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Kansas Reservoir Sedimentation
Chris Shultz
Causes
Sediment InflowClinton Lake Overlook ParkAfter 2019 Flood
Bank erosion
Measurement
Municipalities, industry, and irrigators rely on reservoirs for water supply during drought.
Capacity Lost
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
PERC
ENT
LOSS
OF
CAPA
CITY
TO
DAT
E
Kansas Federal Reservoir Storage
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150
Popu
latio
n
Stor
age
(Acr
e-Fe
et)
Observed Storage Projected Storage Population
The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario
Mainstem Kansas River
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150
Rese
rvoi
r Sto
rage
(AF)
Storage Loss Through Time
Tuttle Creek Lake Milford Lake Perry Lake
Mainstem Kansas River
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110 2130 2150
Rese
rvoi
r Sto
rage
(AF)
Water Supply vs. Water Quality
Water Quality Water Supply
Supply/Demand
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000
Stor
age
(Acr
e-Fe
et)
Kansas River BasinMilford Lake Perry Lake Tuttle Creek Lake Required Storage
2064
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
Stor
age
(Acr
e-Fe
et)
Marais des CygnesMelvern Lake Pomona Lake Required Storage
2137
Kansas Federal Reservoir Storage
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150
Stor
age
(Acr
e-Fe
et)
Observed Projected
Regions of State begin having insufficient storage for drought of record.
VerdigrisMainstem
(PWWSD#23, Coffeyville, CVR, etc.)
Kansas Region(Junction City,
Topeka, Lawrence, Water One, etc.)
Marais des Cygnes Mainstem
(Ottawa, Osawatomie, La Cygne Power Plant,
etc.)
Hillsdale(Edgerton, Gardner,
RWDs)
Neosho Region(Emporia,
Wolf Creek, etc.) Kanopolis(Post Rock RWD, Salina, Irrigators)
Big Hill(PWWSD#4)
El Dorado
Questions
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
RESERVOIR
SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT
JOHN SHELLEY, PH.D., P.E.
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
KANSAS CITY DISTRICT
Part 1/2
US Army Corps of Engineers
Purpose
To share the good news of
reservoir sediment management:
Reservoirs CAN be operated for
long-term sustainability by
passing the sediment
downstream.
US Army Corps of Engineers
Outline
Why we all should care
Examples and Methods
Water Injection Dredging
US Army Corps of Engineers
Why Does the Corps Care About
Reservoir Sedimentation?
Acute problems
Chronic problems
US Army Corps of Engineers
Kanopolis Lake
Nebraska
Kansas
Colorado
US Army Corps of Engineers
Kanopolis LakeMulti-purpose pool 43% full of sediment
Pool raise not pursued due to dam safety concerns
US Army Corps of Engineers
Kanopolis Lake
US Army Corps of Engineers
Sedimentation Issues: Acute
Gate operability
2009- 19’ of sediment in front of left trash rack
Suction dredging using divers within intake tower and approach structure
~ $1,000,000.
Sediment depths, 2014 = 9’, 2015 = 10’, and 2018 = 14’.
US Army Corps of Engineers
Kanopolis- Feb 2019
US Army Corps of Engineers
Kanopolis Lake: Prognosis
Kanopolis Multipurpose Pool Will be 58% Full by 2067
US Army Corps of Engineers
11
Tuttle Creek Lake: 1962 - 2010
US Army Corps of Engineers
Tuttle Creek Lake: 1962
12
US Army Corps of Engineers
Tuttle Creek Lake: 2010
13
US Army Corps of Engineers
Sediment Accumulation in the Multipurpose Pool
5.8 M
CY/year
US Army Corps of Engineers
Environmental Impacts: Kansas River
15/30
Pre-dam Sediment Load: 44
million tons per year
Post-dam Sediment Load:13
million tons per year
A 70% reduction in sediment
transport
US Army Corps of Engineers
The dam-induced sediment deficit
16/30
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
Su
spen
ded
Sed
imen
t (t
on
s)
Kansas River Wamego (Current Conditions) Tuttle Creek Milford Harlan Wakunda Kanapolis Wilson
The
sediment
deficit
caused by
the presence
of the dams
US Army Corps of Engineers
Downstream on the Kansas River
17
Western Silvery
Minnow
Plains Minnow Flathead Chub
Shoal Chub
US Army Corps of Engineers
Downstream on the Kansas River
18http://www.kansas.net/~tjhittle/dredge.jpg
US Army Corps of Engineers
“The only way to sustainably manage
the nation’s reservoirs is to pass the
sediment downstream.”
-- Rollin Hotchkiss, Chair of the Corps
Environmental Advisory Board,
Speaking at the Kansas Water
Conference
19
US Army Corps of Engineers
Outline
Why we all should care
Examples and Methods
Water Injection Dredging
US Army Corps of Engineers
Outline
Why we all should care
Examples and Methods
Lake maintenance
Reservoir sustainability
Water Injection Dredging
US Army Corps of Engineers
Pressure Flushing
22
US Army Corps of Engineers
23
Pressure Flushing
US Army Corps of Engineers
24/30
Pressure Flushing
US Army Corps of Engineers
Cherry Creek Flush
Pressure flush to maintain operational capability at low
level outlet
Every year alternating high (1300 cfs) and low (250 cfs)
flow
US Army Corps of Engineers
26
US Army Corps of Engineers
Blue Springs Lake, KC Metro Area
29
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPKpueit7Qo
US Army Corps of Engineers
What about Kanopolis Lake?
Pressure flushes
ineffective
Mechanical
dredging
Hydraulic
dredging
30
US Army Corps of Engineers
Outline
Why we all should care
Examples and Methods
Lake maintenance
Reservoir sustainability
Water Injection Dredging
US Army Corps of Engineers
32/30
US Army Corps of Engineers
Array of Potential Solutions
Sediment yield reduction
Sediment bypass
Sediment pass-through (routing, sluicing)
Drawdown flushing
Hydrosuction
Inlet extension
Density current venting
Water-injection Dredging
Dredging with land disposal
Dredging with downstream recharge
Pressure flushing
Sediment focusing
Dredging
Reallocation
New reservoirs/dam raises
33
US Army Corps of Engineers
Reservoir Sediment Sustainability
Sediment-rich
water
Sediment-rich
water
Available
Storage
“What comes in, must go out!”
US Army Corps of Engineers
Dredging with Land Disposal?
3,600 ac-ft/year into Tuttle’s multi-purpose pool
At $6.7/yd3 = $39 M/year +++
Not a long-term strategy
Cost increases as available disposal sites are filled
Does not address the sediment deficit downstream
US Army Corps of Engineers
How to save 40% - 60% of total project
cost:
Recharge the sediment downstream
36
US Army Corps of Engineers
Dredging with Downstream Discharge
Example - Millsite Reservoir
37
US Army Corps of Engineers
Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir
38
US Army Corps of Engineers
Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir
39
US Army Corps of Engineers
Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir
40
US Army Corps of Engineers
Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir
41
US Army Corps of Engineers
Dredging Example – Millsite Reservoir
42
Saves 40% - 60% of
total project cost
Potential for positive
ecosystem benefits
Innovative solutions for a safer, better world
RESERVOIR
SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT
JOHN SHELLEY, PH.D., P.E.
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
KANSAS CITY DISTRICT
Part 2/2
US Army Corps of Engineers
2
Reservoir Drawdown Flushing
Draw down
the reservoir
US Army Corps of Engineers
3
Reservoir Drawdown Flushing
Draw down
the reservoir
US Army Corps of Engineers
4
Reservoir Drawdown Flushing
Draw down
the reservoir
US Army Corps of Engineers
5
Reservoir Drawdown Flushing
Very
high
sediment
load
US Army Corps of Engineers
6
Reservoir Drawdown Flushing
Headcuts and
“bank”
erosion move
upstream
Very
high
sediment
load
US Army Corps of Engineers
7
Reservoir Drawdown Flushing
Headcuts and
“bank”
erosion move
upstream
Very
high
sediment
load
US Army Corps of Engineers
8
Reservoir Drawdown Flushing
Very
high
sediment
load
Headcuts and
“bank”
erosion move
upstream
US Army Corps of Engineers
9/30
Reservoir Flushing: Fall Creek
US Army Corps of Engineers
10/30Boyd and Gibson, 2016
Reservoir Flushing: Spencer Dam
US Army Corps of Engineers
11
Reservoir Flushing: Spencer Dam
US Army Corps of Engineers
12
Must have a low-elevation gate
Uses ALL the water
Will not usually flush out the “floodplain” i.e.
maintained reservoir storage typically much less
than the original
Sediment-laded effluent – high concentration short
duration
Reservoir Flushing Challenges
US Army Corps of Engineers
Gebidim Dam Flushing
13
US Army Corps of Engineers
Drawdown flushing is for small (typically
hydropower) reservoirs
Spencer Dam was able to maintain 10% of its
original storage by flushing twice a year for
two weeks
If agitation, water injection, or some other type
of dredging were employed along with the
flush, a larger pool could have been
maintained.
14
US Army Corps of Engineers
TURBIDITY CURRENT VENTING
Clear Water
Sediment-Laden
Inflow
Muddy
Lake &
Deposits
Delta
Turbidity
Current
Slide Credit: Marielys
Ramos-Villanueva
Plunging
Point
US Army Corps of Engineers
Turbidity Current: Flume Study
16
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP7tnryvIfs&t=23s
US Army Corps of Engineers
Photo Source:
Greg Morris
US Army Corps of Engineers
US Army Corps of Engineers
US Army Corps of Engineers
US Army Corps of Engineers
US Army Corps of Engineers
US Army Corps of Engineers
Turbidity currents occur
naturally at some lakes, which
leads to much less sediment
trapping.
US Army Corps of Engineers
Outline
Why we all should care
Examples and Methods
Water Injection Dredging
US Army Corps of Engineers
Water injection dredging is the
processes of hydraulically
creating a turbidity current.
25
US Army Corps of Engineers
Water Injection Dredging (WID)
US Army Corps of Engineers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfV
K5rLYXiM
US Army Corps of Engineers
Worldwide WID
US Army Corps of Engineers
Worldwide WID
US Army Corps of Engineers
The Marine Group “150 m3/hr in soft
material”
US Army Corps of Engineers
Water Injection Dredge (WID)Weeks Marine BT 773
US Army Corps of Engineers
WEEKS MARINE
Barge BT 773
Length:120’
Breadth:32’
Draft:8’
Injection Pipe:30” dia. w/23 –
2.4” nozzles
Pump Size:24” x 30” (Goulds
Pump 3420)
Engine:CAT 398 (825 HP)
US Army Corps of Engineers
Traditional Operations
Private Dock Work
Mississippi River
• Grain Dock –Convent, LA
• Refinery –Baton Rouge, LA
• Refinery –Sunshine, LA
• Grain Dock –Destrehan, LA
• Chemical –Plaquemines, LA
• Refinery –St. James, LA
• Barge Dock ‐Jefferson, LA
• Refinery –St. James, LA
• Refinery –Jefferson, LA
• Refining Facility –Baton Rouge, LA
• Agricultural –Jefferson, LA
Atchafalaya River
• Refinery –Krotz Springs, LA
Federal Navigation
New Orleans District
• New Orleans Harbor
• Michoud Canal
• Miss. River Gulf Outlet
• E & W Calumet Floodgates
• Tiger Pass Channel
Galveston District
• Houston Ship Channel
• Bayport Ship Channel
Mobile District
• Horn Island
Source: WEEKS MARINE
US WID Dredging Projects
US Army Corps of Engineers
More Good News: Tuttle Creek Lake
Infrastructure
Lake Bottom
US Army Corps of Engineers
US Army Corps of Engineers
More Good News: Sediment is Clean
Sediment tests: Not
contaminated
Lake Bottom
US Army Corps of Engineers
More Good News: Sediment is Fine and
Erodible
US Army Corps of Engineers
More Good News: Sediment is Fluidizable
https://youtu.be/VU3eExJjAsM
US Army Corps of Engineers
More Good News: Downstream Channel
Conditions Favorable
US Army Corps of Engineers
Downstream
Channel is
Starved for
Sediment
US Army Corps of Engineers
Decline in Turbidity-Dependent
Species in the Kansas River
US Army Corps of Engineers
Mississippi River Delta
http://mississippiriverdelta.org/our-coastal-
crisis/wasted-sediment/
US Army Corps of Engineers
Production Rates: 83 to 3,645 yd3/hr
US Army Corps of Engineers
Tuttle Creek Lake
How effective could Water Injection Dredging
be at Tuttle Creek Lake?
How will the downstream ecosystem react?
Need a short-term test
https://kwo.ks.gov/projects/water-injection-
dredging-(wid)-study-demonstration-at-tuttle-
creek-lake
US Army Corps of Engineers
Summary
Why we all should care
Examples and Methods
Water Injection Dredging
US Army Corps of Engineers
QUESTIONS?