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ÚJV Řež, a. s.
Power Flow Problem in a Smart Grid with
Hydrogen Storage Systems
Michal Morte04.04.2014
HydrogenDays
Essential Questions
How does power engineering look at hydrogen storage systems?
Could be hydrogen storage systems easy involved in all kinds of electrical grid (especially smart)?
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Power Flow Problem
Ohm´s LawTwo Kirchhoff´s circuits laws
Current LawVoltage Law
Non – linear problemComplex Impedance
ResistanceCapacityInductance
PowerActive P (W)Reactive Q (var)Complex S (VA)
Power Factor = P / S
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Power Flow Problem
Generally Non – linear set of equationsf (x, u, p) = 0
x is vector containing the state variablesu is a vector with known control outputsp is a vector of parameters
Mathematical methodsGauss – SeidelNewton – Raphson
Four VariablesVoltage MagnitudeVoltage AngleActive PowerReactive Power
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Power Flow Problem
Transmission and Distribution Network
NodesThree kind of nodes
Voltage controlled nodePU
Load nodePQ
Slack nodeUθ
BranchesTopology
Admittance matrix
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Power Flow Problem
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Load Profile - Today
Only in generalOTE, a.s.
Regions
Temperature involvedDailyMonthlySeasonlyYearly
Typified load profilesVarious groups
FactoriesResidentials
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Load Profile – Smart Grid
ExampleCity
Two districtsWorkers´Academic
Different load profiles for both districtsStudents live their days differently than workers
Power engineersCould with a smart grid optimize power flow in different parts of
CityRegionCountry???
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Hydrogen Storage as a Node
Fuel cellLinearized polarization curveResistance
Only ohmic losses
No problem with reactive power and power factor
But power engineer needs reactive power for regulation of voltage!
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Hydrogen Storage as a Node
Ordinary power flow problem becomes more complexIn each node the load profile must be involved
Each time interval a new instance of power flow problemStability of the system must be guaranteed for the worst scenarios
Storage systems - and more complex again PQ nodeSometime as a load, sometime as a generator
Minus - loadPlus - generator
Very powerful IT technology must be used!
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Conclusion
It will not be easy to build a completely new and fully functional national smart grid with storage systemsDeeper and more complex real – time calculations are needed!Such systems will be very vulnerable
DestructionHacking
They will cost a lot of moneyTrillions of euro in the course of the next half of century!
But if all goes well, they will be a small step to paradiseBut if all went well, they would be a small step to paradiseWhich conditional do you prefer?
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THANK FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Ing. Mgr. Michal MorteHydrogen Technologies DepartmentNuclear Safety and Reliability Department
UJV Řež,a.s.Hlavní 130, 250 68, Husinec-ŘežCzech RepublicTel. +420 266 173 564Email: [email protected]
www.ujv.cz
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