Kallithea - istoria

, . 2121/1993 - . 100/1975. (, ..) , 51 . 2121/1993 All rights reserved

: 10 & , .. 106 80, .: 210 3634320, 210 3634330, 210 3634580, fax: 210 3634730: 113, .: 2310 272720, 2310 225972

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/ MUNICIPALITY OF KALLITHEA CULTURAL ORGANIZATION ISBN: 960-8092-53-1

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SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISORDr Georgios GiannakopoulosHistorian - Librarian - Archivist

AUTHOR - RESERCHER Anastasia Leriou, Dr of HistoryAnna Mourouglou, Author - Resercher

GENERAL EDITOR - CREATIVE MANAGER Dimitris Lucas

TRANSLATIONnastasia Leriou

EDITING MANAGEMENTMaria LepeniotiEleni Spyropoulou

JUNIOR ART DIRECTOR - DTPStilianos Aggelopoulos

PHOTOGRAPHYSpyros PanagiotopoulosAndreas Andreopoulos

TYPESETING - IMAGE EDITING akida|design 23 Asklipiou Str., Athens 106 80 - el. +30 210 3623701

PRINTINGEleni Mylona11 Akragantos Str., Kolonos - el. +30 210 5135840

INDINGStahosi - Papadaki K. Eleni81, Ikostis Pemptis Martiou Str., Peristeri 121 32Tel. +30 210 5767926

PRODUCTION DESIGN

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ALLITHEA. A Greek-English edition of the citys history constitutes a signi cant milestone for the social and cultural activity of the Municipality of Kallithea. This is the rst time that the Municipality has undertaken, and subsequently ful lled, a duty as important as the concentration of information e ectively illuminating Kallitheas historical development during the last one hundred and twenty years in a single volume.During this period Kallithea evolved from a late 19th century summer resort,

initially inhabited by Georgios Filaretos, Georgios Kremos and other intellectuals, to a large town of more than 200,000 residents. Not only did Kallithea witness all the historic developments that made Greeks proud as well as hurt, it also took active part and was seriously a ected by them. It became an integral part of Athens, the capital city we all love, though it upsets us rather often.Indeed, the development of modern Greece is directly re ected in the 20th

century Kallithean history. In 1922 the settlement, including no more than 1.900 residents at the time, received a large wave of refugees eeing the disasters in Asia Minor. Greeks from Smyrna and its surroundings, Pontos and other areas settled in refuge settlements that are still to be seen today. After World War II, the Kallithea population increased dramatically, as a result of internal immigration. The latter should be attributed to the persecutions following the Civil war, as well as the general abandonment of the Greek countryside. This increase determined the Municipalitys development in the following decades. Kallithea is currently the fourth largest municipality in Attica; it was created by all the people who took shelter here, through their di erent cultures and experiences and also the means by which they faced daily life di culties.Throughout the 20th century, Kallithea has played multiple roles: centre of Asia

OF THE MAYOR OF ALLITHEAPREFACE

KOSTAS SKOUNS

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, 19 , . , , . , , ., .

1.900 1922 - . , . , , , . , - , , - , , . ,

8Minor refugees, signi cant nucleus of National Resistance, district of internal immigrants, trade-centre, Olympic city. This is the town we will be inheriting to the younger generation, to which the present edition is dedicated.The energetic and conscious young peoples participation constitutes a fundamental

condition for our visions ful llment: our citys modernization focusing on the citizens and their needs. It is precisely this dynamic and conscious relationship between Kallithea and its citizens that the present edition aims to serve. A number of noteworthy attempts to compile a history of Kallithea have preceded

the present one. We should mention the historical treatise Kallithea, Selides Istorias (Kallithea, Pages of History, 1963) by Eleutherios Kassianes, Asty Kallitheas (The City of Kallithea, 1972) by Triandafyllos Triandafyllides, publisher of the newspaper Kallithea and Kallithea tou Chthes kai tou Semera (Kallithea of Yesterday and Tomorrow, 2000) by Chrestos Papazoglou, publisher of the still circulating newspaper Ereuna. We would like to express our warmest appreciation to their authors for their contribution towards the preservation of our citys historical memory.By researching the municipal archives and those of various social organisations,

preserving peoples memories, recording the deeds and misdeeds of previous municipal authorities and revising both the major and the minor historical events, we hope to make a signi cant investment in Kallitheas future. The arduous e orts of all previous municipal authorities have resulted in the development of e ective infrastructure and the establishment of a wide web of social services. The latter is by all means necessary for maintaining social coherence within our city today.We express the modern citys gratitude to all those people, who have worked

hard during the past one hundred and twenty years, so that a place in history and in our hearts has been reserved for Kallithea. Against the modern Athenian landscapes grey bulks that often lead human minds to standardisation and detachment, we place our citys history. This is a secure way towards loving Kallithea and working with responsibility for the progress and prosperity of its people.

Kostas Askounes Mayor of Kallithea

PREFACE OF THE MAYOR

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ALLITHEA. A Greek-English edition of the citys history constitutes the ful lment of one of The Municipality of Kallithea Cultural Organisations most signi cant plans: the achievement of a substantial contribution towards the development of the towns historic memory.The present edition is the result of systematic research of the Municipalitys

multiple archives and City Council Minutes, never so thoroughly studied before, and a large number of other sources. As such, it will signi cantly enrich the currently available bibliography on local history; additionally, it will demonstrate the leading role that Local Self-Government should play in regards to the latters preservation.The album at hand serves the humanistic values involved in Kallitheas long

historical development into the dynamically evolving and populous city that presently is. These values stem from the daily e orts undertaken by Kallitheas residents, in order to improve their life and secure a better future for their children. Moreover, they are closely related to all those great ideas that put the Kallitheans conscience at test during critical times for Greece. In any case, Kallithean history, strongly associated to that of Athens, was primarily made by its people.The edition entitled Kallithea. A Greek-English edition of the citys history, the product

of worthy young scholars toil, sets e ectively the stage. Primarily, it underlines the need, and also the Municipalitys promptness to plan infrastructure modernisation and action development aiming at the preservation of Kallitheas history and its promotion to a fundamental social asset for the younger generations.We would like to express our warmest appreciation to the researchers team,

namely Dr Anastasia Leriou and Mrs. Anna Mourouglou; also to Dr Geogios Giannakopoulos, the editions academic supervisor, and the editor Mr. Demetrios

OF THE VICE - MAYORPREFACE

THEODOROS PSALIDOPOULOS

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Loukas. Moreover, we would like to thank our colleagues Mr. Elias Kakoulides, Mr. Georgios Antonakakes, and particularly Mrs. Aspa Filippidou and Mrs. Ioanna Kanake - Soterchou. By serving as members of the editions Supervising Committee, they contributed considerably to researching and editing. Special thanks are due to the various Kallithean social clubs and associations that placed their archives and memories to our disposal. We would also like to acknowledge all Kallitheans, who, responsibly as well as sentimentally, contributed towards the arduous completion of this album. Last but not least, we thank Mrs. Pope Kouvatsou, Mrs. Litsa Christodoulou, Mrs. Toula Antoniou, Mrs. Hara Petridou, Mrs. Stella Iosephidou, Mrs. Christina Kyriakopoulou, Mrs. Myrto Kappe, Mr. Giannes Vlasses, Mr. Antones Vavylousakes and Mrs. Demetra Ermeidou, employees of the Cultural Organisation and other municipal services that spent time and e ort for the editions completion.Kallithea. A Greek-English edition of the citys history represents modern societys

respect to its predecessors, but also its optimism and determination in regard to everything that has to be ful lled in the future.

Theodoros G. Psalidopoulos Vice - Mayor Chairman of Municipalys Cultural Organization

PREFACE OF THE VICE -MAYOR

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HE AREA occupied currently by the Municipality of Kallithea has always been advantageous. Within a short distance from Athens, though not within Athens itself, Kallithea boasted until the beginning of the 20th century a quite picturesque landscape featuring cultivable elds and gardens. The land was particularly fertile due to the River Ilissos owing through the regions northern section. In 1884, the new suburb named Kallithea (beautiful view), after the marvellous sea-view it provided was established by the Euthymios Kehagias Building Company S.A. The rst house-plans were designed by the famous German architect Ernst Ziller. At the beginning of the 20th century Kallithea included many neoclassic mansions that were mainly used as summer-houses. Kallitheas organic inclusion in the Athenian architectural plan in combination

with an increase in its population associated the new suburb with the revival of the Olympic Games. The shooting games of the 1st Olympiad took place at the Kallithea Skopefterion ( shooting gallery), which had been built especially for that purpose. The arrival of numerous refugees from Asia Minor and Pontos changed drastically Kallitheas character. Gradually, the town was transformed into an important industrial and trading centre. One of the most eminent her s of the Greek-Italian war in 1940, colonel

Konstantinos Davakes, resided at Kallithea. His statue adorns the central square of Kallithea, which has been named after him. During the German Occupation, Kallitheans demonstrated remarkable solidarity through the activity of the various charities. Moreover, many of them proved their love for freedom by participating in national resistance organisations. As a result of the latter, the Kallithea population paid a heavy blood-price. Throughout the 20th century, Kallithea has been a major mucleus of intellectual

NTRODUCTION

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. Ernst Ziller. 20 - , .

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and artistic activity. This introduction is too short to allow listing the names of the signi cant Kallithean writers, p ts, painters, sculptors etc that have signi cantly enriched Greek cultural life. Additionally, three signi cant educational institutions were established and are still operating at Kallithea: Harokopeion School of Home conomics and Professions for Women (1915), Panteios Supreme School of Political Sciences (1927) and Sivitanideios Public School of Trade and Vocations (1927). In regard to entertainment, Kallithea has an equally interesting past, as the coastal Tzitzi es had been an important rebetiko music centre from the early 1920s until the 1970s. The present edition constitutes an attempt to systematically record Kallitheas

history based on the Municipalitys rich archives. The texts were compiled after systematic study of the available archival material, while many of the photographs published in the album at hand constitute important primary evidence. Such archival material constitutes by all means the most reliable source for researching the past, as it preserves the various developments, processes and changes that the Municipality of Kallithea underwent throughout its history. In this respect, the municipal archives scienti c organisation seems essential, as it would allow the material to become available to more people and, consequently, more exploitable. Doubtlessly, the history of a municipality as large as Kallithea is of great interest to many researchers. Since 1934, when Kallithea was promoted to a municipality, until the present day the intense political ferment within the Kallithea Municipal Council directly re ected the general political developments in Greece throughout this period. Contemporary Kallithea was created to a large degree during the rst post-war

decades; this is when systematic construction of block of ats altered signi cantly the Greek capitals architectural face. Kallithea is currently a densely inhabited suburb with an intense cultural and commercial life, uni ed with the Athenian city-centre. Kallithea is a city with a long history and interesting traditions, a society characterised by solidarity, an urban centre with the ability to overcome its problems, more or less common in all large urban centres, and secure a good future for its future citizens.

Dr Georgios Giannakopoulos Historian - Librarian - Archivist

INTRODUCTION

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1991 114.233 -2,3%

2001 109.609 -4%

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TT HE MUNICIPALITY OF KALLITHEA OCCUPIES 5,840,000 M2 OF LAND STRETCHING from the southern part of the Municipality of Athens down to the Phaleron coast. It is a relatively narrow piece of land de ned by Syggrou Avenue to the east, Kallir s and Lagoumitze Streets to the north, the Ke sia-Piraeus railway to the north-west and the River Ilissos to the west. The Saronic Sea constitutes Kallitheas southern boundary. The land within the above boundaries is quite at, featuring a low relief that slopes gently southwards to the sea. There

Topography

GETTING TO KNOW KALLITHEACHAPTER I

by Anastasia Leriou

are only a few low hills, namely the central Filaretos Hill and Sikelia Hill to the north. Kallitheas location is particularly favourable due to its close proximity to both Athens and Piraeus. Moreover, Kallithea boasts an excellent town-plan. The central Venizelou (Theseos) Avenue runs across it in a N-S direction. In the area of Davaki Square, that is to say the Municipalitys centre, Venizelou Avenue is crossed at a right angle by Sivitanidou-Davaki Street. The latter runs across Kallithea with an E-W direction. The building plots formed within this grid are symmetrically rectangular. The area around Davaki Square is called Central Kallithea. To the north and north-east stretches the extensive Harokopou district and to the north-west Palaia Sfageia.

To the south we have Agia Eleousa and at the municipalitys southernmost sector the coastal Tzitzi es.

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FROM ANTIQUITY UNTIL THE GREEK REVOLTCHAPTER II

by Anastasia Leriou II N MAY 1934 THE MUNICIPALITY of Kallithea, newly founded at that time, decided to adopt Theseus, the most signi cant hero of ancient Attica, as its emblem. In the circular intaglio constituting Kallitheas logo Theseus is depicted lifting the huge rock, under which his father Aigeas had hidden his sword and sandals. The associa-tion between Kallithea and Theseus is most probably based on the fact that at the end of his return journey from Crete, the Athenian hero and his men are though to have landed at the Tzitzi es coast. This is where Theseus ful lled the o ers he had promised to the gods, provided he killed the Minotaur and he and his men returned home safe and sound. In memory of Theseus adventures during his journey to Crete the Athenians were holding annual celebrations at this very coast.

Kallithea during antiquity

DD ESPITE ITS CLOSE proximity to the town of Athens, the area of Kallithea was never placed within the Athenian forti -cation walls. Around the middle of the 5th century BC the Athenians decided to protect the roads connecting Athens to the ports of Piraeus and Faleron by means of constructing

the Faleron wall and Long walls. The region de ned by these walls corresponds more or less to the area occupied by the modern Mu-nicipality of Kallithea. Due to the Ilissos Riv-er owing along its northern section, the land was particularly fertile.

The largest part of Kallithea was not in-habited, covered by cultivated elds and gar-dens. The demos of Ksypete (tribe Cecropis) has been located by archaeologists in the area currently occupied by the Municipality of Mo-schato and along the northern boundary of Kallithea. Furthermore, the demos of Faleron (tribe Akamantis) is generally placed to the south-east, where the Municipality of Palaio Faleron is to be found today. Kallithea in-cluded a large number of cemeteries.

This was the case, as ancient Greeks used to bury their dead outside the towns for-ti cations and along the central roads and avenues.

Cemeteries at Kallithea

TT HE EARLIEST cemeteries discovered so far at Kallithea date from the latest phase of the Geometric period, that is to say the second half of the 8th century. They most-ly include pit-graves containing large amounts of painted pottery. The beginning of the 5th century BC witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of tombs, which reached its peak during the following cen-tury. Many of these tombs were adorned by means of stone burial stele, statues, loutro-phoroi, lekythoi and small columns.

The most impressive Kallithean burial mon-ument was excavated near the railway sta-tion in 1968. It consisted of an ionic faade standing on a relatively high podium and was erected above the grave of Nikeratos, son of Polyides, and his son Polyxenes. In front of

Theseus and Kallithea

Detail from the frieze decorating the base of the Nikeratos monument, 330-300 BC (Archaeological Museum

of Piraeus).

39

the faade stood three marble gures: Nikera-tos, Polyxenes and a young male servant. The names of the dead were inscribed on one of the bases steps. Nikeratos is known through epigraphic evidence as a wealthy immigrant from Istros, Romania. Researchers believe that the monument of Nikeratos, who was obvi-ously very keen in demonstrating his higher social and nancial status, was inspired by the famous Mausoleum of Halikarnassos. On the basis of stylistic analysis, archaeologists have concluded that it was constructed during the last third of the 4th century.

The Nikeratos monument was found in a highly fragmentary condition, about 5 m be-low ground-level. Thoroughly restored by the sculptor S. Triantes, it is presently on display at the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. On the basis of a large number of excessive mar-ble fragments, the excavators maintain that another, probably more impressive, burial monument stood next to the one of Nikera-tos. The area around the railway station and along Piraios and Kyprou Streets, in other words the area along the southern Long wall, has yielded plenty of cemeteries and burial monuments dating from the 5th down to the 3rd century BC.

Another very important nd was excavated within the grounds of the Faleron Racecourse, at the southernmost end of the Municipality of Kallithea. In 1915 a large pit-grave con-taining seventeen male skeletons with iron bonds placed on their necks, feet and hands was uncovered. S. Pelekides, who excavated it, suggested that the seventeen bodies were criminals executed by mean of apotympanis-mos (nailing down on wood). The surround-ing area yielded more than one hundred and fty tombs dating from the Geometric to the Hellenistic period. The area of the Faleron Delta and Racecourse has been identi ed as one of ancient Falerons cemetery sites.

Kallithea during the years of the Greek Revolt: the Analatos battle (1827)

KK ALLITHEA HAS BEEN closely associ-ated with the Analatos battle that took place in April 1827, despite the fact that its focal point was located outside the limits of the modern Municipality. The main clash be-tween the Greek ghters and the Turkish army

is generally thought to have occurred to the east of the Agios Sostes church and near the Agios Georgios of Kynosarges church. The location is situated about 600 m to the east of Panteion University that occupies the north-eastern corner of Kallithea. The short distance separating the latter from the battles epicen-tre, clearly suggests that it accommodated a signi cant part of the action.

Moreover, during the last decades of the 19th and the rst of the 20th century the Analatos region belonged to the Kallithea settlement, and later to the Municipality of Kallithea. Analatos (not salty) was named after a well of fresh-water that was to be found in the area near the modern Panionios Stadium in Nea Smyrne. The location is also marked by a small church devoted to Saint Theodoroi, which is though to have been built during the 1870s.

The Analatos battle took place in 24 April 1827 and constituted the last act in the siege of Acropolis by Kioutahi (1780-1839). The Greek ghters were gravely defeated due to their ine cient organisation, improper prepa-ration, hasty decisions and lack of the mar-tial skill of the great Georgios Karaiskakes (1780-1827), who had died in a small ght at Faleron, one day before the battle.

The siege of Athens by Kioutahi in 1827. Water-colour by Panages Zografos according to Makrygiannes narration.

FROM ANTIQUITY UNTIL THE GREEK REVOLT

19

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ERNST ZILLER

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86

THE KALLITHEA SETTLEMENT 1884-1925CHAPTER III

by Anastasia Leriou II N 1834 ATHENS WAS SELECTED to host the capital of the newly es-tablished Greek state. At that time it was only a small town of no more than 10,000 people, while the neighbouring Piraeus laid almost uninhabited. After 1834, the popula-tion increased rapidly and many impressive public and private buildings were erected. Subsequently, Piraeus, the new capitals har-bour was also built up. The nal decades of the 19th century in Greece are characterised by development and modernization, the result of Harilaos Trikoupes (1832-1896) vision and initiative. By 1890 the population of Athens had been multiplied by ten. Wealthy Greeks from abroad brought their businesses and homes in Athens. Besides them, poor people from all over Greece arrived in Athens look-

ing for a job and a better life. These people shared the miserable living conditions of the lower Athenian social class and dwelled in small houses or even shacks with no heating and proper drainage. As more and more peo-ple kept arriving during the 1880s and 1890s, the situation became much worse. By the late 1870s Athens had accumulated a population of 63,374; in 1889 this number had climbed up to 114,355.

In order for the newcomers to be accom-modated, the town expanded considerably through the establishment of new settlements around its periphery. Kallithea was one of these. As a matter of fact, Kallithea was the rst o cially planned and systematically or-ganised Athenian settlement. The others, such as Neapole, Kato Patesia, Kypsele, Abeloke-poi, Pagrati etc, were created by means of erecting a number of unlicensed buildings in areas outside the limits of the o cial city-plan. The idea to establish a well-designed settlement in the area occupied by modern Kallithea belonged to the Building Company S.A. that put it into practice at the beginning of January 1885.

Kallithea during the 19th century, before 1885

DD URING THE FIRST HALF of the 19th century the Kallithea area was covered by elds of barley, vineyards, olive- and g-trees and vegetable gardens attended by farm-ers from Plaka and Brahami (current Mu-nicipality of Aghios Demetrios). The River Ilissos owing through the north-eastern sec-tion of the region made the land particularly fertile. With the exception of a small settle-ment in the vicinity of the small Agia Eleou-sa church, the area was practically uninhab-ited. The church in question had been erected

Athens during the last decades of the 19th century

Harilaos Trikoupes. Marble statue by the Kallithean sculptor Thomas

Thomopoulos (photo by S. Panagiotopoulos).

87

during the Ottoman period, at some point during the last decades of the 18th or the be-ginning of the 19th century. To the north-west the railway connecting Athens to Piraeus cut across the Kallithea plain. To the west the elds stretched southwards until they reached the sea. This area is known as Tzitzi es; it used to be quite marshy, mainly in the Faleron Delta region. Populated by numerous birds of various species, Tzitzi es was a popular hunt-ing place during the rst decades of the 20th century. The abattoir, constructed by the Mu-nicipality of Athens in 1856, was located to the south of the Filopappos Hill and near the Ilissos River. Immediately to east of the abat-toir rose the steep Sikelia Hill, almost entirely of red stone. This area was generally known as Damari ( quarry), as many lime-furnac-es were to be found there.

Due to its healthy and pleasant climate, coastal location and close vicinity to Athens and Piraeus, the Kallithea region attracted the Building Company S.A. members attention. It seemed ideal for hosting a new settlement aiming to relief the urban centres of Athens and Piraeus that were getting more and more crowded.

The Building Combany S.A.and the establishment of the Kallithea

settlement (1884)

TT HE BUILDING COMPANY S.A. was es-tablished in 1883 by Euthymios Kehagias (1821-1885), a distinguished banker, Professor Stefanos Streit (1835-1920), major Anastasios Theo las, Pavlos Tzolas and Michael Sevastos, merchants, and the brothers Konstantinos and Anastasios Giannopoulos. Owning signi cant capitals, these people were interested in con-struction investment. Consequently, they bought approximately 910,000 m2 of land from the Greek State in the region between the modern Harokopou district and the church of Agia Eleousa. Their original aim was to create a set-tlement for workers, analogous to those in France. The settlement would include small houses that the workers would be able to buy by means of loans and mortgages o ered by the Building Company S.A. itself. The settle-ments plan, prepared by a French civil engi-neer on the basis of the Hippodamian architec-tural system, was approved by the Minister of

Internal A airs in December 1884. However, it was never fully materialised. As the years passed, it went through plenty of modi cations and changes. Euthymios Kehagias named the new settlement Kallithea (beautiful view), after the beautiful sea-view it provided.

In 1885 Konstantinos Giannopoulos under-took the construction of three houses in the newly established suburb. It is generally be-lieved that they were designed by the famous German architect Ernst Ziller (1837-1923) who happened to live in Athens during that period. Ziller is also responsible for a large number of summer houses built in Ke sia that look quite similar to the earliest Kallithea houses. Nevertheless, due to unexpected nancial di -culties, Giannopoulos did not manage to com-plete the houses construction. Subsequently, the un- nished houses were placed under the ownership of the Building Company S.A. In 1885 Kehagias died and the company, facing serious economic problems, resorted to selling building plots at particularly low prices.

In order to create an e cient urban infra-structure at Kallithea, the Building Company S.A. made a contract with the Athenian Com-pany of Horse-drawn Carriages. The former o ered a piece of land of about 14,000 m2, where currently Davaki Square is located, that would accommodate the latters store-rooms and garage. The Athenian Company of Horse-drawn Carriages on the other hand, undertook the responsibilities of completing the construction of the semi- nished houses,

THE KALLITHEA SETTLEMENT 1884 -1925

House founding ceremony organised by the Building Enterprise Company, 1909.

88

building ve small houses, constructing a wa-ter-reservoir, installing water-pipes and pro-viding the future inhabitants of Kallithea with cheaper tickets.

During the rst three years after its estab-lishment, the Building Company S.A. managed to sell a signi cant number of building plots. However, none of the land-owners went ahead with having a house built. As the area was rather desolate, such an endeavour seemed quite risky. Nevertheless, people changed their minds eventually, as various distinguished Athenians decided to have summer houses constructed in the area. Thus, Kallithea be-came a summer resort.

The rst inhabitants

of the new Athenian suburb

TT HE FIRST RESIDENT of the newly es-tablished Athenian suburb was the edu-cated Georgios Filaretos (1848-1929), a jurist and politician; he was so attracted by Ka-llitheas picturesque scenery that he bought one of the Building Companys semi- nished houses together with the land surrounding it in 1887. Filaretos named his new house Sike-lia. In the future he would have two more houses, Palladion and Elyssion, construct-ed within the grounds of his building plot to accommodate his o ce and library respec-tively. A few months after Filaretos had settled at Kallithea, he was joined by the family of his uncle Laskaris Laskarides (1828-1900) who bought the semi- nished house across Sikelia. Thoroughly restored, Laskarides house still stands housing the Municipal Art Gallery.

Filaretos and Laskarides were followed by more prominent Athenians, e.g. the artillery o cer N. Goulimes in 1887, the agriculturalist Panagiotes Gennadios (1848-1917) in 1888, the gendarmerie chief I. Damilates in 1890 and Georgios Kremos (1840-1926) in 1895. The lat-ter was a Reader at the Department of History, University of Athens and, similarly to Laska-rides, related to Filaretos. Besides them, the families of Julios Fornezes, G. Chrestomanos, I. Tsatsos, K. Mantzagriotakes and K. Kantak-ouzenos also selected Kallithea as their summer resort. As the years went by, however, these families ended up spending the whole year at Kallithea and not just the summer months. In 1897 the new suburb had more than one hundred and fty permanent residents. In col-laboration with the Building Company S.A., the Kallitheans made systematic e orts, so as to provide their settlement with the basic means, such as lamb-posts along its streets and on the squares, a police station and a surgery.

The revival of the Olympic Games and the Kallithea shooting-gallery

Skopefterion (1896)

II N 1895 THE OLYMPIC GAMES Commit-tee bought from the Building Company S.A. a building plot of 24,000 m2 for the con-struction of a shooting-gallery (Skopefteri-on). This is where the shooting matches of the 1st Olympic Games would be held. The shoot-ing-gallery was built near the settlement by means of a donation made by the great ben-efactor Georgios Averof (1818-1899). It was designed by the architect Anastases Metaxas

CHAPTER .

The Kallithea shooting-gallery (Skopefterion).

89

(1863-1937), the restorer of the Panathenaic Stadium. Skopefterion was a long and narrow building measuring 350x80 m with a fortress-like appearance. Its construction, which cost 95,000 drachmas, was completed a few days before the beginning of the Olympic Games. The shooting-gallery was inaugurated on the third day of the games (Wednesday, 27 March 1896). After the end of the 1st Olympic Games the shooting-gallery hosted various athletic events and shooting practices. Later, it was used as a refugee camp (early 1920s), a school (1926-1941) and a prison (1941-1965); it was demolished in 1965.

Kallithea during the rst decades of the 20th century

DD URING THE FIRST YEARS of the 20th century, Kallithea was characterised by impressive villas and mansions. Gradually, more modest houses started appearing, as many members of the Athenian middle-class decided to move to the newly established sub-urb. The newcomers were lawyers, teachers, architects, civil servants, merchants, building contractors, and also bakers, grocers, and em-ployees of the Athenian Company of Horse-drawn Carriages. Additionally, there were farmers from the provinces and workers. The latter were employed at the nearby abattoir, the queries and the few factories that had been established around Kallitheas periphery dur-ing the 1910s and 1920s.

In 1909 the Building Enterprise Company was established. It constructed fty stone two-storey houses in the Harokopou area, that is to say a few hundred metres to the north of the already existing settlement. The design of the new houses was impressive, while their dimensions relatively modest, so that middle-class buyers could a ord them.

During the rst decades of the 20th century the Athenians regarded Kallithea as a particu-larly pleasant district with plenty of fresh air, many trees, and an attractive beach at Tzitzi- es. Slightly before 1899, the church of Met-amorfosis, Kallitheas rst church, was built near Agia Eleousa. During the 1900s the rst primary schools were founded. At the same time, the rst stores appeared. The beginning of the 20th century witnessed a rapid increase in Kallitheas population: in 1896 Kallithea

had 136 permanent residents; by 1907 this gure had grown to 1,270. The arrival of the refugees from Pontos and Asia Minor pushed these numbers even higher. In 1928 Kallithea boasted a population of 29,659 people; more than half of them were refugees. This dramatic population increase resulted in Kallitheas de-tachment from the Municipality of Athens and the subsequent establishment of the Commu-nity of Kallithea in 1925. The rst municipal election took place in June 1925. The winner was Nikolaos Chatzopoulos, who remained president of the community until 1929.

Home of the Blind (1906)

TT HE HOME OF THE BLIND was estab-lished in 1906. Its rst director was the pedagogue Irene Laskarides (1882-1958), the youngest daughter of Laskaris Laskarides, who had specialised in tutoring blind people in Eu-rope. The institution was accommodated in an impressive building constructed by means of a donation provided by the brothers Anania and Raphael Abeth, rich merchants from Syria. The construction of the building began in 1910.

The Home of the Blind at Kallithea was superbly organised by Irene Laskarides, who maintained the directors position for thirty years. The institution provided accommoda-tion, education and training to blind children from all over Greece. During the 1920s an

Typing practice at the Home of the Blind.


90

impressive hostel, as well as a boarding school for blind children were built. Since 1946, the Home of the Blind has been admitting blind and deaf-mute children as well. In 1979 the institution became a legal entity in public law and was renamed Centre of Education and Rehabilitation for the Blind (K.E.R.B.).

National War Orphanage (1912)

TT HE NATIONAL WAR Orphanage was founded in 1912, in order to provide shelter for the poor orphans, whose parents had died during Balkan War I. The establish-ment was organised by the distinguished ped-agogue Aikaterini Chrestomanou (1842-1916), wife of Laskaris Laskarides. The consecutive wars and political instability characterising the rst half of the 20th century resulted in more and more children taking shelter at the Na-tional War Orphanage in Kallithea. In 1969 new wings were built; a few years later the institution was recognised as a legal entity in public law and renamed Experimental Na-tional Nursery School.

ursemaid School (1912)

II N 1897 Aikaterini Chrestomanou, who had studied the pedagogic systems of the fa-mous German Friedrich Frbel (1782-1852) in Austria, founded the Nursemaid School in Ath-ens. Fifteen years later the institution was re-

located to Kallithea. In 1922 Nursemaid School became a public institution; in 1959 it was re-organised as a pedagogic academy. It current-ly constitutes an Institution of Higher Educa-tion subject to the Ministry of Education.

Harokopeion School of Home conomics and Professions for Women (1915)

II N 1915 THE CONSTRUCTION of a large building on Theseos Avenue began by means of a large fund o ered by Panages Ha-rokopos (1835-1911), who intended to estab-lish an institution able to provide Greek girls with a proper education in housekeeping and home economics. Thus, after graduation the students would be able to nd jobs or become e cient housewives. Harokopos was inspired by analogous schools in Europe and the USA training young women from as early as the 19th century. The rst students were accepted in 1929. At that time the school included three departments: housekeeping for future house-wives, housekeeping for maids and profes-sional training in jobs for women such as knit-ting, sewing etc. The institution became pub-lic in 1931. Twenty years later it was renamed Harokopeion Supreme School of Home Eco-nomics aiming at educating future home eco-nomics teachers. Since 1990 it has been pro-moted to an Instituion of Higher Educational called Harokopeio University.

Panteios Supreme School

of Political Sciences (1927)

TT HE ESTABLISHMENT of the Panteios Supreme School of Political Sciences in 1927 should be seen as the result of the sys-tematic e ort of two inspired men: the Cyp-riot journalist and politician Georgios Fra-goudes (1869-1939) and the lawyer Alexan-dros Pantos (1888-1930). Although they had never met, Fragoudes and Pantos shared the same vision: creating an educational institu-tion focussing on social and political sciences. Fragoudes managed to convince the Greek State in regards to the importance of such a school and, moreover, raise a considerable amount of money through donations in order have a large building constructed on Syggrou Avenue in 1930. Fragoudes vision was sig-ni cantly supported by a fund allocated for

CHAPTER .

The Nursemaid School during the 1960s.

91

the foundation of such a school in Pantos will. Thus, Panteios School of Political Sci-ences, a legal entity in private law, was estab-lished. In 1937 it was recognised as a public educational institution named Panteios Su-preme School of Political Sciences. Since 1989 it has been classi ed as an Institution of High-er Education called Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences.

Sivitanideios Public School of Trade

and Vocations (1927)

TT HE SIVITANIDEIOS Public School of Trade and Vocations was founded in 1927 by means of a fund allocated in Vasilios Sivi-tanides (1830-1921) will to the establishment of a technical school following European mod-els and principally the renowned Conservatoire des Arts et Mettiers in Paris. Sividanideios con-stitutes a legal entity in public law, subject to the Ministry of Economy. It aims at providing e ective technical-industrial training.

The Faleron Racecource

TT HE CONSTRUCTION of the racecourse in the Faleron Delta area began in 1924 and was sponsored by the Preferential Greek Company of Horse-races. The very rst Greek horse-races took place in 20 April 1925. Since then, horse-races became very popular among

the members of the Athenian society. During the German occupation the races were inter-rupted, as the racecourse buildings and facili-ties were requisitioned, and subsequently seri-ously damaged, by the German army. The Preferential Greek Company of Horse-races re-paired the racecourse and added more build-ings and facilities during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Despite the commercial bene ts that the Faleron Racecourse brought to the sur-rounding areas, the nearby Municipalities of Kallithea and Palaio Faleron had been demand-ing its closure from as early as the 1950s. This was due to the unhealthy conditions created by stabling a large number of horses. The Race-course was relocated to Markopoulo in 2004.

Kallithea Residents Association

DD ESPITE THE RAPID increase in the Ka-llithea population during the rst decades of the 20th century, the development in the set-tlements infrastructure by 1920 was particu-larly poor. In 1923 the residents established an association aiming at providing its members with better living conditions. With the guid-ance of Georgios Filaretos, the association man-aged to achieve many of its goals. The most important of them was the settlements detach-ment from the Municipality of Athens and its subsequent establishment as an autonomous Community. This took place in 1925.

The Harokopeion School of Home Economics and Professionsfor Women during the 1950s.


IV

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CHAPTER IV

by Anna Mourouglou DD URING THE LATE 1910s AND throughout the 1920s Kallithea be-came one of the most important ref-ugee concentration areas in Attica. As early as 1919 ve hundred families from Pontos, namely from Trapezounda, Kerasounda and Tripolis, settled in the area of the Kallithea shooting-gallery/ Skopefterion. During the au-tumn of 1922 more than 20,000 refugees from Pontos, Cappadocia, Constantinople, Eastern Thrace and the coastal towns of Asia Minor arrived at Kallithea. As the Skopefterion settle-ment was not large enough to accommodate all of them, new settlements were founded along the banks of the River Ilissos, at Palaia Sfageia, Agia Eleousa, Neos Pontos and Tzitzi es.

The refugees living conditions were mis-erable; they dwelled in huts made of wood, bricks and tar-paper, with no heating, electric-ity, water and drainage. The people who lived at Tzitzi es su ered the most, as its climate was unhealthy due to the marshes stretching along the coast. Moreover, the areas ground-level was lower than the sea-level; thus, it tended to ood very frequently.

Despite the extremely di cult living con-ditions, the refugees managed to survive. Gradually, they adjusted to the new environ-ment and took up jobs as builders, salesmen, gardeners, farmers and workers in the near-by factories. From 1928, when Eleutherios Venizelos was re-elected as Prime Minister, until 1934, the Greek State made systematic e orts to accommodate the refugees in built houses. It is during this period that the very rst houses for refugees, one -or two- storey buildings, were constructed in various areas throughout Kallithea. Nevertheless, the settle-ment at Skopefterion remained the nucleus of the refugee community of Kallithea.

Community of Kallithea Nikolaos Chatzopoulos

HE WINNER of the 1925 elections was Nikolaos Chatzopoulos. He remained pres-ident of the Community of Kallithea until the end of August 1929. His primary purpose was to organise an administrative system that would allow the e ective handling of the numerous problems the Community was facing. Moreover, he worked systematically towards the establish-ment of an e cient infrastructure for the mem-bers of the Community of Kallithea. The con-struction of the railway station connecting Ka-llithea to Athens and Pira eus and the lining of numerous streets with lamb-posts were impor-tant developments. Moreover, the community promoted public education by means of renting buildings, in order to accommodate schools and other educational institutions.

Demetrios Anagnostou

N SEPTEMBER 1929 Demetrios Anagnos-tou was elected president of the Commu-nity of Kallithea. The Community Council

Refugees at Kallithea, 1919-1925

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMUNITY

The rst Community Council of Kallithea, 1925.

115

consisted of I. Arapakes, M. Foteinos, S. Atha-nasopoulos, S. Nikolaides, I. Zaharopoulos, K. Kyriazes, N. Aigides, D. Demetriades, I. Kok-kinos, N. Abatzides. G. Alexandrides, P. Petro-heilos, G. Aggeles and D. Giakoumides. The new community leaders were determined to make Kallithea a better place. Their e orts did not concentrate solely on infrastructure devel-opment, such as construction and maintenance of roads, sewers, watering pipes etc. They also made a signi cant contribution to the promo-tion of social life, education and culture. They made special provision for the poor and the needy, namely the refugees, and supported -nancially various athletic clubs, charity organ-isations and educational institutions.

In August 1931 Demetrios Anagnostou was re-elected. The community council consisted of I. Arapakes, M. Foteinos, S. Athanasopoulos, S. Nikolaides, I. Zaharopoulos, K. Kyriazes, N. Augeides, D. Demetriades, I. Kokkinos, N. Abatzides. G. Alexandrides, P. Petroheilos, G. Aggeles and D. Giakoumides. Arapakes had gradually become more active in regards to community a airs and, consequently, more popular among the members of the Council. The latter seemed divided between these two leading gures.

During his second presidency Anagnostou managed to have more infrastructure works, such as water and electricity provision, road construction, renovations in the refugees set-

tlements etc, promoted, or even completed. Special attention was paid to the ood-problem at Tzitzi es and plenty of e ort was taken to relieve the people residing there. Despite the huge problems that had overwhelmed Greek economy, the Community Concil managed to provide systematic nancial support, free medi-cal treatment and meals to poor Kallitheans. Moreover, a monthly allowance was o ered to Kallitheas communal conservatory, while large amounts of money were spent for the comple-tion of the church construction.

Ioannes Arapakes

N SEPTEMBER 1933 no elections took place in Greece. Consequently, the com-munity presidents had to be elected by the members of the existing councils. The Council of the Community of Kallithea elected Ioannes Arapakes. In the light of the crisis that Greek economy was facing at that time, Arapakes de-cided to dismiss many community employees and minimize the nancial support provided to social organisations and athletic clubs. How-ever, the communal funds for the poor Ka-llitheans were not at all reduced. While Arapa-kes was very interested in the establishment of a well-designed town-plan and infrastructure development, the unsurpassable problem of limited funds made the Community Council cut down on all technical works.

View of a typical Tzitzi es street during the 1930s(Municipality of Kallithea Cultural Organisation collection).

Ioannes Arapakes, third Community President and rst Mayor of Kallithea(Municipality of Kallithea Cultural Organisation collection).

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMUNITY

1934-1940 V

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