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Dr. FITRIANI LUMONGGA

Dr. LITA FERIYAWATI

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Endocrine System Parts

yPituitary Gland

y Thyroid

y Parathyroids

yAdrenal Glands

y Pineal Body

y Reproductive Glands

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PITUITARY

GLAND

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The pituitary gland or hypophysis is a smallgland about 1 centimeter in diameter or the size

of a pea.

It is nearly surrounded by bone as it rests in the

sella turcica, a depression in the sphenoid bone.

The gland is connected to the hypothalamus of

the brain by a slender stalk called the

infundibulum.

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There are two distinct regions in the gland:

- the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and- the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

The activity of the adenohypophysis is controlled

by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.

The neurohypophysis is controlled by nerve

stimulation

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THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF HYPOPHYSE

is the larger and is somewhat kidney-shaped, the

concavity being directed backward and

embracing the posterior lobe.

It consists ofa pars anteriorand a pars

intermedia, separated from each other by a

narrow cleft, the remnant of the pouch or

diverticulum.

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The pars anterioris extremely vascular and

consists of epithelial cells of varying size andshape, arranged in cord-like trabecul or alveoli

and separated by large, thin-walledbloodvessels.

The pars intermedia is a thin lamina closely

applied to the body and neck of the posterior

lobe and extending onto the neighboring parts of

the brain; it contains few bloodvessels andconsists of finely granular cells between which

are small masses of colloid material.

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The pineal organ is small, weighing little morethan 0.1 gram and only about 5 to 8 millimeters

long

It lies deep within the brain between the two

cerebral hemispheres and above the thirdventricle of the spinal column.

It has a rich supply of adrenergic nerve fibers

that greatly influence its secretions

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Unpaired gland very variable , frequentlyasymmetrical gland and highly vascular

Location: ant neck at C5-T1, overlays 2nd4th tracheal rings

Avg width: 12-15 mm (each lobe)

Avg height: 50-60 mm long

Avg weight: 25-30 g in adults (slightly more inwomen)

enlarges during menstruation and pregnancy

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This gland is found in the neck inferior to (below)

the thyroid cartilage (also known as theAdam'sapple in men) and at approximately the same

level as the cricoid cartilage

The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped organ and

is composed of two cone-like lobes or wings:

lobus dexter(right lobe) and lobus sinister(left

lobe), and is also connected with the isthmus

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The organ is situated on the anterior side of the neck,

lying against and around the larynx and trachea,

reaching posteriorly the oesophagus and carotid

sheath.

It starts cranially at the oblique line on the thyroid

cartilage (just below the laryngeal prominence orAdam's apple) and extends inferiorly to the fifth or

sixth tracheal ring.

It is difficult to demarcate the gland's upper and lower

border with vertebral levels because it movesposition in relation to these during swallowing.

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The thyroid gland is covered by a fibrous sheath, thecapsula glandulae thyroidea, composed of an

internal and external layer.

The external layer is anteriorly continuous with the

lamina pretrachealis fasciae cervicalis andposteriorolaterally continuous with the carotid

sheath.

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The gland is covered : Anteriorly with infrahyoid muscles

Laterally with the sternocleidomastoid

muscle.

Posteriorly the gland is fixed to the cricoidand tracheal cartilage and cricopharyngeus

muscle by a thickening of the fascia to form the

posterior suspensory ligament of Berry

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The thyroid isthmus is variable in presence and size,

and can encompass a cranially extending pyramid

lobe (lobus pyramidalis orprocessus pyramidalis),

remnant of the thyroglossal duct.

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VASCULAR

ANATOMY

ARTERIAL

VEIN

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ARTERIAL, There are three main arteries

supplying the thyroid gland:

Superior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the

external carotid artery

Inferior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the

thyrocervical trunkThyroid Ima Artery (occasionaly),

branching directly from the

brachiocephalic trunk

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VEIN, There are three main veins draining the

thyroid gland:

Superior Thyroid Veins, draining in the

internal jugular vein

Middle thyroid vein

Inferior ThyroidV

eins, draining via theplexus thyroideus impar in the left

brachiocephalic vein.

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PARATHYROID

GLAND

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y Usually two on each side (superior and inferior)

y Situated on the dorsal surface of the thyroid

gland

y

Form and size very variable, yellowish-browncolor and have uniform smooth and shining

surface

y Length 6-8mm, width 3-4mm, thickness

1,5-2mm

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PANCREAS

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Pancreas is a mixed gland as it performs both

endocrine and exocrine functions.

Pancreas is an elongated, yellowish gland.

It consists of lobules that secrete pancreatic

juice.

Interspersed at random among the lobules are

Islets of langerhans, which produce hormones.

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It presents for examination for a caput, a cauda

and a cauda pancreatisThe caput fills up the concavity of the pars

descendens and pars inferior duodeni and is

intimately united with their walls

Anterior and inferior surfaces are covered byperitoneum

Ductus pancreaticus wirsungi begins as a delicate

duct in the cauda , extends within the substance of

the gland to the right to the caput and gradually

enlarge as it receives numerous narrow branches

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y Two small flat bodies, wich lie directly medial

from and above the kidneys, one on each sidey The right is approximately triangular and sits

more upon the upper pole of the kidney

y The left approximately sickle-shaped and lies

more upon the margo medial of the kidney

y Facies posterior lies loosely upon the pars

lumbalis diaphragmatis

y

Facies anterior wich is in relation on the rightside with the impressio suprarenalis hepatis and

the v.cava inferior

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There are two parts, each of which makeshormones and has a different function.

y The outer part ( Adrenal Cortex)

y

The inner part (Adrenal Medulla)

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