Kafiristan the Bashgeli Kafirs and their Language (1880) by Leitner

8/10/2019 Kafiristan the Bashgeli Kafirs and their Language (1880) by Leitner

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I

. .

.

. ._ .

... . . .

Monier

Williams

D

C.L.

Bodsn Bofsasor of Jsnakdt Bxford.


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LIST O COSTENTS.

Pages

INTRODUCTION

(Likeness of two Basligeli Khfim).

SECTIONa . ) -A Sketch of tlie Bashgeli Kafirs

(b.)-Vocabulary and Paradigms of KalLsha

(Drawings of a Siah Posh Kafir and of a Gilgiti).

1.-List of Nouns alphabetically arranged,

2.-Numerals

3.-Names relating to time

4.-Adjectives

5.-Prepositions

6.-Pronouns

7.-The

VER

a.)-Imperatives

(b.)-Infiuitives

k

Imperatives,

(c.1-Conjugations

8.-Declens~ons

9.-Dialogues

10.-Kal6sha Proper Names, &c., &c.

11. A

Prayer of the Bashgeli Kafirs

12.-Appendix to Vocabulary

c.)-A

BRIEF HILOLOUICALSKETCHKALASHARAMMAR,

1.-Mode of spelling adopted

2.-Mode of eliciting words or forms..

.-The Article in Kalhsha

4.-The Declension of the Noun

5.-The Numerals

6.-The Pronouns

7.-The Verb

8.-Kal4sha compared with

Gilgiti

and

Amy%

(d.)-DESCRIPTIONO

THE

ILLUSTRATIONS

(Drawing of Jamsh&dand Maps of Kbfiristhn.)

(e.)-List of remaining material

nd

note


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I~~,IJIEDI.~TELTefore, and at the conclusion of, Dr. Bellew's

able and instructive Lecture on Krifiristhn and the Kafirs, the gem in

~vhicli, thiiik, is his attempt to identify the Gandharidce of the Greeks

with the Kamoji Kafirs, Sir Robert Egerton, who has always taken an

interest in my linguistic enquiries, strongly urged me not to delay

a ny longer the publication of

m y

material regarding the Siah Posh

Kafirs which had

olle ted

iu 1866 67 nd to which

I

had added in

9872

Accordingly, began writing out some notes that had with

.me on one-the first-of the Kafir dialects, with which had come

in

contact, intending to send them, when elaborated, to

s

philological paper,

when Captain

A.

D. Anderson, the indefatigable Sec~etaryf the United

Service

institution

of India, diverted their destination to this Journal

yklndly assuring me that with a sketch of the maliners of the Bashgeli

Rafirs, a Map of Kafiristhn and surrounding countries, and some illus-

trations, I migilt make the linguistic portion acceptable to the Indian

.public, especially now that travellers of the determination of Major

Tanner we? bent on exploring the remaining mysteries of Kbfiristin

and that all e other countries included in, what was once called, the

Neutral Zone were attracting so much general attention. My

sketch and notes were ready on the

5th

September last,, but the repro-

duction of the Photographs and Drawings, which, I regret to say, has

not been so successful as usual, has delayed the publication of m y paper

bevond the time during which i t might have possessed an immediate

value.


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S K E T C H OF

TH E BASHGELI KAFIRS A N D O F THEIR

LANCIUAGE.

Y

G

W.

LEITNER,

I.L.D.,

Late

09 vecial

du ty n

Kasl~rnir,

c., on

nzission

of

linguistic

enquiry, by

order of the

Panjab Qovernme?zt

SIMLA,

~ 9

EPTEXBER879.

INPERFECTs the following Sketch may

be,

I

submit it for

the use of those travellers who, like Major Tanner, are attempting

to enter Kafiristan by way of Chitral. llavies' Trade Report informs

us that the Bashgeli Kaflrs live under the rule of Chitrhl, whose Chief,

Aman-111-Malk, sells members of that race from time to time into

slavery, in order to raise his revenue. I believe that these Kafirs, whose

lanpage, KalAsha, is spoken, or at any rate, understood, by neighbour-

ing independeut Kafirs, would be an excellent medium of communication

with the more distant tribes. In order, however, to obtain their confi-

dence it is necessary to know a little of their language, which, in wild as

well as in civilized countries,

is

the key to sympathy and infor-

mation. Dr. Bellew has given us several amusing instances

of the

difficulty of eliciting from a Kafir, with whom he could converse in

Persian, the equivalents even for objects that can be

counted or

pointed out or for the first three persons of the present tense of th e verb

to be. The difficulty which

I

encountered in endeavouring to elicit

grammatical forms from the Kafirs, altogether five in number, whom,

for varioua brief periods between 1866 and 1875,

I

had in m y ser-

vice, may, therefore, be appreciated.* I shall be content if this sketch

Bimt point to objects in order to learn thei r namee, the n br ing them in connexion

with such simple bodily w ants as can be indica ted by gestores. Th is causea one of

the men , i f t he re

be two , t o o rde r t he o the r to b r in g t h i e , t h a t o r t h e o t h er , t o

come, to go, &c., which elicits t h e imperative form.

Tlle reply ordina ri ly gives ei th er an aff irmative o r th e f i rat perso n of an indicat ive

present or futnre.

Of oourse, the same soun d or the inflect ion of th e same word haa t o be

closely fol lowed. Th en use yourself the l r a t person, w hich s tarts oonveraat ion an d bring9

o u t the second person an d so for th .

I

can no t underatan: the d B o u lt y in ge t t ing Dr. Bellew's Kafir beyond

I

ten '

Hav ing been told one an d "ten," "eleven follows as a m at te r of oourse,

e g :

t he

qnest ioner repeats "one, ten' ' on which th e Kafir lau gh s

;

his warns th e ques tioner t o

inve rt t he o rde r and t o say e n , one which th e Kaf i r would immediate ly ta ke up an d

cor rec t i n to " t en nd one," g ivin g one th e benefit of a conjun ction or of th e infle tion

of ten, which

may

be a guide to a genit ive and is sur e to be. of some ure hereafter.

T l ~ e

difficulty with Kafir num erals ar ises a t qui te a different rtage. T h a t Dr . Bellew's

Kaf i r could not t rans la te

I

am thou

art

he is s more ictelligible. Th e verb of

existence can rarely b e ascertained

i n

t h i s way . I t mus t be sough t fo r t h rough t he cor -

rection of sen tim ents like Kafir good M ussulm an bnd

I

thou, brother" (with

appro priate gestures between t h e words) and so forth.

Of

course, one in oonstantly mislrd

by one's own stupidity or the misapprehensions,

if

not the evarions, of the person intcrro .

gated

even a t th e above e lementary s tages of enq ui ry

;

nor i s t he re

a

roya l road t o t he

acqaisi t ion of th e language of a barbarian, even when one's task is g reat ly faci l i tated by

h ~ enowledge of a common medium of com mun ication. Circumstances, which c m n o t be

predicted or always arranged for , mu st be made uue of, a s they ar ise , in o rder to g ive

freshnee8 to one's work. Above al l , th e enqu irer must have lea rn t to dist inguish between

th e thonght and th e word which expresees i t , for which his bes t prepara t ion is t o have

acqu ired in early l i fe a famil iar knowledge of , a t least , tw o lnngunges

;

otherwise, tlre

appliral ion of phi lological rules wil l eu rer by th e orsified condit ion of th e mind of ~ l l e

investigator.


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4 )

of one of th ei r language s serves

s

a starting-point for further research

an d saves a future traveller th e first and almost unsurmo untable diffi-

cu lty of infle cting a noun or verb, or of constructing a sentence. My

Dardistan, th e first p a rt of which was publishe d early in 867 and of

which th e present sketch is, in part, an extrac t, has,

I

am glad t o find, served

a s a pioneer for th e labors of sub seq uen t travellers a nd residents, with ou t

which the ir efforts m us t have been somewhat ba rren of results.

This

fate m ay be predicted for researches in th e rem aining portions of what was

once called he ne utra l zone, unless l l th e e xisting materia l, especially

the linguistic portion,

is

publishe d as a basis for th e labors of our

explorers, whose pluck is

as

undeniable s their general inability to

acquire a new language. Ev en t h e most distinguislied am ateurs

i n

philology make such mistakes as to render the abstract term de ath

by a dead policeman or to give th e puzzled answer what do you

.

want

as

th e equ ivalent of the ir enquiry abo ut th e native name for mid-

dle finger. Persons se nt on special expe ditions often pass by the most

interesting inscriptions, of which the y m erely report th a t th e characters

a re neither G reek nor Persian, instead of obtaining, if it be only a rub-

bing on a b it of pape r of one of thes e characters. Ev ery informa tion,

however fragmentary, should be welcomed.

I

understand that Major

Tanner is ill near Gilgit, and, if this be the case, or if there be still time

to comm unicate with him, th e opportunity may be taken of drawing

his attention

to

th e Basligeli Kafirs, with whom he is likely

first to come int o contac t and from whose co-operation, under

judicious management,

his

mission is likely to receive a n d d i -

tional element of success. I also hope, th a t in the trans literation of

sounds, Major Tan ner will ad opt th e spelling usual in ordinary English

words (explaining, of course, his system by prefixing examples to his work)

an d th at he willavoid th e Hu nterian m ethod which presupposes a correct

knowledge of th e natu re of sounds, bu t which, by misusing th e accent,

confounds ~ro nun cia t ionwith accentuation, v z h e rendering of th e

sound with the syllable on which stress should be laid.

T h e two KalBsha-speaking Ka firs in my service were, th e one,

a

subjec t of Chitrirl, the other an in de pe nd en t Kafir.

They were both

prisoners obtained by H is Highness th e Maharaja of Kashm ir

in th e course of his war with the tribes beyond th e Ind us in 1866 of

which details may be read in m y Dardistan, art 111 Th e men were

called Ba tshu and Malek respectively, an d looked like Hi nd us of th e

Himalayas.

This bears out th e statem ent of Drs. Bellew and Tru m pp

that the Kafirs were originally Hindus, a view with which I only very

partially agree. The y were placed a t my disposal by th e M aharaja,

at

th e instance of th e Pan jab Government, and lived in m y house a t

Lah ore for several weeks, du ring which time , however,

I

could only

send for them on about a dozen occasions.

Finally, the heat of the

plains drove them back to their bondage in K ashm ir.

The men were

well-behaved, though they boasted tha t in their country tbey literally

dr an k th e blood of slain Muham madan and bit his heart, I presume,


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more from bravado than from that penchant to cannibalism, with which

they were credited previous to m y tour in Dardistan in 1866, an d

which even one Dardu tribe erroneously ascribes to another, although

i t may only be separa ted from i t by a single m ountain. Many of th e

notes which p u t down in 186 7 are now lost or have been rendered

illegible by th e lapse of tim e, wh ilst none can now be se nt for from

Lahore ; ut remember t ha t one of th e youths had ligh t eyes and

was fairer th at an ordinary high-caste H ind u of th e plains. As regards

th e ir religion have elsewhere given one of the ir prayers, bu t i t seemed

to me th at the ir ideas had become affected by their passage throu gh,

and stay, brief as i t may have been, in Kashmir, when they mu st have

come in contact with Hindus, who, knowing thn t th ey were bit ter

enemies of Mu hamm adans or, a t an y rate, not Muhammadans, tried to

mak e them believe th at they were themselves H indus, in pursuance of

th a t proselytizing policy of Ka shm ir to which have alluded elsewhere.*

Th e two Kafirs spoke of Ind ra and Mahadeo, bu t it is possible th at the y

were taug ht these names in Kashmir , a lthough mu st adm it tha t th e

account which my Munshi obtained from them and which have added

to thi s Ske tch, agreed with th a t of other e nquirers into th e religion of th is

mysterious race

pace

Dr. Bellew). All th e afin th at met seemed

to me to

be

devoid of any very active sp irit of religion. Jam she d, th e

nephew of General Feramorz, preten ded th a t he mas a Ch ristian, an d

asserted th a t his uncle used to assemble once a week th e Kafirs in th e

service of th e Am ir of Kab ul, an d to tell the m th at Jes us was th e S on of

God, and th at hymns were sung on th e occasion. Ghara, th e man to

whom D r. Bellew has referred in th e course of his Le ctu re as not hav-

ing

been heard of after his return to his country, has since corresponded

w ith th e Missionaries of Peshawa r and has asked for Christi an Inst ruc-

tors, of whom two, Faz l-Haq an d N uru llah visited him a t

his village

Shaidarlam

(vide

account elsewhere). W ha t elicited from th e two

Bashgelis was : (1) th at they put a stone on to a cairn on th e top of

mo untain to which they proceed once a year a s a religious exercise 2 )

th a t the num ber of Muham madan heads hu ng up in front of t,heir

doors indicates the ir position in th e tribe (this was confirmed to me

b y

My experiejice bears ou t a similar state me nt m ade by Mr.

A .

C. Lyall,

Fore ign Secre tary t o the Supreme Government,

n

a well known discussion with an i l lus-

tr ious phi lologist .

Of these a t tempts by Hin dus to proselyt ize wrote in

186

:

have a l ready not iced tha t ,

in

spi te of th e exclueiveness of Hinduiam, a t te m pt s ar e m ad s

by th e Maharaja of Kashm:r to gather in to th e fold those racee

and oreeds which,

merely because they are not Muhammadan, are induced by him t o cons ider themselves

Hind u. For ins tance , th e S iah Poel l Kaf ir s , whom ven ture nlso to conaider Dards, have

a n ancient form of na tur e worship which i s being encroached upon by H indu myths , not

because the y are al togeth er congenial, b ut because the y const i tuta th e rel igion of t h e

enemies of Muhammadans , the ir own bi t ter foes, who kidn ap th e pre t ty Kaf i r g i rl s , and

to kill whom establiahea a clnim among Kafirs to consideration.

n

th e same way, there

is a revival of Hind uism in th e Bu dd his t coun tr ies of Lada k and Zansk ar, which belong

to Kaahm ir, an d ideas of caste are welcomed wh ere a few yc ars ago they were nnknown.

As no one can become a Hind u, (except through t h e creat ion of an addi t ional caste) , but

an y one may become a Nuhammadan (wi th fu l l p r iv il eges) , H indu i sm i s a t a na tu ra l

disadvantage in i t s contact wi th an advancing creed and, therefore, there

is

t he more

reason why zealous H ind us abould seek to strength en themselvea by th e amalgamotion

wit h oth er idolutrous creeds.


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the sepoys of the Maharaja of Kashmir on my way to Gilgit in

1866

;

3 ) that they sit on benches or stools and not on the floor; (4) that they

like all those

who

wear a curl in front

;

6) that they are great mine-

drinkers, in which respect they resemble their brethren, the Dards. Dr.

Bellew's account seems to confirm my worst anticipations regardiug the

absorption of these races of whom I thus wrote in 18G9

6 To any one interested in the remnants of an ancient civilization,

the absorption of the Dard races which is now going on is naturally a

melancholy event. The legends and songs which I collected at Gilgit

in 1866 will not live for many generations after most of its inhabitants

have been dispersed to more savage or more orthodoxJJ regions, or

have completely come under foreign rule. The Bluhammadan Afghans

will encroach on the inhabitants of the Hindu Kush, till the last blue-

eyed Kafir girl has been sold into slavery (perhaps by her own father

as an act of propitiation of his Rluslim neighbour) or till the monotony

of Islam has smothered the a t i o n a l life which resisted the attack of

Timur.

The earliest reference to tlie Ka lhha Kafirs is made by Mackenzie

Turner who says: he Kafin are divided as follows

:

1

Kamozties, in hills round Chitril

;

2. Knllush, near Chillas ant1 Gilgit

;

3 Kuttars, near Kunur;

4. Gunlbir, above Lugm4n.

His No. 2.-I read as follows : Kalbsh near Chiles and Gilgit.

These are my Kalbha Kafirs, whilst i t is as obvious as it is a correct state-

ment, that the Kataris live near Kunar and that Gambir is above Lugh-

mbn. wide Nos. 3 and of Turner's division of the Kafirs, which, on the

whole, seems to me to be the one most likely to be in accordance with

fact.) have added Photos or drawings of Kafirs from KalBsh, Katdr and

Gambir to the present Sketch for purposes of comparison. My KalP-

shas said that they lived in a country called lUwmurlt (which have put

down as a village in my vocabulary,) whilst the name of the KalJsha

District, partly still inhabited by Bashgeli K d r s , dccurs on my map

prepared on information gathered by me between 1866-72, arld which

continues to be the one that contains the greatest number of names of

places and has served as the (unacknowledged) basis of several official

maps and routes prepared during and after that time, as can be proved

by the quotation of misprints and the misapplication of 1inguist)ic o

geographical appellations. Near thi s country of Mun~u~ they said the

following places were well-known these my Munshi put down as

Broana, Uneegh, Butrik, Khurkhura, Regmoon, Bario, whilst my simul-

taneous notes on the subject are either lost or mislaid and my vocn-

bulary has only Rongml and Birih, which

I take to be the Munshi's

Regmoon and Bario. The inhabitants of Muntuldt, Rongml and

Birih are allowed to intermarry,


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The Kafirs, whom my Munshi called Kala Sheha Kafirs, informed

us that they worshipped Mahadcv, to whom they built a stone-tem le,

which they visited for purposes of prayer. Females were not alloweJ to

go to the temple. When the KalBsha Ka6rs want to eat meat, they take

a goat to the temple, where they kill the animal with a blow from

a sword. (This agrees with similar accounts regarding other tribes of

Kafirs.)

Their Gods, my men said, were Nahader as above), Engo, is

brother and Indr, to which statement

my

Munshi adds Kishmaee and

Khudaee, viz. Indr-Kishmaee and Khudaee.

The Kafirs said to the Munshi we do not allow travellers to pass

through our country, because the Raja of Chitrhl sells us as slaves and so

do his people whenever they can catch us. When the chotee (lock

of hair, like that worn by Hindus) is found on the head of a stranger,

we treat hi111 with courtesy, but if he do not wear i t we kill him. Our

religion is not founded on any book and we are ignorant of reading and

writing.

The Munshi further reports heir marriage custom is very curious.

f the parents of the girl are poor they say to the parents of the boy

please not to come to our place, we shall come to yours with our

daughter for the marriage ceremony ; but if, on the contrary, the parents

of the girl are rich, they send for the parents of the boy and treat them

with the greatest hospitality.

The women wear a kurta like the Kashmiris and a topi like that

of thc women of Gilgit and Chilas.

(All, and only, the Dardu trlbes

wear this cap, which is a bag, sometimes of embroidered c:oth, rolled up

over the.ear). The Kalinha women, however, add strings of cowries

round the common Dardu cap. This cap is another pfoof of the Ka li-

sha Kafirs belongiug to the Dardu race.

The following are the products of their country: Wheat, Rice,

Mungi, Mah, Barley and Corn. Nothing grows there except these

;

hey

have grazing grounds for their goats and live on them.

As regards the tribal divisions among the KalBsha Kafirs, my Mun

shi's notes ate as follows. They are divide? into the following sects :

Throokclarre, Shala-kd-dare?, Bollya-sing-now, Rdchd-vi-now, Bodee-

daree Bambooree-now, Rachagoshdaree, laprenow,

Ndjuk

hlurcilee.

Among these castes the Th~ookdaree is considered the best, like

tli

castes of Brahmins and Thakurs among Indians, Bumbooree-now and

lsprenozu are considered the most gentle sect.

My

own notes agree so far with those of the Munshi as

p r ~ t

down the To~ikdur i s one of the two high castes. They are evi de~ tl y

his TI~rookdarae; but he has not gircn the other high caste, namely thi:


12/61

Buti&rz , evidently his Bohe-daree.

My Shalek-dari is evidently

his Shala-kzirddree and my Bambu~naQ is Bumboorre-now,-but my

Rajawdri is omitted, unless it

is

the same

s

his Rdchdvd-now or his

Racl~a-gosh-daree,whilst I cannot find my equivalents for his Iqn-e-

mow, Najuk, Muralce and Bollya-sing-now.

When a person dies he is put into a box and then placed in a dis-

tant jungle.

They do not bury or burn their dead.

(This agrees with

what is reported of the customs of other Kafir tribes).

The nearest

kindred of the deceased keep deep mourning for forty days.

When a

father dies,

his

son shuts the door of his abode and confines himself

t his room for forty days. When this period is past, some man of

standing in the tribe takes the son out of his room, gets his head shaved

and washed, has new clothes put on the mourner and consoles

him

When a son is born, great rejoicings take place.

Guns are fired

o and large parties are entertained to dinners. The mother of a

new-born son secludes herself for twenty days, but if she hai given birth

to

a

daughter, her husband confines himself in a house for the same

period. Similar practices contingent on menstruation and gestation

have been reported from other

Kafir

tribes.


13/61


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VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR O F TH LANGUAGE OF

THE B SHCIELI

KAFIRS

VOCABULARYN D GRAMMAR

F

THE KALASHA ANGUA GE

FOLLOWED BY

Dialogues and a pl~ilologicalSketch

o

that Zanguuge

s

zoell s a brief

,

Comparative Vocabulary and Paradigms of Kald~ica

Gilgiti and ArnyidSJJ

English.

Abode

Arm

Almond

Altar

Apple

ss

Apricot

Air

Ant

Arrow

Beard

Bear

Breast

BOY

Girl

Brave man

Bird

Blood

Boat

Bone

Brass

Bridge

Brick

Bread

Brother

Buffalo

Butter

Bride

KaZhha.

hand.

hhrkin.

biyels.

. hand hdnd= emple..-

. oshon6u.

gordok.

ajai

sina (word) shilak.

pililek.

, Ero ; shingtom=bow

;

the wooden

part= shong.

... shh.

itz.

gro

;

shhtshu.

udh

strija gurok.

...goatinn.

patshenk.

.

lui (niao).

drin (leather bladders).

at1

harila

shin ?

. mundi.

awh.

baya, b y

... (there are none).

pratshno.

ajakari (bride) ; trija wife.)


16/61

Bridegroom

Business

purush.

krorbm, krbmm.

c a p

Cold

Cavern

Cure, medicine

Cheeks

Cheese

Clothes

Comb

Country

Coward

Cat

Cloud

Candle

Copper

Cotton

Cock

Cow

Curds

Crow

Darkness

Dish

Dance

Dekchi (kettle)

Door

Daughter

As an exclamation

Oh little girl

Day

Dog

EyeEyebrows

Eyelid

Ear

Earth

Soil

k6x r.

trrtmdns

(?).

krde.

wezF

k li

(?}.

. pinda (?).

. . shQu (distitr= turban

;

pirln=

wai~tcoat butt=drawers.)

kandayak.

...desh.

biheuder ;bibu.

pbshak.

bashik, (rain) mdndji.

lutsh (light).

. gondali (dish) tshukura.

krawas.

kakanwiik.

...

gak.

nib.

kagra.

tramashhng.

karri

;

gondali

...nAt.

kawao.

dubr (?).

shnh.

tshfi.

dada

.. bhan ;adoa rhtau =night.

sheon.

Qtsh.

ejganduk.

...

etshpdhluk.

koron.

shbmm.

do. pio.

Names for God

and portions

of

Hingio.

dushman.

ondrak.

trmush.


17/61

Finger

Father

Fire

Flame

Fish

Fly

Flower

Flour

Foot

Fort

Ford

Fruit

Friend

Forehead

Food (bread)

Garden

Goat

She-goat

Gold

Grass, hay

Green grass

Gun

Hair, curls.

Hand

Head

Herald (messenger)

Honey

Heat

Heaven

Horse

Hut

House

Heart

Husband

Iron

Ring

Lead

Language, speech, word

Lake

Leaf

Leather

Leopard

ango.

wawa.

anghr.

gulshpl.

matzi.

mangajik.

gbambhri.

at

tt.

khrr (dheink=leg)

;

kushurtik=

knee

;

broink=thighs.

k tt

(hdnd=temple).

.

hguni, wazhi

mew .

dari

?),

nila.

Qu.

gurzenn.

bf ra.

: phi.

soa.

kass, sbitshta khlss.

gdla khlss.

opbk, tupbk.

tshui

;

shuri.

. peen pilon.

shish.

khalhrero.

matsherik.

huluk ?).

. di, asman.

hhshsh.

tshittak hand (little house).

ghona hand (great house).

11th.

.

berh.

tshimur.

shh, shahl shah gfirok.

adzis; bullet=br6 ;w z=powder.

moudr.

sardawai.

pr6n.

. gao

\

JO 0.


18/61

Light

of a candle)

Lightning

Limit

Lips

Load

Man

Male

arriage

Meat

Milk

Medicine,

cure

Mill

Monkey

Month

Mother

Mountain

Great mountain

Mouth

Mist

Musquito

Musical instrument

Morning

Model

Neck

Name

Night

Nose

Noise

Oath

Oil

Property

Pain

Perspiration

Place

Plant

Price

Rain

Ring

Reward, present

River

p d k , l b i

atsh.

. win prau) dedayang= thunder.

khonda

. bsht.

. phar.

.

. khhala.

PBh

..

J

.m6sa.

. shlrr.

.

wed 1).

.

j6nter

mrakro.

...aya

... Kin.

.

ghona sbnn,

g h o h a

. .usht.

mendjamb.

...mengajik.

...

whdj bandjai=play.)

.

shrtupami

;

tshanpa= to-day ;

ondja=to-morrow.

nora=new

;

ajna=old).

. om

...h m 1 ) nbm.

. rat,t,

.

natshor.

.

hunk

; bk.

.

shatt

;

shullo manhandei

?).

.

eue.

. m41

. riphlle;

hf~lluk.

...awata 1).

.

kandhlek,

. q ?


19/61

Rope

R ~ a d

Rule, custom

Sal t

Sabre

Service, work,

Sheep

F

Saddle

Servan t

Shoe

Saw

Silver

Spr ing

Sister

S k i n

Sp ring (water)

S k y

S Y

Stomach

Smell

Sna ke

Snow

Stockings

Son

Song

Spor t

S t a r

Stone

Great ston

Little stone

S u n

ilk

ax

Temple

Thunder

Tiger

T i m e

Tobacco

Tongue

Tooth

Town

Tree

Tria l

Tr ibe

Little

town, village

radjhk.

ppibnn, pbnn.

asttir.

bn.

.

kangitr.

krbmm.

mhsh.

.

amea, amrea.

hunn.

shhderr.

kalum.

gir.

nia

bassum.

baba.

. p6i

htz.

dl.

hdriu.

khtsh.

b6.

g6kk;

kirik.

djerab.

putr.

grb, qrbn.

m n r h

2).

tari.

ba t t .

ghona batt .

o h u t e k ? (tshittak) batt.

suri.

..

sikimm.

hangi.

hdnd ?).

diday8ng.

u6u.

waqt.

amakS

djlpp.

dandoork.

Shahar

?)

.

grbmm.

.

.ma t t .

dj6ni ?)

Attr

?)


20/61

TI

l u t e

Tu rban

Village

Voicc

Wa t e r

\Val

1

Win e

Wintcr

Wife

TVoman

Wood

Wol f

Vool

,, goats

Word

East

Wes t

Right

Le f t

haugi.

...

distar.

.

. gromm.

kondgek.

. hk,

lg.

... dighra.

. .

dB.

. hdmmnn

...

strija.

. shul8,

.

grhast.

pas11.

. rnro ?)

. mondr

...

slin prau.

.

tslinltk IW~ I I ) .

.

drht~tslio.

karh i

..

k.

...

dli.

.

.

1 b

. . shht~.

...

puwl j

. r.lv.3.

siitt.

.. as11t.

nb.

dash.

...

d ~ j t ? ~ .

.

dajc 1

ha.

... ,, trdn.

,, tslibua.

... ,, ponclja

.

.

silos.

,, satin.

,, ashta.

.. ,, n6d

. bislii.

bishije

el;.

,,

dii

. ,,

dasli.

31-bishije.d:~je-rga.

- ditto dua c om1>~ r e ith 11,

12

kc. kc .


21/61

6

40

... du hishi.

50 du bishi dash,

60

.

rebishi.

70

...

,,

dash.

80

shau bist~i.

90

,,

,,

dash:

100

... pondj bishi.

200

da3li

,,

1 000

o

term for

a

thousand.

l ~ OOO ... ditto.

b). Ordinals, c.

Firat

...

Bgis 1 ) shumerau.

Second

.

pishtan, Qgis pishto (the

one

after

the first.)

Third ...mots ne or doim pishto=the one

after the second ;

motshuna

Fourth ... trein pishto=(the one after the

third.)

Fifth ... sl~orlin ishto.

Half . kh6nda

S. NAXES RELATING TO CIME,

Day

.

briss.

To-day

...

6ndja.

Midday .. Idno.

Tomorrow

gh4l i (?) shdpa

After tomorrow tone.

Yesterday

. dosh, dbsh, doshtshdpa:

Th-

d

iy before yesterday

.:. wai

k,ha.

Week

. sahant

;

att basan.

Fort~light . khorlda

mastrukh

; u

sahant.

Month

...

n~astrukk.

Year

au.

Spring

.

basun.

There are no aamea for the days of tlia week

Tliere are tw main

dinaim8

months : he summer

and

the winter months : ollly the great men know heir name#,'

4 - ADJECTIVE^.

All ;.. tshikk.

Broad . birr.

Little

.

titshek.

Long, freat

...

dlPga.

Lou11(voice) ...h~i ta la

Crooked

...

kotbk.

.

Clean

p:cgizn.

8idrw.cy~

.

koro-khil.

Str;tigLt

.

. Qdjak

Dirty nuzP.


22/61

Y

Deep

Wet

ar

Near

Necessary

Good

Great

Beautiful

Bad

Much, very

Hard

Ugly

Soft

Poor

Generous

Liberal

Rich

Heavy

Ligl~

Hot

Cold

Hralthy

H

~ ~ g r y

M srrly

Tllir..ty

Low

L:t

r qe

IIig

h

:

nzll

11

New

0111

TI e

False

Q l ~ i c k make haste)

Qi ick

(come quickly)

Mlt~w

lcqw

ICipe

ogh

St t~ol~th

I:

lurid

Gq t~are

Sweet

die 1n611dr

e

peak the

f Adihoi psri = e quick

...

sbbhts .

...

ghct.

.

glIl

...

dQha

... tAdiiks

. .gllattu ?):

. yrusht.

...drfga.

shishhyek, also pruabt.

. khstbh, shAla.

... b6

phauglna

. nazg

6sti.

...

malintshak.

gharibldy.

prhsht m6tshi=good

sbfkin.

..

daulanman.

...

8gQroka, upirako.

... tz5t.lk.

...

hhluk.

... 6sh.

...

streka ?).

atl6ra.

..

ktiske

nd

d a l k he gives to no one.

... ddll , dahan I ?

.

.

passt.

... ghonci.

hhtale.

...sllimllndyekh, tsh tek.

. mbfin

I )

bey-der ,

ndra.

... Ihjna.

.

Qdjek,*

lewallh

. adihii-f.

;..

kashiip.

...

bribh.

d6nga.

patshilalb.

hkrra.

. . 16nsht.

pindQri.

... shBu grdni.

...

mahora


23/61

Sour ... ~ h b k r d

Bi t t e r

. .

t s h i ~ h t a k .

Thiok

...

bit

tffla.

F a t

...

thla.

T h i n

...

palftshok

[A

lean

man

...p h a u g f n a

(b). Names of

Colours.

Red

... a t s h b .

Yellow

.,.bedh.

Blue ... nila.

Green . harilek.

Black

.

kdina

W h i t e

..

gora.

P i n k ...zirnutsh.

Many coloured tehikm ishh ri

~ . - P ~ O S I T I O N S ,

c

Above nta le ; allis.

Beneath .,. bernmen.

Between

...

m0,the.

Before

...

O

In

former times

...

8t t

;

tshira.

Bellinti

...

pishto.

In flitlire tim um l: rr.

W ithin (come) . udrfman (I) =come inside.

W i t t ~ o u t go)

.. binilk

(pari =go outside.

Here (come)

... ayh ( i =come here.

There

,.. prahhkk.

W h e r e

.

kawnl (parho) =w here did you go

Now

...

sh611d,i'.

I ,

th is t ime= ondje

adoa

W h e n

. khi (6 m i)= when

did

you buy i t

W h o kfiro

tG)

=

who are

you

?

What kfe.

W h i c h . Pe k u ra , =w hi ch is

it ?

his .. ek a yaso.

T h a t .., eka trkso.

W h y

.

.

k a [parizdai]=why do you go ?

H o w .,. klih11ti.

How many ...korn3n

1).

Yes

...

Tllrre sppenrs to be no word for yeu''; at any

rate oonld

not get my-,

th in g m ore eatiafactory than the following

Q.-Aw/

d r h w P Have yon eaten bread

?

A -Awci

drhim.

I have eaten bread.


24/61

But

Or

As

s

Also

Always

Until

Again

All

Therefore

Little

Much

I

Of

me

To me

By

me

From

me

Me

we

Of u s

To us

y

us

From us

Thou

Of t h

By

thee

From

thee

You

Of J

U

o

you

BY

You

From you

...

nb

e

?)

added to the word

like

Lati11

q~ l e ) .

i3

rendered

by a

correlative

sen.

teuce vide

dialogues).

...

t ; i

k6i

arnnprkn~).

...shiil ~

krom)=y

L

h :;

=

k

... ist

2 )

..

harr i~c lo

...

nh at end

of sentence).

... gbri.

...

t ~ h i k k .

kdy kr6mna.

hii kromna,

...

itsllek.

. .L6.

:.. a14

atshikk=we

all 1

. h6mo.

htma.

...homo-tBda.

...Lbulo-pi.

...h6rno

cljagai=see).

...

to kushalatai.

...

t6i.

...

t:ii

tida,

... t i i

PI.

... abstshikk.

m f m e .

...mimi

..

mimi-tlda,

:.. mimi-pi.

He

Of him


25/61

To him

By him

From hinz

They

Of them

To them

By them

From them

She

Of her

To her

By her

From her

They f

Bring

See

Go

Give

Sit

Be silent

Hear

Eat

Take away

Cut

Come

Drink

Stop

Do

Ask

Look

Play (the d6l)

Run

Laugh

Light

Weep

Dance

Sigh

Speak, read

Beat

Bind

Kill (strike dead

shdli.

isi.

Bsi =shBsi.

shasi-tada.

shBsi-pF

a.

bsa

Bsa.

Bsii-tada:

isB-pi.

like the

masculine

TH VERB

a,) Imperatives

bni.

djag6i.

prk, ph i .

,...dB

nisl.

hhk m khre=make no noise.

sang

;

ronn kares=give your

ear.

j4

hari.

tshmi, tshinni.

1.

pl.

m6 p5re=da not go.

kire,

kiiri

putshna

?)

phtsiii.

djagai,

wkdj bandjai.

. kashhp pari=go quickly

kgtras, krfitas,

upr6i.

t16y.

nlit kari.

pQshi.

nlonnde (monn de

1

16y

b6niJ bh6ni

>JI3 L hr6y.


26/61

pen

Stamp

Sing

Sleep

s h u t

Get up

Fall

Lift

Wake

Weigh

Write

Understand

Unfasten

Awake

~ : e

Lock

Unlock

Want

Raise

Catch hold

Sell

Let

go

Tear, break

S ow

Throw away

Boil

Roast

Do

not forget

l iw

Call

Cook

Count

To

ask

Imp

; buy

Imp

,,

sell

Imp

I I-un

Imp

,,

sew

Imp

,,

be silent

;..

umr&i.

.

pogroln

dB.

.

grbn did, grbn d6.

.

prasliy.

khri.

.

ishti.

.

shirGus.

uprii.

Gshti.

. er&zu 61i.

. niwdji, niw6je.

...

djedni

... ukashi.

{

:c hdtum.

... niishi.

.. durr khri,

n

kk&ri.

n d umrai.

. .

gati

?),

, uprit~

.

grii, (hlsh grii. =catch hold of

the horse.)

.

.

brf nn kids.

astii.

shini.

I

S1.

. histi.

haltii, wbho dQ

. s

de.

. . mi3 pr8shmos.

.

phushe.

tshln.

. au kare,

... jmarby.

b . ) nfinit ivee and Imperativee

... utshi.

.putshi.

.. qre

?)

. dedjen qr bs .

.

brinkrbk.

. bn'nkres, brinn

kiris

adhkh.

adhihi.

sisfk (tshdn

sf

hunk ntl k6rik.


27/61

Imp

To sleep

Imp

,,

strike

I?np

; .bring

Imp.

take away

Imp

,, tear

Imp

,,

give

lmp

,,

tell

Imp

,,

test

read.

PRESENT.

-

am

Thou art

He is

She is

We arc

You are

They are, m nd

f

. .hunk n

k4ri.

...

pras6ik.

.

pras6i.

. gundi gri liik.

. gundi gri 16i.

. .6nik.

. 6ni.

h4rik.

. h4ri.

...udh6lik.

. udhali.

...

ddk.

.

dB

.

.

m6ndek.

mbnde.

djagawalek.

. mondd=speak.

c.)

Conjugations

a

him

...th hA.*

assa ha.?

... do.

...abi hik.

. h tshikk hiss. = you all are

... ?

There is no special form for the Feminine in the Ka16sha language.

was . .Bsis (the personal pronouns

are

generally omitted.)

.Thou wast .. si.

He was

. 680.

She was

...

do

We were . frsimi.

You were

. Bsili.

They were, m. and f ... Rsini.

FUTURE.

(probably the preaent ?

s

he =

?

anan

?

in there

?

(at end of senteno e).

If tllou art = u aear

(ttiiie

Dialogues).

t

Shiu I

in also used for is

dde

DiPloguen.)


28/61

(

)

T BRING

. OKIK.

Bring thou

...

dni.

PRESENT

I bring

:.,

a onim.

Thou bringest ... tu 6ni

H e brings

, . asso 6neu.

Mre bring bi 6nik.

You bring

... tus tshikk 6na

They bring

.

.

eledrlis onea.

IMPERFECT

I brought

. a 6nis.

Thou broughtest

.

tu 6ni.

He or she brought

asso

6neu

We brought

.

abi 6nimi..

You brought

. tus tshikk bnili.

They brought

. .

eledrhs 6nini.

PLUPERFECT

I

had brought

. a

6nim

d&y.

( I was bringing ?

The onim alone is inflected

as i n

the present.

The day is not

changed.

Fu~r ;n~. -Thepresent is used for the future.

I~~PERATIVE

Bring thou ;.

.

bni.

Bring you

. dno.

POTEN:AL

I will be able to bring

.

a

bh&m onik.

PROHIBITIVE

Bring not

.1-1286ni.

IMPOTEKTI L

RESENT

I am not able to bring

...

a

n6 bhhm 6nik.

Thou art not able to bring

... tu nb blAs 6nik.

He

is ,, I . . asse n& bhh 6nik.

Weare

,, > . .

abi

n

bhriik onik.

yo11 ,, ,, J ... tus tshikk ne bh$d 6nik.

They

,, ,, j

. eledrhs ne bldten bnik.

I J~ PO T E N T I L

MPERFECT.

I

was not able to bring

.

a n

bh6is 6nik,

kc

conjugate

bhLia

6nis.

I

will not bring

;.

a ne

onim.


29/61

23 1

TO

GIVE DEK.

Give thou

. .

dk.

,, ye

.

d6o ?

P R ~ W T

ND FUTURE.

I give

...

a dkm.

Thou give

. .

t u dB.

H e

,, .

asse dlli .

W e

,, .

abi* det.

y o u ,,

.

tussi tshikk dk

They ,,

.

eledras t shik k dPnyi.

IMPERFECT

I gave, &c.,

c.

...

a pajbmis, t u prS, asse p rl u , a bi

prdmmi, tussi tshik k prlli, eledr6s

tshikk prommi.

Give thou

. dB.

Do not give

.

.

mb dB

Give ye

.

ddo ?

I

will give

. (like the present.)

I

will

be able to give

.

a bhhm dbk (vide th is form unde r

I

to bring. )

I am about to give

a dbm dPy,

c.,

(or

I

have given. ?)

I had given

a pajbmis dBy,

c,

T

COME

...

IK.

PRESENT

N D

FUTURE.

1 come ... a

i,m.

Thou

,,

t u

i

H e

,, ...

asse

iu

W e

,, .

abi ik.

y o u ,, tu tshikk Bu.

They ,, . eledrGs

in.

IMPERFECT

I

came

...

a

it

Thou ,,

...

tti i B ?)

H e ,, asse hu.

W e 5

. .

ab i 8mi.

y o u ,, tu tshikk Bli.

They

,, .

eledrtis (drhs?) 611

I am about to come

. a im

d k y = I

was

coming.

I had come

...

a

d i y ,

c.

'

Abi

aeemg doubtful,

M y informant

said

a b i d e k = w e

give

a n d

alao n> i

det=you give.':


30/61

i 4

I will e able to come

. a bhBm ik, &c.

Come ...

i

Come not

.

m6

B

TO

SEE

...

DJAGAIK

See thou

djaghi.

PRESENT

ND FUTURE

see ... a djaghm.

Thou see

. . t u djagai.

H e asse djaghi, (or djag aldiy ?)

we

,,

abi djagBk.

y o u

,,

. t u tshikk djagii .

They

> I ...

ledrtis djagdn.

IMPERFECT

I

saw

: . a d ja gh .

Thou saw

.

tu djagai.

He I

. asse djagalday.

we . ab i djagdmi.

You ,, ... u tsh ikk djageli ( tue sta cljagai.)

8, . eledriis djagdn.

T DRINK PIK

Drink thou

.

.

plA

Do not d r ink

mo pl.

RINK .

plm.

thou . . pi.

He ,, . . piu.

W e ...

pik

You . . pi]

They . . pln

DR NK

Thou

,,

H e

W e

,,

y o u

They

,,

Speak thou

I

speak

. Bwis. ?

.

Bwi.

... 6wia.

... rwimi.

wi.

aun.

TO

SPEAK

...MON DEK.

.

a mbn dem, c., &c., is conjugated

like a dem, vi e dek


31/61

TO GO

PARIK

Go thou

I

GO

OR WILL ao

Thou

,,

He J

We

a

You

9

They

,,

I W NT

Thou

He ,,

w e

You

They

,J

Sit

thou

sit

sat

I

mill sit

phi

a par'im.

tu p6ri.

asse p4reu:

abl parik.

tuaste phi.

eledrhs parbn (will you go ?=u

par'iss?)

a par&,

tu parl.

asse parhn (also se par6u. )

abi pardmi.

uaste parhli.

eledrhs parbn.

TO

SIT NISIK

nls'i.

a nislm.

a nish.

ike the present.

TO HEAR . KRON KARIK Zit == to do ears.

Hear thou kr6n

k8ri

Do not hear

kr6n

m

kAri.

PR S NTR

FUTURE

he v

rt

sang&am, or krbn kirem.

Conjugate each as follows ;

hear

Thou

He

,,

We .

you ,J

They

IMPERFECT

heard

Thou ,,

He ,,

We

You ,,

They

,,

a krbn khrem or sangiam.

.

u kbre or sanglas.

re

,,

kbreu or sangiu.

abi

,,

k6rek

r

sangha.

tuaste ,,k&ra r sangti.

eledrus,, k&ren,or sanghan.

a sanghyes.

the sang6yes.

se sang&.

bi sangaimi.

tuaste sanghili.

eledrus sanggiui.


32/61

te

KIKG

With a king

Of a king

To

a

king

A king

From a king

KINGS

HAND

With a hand

Of

a

,,

( 26

T STAND TSHISHTIK

Stand thou

tshishti.

st nd

a tshishtim.

u tshishti.

se tshishteu.

abi tshishtik.

tuaste tshitihti tshishta

?)

. el edrb tshishten.

stood

a atshishtis.

tu atshishti.

e atshishto, atshishteu.

abi atshishtimi.

I

uaste atshishti.

J9

eledr6s atshishtani.

Note : compare the present or future '. tshishtim with oujm

ex

cept second personal plural.

The imperfect atshishtis is like onis except 3rd person

singular atshishto ; nd person plural atshishti and 3rd person

plural atshistani.

TO EAT JUK

Eat thou j?.

c t

a

jhm

tu jhi

se

jds.

abi juk.

tuaste jda

eledrtis j6n

a ashis.

tu ashi.

se

asliu

. abi ashimi.

tus tshikk ashili.

eledrus ashin.

8. DECLENSIONS.

shh

. sh4-som

shhas.

shaas.

shi.

. shhas-pi.

like the singular

hist ; bazb

hbst-gri.

histani.


33/61

To a ha nd

haston h mfitsha.

hand

baz8.

I n a hand

bazonll

H NDS

l ike th e singular

GOLD shnra.

With gold

unra som

By

gold

sunra

gri

PRINCE

sh4as putr.

PRINCESS

sh4aa tshQ.

QUEEN

hBas djls.

MAN

m6tsh.

W i th a ma n

motshe somma.

Of

a ,, motshes.

To a ., . motshes.

From

a .

motshes-pi.

I n

man

motshes udriman.

A WOM N . strija.

W i t h a woman

... strija somm.

Of

a

. strijtias.

To a

,,

J

A

SON

putr .

W i t h a son

pu tr somm.

Of

a son putras*

BOY tz&tak sudd

Of a boy sudiiaa

(notice th a t th e adjective does

no t change.)

DAUGHTER

shQ.

tshdlos

Of a J ( tshdas.

To a tshdas.

STON

bbtt.

Of J J b l t t a n o r bgtt gri.

FLOWER

p h h .

Flowery pushfkani as shulbani wooden

from shQla=wood. Ho we ver

u g =water has a genitive

ug8ni.

The

son of

the feth er= pG trs ~ adaa.

The father of the

on=dAda8

p6tran.

Notice that oth noun8 are in the oblique case


34/61

9. DIALOGUES.

ENGLISB.

KALASHA.

I want to learn your language

Tdy mondr gdtint

ddy

Thy speech

I

(to) learn have.

f

you are ill, will give youmedicine, Tu z a b h ti ma8 tdy zuez khem.

Thou ill if art thy cure I will do.

Get all the things ready

..

Tshikk

mbl

eg awata krodi.

All property one place

get

?)

Are you ready to go ?

Tzi pariss, i n ?

Thou wilt go or not.

Put your clothes on

...

Tshe'u aambiea.

Clothes put on.

want

to

learn Kal&sha

.

.

Mdy Kaktsha mondr djandy.

To me Kalksha speech

to

know

1 )

ghattudey= is necessary ?)

You are my friend

Tzi

mdy

ri.

Thou my friend.

Wherever you meet an enemy kill

him

. Dz Lsh dn kcswdgalle phhlk, hrdy.

Enemy wherever to meet kill.

Get up, the daylight has appeared.. . Ushti, lujdu.

Get up, the daylight has appeared

(it has become light).

A

very pretty woman ... bd prwht

m~r l t y e k ,

Very good woman.

I t is not proper to say such words.

..

Si~cila~ t o n d r k de'k

osha.

Bad words not to give proper.

Y U

ought to go to-day

. Tay drtdja parik, pdsht .

To thee to-day to go, [is] good.

Get the

un

ready

Tupbk

udjh i

Gun prepare.

Sing, dance

. Qrdn

dyd,

nd t

kdre.

Song give, dance make

Wh;A is your name ?

.

t d y n mm

kz a

?

thy name what

?)

Whence do you come

?

t

kawelo 2 ?

When do go ?

. tii kawPly parizd6y

Why did you come

?

... t6 k6ne 2 ?

What do you want ?

...

tG

kPa gates?

am very hungry

.. a

bi

andra.

Are you thirsty ?

...

15 d&hinh4we.

Prepare food

. .

u

khri.

Is your home near

t6y d b h ttidaka shiu ?

Is

the road far ?

. pbnn dbhu


35/61

Yes, it is far

:

H u , ?)d6she shlu:

No, i t is near

nB, thdaka.

Br ing me to ea t and dr ink

m 8y hittia h i ,

hm

Bring w ater g 6ni.

S i t he r e

ayh nisf.

Light the mood

e h u l b ad zii.

Lig ht th e candle 1 )

htsh upuwBy.

Blow out ,, ,, phality.

Stand there

alai-k6zi tshishti.

Come quickly

Kashhp i

G o slowly

h rih sh P r i .

P u t th e saddle on the horse

Mshis uw

d8.

to the horse saddle give

Tie th e cow to thk tree

gd mz to sbmm bb?z c

eow tree with bind.

How many sheep and goats have

you ?

Cay kimbn Bsan a m r b p6y

I want nothing

hlshki ne g6tem.

I s he your brother ?

ass6 thy bbiy

B

Th is load is not heavy ift i t

assa p h k ugGrako nk uprai.

T ak e care rinde ala i djagbi.

I s th e road good or bad

p6nn prdshte khhtsha

Is th e m ounta in high

?

d n n hQ tala

l

past

?

I s there a bridge over the river ? gau sde shiu

li

nb ?

Brin g ropes quickly ra d jt k kashhp 6ni.

Bring Bu tter, Milk, Cheese pratshbno, tshir, plnda.

Curds, meat, mine uiri m6ss, dk.

.Grass, flour, fire kitss, Btt, a n g h .

Fruit mewti.

Sm oke tobacco

tamakh kashi i .

I s there much sport about here aya dyagauna m urh b6 asan

If you mill do gre at service, I mill

give you man y presents may hhtia prhsh krbmm kari, t i y

saripit dkm.

I

am very hot

may

b

hiillik karu

day.

I am very cold p u t alothes over

me

may tram6na karu day sh8o dQ.

A re you well

prush te hsia ?

I t will rain to-day

6ndje bis hik diyhl?.

I t is very dark, where am I to go

?...

6 tramashbng h8o ke nti parim.

Call the dog

heura, [shhra] khundiytii.

Call the Servant

shiiderr tsh6yn.

N ay God keep you well

khuda ta i p rush t

kdreu

Good bye

ishpbite.,

[Kalhha salutation] shpiti.

[Bashgeli salutation]

strek6 ha.


36/61

GOquickly

adihai phri.

Tell the truth

. .udjek mondr

dC

Give me water that I may drink

.

ug d6, pim.

Come intside

.

udriman

1.

Go outside

binhk phi.

Come here

.. ayA 1.

Where did you go ? . kaw4i par40 ?

Come now ...sh6ntije

1

This time, (day ;)

.

shendje hdoo.

When did you buy it ? kai 6mi.

Who are you

?

kQro tfi ?

Which [is it ?]

.

Pe kura

?

Have you eaten bread

...

awh fishis

?

Eat bread

.,.

a*

jh.

am ill to-day

...

4 6ndja bey-derkhr.

My name is Malik . . m i nom Malik.

Give it to me

. .

mbtshes dB.

Sit near me

mtii-tada nisi.

Take it

from me

.

mai-pfgrdas.

Kill me

. mai hr6y.

Where is your country

? .

mimf d&shkawhshen ?

Shut the door

d u b kBri.

To run in the heat is bad

.

hiiluk udhet purl

?)

na.

The son of the father . phtras dadas.

The father of the son

...

dadas

pbtras.

Throw (with) t he stone . bAtt- the.

Wooden ;of wood

.

shula-gri ; hulaani.

Made of wood

.

. kaishiu.

The smell of the water is bad

=

waterj smell is bad

.

ugani bb gbnd.

10.-KALASHA

PROP R

AMES

A nmes

o dlen

alik

Babhhng

KamUi

Shatbng

Batshh

Shariki

Tamashawek

ames o Women

Dau6li.

. Ramagblli.

.

MBike'tshi.

. . TramkQti.

.

Tehitre'tshi.

Masar,

...

Latshhi.

No~~.- l he basis (peconia) for KalAsba reckoning appears to be k paye''

phi

(paisa

? )

=

one goat. Buy=qr6as.

Prioe=qr6

? vide Vocabulary).


37/61

Names of Men.

Zinatshh

Sumftl

Bekk

Gasharti

Kelli

Mirak

Thsh

T u m r

Djohn Slla

U ndn BQ kk

Tbrr

MBra

Alydss

D j a n e k w k

Bfirza BBkk

Dadck ncle

8

ames

o W o w

Darimiki.

Nangf.

Mid l i ;

Gulifa.

Namakinn;

Whssi.

PorPshi.

Nf ir bigim.

Son6tshi.

Kambruetshi.

Darboli.

. Soneki.

W az bray.

Mafiki,

DurdanB.

names

o

celebrated

Yamni.

DonashPri.

beauties.

G um li ~ a s t u r h .

Badulke'i

Namea

of

Castes.

'

]

2 high ceastes.

0

Shalekd ri

:::

ower castes

;

the last

Bumburnah

s ms

a high

caste

Rajamir i

Names

of

Villages.

Mumurbt

:::]

illages whose inhabi-

Rongmd tan ts are allowed to

Birid intermany.

11. A PR YER

OF

THE B A S H ~ E L IAFIRS.

In

the

Kaldsha

dialect

(may serve

as

a n exercise for translation).

Th e ideas

and

ma ny of th e words in this prayer were apparently

acquired by my two Kafirs on the ir way throug h Kashm ir.

Kh ud6 , tan dru sti dB

Prushkdri, rozi

dB

Ab attl kari .

Dewalatman.

T u gh6na asas.

Tshik intara.


38/61

32

Tshik

t u

faid6 k4y asas

Sat asm4n t'i.

Stra suri mastruk m6tshe

d6

12. APPENDIXT VOCABUL~BY

Add

to

Terbo

TO DO

...

KARIK

PRESENTND

FUTURE

do

. k4rem.

. kke.

k reu.

. karek.

k 4ra.

. khren.

Do

.

kare, thi.

Do ear,=hear

.

kr6n kkes.

Do not do

. rnd

kari

Add

t

Imperatives

and InJinitivrs

u t (in a

place)

... krotii.

Put on (clothes)

. ambies.

To meet

I t is proper

Prepare udj4i.

Light (the fire)

. badzai

,,

(the candle

)

.

upuwiy

wi e

Dialogues)

Blow out ,, phal6y.

Lift

fa load)

uprhi

Smoke (tobacco)

kash4i

To fall (rain)

...

diyhlik.

Oall (the dog)

.

khundiyii.

Call (the servant)

...

shdyn, tshin.

hfiscek1uou8 W O T ~

Wherever

.

kawhgalle.

From

pi (vide declensions.)

Or

a

(for use

vid

Dialogues.)

With

..

gri widedeclensions.)

If .. ti (do. do.)

What

.

kia

?

Who

kiiro ?

Whence

kawelo

?

Whereto . kenti.

When

.

khwey, kii.

Where

.

kawli

?

kawtishen.?


39/61

why

How many

Nothing

Here 1

There

Not

Over

Hereabouts

Here

Inside

Outside

Now

Yes

.

kbne:

kimbn

?)

hishki

. ndeal4i

.

.

nb

. she

. ya dyagauna f)

. adihai 2)

ayh.

udriman.

. .

binBk

sh6ndje.

...h4u

2 )


40/61

SKETCH O

KALASHA

GRAMMAR.

--

The vowels are pronounced as in German or Italian, luiz. a as

in father ; e as in ever ; i as in bit ; o as in bonus ; u as in put ; au

as ou in mouse; ei or eyWis ronounced diacritically or each vowel sepa-

rately

;

ai as^ i in light. When a vowel has no accent over it, i t is sup-

posed to be short

;

when it has

a

circumflex over it, i t is long. The

accent marks the syllable in which the sound is raised and is like the

French accent

ai@

; the accent

'

gives a sharp and clipping intonation

to the syllable over which i t is put, not unlike the accent grave in

French.

It

will be perceived that the accent is restored to its proper use,

that of marking the intonation and that i t is not used, as in the Hunterian

system, to denote the nature or length of the sound. The Hunterian

system

is

inapplicable to the transliteration of languages newly com-

nlitted to writing, as i t tends to confound true accentuation with the

nature of the sound. Its imitators are also apt to put a where an

el

(pronounced as above) should be put, and even to put a for

C l JJ asJ for instance, Kabal for Kabul and Massalman for

Mussulman. English travellers should either write down the sound

as in common English words or else as in German.

Kh is pronounced diacritically

;

sh

as

ch in church.

Where a word is spelt in two different ways in the vocabulary, i t is

because: the two Kafirs, from whose utterances it has been compiled,

pronounced it differently.

dj is as in jelly ;

in French our.

j 8s l c j

2. MODE OF ELICITIICG WORDS OR GRA MU TICA L FORMS FRO M

THE

TWO KAFIRSLACED AT

DISPOS L

Y HIS

HIGHNESS

THE

M ~ H A R A J A KASHM IR

AT

THE

INSTANCE

O T H E

PANJAB OVERNMENT.

had not the same opportunities for checking the correctness of

what

I

heard, or thought heard, from the two Bashgeli Kafirs, which

enjoyed in compiling my vocabularies, songs and legends of the Dardu .

lauguages, as they were not long enough in my service, the heat of the

Panjab compelling them to return to their, probably temporary, home in

Kashmir ;but the processwhich may be useful to other travellers, provid-

ed

they are patient and sympathetic in their intercourse with the natives,

is sufficiently indicated in

my introduction to Dardistan, from which

quote the following

:-

I'

Those who know how difficult i t is to elicit grammatical forms

from savages, or eve11 from the half educated

i n a

civilized or semi-civi-


41/61

lized

communi ty , wi l l be ab le to form s conception of th e almo st

insuperable difficulties in my way.

It

wns easy enough to point

to

objects in order to lea rn the i r names

and

to

find expressious for the

simplest boilily wants

that could

be

indicated by gestures i t was mo re difficult to discover th e imperative

f o m

i n t h e comlnands given by m y fol lowers, on ut lderstanding

m y

wants , an d to trace

n

afi~mative r the present r future indicative

i n the rep lies t requi red t h e closes t a t ten t io n to fo llow the same sound

in any discussion th at m igh t have ensued in conseqnence. . . .Often,

subsequent, ly , when almost sure of a f orm ,ha veI discovered tha t t h e person

addressed did not und erstand my quest ion or had m ade use in reply of

a n idiom or a n evasion. However, by asking th e sam e quest ion from

several people , by m aking th em ask each other, an d by carefully noting

their replies,

I

gradually reached th at approximative certa inty which

a lone is a t ta inable in so complicated a matter.

3 . T H E

DEFINITER

INDEFINITERTICLEN K A L A S H A .

There appears t o be none in th a t language .

4. THE DECLENSION

F

TH E NOUN

-

Most nou ns app ear to end in a consonant.

Th ere does not apparent ly

exist, a different term inat ion or affix for th e plu ral in KalBsha, whicll

is th e least inflect ional of t he Da rdu g roup of languages to which i t

belongs. T h e accusative is appar ently identical with t he nom inative.

T h e G ENITIVE or ra the r the obl ique form, i s formed by the addi t ion

of as, more rarely es an d is to th e nom inative,

viz

l l l i=n king

sh ia s=o f a k ing ; pu t r = a son pu t rns=of a son

( vide

declension) m ots

= a man , l l lotshes=of a rnan

;

ck==one egis=of c-ne;=first .

;;xaw~ples

o

use

he son of a king=shAns pn tr ; h e da ug hte r of a lring=shrias tsllb.

Th e same form for th e geni t ive ( if th a t te rm be appl icable to

it

is

used

for the feminine noun

;

c i z , s t r i j ; l = a wife

;

strijrias= of n wife

' T s h h a, da ~ lg h t e r ppears a lso

to

have n g m it iv e tsl:6los, a s well a s

t&GaS. &'Hast, ha nd ,h as genitive l~as tnni, ~~ g , = w at er as ugani

th e fact bein5 that, th e genit ive term in l tion is real ly adject ival

ant

t h a t

t h e soil of a Iring is equivaleu t to th e royal

son *

a t any ra t( , .

L L ~ h l l l &

= ( L ~ ~ O & t

forms its atljectire Ily t h e addition of a n i

z . i z .

sh ul ian i= w oo dc n pu sll =a flower 11:~s pus hak gni, flowery.

T h e

I in

l i s ha idiom appears to requi re tha t , in ins tances l ike t he above , both

the nouns be

inflected or put

into the obliqne case, viz., instend of

s ay in g p u t r d ad a s ~ z t h c on of t l ~ e a t he r o r d ad ns p u t r t h c

Kaliishas say putras dndas =t he son of th e fa ther, an d '' dadas putras

s matter of fact ehBaa utr

is

stereotyped into

Princo.

s11Bas ta h6

,, ,,

Pri t~cees .

and

s b b s

d j b

,,

,,

Queen.


42/61

the father of the son (the morJ which, according to us, ought to

be

iuflected, being put first).

The Dative

has

he same inflection as the Genitive except in

h ha st

=hand, whose dative appears to be expressed by the addition of on&,

haston6

vide

declensions).

The ablative

from

s expressed by the

affixpi

to the oblique form

which may be compared with the old Bindui

which also signifies

j r om -

Emmple: sh&

= a

king or kings.

ebksomm

= with a king or kings.

shiias

=

of a king ,,

sh&

=

o a king

,,

sha

=

a king s

shhas-pi

=

rom a king

,,

There need bs no great diffizulty apparently in distinguishing tile

singular from the plural or the geni~iverom the dative.

When the

existence of more than one king is insistetl on, there are the numerals

or b6 =many, to f ~ l lack upon whilst the singular mould serve for

kings spoken of collective1,y. When two nouns come together, the first

nolln i n the oblique case is genitive, whilst if a verb aud noun come

together and the noun is in the obliqu. case, the noun is generally in

the dative.

The adiectival terminations arc annarentlv $ui sornet,imes

for

L

euphony dl uni as

;ug

=water, ugani

=

watery*; push=flomer=push-

ikani

=

lowery=or merely ail as bbtt=stone; battnn = of stone ;

stony; pisht or p~shto

=

after; Pislltan

=

he one who is after

=

the second

m

or una as mctslle

=

motshuna=third or in as

tr.cin=third, from, trd=three.

The numerals art, almost identical with those of the Prakri t

i.lioms of India.

Like the Dardn numerals, those of KalAsha and of

other Kafir dialects are m s d e u p by multiplication and addition.

'rhe Kalashanumerals are inflected (if that term may be used) in all

instances where ten is

added,

but not where they are multiplied,

viz :

1 k daj e ga.

2 dli 1 2 daje* dzia

I n these two forms the ouiginal (pslatal) ah

is

dropped (being

first

changed

n

IS^ , and th e encl it icurn

I

jeJ 1 affixed ; j e s p robably t he S anskr i t and s t i l l to be

met w i th i n t he o ld B indu i . T he numera ls f rom 1 3

to 19

a re much

mutilated,

t h e

final a only expressing th e num ber 10,

ciz :

t r6=3 ; rea 13.

T h e

da.hJ'=ten,

as

loet the ini t ial I d an d the f inal s ( sh) waa changed t o h ( a s S indh i daha ) and t he n

8ropped nl togetber.

Ninetccn=oa,

i a

qui te a new form ) leaving th e t race both of Sans-

k r i t and P rakr i t ,

(Dr. Trwmpa.)

These remarks are very valuable , but ,

as

r e g a r d s t h e

elif ion of

a

daeh, the uot is t h a t t h i r t ee n

s

n o t r e a, b u t d 6je t r h . -G .

W

.


43/61

3 tr8

13

daje trea.

4

tshau

14

,

tshana.

5 pondj

15

,,

pondja.

6

sh6 1 6

,,

shb .

7 s&tt

17

,, satta.

8

asht

18

,, ashta.

9

nb 19 nba.

1 dash

20

b h i .

1 bishije- ek 31 bishije-daje-ega.

,, d6

32

,, dlia.

23 ,, trd

33

,, trea.

As

from

1 t o

9

withant

change

A#

from 11

t o 19

after bishije '

40

dubishi=two twenties.

5

dubishi dash=tmo twenties and ten.

60 tre bishi=three twenties.

70

tre bishi dash=threc twenties and ten.

8

tshau bishi=four twenties (compare tlle French quatre-vingt

for 80 and quatre-vingt-dix for

90 .

tshau bishi dash=four twenties and ten.

100 pondj bislli=five twenties.

200 dash bishi=ten twenties, &c., &c.

b ) -Ordi?tals.

In the ORDINALS there appears to be a tendency to use thc

ordinal preceding the one that is required, with the addition of

pishto =after thus

:

First=Lgis seconti=4jris pi,shto=after the

first. Third=doim pishto=the one after the second; fourth=

t r e im

pishto

;

i f th=tsho~i?~ishto=the one after the fourth.. Why doim

should not be commonly used for second treinfor third tshouin for

fourth, have not be able to nsoertain, but as according to the genius

of the language, the ordinal is probably the genitive of the cardinal,

vio.,=ek=one egis=of one=first, and the genitive really an acljectival

form, also found in adding ani to the substantive, the rule requires

the relative to be ps t in the oblique case (.vide plitras dadas=the

son of the father), and in order to do this, pishto =after, is usually

put after the ordinal preceding the one that is required, whilst the

second is really the pishtan =or the one who comes

aftel

Wt

also have motshe and nlotshuna for third. The im in Doim

does not appear to be a Kalasha termination, but may be a mistake for

doin, in which case i t would be the adjectival ending in or ina

?)

anll

covrespond with trein=third and tshouin=fourth The fullotviog compari-

son will sllow tile different ways in which ordinals scem to be expressed :

-

Fivst=dgis

from

ek=one) (also shumerau ?)=of the one


44/61

econd

=piahtan= th (one who comes) after (from pishto =a fte r).

d6im =the second from dzi=two or dz i in

dgia pis hto =th e one after the first.

l'hi7.d

=

motshe.

motshuna.

do im p i sh toz the one a f te r the second .

trein

=

hird.

F o u ~ t h = t s h o u i n = f o u r t h .

trein pishto= the one after th e thir d (this seems to Le t ile

usual form).

F if th=tshouin pishto =the one af te r th e four th .

I

quite agree with Dr. Bellew's

remark

in h is Lecture on th e

27 th u l t imo tha t it is difficult for thes e races to realize num be rs above

t e n , bu t

as

has been seen th e Kaf i r s go much beyond tha t num ber

by

multiplication an d addit ion to th e nu m ber twenty.

he Indian vernaculars offer no analogy to this , bu t we know from

other sources,that th e Sa nsk rit palatal sh iscllangecl to k and g ; for

instance th e Sansk ri t shoan, dog, becomes in G reek and kfibn th e very

iiumeral, vinshati, twenty, ha s been changed to viginti in La tin. Th ere

can therefore be hardly any dou bt ahout t he correctness of th e form

biga (in Gilgiti). Most curious i t is, th at the o th ei te n th s are made u p

by

~nu l t i p l i cn t ion

nd addi t io n, and tha t the or ig ina l Sanskr i t Prr ikr i t nu-

m eral s a re dropped altogethcr. T h e very sam e phenomenon me me et wit11

in th e language of the S iah Posh Kafirs in the H ind u Ku sh, who are l ike-

wise spru ng from th e gre at A rian stock. \Ire find th us bigadki, twe nty

2nd ten=-th irty

n

bib ( = d u bihn) twice t~venty==forty

;

du bi6ga-d$i

twice twenty and ten=fi f ty sh&bi6 Lhree times twenty=sixty ; tsh6-

biol;$ d $ i= tl ~ re e imes twen ty an d ten=seventy

;

shgr bib=four tim es

twenty=eighty

;

shkr bid dki, four tim es twe nty ancl tcn =n in ety . IVt:

do not know how to explzin this fa ct ; for t l lere can be no doub t t ha t t ile

Dar du races had or igina lly the Sa us l r r i t -P rak ~i tnum erals. W h y di4l

t,hey dro p t h e m ? M'e can llnrdly fancy

tllnt they dropped th em for

convenience sake, for i t is far more troublesome to rnake u p for original

numera ls , by m ~~l t i p l i ca t ionnd addit ion, than to express t lienl

by

one

nonn.

B u t not only among th e Unrdu races and the i r bre thren, t he

Kafirs in th e Hi nd u Ku sh, we m eet wit11 this s tra nge fact ; the same

phenom enon may also be observecl

iri

th e decomposition of th e La tin

into th e G allico-French (not in Itallan or Spa nish) as quatre-virigt=four

t imes twec ty=eig hty quatre-vingt dix=four t imes twenty an d ten=

ninety. W e see thus, th a t when an old languag e is once giving way ant1

goi;~g to pieces (which is generally th e case amongst grea t cu n~ m ot io ~l s

or in time s of gr ea t ignorance), essential pa rts of i t lnay be lost which

c in

no more be recovered. -Lh1. 1i3zl?)zpp

n

t h

Calczt f ln

Reviezu,

I p i l

1873


45/61

6 .-TEE

PRONOUXS.

a).-The Pronouns

of

the

Istperoon,

Singular-

I = a .

Of me=m6y (also my mine. )

T o m e = m6tshes (compare

the

oblique terminations of the

noun.)

By

me=mii - t ida .

F r o m m?=mgi-pi.

Me=mili.

Plural-

We=abl (or

a

tshikh=I

all=we all

?

Of us=homo*

T o us= l16rna*

By

us=

homo-thda.

F r o m us= h6mo-pt

Q I t w il l be no ti ced t ha t t he t e rminat ions o f t he geni ti ve and t h e da t i ve p lu ral o f

the

Pronoun do not cor respond a il11 those usual to th e noun s i n g ~ la r , h ioh a lon? oould

ascer tain . I t i s not improbable th at these endings may help us to discover a p lura l form

to

the ooun, e i ther s t il l exist ing or los t. T l ie d i ff ioul ty fe l t by D r . Tr l~ m pp s regards t h e

p.

of

th e ablat ive is unintel ligible to me

especial ly as he had so ab ly explained

it

i n

con nrrio n wit11 the noun.

As,

however, 11i~eview of the prollultn is extremrly

suggestive

I qu ote i t here.

n t h e K ~ l B s h a d i a l e c tw e f i n d l f. an abbreviation from awd or from t h e

P rakr i t

TT .

I n th e geni tive s ingular we meet the form mBi wkioh serves a t t h e

lam e t ime as formative for th e other cases, the d at iv e excepted. Th is

miti corresponds

to th e Sanskr i t accusat ive s ingular ,

T I

n the dat ive we meet wi th t h e form I m6tdhgs

;

Hindi ,

gq

Pr lkr i t ,

qwq;

which ha , been dropped in th e othe r Dard u dinlec ts . Tho

c

instrumental s ingular i s mdi tada, by me nd th e abla t ive m i i p i ; the or igin or der iva .

tion of both the se postpositions is unknown to us.+

Th e nominat ive plu ral ia abi , we ; ery

l ik el y d er iv ed f ro m t h e P r a k r i t , q w , b y c ha n gi ng m t o v= b , a n d d ro p pi ng w

;

me=ave or

ab6, and then ce abi. I n the fo rmativ e plural , we f ind again h6m6 (=ham,

a

being changed

to 6 ). T h e da t i ve p lu ral i s s t a ted t o be h6ma, w h i ~ h us t be l e f t doub t fu l, a s we canno t

~u f ic i en t ly e lic it , f rom t he few examples given, th e format ion of t he dat ive in Kalhsha.

4

t

P i migh t be compared w i th t he o ld H in dh i q which signifies not only upon=:

but

also porn. So says, fo r instance,

h 8m

D6v

qf

q

jrqrq

~ = r o r n

m

no

an-

swer

~

ade.


46/61

(b).-The

second

pereone

of the

Pronoun.

Singular

Thou=h6rno tu.

Of thee=thi=thy , thin e.

T o ,, =tbi.

By ,, = t i i - t i da .

From thee=t&i-pl.

Plural-

You=abs tshikk=you all (vide a tsh ikk "=we all).

Of you=mlme.

T o ,, =mPmi.

By

,,

=mimi-tada.

From you=mitni-pi.

Compare abs with bisa" for we i n Amyit i, th e language

of Chi tral.

T l ~ e ~ i r iousorm abs is compnred by Dr. Trum pp wi th "S indhi

tavhEii and tahEn, also the form avl16fi, which appalently goes

back

t ; ile ~ I . O I I O I I ~ I I ~ L I ase

uns

(vasnl) with euphon ic initial a=avhifi. Q ui te

in t i re s ~1112way t he I


47/61

shhsi-tarla=by them.

sh is i-p i=f i .om them ( for th e femin ine

vide

Vocabulary.)

O n t h i s D r . T r u m p p r e ma r k s :

I n the K:~ lAs ha ialect th e hase AsA is given, w l~icl l rem ains

as

i t seem s, unc11;rngad in t h e g eu itiv e s in gu la r a ~ ~ dn the fo rmat ive .

The

nom inativ e p1ur;il sh6li (c um ) lookv very curious.

111

the plural

gen itive we f i ~ ~ dsi, and ill th e form ~ t i v eAsi=slrLi. Ash we would

iden ti fy wi th th e San skr i t dem o~ ls t ra t iv e ronoun q


48/61

are not indispensable and as their omission may serve to show the

inflections more poiutedly

Be

Bring

Give. Come See

PRESENT

8

1st person,

him,

dnim, dbm, im, djngbm.

211d

ha,

dni,

db, djaghi.

3rd ,,

hh

oneu,

dili,

~ U J

djagai (djagal-

day ?

P. 1st ,, hik, onik, det, ik, djagbk.

2nd ,,

his, ona,

dB, 6u dj:~gki.

3rd hin,

2 )

onen, danyi, in, djaghn, djagiru?

IMPERFE T Qsij, onis, pajomis, 4 d g s.

h i , oni, PYA,

; [ t i ? ]

djagai.

4s0, iineu, prau, au, djagalday.

Bsinli, onimi, prommi, iimi, d~agdrni.

hsili, onili, prali, Ali djageli, djagai?

Bsini, onini, prommi, Bn, djaghn.

INFINITIV

:

6nik,

d k, ik, djagiik.

Imperative S.

?

iini,

db 1 djaghi.

Do.

PI

? bno, d6o ? ?

Prohibitive-

?

n16 bni, m6 d , md 6

pecial ornz ?

will be ? like present.

will be able [in

a

bhAm onik, bhBm d k, bham ik.

state to:

Thou ditto Lhhs onik.

He ditto

b h i

onik.

We ditto

bl16ik

onik.

You ditto bhria onik.

They ditto

.

bhaen onik.

I

was able.. bhais .. bhsis

ik.

bhai.

bhaeu.

bhaimi.

bhaili.

bhaini.

I am about to

give or have

given

?

dkm

d6y.

i m

d a y ?

I had given pajomis dLy. d day


49/61

pi

p6ri.

Pill, pBreu,

Pili, parik,

Pii, pfiri,

Pin, parbn,

I ~ P E R F E C T

Awis, par&,

Awi, par&

Awia, parAu,

Awimi, pardmi,

Awi , pardi ,

Aun, parbu,

ISFINITIVE

Plli , parik,

Sit

nidm,

nisi,

niseu,

nisik,

nisi,

n i s h ?)

nis8,

nisa,

n isAn,

nisbmi,

nisUi,

nisbn, (?)

nisik,

Do Hea~ Eut Stand

khrem, krbn khrenl,

or sangham, jum , tshishtim .

kRre,

sanghas,

jus, tshishti .

karcu,

sangku,

Jui, tshisbteu.

kLrek,

sangRa,

juk, tshishtik.

ktira,

sangti,

jlia, tsh ish ti (a 2 .

karen,

sangaan,

j 6s tshishten.

sanghyes, asliis, atsh ish tis.

.

.

sangfiyes, ashi, atshishti.

. sang&, ashu, atshish teu.

.

sangRimi, ashimi, atshishtim i.

. sangriili, asbili, ats hi sh ti.

. sangaini, ashin, atshishtiui.

... ... jhk, tshishtik.

IMPERATIVE

Pi, PBri, nisi,

...

j , tsh ishti.

PROHIBITIVE

M6

pi,

..

m6

nisi,

.

m6

ja

mo tshishti.

Th e przfix of a to tshish tik=to stand, in th e imperfect, almost

chal lenges comparison with the imperfect awis from p f k = t ~ drink

;

th e imperfect ashis from juk= to ea t and th e significant imper-

fect hsis=I mas, imp erfects eviden tly belonging to different roots,

whereas atshishtis comes obviously from tsh ish tik and th e rernnarit

of an obsolete form.

~ . - COMP~LRI SOX OF

KALASHA

ITH

GILGITI

ND

ARNYIA

THE

LAXGUAGE

F CHITSAL . )

Tlint KalLsha should in some respects resemble Arnyiti is not

Documents

Kafiristan the Bashgeli Kafirs and their Language (1880) by Leitner