forms of public discussion is appropriate, and whatsolutions need to be investigated to improve the community.


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SUBSTANCE

The third key is substance. The stories that are written must have substance. That is, they musthave information that is vital and of interest to the community. If a journalist has appropriatelydone research then he or she knows precisely what the community is dealing with -- what issuesthey are at the forefront of their minds -- then the substance should be there. The stories are notjust what can be called "fluffy" stories, stories about human interest and things like that. Theseare news stories that people read to learn something -- something about being a member of thatcommunity or more about an issue that they are facing. The readers and viewers should feel theycan partake in the debate and actually begin to use the information they're receiving from themedia on these particular issues for the long term, and enrich their lives or at least change theway that they think about parts of their lives, and become part of the community debate or discussion of these issues.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

1. What are the key strengths of broadcast over print media for telling a community-basednews story?

2. What are the key limitations of broadcast versus print media for telling a community-basednews story?

3. How could a community journalism project be created to have both print and broadcastcomponents that complement one another?

ASSIGNMENT


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Feedback and Evaluation Exercise: Develop a mechanism for gathering public opinion andcontinuing developments on your topic or issue of concern. How can you determine the value of the news campaign to the community? Should additional news coverage be planned or will thecivic journalism project be a special feature or an ongoing element of the media practices?


VIDEOTAPE: _____. The Best of Civic Journalism: The (Year) Batten Award Winners.James K. Batten Awards and Symposium for Excellence in Civic Journalism. Washington, DC:The Pew Center for Civic Journalism. VIDEOTAPES WITH ACCOMPANYING PRINTEDGUIDES (Years: 1999, 2000, 2001.)


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Chapter 6

Putting All of this into Practice: TheCommunity Journalism Project

READINGS

Schaffer, Jan and Miller, Edward D., eds. Of the Peopleby the Peoplefor the Peoplewith the People: AToolbox for Getting Readers and Viewers Involved. Washington, DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism. 1997.

Harwood, Richard C. and McCrehan, Jeff. Tapping Civic Life: How to Report First, and Best, Whats Happeningin Your Community. Second Edition. Washington, DC: The Pew Center for Civic Journalism/Tides Center. 2000.

A FEW FINAL COMMENTS


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Journalists in community efforts do not focus on getting a single story. They focus on findingissues that are important, and then empower the people to talk about those issues. The mediacovers those issues and the discussions about them over a period of time. While journalists

typically go out and do a single story and return to the newsroom, community journalists look atan assignment as a long-term project. To empower people and have them discuss issues that areimportant to them cannot be dealt with in a single story, even in a single program or a singleissue of the newspaper; they are ongoing.

The stories that will be written in the final project are to draw from all five layers of thecommunity; and the community as a whole will feel part of the story because of the story'ssubstance. A journalist should know when a story is complete or is missing information. Think like a reader/viewer and ask the questions that they might ask from the story. The story or the

series of stories should be full of information. They should have captured what the people aretrying to say is important. Whether it's a government official or it's a citizen responding to a newchange in the way that perhaps a new law or a new regulation that they have to follow thataffects their lifethe story is about feeling, impact, results. The issues are to be covered fromboth (or all) sides, from the official side, the information coming down to the community andfrom the citizenry and from the people who have to live with it and their opinions coming up tomeet the official layer of the community. It is also common that news stories are written becausea press release was received or an official statement from a government office was made. In theend, the important measure of effectiveness is to cover that story in a way that shows howcitizens are affected. A lot of readers or viewers are very aware that news coverage as only one-sided and they don't see how it affects them personally. Stories of substance really do affect

readers and listeners personally and that's the focus when writing community journalism pieces.

THE PROJECT

The final project for the course will include a cooperatively designed group community

journalism project. The plan for the project should require in-depth investigation, a long-termcommitment for the media to cover a wide variety of aspects of the issue selected, and beinclusive of several different media in partnership in the community.


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Documents

Keeping Your Ears to the Ground