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Kagan, Ch. 23
Industrialization of Russia and the Rise
of Bolshevism
Alexander III, 1881-1894 “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism” Abandons most reforms of Alexander II
BUT allows emancipation Resists liberals/revolutionaries
“Russification”- Forced Russian language and culture on minorities Increased anti-Semitism 1887: 5 young men hung for murder of Alex II
Alexander Ulyanov, 20 years old --- 17-year-old brother, Vladimir Ulyanov ---- the man we know as “Lenin”
Count Sergei Witte Russia must industrialize BUT how?
Planned economic development Protective tariffs High taxes Set Russian currency to the gold standard Create more efficient government and business Take out loans from the French
Focus on HEAVY INDUSTRY Railway, coal, pig-iron, steel BUT also textiles
Road to Industrialization? By 1900 ~3 million factory workers (total pop. =
128 million) Virtually no agricultural improvements made so
life on mir unbearable Although new social class does emerge: Kulaks
1901 Social Revolutionary Party formed Anti-industrialization; look to mir as model for future
1903 Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) Membership stems from zemstvos; constitutional
monarchy, civil liberties, economic prosperity
Russian Peasants
Russian Peasants
Meeting in the mir
Home of Russian Gentry
Kulak – wealthier peasants
David & Anna Bronstein
Leon Trotsky’s mother and father – successful kulaks
Growth of Marxism Thought Gregory Plekhanov (Populist convert to Marxism)
in 1883 in exile (Switzerland), founded the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1898
Russia must move through capitalism must develop a large industrial proletariat & class struggle did not condone the mir did not like the peasantry and detested the Social
Revolutionaries did not approve of terrorism/assassinationVladimir
Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924) and his wife Krupskaya were key
members, as were Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), Joseph V. Stalin (1879-1953)
Lenin & Krupskaya
Trotsky & Stalin
Lenin What is to be Done? Rejected Continental revisionism & trade
unions Advocated for REVOLUTION
Revolution would not come on its own – people must be trained to rise up: revolution = profession
Revolutionary Elite Small, professional, nondemocratic group would
lead
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (1903 split)
Bolshevik – majority “hard” Marxists lead by Lenin elite group of reliable and zealous intellectuals; strong centralized
party – Central Committee strengthen membership through purges must force their views on the country new idea – imperialism = monopoly capitalism = imperialist wars &
colonial struggles for independence = new opportunities for proletariat revolution
new idea - Proletariat and peasantry UNITE! Menshevik – minority
cooperation w/ liberals, progressives and democrats disliked conflict w/in party resembled Western European Marxists
The Last Romanov Tzar Nicholas II, 1894-1917
Lack of wit, intelligence, firm will Alexandra -- foreigner
Tsarist opposition in country increasing
Russian Social Democrats Russian Social Revolutionaries
Reforms continue Rapid industrialization
More coal, steel, and petroleum industries built
Protective tariffs raised But unions / strikes illegal
Tsar Nicholas II & Family
Russo-Japanese War Manchuria / Korea????
Japan wants mainland link Nicholas needs “diversion”
1904-1905 Japanese attack Massive defeats on land and
sea shock the world Japan defeats Russian navy Japanese take Port Arthur back (1st time non-whites win! –
Japan had modernized within 37 years)
Treaty at Portsmouth, NH
Revolution of 1905
Russian humiliated by defeat at hands of Japanese Political upheaval on home front unleashed “Bloody Sunday” 1/22/1905 – March on Winter Palace
Troops fire on crowd of protesting workers Revolutionary “fire” spreads
Riots - revolts break out – students, workers, sailors, peasants
By Oct. “soviets” formed – control St. Petersburg
Bloody Sunday, 1905
October Manifesto, 1905 Nicholas promises constitutional monarchy
Grants civil liberties Creates popularly elected bicameral parliament – Duma BUT Nicholas still
Appoints the ministry Controls the financial policy Oversees military and foreign policy
Failure of Revolution Peter Stolypin: chief advisor 1906-1911
Encourages dissolution of Duma after first election – new representatives too radical
Dissolved again and limitations put on franchise 3rd times the charm – Nicholas has a Duma he
can count on 1906 - Institutes agrarian reform, leads to private
ownership of land assassinated 1911
Rasputin