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Kapur

INTRODUCTION

The Standard Malaysian Name for the timber of Dryobalanops spp. (Dipterocarpaceae). Vernacular names applied to this timber include kapur (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) with various epithets, keladan (Peninsular Malaysia) and kelansau (Sarawak). Major species include D. aromatica, D. beccarii, D. keithii, D. lanceolata, D. oblongifolia and D. rappa. The sapwood is yellowish brown and sharply defined from the heartwood, which is reddish brown.

Also known as Kapur (Brunei); and Kamper, Kapur and Petanang (Indonesia).

DENSITY

The timber is a Medium Hardwood with a density of 580-820 kg/m3 air dry.

NATURAL DURABILITY

Standard graveyard test of untreated D. aromatica and D. oblongifolia specimens of dimension 51 mm x 51 mm x 610 mm had been conducted in the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (Jackson, 1965). From the studies conducted, the average service life of D. oblongifolia and D. aromatica were 1.9 and 6.0 years respectively. It can be seen that there is a remarkable difference in the natural durability of these two species and based on the weakest species, kapur is therefore classified as not durable. It is known that these two species are resistant to fungal attack, but are susceptible to termite attack.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The timber is not amenable to preservative treatment and it is classified as difficult to treat.

TEXTURE

Texture is moderately coarse and even with straight or shallowly interlocked or sometimes deeply interlocked grain.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

The timber falls into Strength Group B (Engku, 1988b) or SG 4 (MS 544:Part 2:2001).

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Strength Properties of Kapur

MACHINING PROPERTIES

The timber of D. rappa is easy to work while the other species range from moderately easy to slightly difficult.

Sawing and Woodworking Properties of Kapur

NAILING PROPERTY

Nailing property is good in D. rappa and poor in the other species.

AIR DRYING

The timber dries moderately slowly to slowly with little degrade. The seasoning properties of some species are summarised below:

KILN-DRYING

Kiln Schedule E is recommended. Care must be taken to stack the timber properly as there is a strong tendency to cup. 25 mm thick boards are expected to kiln-dry in 14 days.

Kiln Schedule E

Species Test condition

Modulus of

Elasticity (MPa)

Modulus of

Rupture (MPa)

Compression parallel to grain (MPa)

Compression perpendicular to grain (MPa)

Shear strength

(MPa)

D. aromatica Green 15,900 84 46.5 4.2 8.4

Air dry 18,700 114 61.7 5.5 10.5

D. oblongifolia

Green 13,200 73 39.2 5.1 8.1

Air dry - - - - -

Species Tested

Test Condition

Sawing Planning Boring Turning

Re-sawing Cross-Cutting

Ease of planing

Quality of finish

Ease of

boring

Quality of

finish

Ease of turning

Quality of finish

D. aromatica

Green moderately easy

easy easy moderately smooth

easy smooth - -

Air dry easy easy easy moderately smooth

easy smooth easy moderately smooth

D. oblongifolia

Green easy to slightly difficult

easy easy rough easy smooth - -

Air dry slightly difficult

easy easy smooth easy smooth easy moderately smooth

Species Time to air dry (months) Remarks

13 mm thick boards

38 mm thick boards

D. aromatica

2 5 Fairly slow drying; moderate end-splitting; splitting and surface-checking.

D. rappa 4 6 Slow drying; moderate cupping due to very high differential shrinkage.

Moisture Content

(%)

Temperature (Dry Bulb)

Temperature (Wet Bulb)

Relative Humidity

(%)(approx.) ° F ° C ° F ° C

Green 120 48.5 115 46.0 85

60 120 48.5 113 45.0 80

40 125 51.5 116 46.5 75



SHRINKAGE

The shrinkage of some species are summarised below:

DEFECTS

The most common defect that is associated with the timber is the pin-holes. It was reported that the pin-holes are more frequently found in D. aromatica than in D. oblongifolia (Desch, 1941). The pin-holes are caused by one of the small ambrosia beetles. The attack usually begins in the living tree and the attack cannot continue in seasoned wood. Spongy heart may occur in logs but the presence is usually insignificant.

USES

The timber is suitable for medium construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, door and window frames and sills, fender supports, telegraphic and power transmission posts and cross arms, flooring, staircase (treads, angle blocks, rough brackets, bullnose, riser, balustrade, carriage, stringers, round end and winder), vehicle bodies (frame-work, floor boards and planking), ship and boat building (keels, keelsons and framework), pallets (heavy and permanent types), tool handles (impact), cooling tower (structural members), plywood, laboratory benches, column (light duty) and railway sleepers. In domestic flooring and internal fittings where finished appearance is important, care should be taken in fixing because of a tendency to develop an unsightly black stain in contact with iron nails, screws or other fittings.

REFERENCES

1. Desch, H. E. 1941. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Records No. 15 Vol. 1.

2. Engku Abdul Rahman Chik. 1998b. Basic and Grade Stresses for Strength Groups of Malaysian Timbers. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 38. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 13 pp.

3. Jackson, W.F. 1965. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Mal. For. Service Trade Leaflet No. 28.

4. Menon, P. K. B. 1986. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 48 pp.

5. MS 544:Part 2:2001. Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Timber: Permissible Stress Design of Solid Timber.

6. Ser, C. S. 1981. Malaysian Timbers - Kapur. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 46. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 8 pp.

7. Wong, T. M. 1982. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S. C. & Chung, R. C. K. Malayan Forest Records No. 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 201 pp.

MTC Wood Wizard

30 130 54.5 117 47.0 65

25 140 60.0 120 49.0 55

20 155 68.0 127 53.0 45

10 170 76.5 136 58.0 40

Species Shrinkage (%) (Green to air dry) Remarks

Radial Tangential

D. aromatica 2.1 4.6 Very high shrinkage.

D. oblongifolia 1.7 3.8 High shrinkage.

D. rappa 1.5 5.1 Very high differential shrinkage.

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kamper properties