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Keeping Calves Healthy. Jerry Bertoldo, DVM Extension Dairy Specialist NWNY Team CCE/ Pro-Dairy. Calf Management Practices. Dairy Skills Training. Health Triad. Environment. Disease Agent. Immunity. Causes of Mortality. NAHMS 2007. Does Infection = Disease?. NO!. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Jerry Bertoldo, DVM
Extension Dairy Specialist
NWNY Team CCE/ Pro-Dairy
Keeping Calves Healthy
Dairy Skills Training
Calf ManagementPractices
Health Triad
Causes of Mortality
scours respiratory
Wet calves 56.5% 22.5%
Weaned calves 12.6% 46.5%
NAHMS 2007
Does Infection = Disease?
NO!
Does Vaccination = Immunity?
NO!
Primary and Secondary Immune ResponseT
iter
R
esp
onse
Time in days from 1st antigen exposure0 14 21 28
Memory Cells
(Anamnestic or Booster Response)
35
2nd exposure
Vaccination
Immunization
Protection
The Act of Administering a Vaccine
Occurs following vaccination when a response can be measured.
Occurs when a properly immunized animal is protected
against a specific disease following vaccination.
Vaccine use
Maternal antibody interference is largely dissipated by 2 months of age
Vaccination programs should be based on history and risk of disease introduction
Calf raisers adopt early administration by necessity
MLV Vaccines
AdvantagesRapid protection
One dose?
No adjuvant
Better CMI and mucosal
“Cleaner” product
Less expensive
DisadvantagesMay cause abortion
No sunlight exposure
Mix and use rapidly
Inactivation with residues
Possible viral contamination
Killed Viral Vaccines
AdvantagesSafe on all
pregnancies
Stability
Ready to use
Use as needed
DisadvantagesMore
hypersensitivity
Multiple doses needed for protection
Little or no CMI or mucosal protection
More expensive
Vaccination precautions
The 1st time use of E.coli, Salmonella, Pasturella, Hemophilus and Moraxella vaccines can be associated with delayed allergic reactions particularly in Holstein and Jersey cattle
Limit vaccinating to two bacterial components per time
Separate from next one by 7 daysDo not use 5 way Lepto on calves
GOOD IMMUNITY CAN BE
OVERCOME BY
POOR MANAGEMENT!!
Vaccination failures – 5 to 15%
Maternal antibody interference
Age – under 5 days old
Stress (cortisol) – too hot, dehorning
Poor nutrition
Improper vaccine handling
Following directions – IM, SQ, how deep???
Vaccination alternatives
Intranasal – Nasalgen, OnsetLittle maternal antibody interferenceQuick responseSafe at very young agePossible wider spectrum of effect
Oral – Calf Guard, First DefenseTiming just like colostrum
Behavioral patterns for wet
calves vary by ageLying down (73-81%) with age
(55% lying in daylight vs. near 100% at night) Standing (4.4-11.4%) with ageEating (1.4-5.5%) levels off after 2nd wkGrooming (2.5–4.5%) with ageInvestigating (0.2-2.9%) with ageContacting pen (2.7-9.0%) peaks in 3rd wk
JDS 87, No 11, 2004
Bedding Choices
Wood shavingsStrawSawdustPea gravelSandCrusher finesPaper by-productsHarvest by-products
Wood shavings
(+)Absorbent
Comfortable
Insulating
Low initial pH
Limited fly support
Clean hair coats
(-)Variability
Availability
Cost
Supports coliform growth
Sawdust
(+)Absorbent +/-
Comfortable
Insulating
Low initial pH
Limited fly support
Cheaper than shavings
(-)Variability
Lung irritation
Supports coliform growth
Less nesting ability
Dirtier calves
Straw (wheat is best)
(+)Fairly absorbent
Comfortable
Best nesting
Best insulating
Low initial pH
Clean calves
(-)Worst for flies
High streptococcal growth
Availability
Cost
Sand &Pea gravel
(+)Comfortable
Cheap?
Does not support bacterial growth
Good drainage
Best for fly control
Great base material
(-)Dirty calves
Not for cool to cold weather
Weight dictates mechanical handling
Variability of quality
Paper by-products
(+)Comfortable +/-Cheap?AbsorbentCan use with straw
and shavings
(-)Dirty calvesCompresses readilyWet surfaceVariability of qualityDusty at times
Baby calves and parasites
Nematodes, lice, mange and ringworm can be transmitted from adults or their environment, but are less problematic than flies
Exposure to sunlight, nutritional status, whether housed in groups or alone and contact with older cattle determines infection
Flies are dependent on environment alone
Flies
House (Musca domestica) and Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) are the major problems around buildings
Horn, face, horse, grub and deer flies are most prevalent in pastured cattle
House fly
Stable fly
Horn fly
Face fly
Cattle grub fly
Horse fly
Deer fly
Diagnostic Work
Quantitative bacterial counts on colostrum, waste milk, pasteurized milk and rinse water from cleaned feeding equipment
Culture potential contaminated areas such as calf “hot box”, transport vehicle, area under feed and water
Diagnostic Work
Check for water hardness and coliforms
Check forages for mycotoxins, pH and digestibility
How many deaths are posted and sampled?
Live calf sampling for pathogens
Screening for BVD, BLV, mycoplasma, salmonella
Zoonotic Diseasesfor man and beast!
Crypto
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Lepto
Ringworm
Mange
Feed Additives
Milk replacer antibiotic (NT) inclusion rates to changeEarly and late wet period strategies
Better to have cocci control in milk replacer than antibiotic
MOS products generally give payback
Probiotics can be helpful
Feed Additives
AS700, Aureomycin, Aureo+BovatecGood management or crutch?
Organic/chelated minerals up to 50%High iron, hydrogen sulfide or sulfates
Animal source proteinsSerum, blood meal
Welfare Issues
Depends on your perception
Ease of identification and visibility by public increases concern
Dairy world has an acclimated view of many welfare issues
Includes trucking, handling, noise, teat removal, vaccinating
Tail Docking
Aid or substitute for cleanliness?
Public views as mutilation and unnecessary (like dogs?)
No research to show any benefit
A loosing battle?
Tail Docking - Banding
Best < 21 days of age – shorter sensitivity period
Close-up heifers minimal effectLocal/epidural anesthetic of little valueCortisol (stress) response no different
than restraint responsePossible chronic pain – neuromas number of flies on hind quarters
Dehorning
Great variation in possible effect
Younger the better
Restraint is as big a player as pain
Easier position to defend than tails
Paste Dehorning
Used to be a sloppy, poor method
Newer products have better consistency
Key = early, clip, right spot and amount
Minimal stress, mostly from restraint
Hot Iron Dehorning
Younger is better
Painful and stressful without medications
Lidocaine = 2-3 hours of pain relief
The effect of restraint is equal to that of pain
Need sedative, local anesthetic and anti-inflammatory to stop impact
Mediating Pain
Little effort in the industry to deal with post procedural discomfort
Banamine (fluniximine) only practical drug
IV should be only administration route
Half life is only 8 hours
Must be repeated every 24 hours
Raising baby calves is one of the toughest challenges on the
dairy!Special nutritionNaïve immune
systemPathogen exposureWeather variationsA host of stressful
eventsThey are bovine
infants!!