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8/10/2019 K Class 2 TG Terms CT Skeletal
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CLASS 2: TERMS,CONNECTIVE TISSUE
& SKELETAL SYSTEMREVIEW TG
Kinesiology
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gy
Positional Terms Directional Terms Movement Terms
Terminology
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Positional Terms FES p. 66
Anatomical Position : term used in Western medicineto describe position of body & location of its regions &parts
Body standing upright with feet slightly apart
Arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forwardwith thumbs outwardFunctional Position:
Body standing upright with the feet slightly apart,Arms hanging at the side, palms fac ing s ides ofbody, thum bs fo rw ard
Supine Position : body lying horizontally with the faceupProne Position : body lying horizontally with the facedown
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Functional Position
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Varus & Valgus
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Joint Movement TermsFES p. 69 and p. 249 Box 8-2
Flexion & ExtensionHyper-extension
Adduction & abduction
Diagon al adduc t ion &abduc t ion
Horizontal adduction &abductionHyperadductionRight & left lateralflexionRight & left rotation
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Joint Movement Terms
Upward ro ta t ion o fthe sc apu la
Involves rotating the
glenoid cavityupward while movingthe inferior anglelaterally
Occurs during flexionand abduction of theshoulder to increasethe range of motion
Downw ard ro tat ionof th e scapula
Involves rotating the
glenoid cavitydownward while theinferior angle movesmediallyUsed to increase therange of motion of thehumerus duringshoulder extensionand adduction
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Upward & dow nw ard ro tat ion o f sc apu la
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Joint Movement Terms
Medial/internal & lateral/external rotationCircumductionProtraction & retractionElevation & depressionSupination & pronationInversion & eversionPlantar flexion & dorsiflexion
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Joint Movement Terms
Pronation &supination of footFES p. 536
Pronation:eversionSupination:inversion
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Joint Movement Terms
Radialdeviation/wristabduction & ulnardevia t ion/wris tadduc t ion
Opposition of thumb
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• Planes• Movements within Planes• Axes
Cardinal or Body Planes
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Cardinal Planes FES p. 247
Definition: 3 imaginary planes
Sagi t ta l or m edianFronta l or co ron al
Transv ers e or h or izon tal
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Cardinal Planes
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Cardinal Planes
Arrangedperpendicular (atright angles) to
each otherWhere theyintersect is thebody’s center ofgravity (COG)
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Sagittal Plane - Definition
Vertical plane thatdivides body intoright & left segments
Midsagittal orMedian: equal right& left portionsParasagittal: sagittal
plane of unequal leftand right portions;obsolete term?
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Movements in Sagittal Plane
Imagine a wall onyour right and leftside. The ONLYmovement this would
allow is along thatplane-or front andback movements. Flexion, extension& hyperextensionExample: swingingarms & legs backand forth in walking
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Frontal or Coronal Plane -Definition
Divides body intoanterior & posteriorportions
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Movements in Coronal Plane
Imagine a wall in frontand in back of you. TheONLY movement thiswould allow is along thatplane-sidewaysmovements.
Abduction &adductionRight & left lateralflexionWrist: radial & ulnardeviation
Example: movements ofarms & legs in jumping
jacks
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Transverse, Horizontal, or Cross-sectional Plane - Definition
Divides body intoupper & lowerportions orsuperior & inferiorportions
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Movement in a Transverse Plane
Rotational or turningmovementsMedial & lateralrotation
Supination &pronationHorizontaladduction &
abductionExample is turningyour head to lookover your shoulder
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•
Lateral Axis• Sagittal or Anterioposterior Axis• Longitudinal or Vertical Axis
Axis: a pivot point
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Lateral or Frontal Axis
Imaginary line that
goes through bodyfrom right to leftFront-to-backmovements pivotaround this axis
Movements of arms
in walking occur insagittal plane & arepivoting aroundlateral axis
Definition Sagittal Plane
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Lateral Axis & Sagittal Plane
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Sagittal or Anterioposterior Axis
Imaginary line that
goes through bodyfrom front to backSide to sidemovements pivotaround this axis
Movements of arms &legs in jumping jacksoccur in frontal plane& pivot aroundanterioposterioraxis
Tipping head to side(lateral flexion) – axispasses throughcervical vertebrae
Definition Frontal Plane
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Anterioposterior Axis & Frontal Plane
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Longitudinal or Vertical Axis
Imaginary line that
runs superiorly – inferiorly throughspineTurning movementspivot around thisaxis
Turning your head to
look over yourshoulder occurs intransverse plane &pivots aroundvertical axis
Definition Transverse Plane
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Vertical Axis & Transverse Plane
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Planes & Axes
PLANE AXES MOVEMENTS
Sagittal Lateral Flex/Ext & Hyperextension(Frontal)
Frontal Sagittal Abduction/Adduction(Anterioposterior)
Transverse Vertical Rotation & Horizontalabduction & adduction
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Planes and Axes
Sagittal axis : formed by sagittal andtransverse planesFrontal axis : formed by the frontal and
transverse planesVertical axis : formed by the sagittal andfrontal planes
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Planes & Axes
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A plane that divides the body into equalright and left halves areA. Midsagittal
B. CoronalC. SagittalD. Frontal
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A plane that divides the body into equalright and left halves areA. Midsagittal
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If during postural analysis, you observethat a landmark appears to be locatedeither more anterior or posterior of theclient’s body than normal, you candetermine that is a deviation is off whichplane of division.A. Transverse
B. SagittalC. FrontalD. Lateral
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If during postural analysis, you observethat a landmark appears to be locatedeither more anterior or posterior of the
client’s body than normal, you candetermine that is a deviation is off whichplane of division.
C. Frontal
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What movement is created when movingparallel to the sagittal plane and the angleof the joint increases?
A. AbductionB. ExtensionC. Hyperextension
D. Flexion
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What movement is created when movingparallel to the sagittal plane and the angleof the joint increases?
B. Extension
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The movement is created when movingparallel to the coronal plane with the bodypart moving further from the midline?
A. FlexionB. AbductionC. Adduction
D. Extension
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The movement is created when movingparallel to the coronal plane with the bodypart moving further from the midline?
B. Abduction
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If you wish to make a drawing of a sectionthrough the human body that showed theheart and both of the lungs, your section
could be in which of the following planes?A. Frontal (coronal)B. Transverse
C. SagittalD. Frontal and Transverse
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If you wish to make a drawing of a sectionthrough the human body that showed theheart and both of the lungs, your section
could be in which of the following planes?
D. Frontal and Transverse
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The sagittal axis is formed by theintersection of which of the following 2planes?
A. Frontal and transverseB. Sagittal and frontalC. Sagittal and transverse
D. Coronal and frontal
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The sagittal axis is formed by theintersection of which of the following 2planes?
C. Sagittal and transverse
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Which axis passes through the body fromleft to right?A. Frontal
B. SagittalC. VerticalD. Inferior
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Which axis passes through the body fromleft to right?A. Frontal
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FES p. 14 & p. 298Anatomy Class 2: Cells & Tissues
Connective Tissue Overview
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Connective Tissue
Most abundant & widely distributed tissue in bodyForms framework upon which epithelial tissuerests & within nerve & muscle tissue is embeddedDerived from embryonic mesenchymeConsists of individual cells scattered within anextracellular matrixUnlike epithelial cells, CT tissue cells are not
directly connected to each other & are separatedfrom each other by varying amounts ofextracellular matrix
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Connective Tissue
Forms a significant & vitally important partof each organPerforms many universal functions ratherthan being viewed as a separate system2 major locations for CT are:
Epithelial tissue surfacesOrgans supported by stroma
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Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissuesurfaces include alayer of epithelialtissue supportedupon connectivetissue
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Stroma
Organs supported bystroma which is thenon-functioningsupporting frameworkof an organ.Stroma is the CT andthe associated bloodvessels & nerveswhich pass through it.
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Stroma of ovary
1. Outer covering.1’. Attached border. 2. Central stroma.
3. Peripheral stroma .4. Blood vessels
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Functions of Connective Tissue
• Transport of nutrients & metabolites• Immunological support• Mechanical support• Tissue repair• Inflammation• Functions of specialized sites:
• Reserve energy storage as fat• Heat generation as brown fat• Hemopoiesis in red bone marrow
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Connective Tissue Functions
Most cells are notlocated directly against
blood capillariesThe watery portion ofground substanceprovides finalpathway for diffusion
of nutrients, oxygen,& metabolites to &from cells
Can serve astransportation routefor invading cells somacrophages & mastcells deployedthroughout CTWandering WBCs canalso move out ofblood stream into CTto fight pathogens
Transport of Nutrients &Metabolites Immunological Support
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Connective Tissue Functions
Main source ofsupport is non-livingextracellular matrixMechanical supportcomes from fiber
portion of extracellularmatrix (collagen,elastin & reticular)
Fibroblasts can‘activate’ after an injury
to produce fibers &ground substance ofextracellular matrix ofCTFibroblasts can multiply
as part of woundhealingScars formed byfibroblasts depositingcollagen during tissue
repair
Mechanical Support Tissue Repair
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Connective Tissue Functions
Specialized type of
adipocyte that ismore common ininfants & may berelated to metabolic
rates in adults
Blood cell formation
that occurs in redbone marrow
Heat generation asbrown fat Hemopoiesis
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Components of Connective Tissue
• Cells:• Resident cells• Immigrant or wandering cells
• Extracellular Matrix:• Fibers
• Ground substance
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•Fibroblasts•Adipocytes•Mast cells•Macrophages
Connective Tissue: Resident cells
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Fibroblasts
Secrete the non-living fibers &ground substanceof extracellular
matrixEssential for normaldevelopment & tissuerepair
Related cells arematrix producing cellschondroblasts(cartilage) &
osteoblasts (bone)
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Adipocytes
Store fatFunction aswarehouses for reserveenergyMasses of these cellsassist in maintainingbody temperature &cushion organs such askidneys
Adipose tissue is termreserved for areas oflarge masses of themsuch as in hypodermis
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Types of Adipocytes
Most common type
of adipocyteEach cell containsone single fatdroplet surroundedby a thin rim ofcytoplasm
White fat Brown FatEach cell containsnumerous small lipiddropletsEnergy produced isreleased as heatInfants have a lot of brownfat – pad between shoulderbladesIn adults positively relatedto BMR & less inoverweight persons than inmore lean persons
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White & Brown Fat
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Resident cells – Mast Cells
Referred to assecretory alarm cellsIf disturbed, releasechemical signals that
diffuse throughground substance &trigger inflammatoryresponse byreleasing histamine
Occur as smallindividual cells thatcontain histamine &heparin
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Resident cells - Macrophages
Ingest & remove foreignmaterial or damaged cellsMobile over shortdistances within a localregion of CTMost CT contains apopulation ofmacrophagesIn trauma or infections,monocytes can leaveblood stream, enter CT, &change into macrophagesto increase macrophagepopulation
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Immigrant or wandering cells
Include WBCs (lymphocytes, monocytes &neutrophils) which are all involved in immunedefense & inflammation
Lymphocytes:Circulate freely throughout body moving fromblood into CT & back to bloodstreamManufacture antibodies which proteins whichhave ability to recognize & bind to foreignsubstances
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ll b
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Collagen Fiber
Most abundantprotein in bodyFibers give tensilestrength &flexibility to CTMore abundant intissues requiring
resistance to forcesuch as tendons &ligaments
ll b
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Collagen Fiber
Collagen fibers canlengthen inresponse to pulling
forces.Has piezoelectricproperties thatgenerate smallelectric currentswhen deformed
C ll Fib
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Collagen Fiber
Non-elastic butprovides somelimited mobility
Have a wavyconfiguration calledcrimp which canstraighten out whichgives flexibility
T f C ll Fib
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Types of Collagen Fibers
Over a dozen types of collagen fibersType I: in fibrous CT such as in dermis,tendons, organ sheaths & fascia; appears as awhite tissue
Type II: reinforces hyaline & elastic cartilageType III: forms reticular fibers & is in basementmembranes & boneType IV: occurs in basal lamina around smooth &skeletal muscleType VII: an interlocking form important inbasement membranes
R i l Fib
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Reticular Fibers
Made from CollagenType III fibersThin proteins that providea very sheet-like or web-
like delicate network ofcells in organs ( lymphnodes , spleen & liver) &linings of blood vesselsCan resist force inmultiple directions & helphold structures togetherHelp hold blood vessels& nerves in place
El i Fib
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Elastin Fibers
Another fibrousprotein
Appears branched &wavyMinor component inmost CTFibers are elastic &have resiliency orhelp it return to itsoriginal shape afterbeing stretched
El i Fib
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Elastin Fibers
Can deteriorate withage & exposure tosunPinching up skin onback of elderly hand& of youthful handdemonstratesdifference in howquickly skin returnsto its originalposition
Ground Substance (GS)
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( )FES p. 237
Background material in which all other CT elements areembeddedLike raw egg whites in appearance & consistencyMainly water whose major role is to be a route forcommunication & transport by diffusion between tissuesWater is stabilized by complex of glyco-saminoglycans(GAGs), proteoglycans & glycoproteinsIts proteins are responsible for attracting & holding waterCan be a watery liquid (sol) or firm solid (gel) dependingon chemical composition, amount of tension, &temperature
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G d S b t
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Ground Substance
Modified in different forms of CT:In blood, lacks stabilizingmacromolecules & is called plasmaIn bone, can be rigid due to deposits ofcalcium saltsIn cartilage, more solid than most CT butmore resiliency than bone
G d S b t
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Ground Substance
Types of GAGs: hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid,chondroitin sulfate, dermantan sulfate, keratinsulfate & heparin sulfate
Hyaluronan:Dominant GAGServes as ‘backbone’ for assembly of otherGAGs in CT & skeletal tissue
Also component in synovial fluid & vitreousfluid in eye
D i & Th i F ti
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Domains & Their Functions
Domain: spherical spaceformed by coiledarrangements of GAGsNeighboring domainsoverlap to make a more orless continuous 3-dimensional molecularsieve in the interstitialspaces of CTThe water held in domainsforms a medium for
diffusion of gases, ions &small molecules so theycan take the shortest routefrom blood capillaries toCT cells
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Domains & Their F nctions
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Domains & Their Functions
Large molecules are excluded from domains &have to find their way through spaces indomains
Restricted mobility of larger molecules inhibitsthe spread of microorganisms such as bacteriaMost invasive pathogenic bacteria producesan enzyme that breaks down the hyaluronicacid & allows bacteria to spread through tissuecausing condition known as cellulitis
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Ordinary or properSpecialSupportive
Types of Connective Tissue
Types of Connective Tissue
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Types of Connective Tissue
Contains all basiccomponents inreasonable proportionincluding cells,extracellular matrix &extracellular ground
substanceTerm CT used to referto ordinary connectivetissue
Watery consistency
Includes bloodplasma & lymph
Ordinary or Proper Special – Fluid CT
Types of Connective Tissue
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Types of Connective Tissue
Strong & solidbecause of calciumsalts deposited inGSIncludes cartilage &
bone
Supportive
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CT Classification Systems
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CT Classification Systems
If you hit a freshsample of freshloose CT with ahammer, it would‘squish’.
If you hit a sampleof really dense CTsuch as a tendon,the hammer wouldbounce back.
Loose Dense
Loose Connective Tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue
Large proportion of ground substance, cells orboth cells & ground substance.Lacks the large amount of fibers that arepresent in dense CT
Fibers are present but fewer in number & moredelicateIs easily distorted which permits tissues on eitherside to move freely.When distorted significantly, it becomes tough &resists further deformationExamples: hypodermis (superficial fascia),submucosa, mesentery, & fascia
Loose Connective Tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue
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•Areolar•Adipose•Reticular
Loose Connective Tissue
Loose CT Types
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Loose CT Types
Widely distributedComposed of fibers ina loose, sticky gelUsed to holdadjoining structurestogetherExample: mesenteryof digestive system
Dominated byadipocytes or fat cellsReserved for largemasses or grosslyvisible of fat cells
Protects, insulates &cushions internalorgans
Areolar p. 16 Adipose p. 16
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Loose CT Types - Reticular
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Loose CT Types - Reticular
Tissue woven form anetwork of fineinterlacing fibers withsome phagocytesForms framework of certain organs such asliver, spleen & lymphnodesHelps to bind togethersmooth muscleFound in bloodvessels & in bonemarrow
Loose CT Types - Reticular
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Loose CT Types - Reticular
Liver Lymph Node
Loose CT Types - Reticular
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Loose CT Types Reticular
Spleen Artery
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•Classification by fiber types:• Collagenous• Elastic
•Classification by fiber orientation:• Regular• Irregular
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
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Dense Connective Tissue
Named for its high density of extracellularfibers and relatively small amounts ofground substance and cells
Classified as to which fiber is dominant &the orientation of the fibers
Dense CT by Fiber Types
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Dense CT by Fiber Types
Found where tensilestrength of collagen isneeded such as indermis, tendons,ligaments, jointcapsules, periosteum& organ sheaths suchas sclera of eye
Contains moreelastin than collagenFound whereelasticity is neededsuch as ligamentum
flavum & aorta
Collagenous/Fibrous Elastic
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Elastic Connective Tissue
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Elastic Connective Tissue
Ligamentum flavum
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Ligamentum flavum
In highconcentrations, itappears yellow as inligamentum flavumwhere flavum meansyellowLigamentum flavum
is series of bands ofyellow elastic tissuefrom C2-S1
Dense CT by Fiber Orientation
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FES p. 16
Fibers are allaligned in a singledirection whichcreates tensilestrength in that
directionExamples: tendons& ligaments
Fibers are arrangedrandomly in alldirections
Regular Irregular
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Other Types of CT
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Other Types of CT
Loose connectivetissue with a largenumber oflymphocytesProvide a 2 nd line ofdefense againstinvadingmicroorganisms
Specialized formwith no fibers, highlyfluid groundsubstance & mobilecells
Lymphoid Blood
Supportive CT
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Supportive CT
Composed of closelypacked collagenous fibersin a rubbery gelatinsubstance called chondrinDoes not contain bloodvessels or nerves so has alimited ability to healfollowing injury
Functions to support parts,provide frameworks &attachments, & protectunderlying tissues
Contains collagen &calcium phosphatewhich give bone itsfirmness
Cartilage Bone
Types of Cartilage FES p. 238
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Types of Cartilage FES p. 238
Fibrocartilage orWhite CartilageHyalineCartilageElastic Cartilage
or Yellow ElasticCartilage
Fibrocartilage or White Cartilage
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g g
Rigid & densenetwork of collagenfibers which help itresist pulling,compressing, &shearing forces thatstill allow slightmovementMakes up meniscus &intervertebral disksCushions jointsurfaces & helpsbones fit together
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Hyaline Cartilage
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y g
Semitransparent, smooth& rubbery, flexible &insensitiveWater is most abundantcomponent & combines
with proteins in groundsubstance to form a stiffgelHelps to reduce frictionduring movement
Nourishment is fromback-and-forth movementof synovial fluid frommovement & jointcompression
Hyaline Cartilage
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y g
Responds to increasedactivity by increasingnumber & size ofcartilage cells whichthickens tissues &
increases its ability tocushion & lubricate jointsFound in larynx, costalcartilages, & articular
cartilageDamage can result inchronic inflammationcalled osteoarthritis
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Elastic Cartilage or Yellow ElasticCartilage
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Cartilage
Highest proportion ofelastic fibersCreates a structure that isself-supporting but flexibleMore opaque, flexible &elastic than hyalinecartilageNot as involved inmovement as other 2 typesGround substance ispenetrated in all directionsby frequently branchingfibersFound in nose, ears &epiglottis
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What reduces friction and absorbs shockin the joints at the end of long bones?A. Articular cartilage
B. Haversian canalsC. CanaliculiD. Concentric lamellae
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What reduces friction and absorbs shockin the joints at the end of long bones?A. Articular cartilage
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In which of the following would you findfibrous connective tissue?A. Adipose
B. BoneC. TendonD. Blood
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In which of the following would you findfibrous connective tissue?
C. Tendon
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Which is a band of strong, fibrous tissuethat connects the articular ends of bonesand binds them together?
A. TendonB. FasciaC. Cancellous tissue
D. Ligament
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Which is a band of strong, fibrous tissuethat connects the articular ends of bonesand binds them together?
D. Ligament
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Which of the following is true aboutcartilage?A. Except for that in the perichondrium,cartilage has no blood vessels or nervesB. The cells of mature cartilage are knownas lacunaeC. The resilience of cartilage is due to its
collagen fibersD. There are 3 kinds of cartilage: hyaline,mosaic, and elastic
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Which of the following is true aboutcartilage?A. Except for that in the perichondrium,
cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves
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Viscoelasticity
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Elasticity : ability of a material to return to its originalstate after being stretchedViscosity : resistance to a change of form offered by afluid
Plasticity : tissue is permanently deformed & nolonger able to return to its original shape even afterremoval of deforming force. Chewing gum is anexample of a plastic material. Once chewed ordeformed, it can’t return to original shape. Resiliency: the physical property of a material thatcan return to its original shape or position afterdeformation that does not exceed its elastic limit
Viscoelasticity
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Creep: ability of viscoelastic materials to initiallymodify in direction of applied force & then slowlyreturn to their original stateWhen constant compression deforms CT, tissue moves
in the direction of the force & then attempts to return toits original state.If the CT structure is held in a deformed state for anextended period of time, days or weeks, the viscous
creep pattern may become permanent which altersthe structure & function of joints
Viscoelasticity
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When CT is subjected to sudden, prolonged or excessiveforces, it may exceed its elastic limits.
This is what happens to ligaments are overstretched &become lax.
The ligaments can no longer offer the same level ofstability to the joint & makes it more easily injured.
When the plastic range is exceeded, a break or tear canresult.
In tendons or ligaments, the tear or rupture may occurin middle or at the point of attachment (an avulsion)In bones, a fracture can result
Piezoelectric
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Definition: ability to generate an electricalfield when compressed or stretchedCT in its various forms can be regarded as afluid or liquid crystal, a largely non-livingmaterial that change its state:
From sol to gelHere watery, there gelatinousHere dense & elastic, there hard as stone
Like other crystals, when compressed CT cangenerate piezoelectric fields that spreadsthrough the surrounding tissues
Piezoelectric
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Since collagen is a semiconductor, CT is anintegrated electronic network that allows all partsof the organism to communicate with each other.Electrical fields generated within the tissuesregulate tissue replacement so body structure canchange in response to changes in activity.
Athletes & other performers, in practicing a
movement again & again, generate electricalfields which can maximize their body’s structure &function in response to the repeated deformingstress.
Piezoelectric
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The energetic model of the body in which parts oforganism are joined together by CT – the electronicfabric – whose properties (elasticity, flexibility, length,resilience) depend on continuous flow ofenergy/information.When the flow of communication is diminished orrestricted due to physical or emotional trauma orlack of movement, the mechanical properties of thetissue are affected & individuals can lose theirawareness of body areas & feel pain.The flow of energy/information can be re-establishedby applying appropriate pressure to the affectedtissue or by restoring movement.
Thixotropy
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Definition: ability of ground substance tobecome more liquid as movement & temperatureof the tissue increases (gel-sol-gel)In the physics of gels, pressure or movement maycause the ground substance of CT to dissolve for ashort period of time.CT becomes more liquid when stirred up & heatedup and more solid when it sits without beingdisturbed.
Consider a bottle of catsup. You hold the bottleupside down and nothing comes out, so you shakethe bottle vigorously and the catsup begins to flowout and onto your French fries. This is thixotropy.
Thixotropy
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Our body is determined by our genetics & then modified byspecific stresses & strains put on it. As adults, the sol-gel continuum should continue all our livessince it supports:
Our metabolic efficiency
Healing of injuriesPhysical adjustments for new muscle bulk, new habits & newskills
Physical work, aerobic exercise, & stretching produces the heatenergy & movement we need that softens the CT.
As we age, we can become less active & more sedentary.With disuse, CT becomes colder, less energized, & thixotrophicreactions make them gel more & lose their ability to soften,stretch & flex.
Thixotropy & Bodywork
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Thixotropic effect plays a major role in bodyworkWhen a body part loses some degree ofmovement & vitality from trauma or disuse, aperson may not be able to comfortably move itenough to keep its CT warm, most & resilient.The therapist’s hands can provide the body heat &movements & pressure that raises the metabolic
rate & restores some fluidity to the CT.The effect is like turning up the heat in agreenhouse that has been too dry & cold.
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The substance between cell tissues madeup of ground substance and fibers iscalled:
A. MatrixB. Nucleic acidsC. Basement membraneD. Meiosis
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The substance between cell tissues madeup of ground substance and fibers iscalled:
A. Matrix
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What property of collagen may make itviable in the generation of body energy?A. Resistance to deformation
B. Piezoelectric aspectsC. Colloid formationD. Macrophagic activity
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What property of collagen may make itviable in the generation of body energy?
B. Piezoelectric aspects
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The diverse forms of connective tissue areattributed toA. Properties of cells and composition ofmatrixB. Extensive distribution of blood vesselsC. Distribution of chondroblasts in thematrixD. Collagen formation of ground substance
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The diverse forms of connective tissue areattributed toA. Properties of cells and composition ofmatrix
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The property of connective tissue thatcauses it to modify in the direction of theforce applied and then slowly return to theoriginal state is called _____.A. Plastic rangeB. FibrousC. CreepD. Viscoelectric
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•Marfan Syndrome•Scurvy•Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome•Osteogenesis Imperfect•Sarcoma
Disorders of CT
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Marfan Syndrome Salvo p. 115
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Scurvy FES p. 195
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Caused by a dietarydeficiency of VitaminC leading toformation ofabnormal collagen
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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Genetic disease causing progressive deterioration of collagenSymptoms include:
Double-jointednessEasily damaged, bruised, and stretchy skinEasy scarring and poor wound healing
Flat feetIncreased joint mobility, joints popping, early arthritisJoint dislocationJoint pain
Premature rupture of membranes during pregnancyVery soft and velvety skinVision problemswww.endf.org
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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Disorders of CT
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Brittle bone diseaseCaused byinsufficientproduction of a goodquality collagen thathelps strengthenboneswww.oif.org
A tumor formingprocess in CT
Osteogenesis ImperfectFES p. 193 Sarcoma Salvo p. 420
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FES p. 192 Chapter 7
Anatomy Class 3 – Skeletal System
Skeletal System Overview
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•Support & shape•Protection•Movement•Mineral storage•Levers•Hemopoiesis
Functions of Skeletal System
Functions of Skeletal System
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Serves as structuralframework for the body
by supporting tissuesand providingattachment points forthe tendons of most
skeletal muscles
Protects the mostimportant internal organs
from injurySkull protects brainVertebral columnprotects spinal cordThoracic cageprotects heart & lungs
Support & Shape Protection
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Functions of Skeletal System
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Provide movementbegun by theattached musclesCovered in a futureclass
Formation of red &white blood cells &platelets in red bonemarrow
Levers Hemopoiesis
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•Bones: spongy & compact•Articular cartilage•Ligaments
•Bursa•Interosseous membranes
Composition of Skeletal System
Compact & Spongy Bone
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Ligaments
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Composed of denseregular fibrous CTConnects articulatingbones & stabilizes jointsPrimarily bundles of CTfibers, primarily collagenUneven collagen fibersthat remain tautDo contain some elastinfibers so demonstratesome elasticity
Considered staticstabilizers since they donot move
Bursa
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Small, flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid Are fibrous, soft & pillowy when palpated but difficult topalpate since located between bones & large tendonsLocated in areas of friction where tendons & muscles
have to glide over bony surfacesMajor bursa found around shoulder, elbow, knee, & hipTypes include subcutaneous, subtendinous, &submuscular
Bursitis can result when a bursa is exposed to excessivefriction causing it to become enlarged & swollen & willfeel like a bag of fluid when palpated
Bursa
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Interosseous Membranes
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Broad sheets ofdense CT that isthinner than ligamentsConnect bones alongtheir entire lengthFound betweenradius & ulna andtibia & fibulaToo deep to palpate
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A sac-like membrane that contains synovialfluid and is provided around joints toprevent friction is theA. SutureB. TendonC. PeriosteumD. Bursa
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•Long•Short•Flat•Irregular•Sesamoid
Classification of Bones by Shape
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Characteristics of a Long Bone
•Diaphysis•Epiphysis•Articular Cartilage•Medullary Cavity•Spongy Bone
•Compact Bone•Periosteum & Endosteum (lines medullary cavity)•Red & Yellow Bone Marrow
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Divisions of Skeleton
•Axial Skeleton•Appendicular Skeleton
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Divisions of Skeleton
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Skull Auditory ossiclesHyoidThoracic cageVertebral column
Pectoral girdleHumerus, ulna,radius, carpals,metacarpals &phalangesCoxal bonesFemur, tibia, fibula,tarsals, metatarsals,& phalanges
Axial Appendicular
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Bony Landmarks
•Depressions & openings•Processes that form joints•Processes to which muscles &
ligaments attach
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Canal Groove
Fissure MeatusForamen NotchFossa Sinus
Depressions or Openings:
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Condyle
HeadFacetProcessRamus: Arm-like bar of a bone; ramus ofmandibleSutureTrochlea
Processes that form Joints:
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CoracoidCrestEpicondyleLineMalleolusSpinous process or spine
StyloidTrochanterTubercleTuberosity
Processes to which tendon andligaments attach:
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Which of the following is not part of theaxial skeleton?
C. Clavicle
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Which sequence of terms names axialskeleton bones?A. Coccyx, occipital, sternum
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Sprains Dislocations Factures Epiphyseal injuries Bursitis Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Patellofemoral Syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis
Common Injuries & Pathologies
Dislocations – FTM p. 572
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Fractures – FTM p. 573
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Osteoporosis – FES p. 224
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Sprains – FTM p. 572
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Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritisFES p. 273
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Bursitis – FES p. 273
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Epiphyseal Injuries
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10% of all acute skeletal injuries in children &teensIncludes injuries to cartilaginous growth plate,articular cartilage, & sites of tendonattachmentsCan result in premature closing of growth plate& ending bone growth
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•Osteochondrosis•Aprophysitis
Types of Epiphyseal Injuries
Osteochondrosis orOsteonecrosis FES p. 224
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Disruption of bloodsupply to epiphysiswhich in tissuedeath (necrosis) &potential of adeformed epiphysis
Aprophysitis
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Traumatic avulsionof a tendonCommon locationsare calcaneus(Achilles tendon) &tibial tuberosity(patellar tendon or
ligament)
Patellofemoral syndrome – Salvo p. 224
h k ll b h d
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The knee pain usually behindkneecap & often duringactivities that require kneeflexion & forceful contractionof quadriceps (ex. duringsquats, ascending &descending stairs).Pain may be exacerbated bysitting with knee flexed for along period of time, such aswhile watching a movie.