Juvenile DelinquencyCJ 150

Tom Woods

We will begin at the top of the hour.

Population living in cities 1790 – 5%

1850 – 15% 1900 – 40% 1920 – 51%

Chronic poverty had become a problem in cities.

In the early 1800’s delinquent, neglected, and runaway juveniles were treated as adult criminal offenders.

People in the following categories were all considered dangerous:

Reform Schools were the first institutions created to care for vagrant and delinquent youths. These were set up by state and local governments.

1848 – Massachusetts 1849 – New York 1850 – Ohio 1906 – Main, Rhode Island, and Michigan

Learn a trade Gain a basic education Racial segregation Sexual segregation Harsh discipline Intense labor Poor physical care Labeled criminalsMost of these juveniles were placed simply

for being abused or neglected children.

1853 – Developed by Charles Brace

His plan was to remove troubled children from urban areas to farms out west. His plan called for using what was referred to as Orphan Trains. These Orphan Trains would make predetermined stops where farm families could board the train and pick out a child.

Orphan Trains had some success. Also had problems with exploitation. 150,000 juveniles were placed with

families. Orphan Trains ended in 1930.

1874 - The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

1900 - 300 SPCC programs had been established. These program were established to protect

children at home and in schools.

Reform schools care for vagrant & delinquent youths.

Children’s Aid Society protect youths from city dangers.

Orphan Trains place urban youths in farm communities.

SPCC protect abused and neglected children while

advocating criminal charges for neglecting parents.

Most of today’s juvenile court systems are modeled after this 1899 Illinois Act which

was to first of it’s kind.

1. Children should not be held accountable as adults.

2. Treat and rehabilitate rather than punish.3. Dispositions based on circumstances and

child’s needs.4. Eliminate confusing rules and procedures.

Established: Delinquency is a legal concept Distinction between neglect and

delinquency Delinquent was under 16 and violated the

law Separate court for children Probation program specifically for

children

Separate courts, court procedures, institutions, and probation programs for juveniles

No attorneys required Hearsay evidence was admissible Preponderance of evidence, as opposed to

proof, beyond a reasonable doubt No appeals

By 1917 all but 3 states enacted similar legislation as Illinois.

• Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

1994

Early England Pledge System

neighbors protected each other Watch System

used watchmen to patrol

Early America Sheriff

local sheriff would patrol on foot Delinquency Control Squads

Wickershawm Commission along with the Association of Chiefs of Police (1931)

August Vollmer (1930) responsible for University training for police

Modern management Prevention programs Juvenile aid bureaus

Believe police are honest:15% of African Americans 30% of Native Americans 31% of Hispanics 51% of Asians 57% of European Americans

Police actions are controlled by: 1 Statute 2 Case Law 3 Judicial Review All of which cover the following: 1 Arrests 2 Searches 3 Seizures 4 Interrogation

Arrest taking one into custody

Probable Cause reasonable belief an offense was committed

and the accused committed the act. Search & Seizure

must believe a crime was committed , obtain a search warrant

Stop and frisk Search incident to an arrest Auto search ( need probable cause) Consent search Plain view Electronic surveillance (no warrant

needed if no exception of privacy)

Community Policing Problem Oriented Policing Aggressive Law Enforcement

Target trouble spots Saturation patrols

There are currently 14,000 full time police officers in our schools.

What qualities do you think would make a good juvenile officer?

Should a juvenile officer be required to have a college education?