Upload
assed-lussak
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
1/27
Karl Marx,Capitalism &Historical
DialecticsRiza Noer Arfani[for PED class March 10,2009]
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
2/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 2
UnderstandingCapitalism via Marx
His ethics and methods
Idea of alienation Historical materialism
His analysis on bourgeoiscapitalism
Economic anatomy Social anatomy
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
3/27
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
4/27
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
5/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 5
Idea of Alienation [Hegel]
Reification EstrangementAlienation Super-session ofalienation
Where: Reification: thoughts become things-
like
Estrangement: the original thoughtbecome lost
Alienation: the original is now whollyother
Super-session of alienation: alienationis overcome in discovery
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
6/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 6
Idea of Alienation [Marx]
For Marx, Hegels idealism isconservative It ends up in the argument that
(Prussian) rational state is the
culmination of idea evolution Hence Marx rejects such idea
Instead, Marx proceeds withthe argument that human-
beings=idea Alienation is social and historical
phenomenon
Existing is thinking
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
7/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 7
State according to Marx
Not pre-existed ahead ofsociety
It is society which materializethe state, since society ismade of human-beings whichact as social animals then aspolitical animals Politics is routine negotiation of
social meanings Modern state is an alienated form
of political activity
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
8/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 8
Anglo-Saxon(Classical) Political
Economy Human-beings are
essentially egotistical
Abstract individual is inpursuit of satisfaction
Thus, consumption istaken as the key to
human character Credo ofINDIVIDUALISM
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
9/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 9
Marx Critics to theClassicsThe classics tend to take
for granted the existingsocial, economic andpolitical systemcharacteristics, i.e. asgiven systems
Abstract individual is anave (ridiculous) way ofthinking, so that it endsup in an absurd conceptof individualism
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
10/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 10
Labor according to Marx
The classics fail to explainthe genuine meaning oflabor
Labor is produced in thecontext of human-beingscreate themselves andtheir society in social
production, not throughthe development ofindividualism!
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
11/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 11
Degradation of
Creative Human Labor Modern industrial capitalism
degrades basic humancharacters as creative human
labor by way of its materialisticpattern and its individualistic(egotistical) human behavior
It degrades creative human
labor to mere work It degrades human-beings to
worker
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
12/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 12
Forms of Alienation[Marx] Labor is alienated from the
product of his/her labor
Labor is alienated from the
act of production Human-beings are alienated
from their species-beings
Human-beings are alienated
from their fellows
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
13/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 13
Alienation #1
Since in capitalist societyand its modern industry,works are specialized,routine and controlled byother people, the productproduced by a worker isfar away and separatedfrom him/her
So, a worker is merely acapital that generatewealth of capitalist
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
14/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 14
Alienation #2
Routinization, specialization,submission to external controland direction effectivelydestroy the typically human
creativity of labor Labor creative capacity is not
considered
Labor is merely an element ofbigger and longer process ofproduction
Labor in capitalist society isnot voluntary, it is coerced
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
15/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 15
Alienation #3
Capitalistic socialrelations degrade thecollective human creation
of self and society byreducing the social worldto the vehicle for thesatisfaction of private
wants It denies the social
character of labor
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
16/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 16
Alienation #4
Capitalist social relationsare typicallyfragmentary
Diversified strata to meetfunctional posts
The relations are usuallyrole-incumbents
Diversified roles to meetfunctional works
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
17/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 17
Recap on Marx Ethics
Human-beings createthemselves and their societiesthrough their labor
A productive system thatdegrades labor into mere workis thus a deformed systeminhabited by deformed people
Fundamental contradiction of
capitalist society is preciselyon its concept of privatecontrol of social production
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
18/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 18
Marx Method: HistoricalMaterialism [1]
Human social life
Cultural Superstructure
Productive Activity
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
19/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 19
Marx Method: HistoricalMaterialism [2]
Productive activity: economicbase, economic activity
Cultural superstructure:
cultural factors, law(legal/political superstructure),social consciousness, religion,arts, etc.
Sum total of these relations of
production = economicstructure of society, i.e. modeof production
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
20/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 20
Marx Analysis on BourgeoisCapitalism
Production
Consumption
Production
*Hidden law of
division of labor
**Market mechanism
[supply/demand]
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
21/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 21
Bourgeois Capitalism:Marx Economic
Anatomy Commodities
Use value
Exchange value
Surplus value Labor power
Labor theory of value
Exploitation
Centralization & Concentration(C & C)
Contradiction
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
22/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 22
Commodity & its Use, ExchangeValues
Commodity in capitalist societyare oriented towards marketexchange & production ofcommodities, not for social
needs nor human needs You can do something with the
commodity (use value) orexchange it for something else
(exchange value) Exchange value is novel in
capitalism
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
23/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 23
Surplus Value
necessary labor (nl) =replacement needs (the value oflabor power, i.e. time taken toprovide the laborer's conditionsof existence, e.g. food, housing,etc.)
surplus labor [sl] = time duringwhich the laborer produce goodsabove/over his replacementneeds, above and over the value
of his labor power sl is the source of surplus value
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
24/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 24
Labor & Exploitation
Labor power: it's a commodity, it can bebought and sold on the market
Labor theory of value: snlt = sociallynecessary labor time
Rate of exploitation = ratio ofnl & sl
Firms response to a shift in capital-intensive industry*: increasing thepressure of exploitation: longer hours,lower wages, employee reduction &rationalization, etc.
*Organic composition of capital ,average rate of profit [the
economy as a whole may very wellgenerate more profit, but theindividual firms find that the ratedeclines]
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
25/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 25
C & C = Contradiction
Crises serve to encourage c&cof firms; bankrupt firms aretaken over, ailing firms merge,etc.
Contradiction: triggeringendemic crises
Crises are regulatory: crisesserve a regulatory function foran anarchic and irrational
system, but they do causemisery for the proletariat andthus foster classconsciousness
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
26/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani_PED_IR GMU_2009 26
Marx Key Claims on theEconomy All value is created by
expenditure of human labour
Value = socially necessarylabor time (snlt), expended in
creating the commodity andgiving it its value
The basic contradiction of thecapitalist system is the privateownership/control of social
production It is the overcoming of this
that ushers in socialism
8/9/2019 Karl Marx & Historical Dialectics - PED HI UGM - 2009
27/27
05/18/10 Riza Arfani PED IR GMU 2009 27
Bourgeois Capitalism: MarxSocial Anatomy
Class: class is not established by source of
income, neither is a functional positionwithin the division of labor]
class points to the existence of groupsidentified by the position occupied inrelations to the social means of production**a matter of ownership of privateproperty in the means of production, i.e.'Bourgeois' vs. 'Proletariat'
Ideology how people become conscious of conflicts in
their societies: class ideologies
Base-superstructure
The State key political institution of modern industrial
society
The Party Revolutionary change