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8/8/2019 Justice+Denied w Ampersand041309(2)
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Justice DenieD
AmericAs continuing neglect of
our constitutionAl right to counsel
Report o theNational Right to Counsel Committee
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Justice DenieD
Amra cog ngl oOr cooal Rgh o col
Rpor o hnaoal Rgh o col comm
April 2009
This Report and the work o the National Right to Counsel Committee have been supported by generous
contributions rom the Open Society Institute and the Wallace Global Fund.
This Report is available at www.constitutionproject.org and www.nlada.org.
http://www.constitutionproject.org/http://www.nlada.org/http://www.nlada.org/http://www.constitutionproject.org/8/8/2019 Justice+Denied w Ampersand041309(2)
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Copyright 2009 by the Constitution Project and the National Legal Aid & Defender Association. All rights reserved. No
part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holders.
For information about this report, or any other work of the Constitution Project, please visit our website at
www.constitutionproject.org or e-mail us at [email protected].
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The Constitution Project |iii
National Right to Counsel Committee
Honorary Co-Chairs
Walter F. Mondale
Senior Counsel, Dorsey & Whitney LLP;
Vice President o the United States, 19771981;
United States Senator (D-MN), 19641977;
ormer Minnesota Attorney General who organized the amicus brie
o 23 states in support o Clarence Earl Gideon in Gideon v. Wainwright
William S. Sessions
Partner, Holland & Knight LLP;
Director, Federal Bureau o Investigation, 19871993;
Judge, United States District Court or the Western District o Texas, 19741987, Chie Judge, 19801987;
United States Attorney, Western District o Texas, 19711974
Co-Chairs
Rhoda Billings
Proessor Emeritus, Wake Forest University School o Law;
Justice, North Carolina Supreme Court, 19851986, Chie Justice, 1986;
Judge, State District Court, 19681972
Robert M. A. Johnson
District Attorney, Anoka County, Minnesota;
ormer President, National District Attorneys Association;
ormer Chair, American Bar Association Section o Criminal Justice
Timothy K. Lewis
Co-Chair, Appellate Practice Group, Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP;
Judge, United States Court o Appeals or the Third Circuit, 19921999;
Judge, United States District Court or the Western District o Pennsylvania, 19911992;
ormer Assistant United States Attorney, Western District o Pennsylvania;
ormer Assistant District Attorney, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
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Justice Denied: Americas Continuing Neglect o Our Constitutional Right to Counsel
iv | The Constitution Project
Members
Shawn Armbrust
Executive Director, Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project; as a
member o the Northwestern University Medill School o
Journalism was instrumental in achieving the 1999 death
row exoneration o Illinois inmate Anthony Porter
Jay W. Burnett
Former Judge, 351st Criminal District Court, Harris CountyTexas, appointed 1984; Judge, 183rd Criminal District
Court, Harris County, Texas, 19861998; Visiting Criminal
District Judge, 2nd Judicial Administrative Region o Texas,
19992000
Alan J. Crotzer
Probation and Community Intervention Ocer, Florida
Department o Juvenile Justice; wrongully convicted and
sentenced to 130 years in prison; served 24.5 years in prison;exonerated based on DNA evidence in 2006
Tony Fabelo
Director o Research, Justice Center o the Council o State
Governments; ormer Senior Associate, The JFA Institute;
ormer Executive Director, Texas Criminal Justice Policy
Council, 19912003
Norman S. FletcherO Counsel, Brinson, Askew, Berry, Seigler, Richardson &
Davis LLP; Justice, Supreme Court o Georgia, 19892005,
Chie Justice, 20012005
Monroe H. Freedman
Proessor o Law and ormer Dean, Hostra University School
o Law; nationally-acclaimed scholar o lawyers ethics
Susan HermanAssociate Proessor o Criminal Justice, Pace University;
ormer Executive Director, National Center or Victims o Crime
Bruce R. Jacob
Dean Emeritus and Proessor o Law, Stetson University
College o Law; ormer Assistant Attorney General or the
State o Florida, represented Florida in Gideon v. Wainwright
Abe Krash
Retired Partner, Arnold & Porter LLP; ormer Visiting Lecturer,
Yale Law School; Adjunct Proessor, Georgetown UniversityLaw Center; represented Clarence Earl Gideon in Gideon v.
Wainwright
Norman Lestein
Proessor o Law and Dean Emeritus, Indiana University
School o LawIndianapolis (served as one o the
Committees Reporters)
Charles J. Ogletree, Jr.Jesse Climenko Proessor o Law; Executive Director, Charles
Hamilton Houston Institute or Race and Justice, Harvard
Law School
Bryan A. Stevenson
Director, Equal Justice Initiative o Alabama; Proessor o
Clinical Law, New York University School o Law
Larry D. ThompsonSenior Vice President, Government Aairs, General Counsel
and Secretary, PepsiCo, Inc.; Deputy Attorney General o the
United States, 20012003; ormer United States Attorney,
Northern District o Georgia
Hubert Williams
President, Police Foundation; ormer New Jersey Police
Director; ormer Special Advisor to the Los Angeles Police
Commission
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National Right to Counsel Committee
The Constitution Project |v
Reporters
Norman Lestein
Proessor o Law and Dean Emeritus, Indiana University School o LawIndianapolis;
LL.B., 1961, University o Illinois College o Law; LL.M., 1964, Georgetown University Law Center.
Proessor Lesteins prior positions include service as director o the Public Deender Service or the District o Columbia, as an
Assistant United States Attorney, and as a sta member in the Oce o the Deputy Attorney General o the U.S. Department
o Justice. His proessional activities include serving as Chair, American Bar Association (ABA) Section o Criminal Justice in
19861987; and as Reporter or the Second Edition o ABA Criminal Justice Standards Relating to The Prosecution Function, The
Deense Function, Providing Deense Services, and Pleas o Guilty. During 19971998, Proessor Lestein served as Chie Consultant
to a Subcommittee on Federal Death Penalty Cases o the Judicial Conerence o the United States, directing preparation o a
report on the cost and quality o deense representation in ederal death penalty prosecutions. His publications include Criminal
Deense Services or the Poor, published by the ABA in 1982, and co-authorship o Gideons Broken Promise: Americas Continuing
Quest or Equal Justice, published by the ABA in 2004. He also has served as a member o the ABAs Standing Committee on Legal
Aid and Indigent Deendants and or nine years chaired its Indigent Deense Advisory Group. In 2007, Proessor Lestein concluded
seventeen years as Chairman o the Indiana Public Deender Commission.
Robert L. Spangenberg
Research Proessor and Founder, The Spangenberg Project, Center or Justice, Law, and Society, George Mason University;
B.S., 1955, Boston University; J.D., 1961, Boston University School o Law.
Proessor Spangenberg specialized in civil legal services early in his career, developing the Boston Legal Assistance Project,
a neighborhood civil legal services program, which he headed or nine years. Ater a two-year oundation study o civil legal
services in Boston and a statewide study o indigent deense in Massachusetts, Proessor Spangenberg joined Abt Associates in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, where or nine years he conducted national and local studies o indigent deense systems across the
country. In 1985, he ounded The Spangenberg Group to continue the study o indigent deense nationwide. During his 23 years
as President o the organization, he visited all 50 states, testied beore legislative bodies about the justice system, and served
as an expert witness in court proceedings. The Spangenberg Group published hundreds o reports and studies pertaining to the
countrys system o justice in criminal and juvenile proceedings, and or more than 20 years, Proessor Spangenberg has served
as a consultant to the ABA Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Deendants. In February 2009, Proessor Spangenberg
joined George Mason University, where he will continue his work on indigent deense matters.
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The Constitution Project |vii
Table o Contents
National Right to Counsel Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Hoorar co-char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
co-char. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mmbr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rporr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Executive Summary and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter The Right to Counsel:
What is the Legal Foundation, What is Required o Counsel, and Why Does it Matter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. th u.s. coo ad h sprm cor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
th Ladmark Do: Powellad Gideon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
epao o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tp o ca Rqrg col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
trarp, epr, ad Ohr Aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Wha sag o h Prodg i col Rqrd? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
War o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
th co o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
B. sadard or Orgazg D sr ad cl Rprao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Prooal D o Lawr Rprg h idg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. i Aa o col: th Dl o corrg Mak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
e. coo o h io ad h impora o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter Indigent Deense Today: A Dire Need or Reorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. th nd or Rorm Dad Old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B. i Fdg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
idg D Modl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sa ad co Fdg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gral ad spal Fd R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fdg shorag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ror iq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
c. th Brd o too Mh Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
e caload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
togh o crm Pol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
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viii | The Constitution Project
collaral coq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
crmalzao o Mor O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
epao o h Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Doalzao Who comm sppor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
compl o h Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
spal cor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Lak o Op Dor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
D. Ohr impdm o comp ad e D sr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Lak o idpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Fdg sor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
slo ad Agm o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Falr Prodg col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
no col ad La col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
iald War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Ab o Law-trad Jdg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Lak o Prorma sadard, trag, ad Orgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lak o epr, igaor, ad irprr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
iadqa cl coa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lak o tholog ad Daa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
eroo o co o ir Rl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
ca Dla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter How to Achieve Reorm:
The Use o Litigation to Promote Systemic Change in Indigent Deense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Lgal thor udrlg Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Lgao Arg Rgh o D Aor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
Lgao Arg Dda Rgh o col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
B. Lgao Opo: Wh ad How ca Ar Prd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prral Lgao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ca Arg h Rgh o All idg Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ca Arg h Rgh o a cla o Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
ca Arg h Rgh o a iddal Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Qma co . sa o Mpp (tapar Rgh ca). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Po-coo Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
c. Jdar Ahor o Prod Rl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
ihr Ahor o sa cor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
Ohr thor o sa cor Jrdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fdral cor Jrdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
D. Lo Lard rom Pror Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All or a Larg cla o idg Dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Prral Lgao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
eprd Praor srg Pro Boo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faal sppor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appropra cor ad Jdal iro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mda ad Pbl sppor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Chapter How to Achieve Reorm:
The Use o Legislation and Commissions to Produce Meaningul Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Lgla Bakgrod o sa Orgh commo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Lgla trd h u o Orgh commo s 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
imp or Lgla Rorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Obal o Lgla Rorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bal Bw sa Orgh ad Loal corol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
B. sa Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
idpd ad srr o sa Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Appog Ahor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Mmbrhp crra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Ag Plam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
saor Dr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
commo sz ad Mmbrhp tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
erg Qal Rprao ad Rpobl o a Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
sop o Ahor ad i impa o idpd ad Qal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Fll Ahor Orgh commo ad sa Pbl Ddr Ag wh commo . . . . . . . . . . .66
sa Pbl Ddr Ag who a Orgh commo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
sa commo wh Paral Ahor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
sa commo wh Lmd sop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
K o a sl Orgh commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
c. sd commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Pro sd commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
crr sd commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Chapter Recommendations and Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. irodo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
B. Rommdao ad commar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Wha sa shold Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
compla wh h coo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
idpd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
sa Who a Board or commo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
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Preace
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executive suMMARyAnD RecOMMenDAtiOns
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Introduction
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Yet, today, in criminal and juvenile proceedings in state courts, sometimes counsel is notprovided at all, and it oten is supplied in ways that make a mockery o the great promiseo the Gideon decision and the Supreme Courts soaring rhetoric. Troughout the United
States, indigent deense systems are struggling. Due to unding shortalls, excessive casel-oads, and a host o other problems, many are truly ailing. Not only does this ailure deny
justice to the poor, it adds costs to the entire justice system. State and local governmentsare aced with increased jail expenses, retrials o cases, lawsuits, and a lack o public con-
dence in our justice systems. In the countrys current scal crisis, indigent deense undingmay be urther curtailed, and the risk o convicting innocent persons will be greater thanever. Although troubles in indigent deense have long existed, the call or reorm has neverbeen more urgent.
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Chapter Summaries
Chapter 1The Right to Counsel: What is the Legal Foundation,
What Is Required o Counsel, and Why Does It Matter?
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Chapter 2Indigent Deense Today: A Dire Need or Reorm
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Chapter 3How to Achieve Reorm:
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Chapter 4How to Achieve Reorm:
The Use o Legislation and Commissions to Produce Meaningul Change
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Chapter 5Recommendations and Commentary
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I we are to keep democracy, there must be a commandment:
Tou shalt not ration justice.
Recommendations
What States Should Do
Compliance with the Constitution
Recommendation 1States should adhere to their obligation to guarantee air criminal and juvenile
proceedings in compliance with constitutional requirements. Accordingly, legislators should appropriate
adequate unds so that quality indigent deense services can be provided. Judges should ensure that all
waivers o counsel are voluntary, knowing, intelligent, and on the record, and that guilty pleas are not
accepted rom accused persons absent valid waivers o counsel. Prosecutors should not negotiate plea
agreements with accused persons absent valid waivers o counsel and should adhere to their duty to assure
that accused persons are advised o their right to a lawyer.
Independence
Recommendation 2States should establish a statewide, independent, non-partisan agency headed by
a Board or Commission responsible or all components o indigent deense services. The members o the
Board or Commission o the agency should be appointed by leaders o the executive, judicial, and legislative
branches o government, as well as by ocials o bar associations, and Board or Commission members
should bear no obligations to the persons, department o government, or bar associations responsible or
their appointments. All members o the Board or Commission should be committed to the delivery o quality
indigent deense services, and a majority o the members should have had prior experience in providing
indigent deense representation.
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Recommendation 3The Board or Commission should hire the agencys Executive Director or State Public
Deender, who should then be responsible or hiring the sta o the agency. The agency should act as an
advocate on behal o improvements in indigent criminal and juvenile deense representation and havethe authority to represent the interests o the agency beore the legislature pertaining to all such matters.
Substantial unding or the agency should be provided by the state rom general und revenues.
States Without a Board or Commission
Recommendation 4In states that do not have a statewide, independent, non-partisan agency respon-
sible or all components o indigent deense services, a statewide task orce or study commission should
be ormed to gather relevant data, assess its quality as measured by recognized national standards or the
delivery o such services, and make recommendations or systemic improvements. The members o the taskorce or study commission should be appointed by leaders o the executive, judicial, and legislative branches
o government, as well as by ocials o bar associations, and task orce or study commission members
should bear no obligations to the persons, departments o government, or bar associations responsible or
their appointments.
Qualifcations, Perormance, and Supervision o Counsel
Recommendation 5The Board or Commission should establish and enorce qualication and peror-
mance standards or deense attorneys in criminal and juvenile cases who represent persons unable to a-
ord counsel. The Board or Commission should ensure that all attorneys who provide deense representationare eectively supervised and remove those deense attorneys who ail to provide quality services.
Workload
Recommendation 6The Board or Commission should establish and enorce workload limits or deense
attorneys, which take into account their other responsibilities in addition to client representation, in order to
ensure that quality deense services are provided and ethical obligations are not violated.
CompensationRecommendation 7Fair compensation should be provided, as well as reasonable ees and overhead ex-
penses, to all publicly unded deenders and or attorneys who provide representation pursuant to contracts
and on a case-by-case basis. Public deenders should be employed ull time whenever practicable and salary
parity should be provided or deenders with equivalent prosecution attorneys when prosecutors are airly
compensated. Law student loan orgiveness programs should be established or both prosecutors and public
deenders.
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Adequate Support and Resources
Recommendation 8Sucient support services and resources should be provided to enable all deenseattorneys to deliver quality indigent deense representation, including access to independent experts,
investigators, social workers, paralegals, secretaries, technology, research capabilities, and training.
Eligibility and Prompt Assignment
Recommendation 9Prompt eligibility screening should be undertaken by individuals who are inde-
pendent o any deense agency, and deense lawyers should be provided as soon as easible ater accused
persons are arrested, detained, or request counsel.
Reclassifcation
Recommendation 10In order to promote the air administration o justice, certain non-serious misde-
meanors should be reclassied, thereby reducing nancial and other pressures on a states indigent deense
system.
Data Collection
Recommendation 11Uniorm denitions o a case and a consistent uniorm case reporting system
should be established or all criminal and juvenile delinquency cases. This system should provide continuous
data that accurately contains the number o new appointments by case type, the number o dispositions bycase type, and the number o pending cases.
What the Federal Government Should Do
A National Center or Deense Services
Recommendation 12The ederal government should establish an independent, adequately unded
National Center or Deense Services to assist and strengthen the ability o state governments to providequality legal representation or persons unable to aord counsel in criminal cases and juvenile delinquency
proceedings.
Federal Research and Grant Parity
Recommendation 13Until a National Center or Deense Services is established, as called or in
Recommendation 12, the United States Department o Justice should use its grant and research capabilities
to collect, analyze, and publish nancial data and other inormation pertaining to indigent deense. Federal
nancial assistance through grants or other programs as provided in support o state and local prosecutors
should also be provided in support o indigent deense, and the level o ederal unding or prosecution anddeense should be substantially equal.
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What Individuals, Criminal Justice Agencies, and Bar Associations Should Do
Adherence to Ethical Standards
Recommendation 14Deense attorneys and deender programs should reuse to compromise their
ethical duties in the ace o political and systemic pressures that undermine the competence o their repre-
sentation provided to deendants and juveniles unable to aord counsel. Deense attorneys and deender
programs should, thereore, reuse to continue representation or accept new cases or representation when
aced with excessive workloads that will lead to a breach o their proessional obligations.
Recommendation 15Judges, prosecutors, and deense lawyers should abide by their proessional obliga-
tion to report to disciplinary agencies knowledge o serious ethical violations that impact indigent deense
representation when the inormation they possess is not condential. Appropriate remedial action shouldbe taken by persons with responsibility over those who commit such ethical violations.
Open File Discovery
Recommendation 16Prosecutors should adopt open le discovery policies in order to promote the air
administration o criminal and juvenile justice.
Education, Advocacy and Media Attention
Recommendation 17State and local bar associations should provide education about the proessionalobligations and standards governing the conduct o deense attorneys, prosecutors, and judges in order to
promote compliance with applicable rules. State and local bar associations, deense attorneys, prosecutors,
judges, and their proessional associations should support and advocate or reorm o indigent deense
services in compliance with the recommendations contained in this report.
Recommendation 18Criminal justice proessionals, state and local bar associations, and other organiza-
tions should encourage and acilitate sustained media attention on the injustices and societal costs entailed
by inadequate systems o indigent deense, as well as those systems that unction eectively.
Litigation
Recommendation 19When indigent deense systems require deense attorneys to represent more
clients than they can competently represent or otherwise ail to assure legal representation in compliance
with the Sixth Amendment, litigation to remedy such deciencies should be instituted.
Recommendation 20When seeking to achieve remedies that will avorably impact current and uture
indigent deendants, litigation should be instituted pretrial on behal o all or a large class o indigent
deendants.
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Recommendation 21Whenever possible, litigation should be brought by disinterested third parties,
such as private law rms or public interest legal organizations willing to serve as pro bono counsel, who
are experienced in litigating major, complex lawsuits and accustomed to gathering and presenting detailedactual inormation. Bar associations and other organizations should encourage law rms and public inter-
est legal organizations to undertake indigent deense litigation and should recognize in appropriate ways
the contributions o private counsel in seeking to improve the delivery o indigent deense services.
Recommendation 22Deense lawyers who provide representation in appellate and post-conviction
cases and organizations that advocate as amicus curiae should urge the United States Supreme Court and
state Supreme Courts to adopt a test or ineective assistance o counsel that is substantially consistent with
the ethical obligation o deense counsel to render competent and diligent representation.
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cHAPteR 1
th Rgh o col:
Wha h Lgal Fodao,
Wha Rqrd o col, ad Wh Do Mar?
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The U.S. Constitution and the Supreme CourtA.
The Landmark Decisions: Powelland Gideon
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w F A p lw l b l ppl lb j. SeeGeoffrey r. Stone, et a., Constitutiona a 70210(4 . 2001); Anthony Leis, Gideons rumet 9399 (1964).
3 Pwll v. Alb, 287 U.S. 45, 6061 (1932).4 SeeFl G. F Pk G. Jk, Public Deenders, Assigned Counsel, Retained Counsel:
Does the ype o Criminal Deense Counsel Matter?, 22 Rut. L. Re. 361, 362, . 11 (1991).5 T pl wl w l b w p
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I k 200 bl ppl l pv l w bl p p. Id. 362.
6 Pwll v. Alb, 287 U.S. 45 (1932).
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x pbl , w l b wj, v, , xp w
w 12 l l p w pbl pl. Aq b Alb lw pplbl pl , w lw wpv , b l l w w pp v l -
w pp l. T Sp C v v, l- w l bl l l vl l C F A p lw l pplbl .
Al l Powellw l pl p l, l ll p b vk b Sp C bq j pll w w w p 75 :
T b wl b, , ll vl p b b l. Ev ll l ll kll lw.I w pbl, ll, l w b. H l w
l v. L w l b p lw pp , v p p v, v lv w bl. H lk b kll kwl ql pp , v p . H q l vp p . W , b l, v b kw w bl .
Dp l Powell, w ppl l pl b -pl l jvl lq p wll, ll p l w x b
7 Id. 51.8 Id. 58.9 T pplbl l F A pv S ll pv
p l, lb, pp w p lw. U.S. Const. . XIV, 1. F l l Powell, seeDl O. L,Without Fear or Favor: Judge James Edwin Horton and the rial o the Scottsboro Boys, 68 UMKC L.
Re. 549 (2000); Ml J. Kl, Te Racial Origins o Modern Criminal Procedure, 99 Mich.L. Re. 48, 6167 (2000).
10 Id. 6869.
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pl 31 l Sp C Gideon v. Wainwright. W pp Gideon ll p-
pv lw w w.
O J 3, 1961, w bk- pl ll P C, Fl, l- ll jk bx.Cl El G w w l Fl lw, .., bk w . G l j l l b lw, k pp lw b lk . T jl q, G p l, l
w . T j, wv, v G, w v p, x pl . G l Fl Sp C, l l pvl vl l , b l
w j.
W p lb, G v-p p SpC k ppl b l . T C , Ab F, p W, D.C.lw Al, F & P b G ppl.
T Sp C Gideon v. Wainwright, M 18, 1963, w w b J H Blk. Cll bv lw l lx, C l, , Sx A v l pv l l bl p b v F A p lw l.
11 G v. Ww, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). D 25 bw Powell Gideon, C l w j --l : J v. Zb, 304 U.S. 458 (1938) B v. B, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), overruled byG v. Ww, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). IZerbst, C l l l Sx A w w l l l b b kw, ll, vl wv l. I Betts, SpC l Sx A ppl . T C pp l l , l l w p p p p F A. Id. 472.
12 Gideon, 33638. See also,Anthony Leis, Gideons rumet (1964); Gideons rumpet(CBSlv b, Apl 30, 1980).
13 Gideon, 372 U.S. 344.14 Id.15 T C , W p Betts v. Bradysp, b w p ,
pv Bll R w l l l bl p S b F A. W k C Bettsw w,
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W lq, J Blk xpl:
T w l b l l l , b . F v b, l lw v l p pl bv l b pl bl w v ql b lw. T bl l b lz p w w lw .
T bv w C w pp w G
w bk Fl w l. T G l, ll w pp p v l p vl v l. A l, lwkllll xp wk w, - w w w lkl l lp. H l ll G , w l bk- pv v ,b w ll l. T j lbl q G ll .
B G w w l Fl lw pbl b x v- , Gideon pp SxA l ppl w l l . Lk Powellp w Gideon l, Sp Cl Gideon ppl ll l jvl p, j l, C w b p j w qll pp lv.
l Sx A l l. Id. 342.
16 Id. 344.17 Id. 345.18 SeeAnthony Leis, Gideons rumet 23450 (1964). T pp p
G w W. F P C, Fl, w w pp b pG p q. p bl v ll bk- kw ll ppl, vw w, . I ,
w p pk p w S w G, H Ck. B w G l w w Sp C. Ill, w ACLU M p . T G, b b w b v ll -. T j k w w wl lk v lw, Gq .
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Expansion o the Right to Counsel
I 1963, wk Gideon , q w lv.F w w l x b l. F xpl, l ppl p jvl lq p? W pv l v xp, p, k ll ? A
w l b pv? U w , , p w ? A, pp p ll, w pbl p w wl w bq w l lv v b ?
Types o Cases Requiring Counsel
T x j xp l 1967 w SpC In re Gault , w l w ppl jvllq p. C Powell Gideon, C l l b lq bj l lb p-bl l p. T jvl l p w pbl lw, k kll q , p
19 P Sp C l Gideon, pv l -pl . F xpl, l 1854, I Sp C ppvpp l w bl: B v bB [ ] w b b , wll l . I b , vlz , , zp jp l lb, l b b l b w p pl . N C l b p, p l, l. T p, , w, w wll b l , C, pbl. Wbb v. B, 6 I. 11, 13 (1854). I 1881, Nw
Yk Cl P Lw w pv l w bk w w , , p b lw w b pp.
SeeMichae McConie and Chester L. Mirsy, Jury rias and Pea Bargaining: Arue History, 36, . 20 (2005). Mv, pbl U S wbl 1914 L Al. Seewb L Al Pbl D O, availableatp://www.p..l../.l . Nvl, b l Sp C Gideon, l l pp -pl , v q.B A C A Cvl Lb U, G v. Ww, 371 U.S. 335 (1963).T x w l ll w pv -pl l p p Gideon wll , b ll 1963, pv Gideon bq Sp C v q. F l l A l S p Gideon , seeN,AnHistorical Argument or the Right to Counsel During Police Interrogations, 73 Yae L. J. 1000, 101834(1964); Fll, Te Right to Counsel Under State Law, 1955 Wis. L. Re. 281 (1951); W. H. Beaney,
he Right to Counse in American Courts 824, 80100 (1955); James J. omoc, heRight to the Assistance of Counse 113 (2002).
20 In reGl, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).
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l p, w pp b . T l q l v p
p .
T, 1972, Argersinger v. Hamlin, Sx A w vk, l xp l.A w w l wp. D ll p, w v
jl. Epz l lb p l v l, Sp C v. A C xpl, b kw ll wv [ l], p b p
, w l p, , l, l w pb l l.
I 2002,Argersingerw ppl w , w b l, v p jl , pl pb, l p-b vk p p. IAlabama v. Shelton, SpC l Sx A pp l, l
Argersinger, ppl Sl . W l p p l pv p lb, b p l w l
p . A C xpl, w p v, pb vl b lp w w v pv pp v ll p.
B p F A p ql p l, l l b q ppll . I 1963, Douglas v. Caliornia, p Gideon , Sp C l b
21 Id. 36.22 A v. Hl, 407 U.S. 25 (1972).23 Id. 37. FllwArgersinger, Sp C pz l p w
l. I S v. Ill, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), C l Sx A vl w pbl p b l .[W] blv l p Argersinger l p pl - k p l wp l p l l pp l.Id. 373.
24 Alb v. Sl, 535 U.S. 654 (2002).
25 Id. 658.26 Id. 662.27 Dl v. Cl, 372 U.S. 353 (1963).
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, p ll p pv llp, w q lw pp , wll
l .
Transcripts, Experts, and Other Assistance
T Sp C z, v b Gideon, pv pv v ql . T DouglasHalbert p ppl Grin v.Illinois, 1956 Sp C w C l p ql p l p b
xp q ppl b ppll . A C Grin xpl, [] b ql jw k l p . D b q ppll vw w v b p.
T ppl Grin w ppl b C 1985 Ake v.Oklahoma q pv p w k pl w wll b l.TAke b vk b l q
k , b xp -xp, pv ,b lp v l ll p.
415 (1981); Sp Blw S S. v. Skwz, 373 M. 728 (1977); M.G.L. .19A 20; M.G.L . 19C 7.
32 T p pbl bl p- ll j pv ll p l jvl p bl .
33 G v. Ill, 351 U.S. 12 (1956).34 Id. 19.35 Ak v. Okl, 470 U.S. 68 (1985).36 SeeM v. S, 390 M. 343 (M. 2005) ( v xAkes -
p xp); See, e.g., D v. Rb, 963 F.2 308, 313 (10 C. 1992) (b-p xp); S v. L, 934 F.2 631, 633 (5 C. 1991) (bll xp); Ll v.
A, 835 F.2 1240 (8 C. 1987) (p xp); B v. S, 265 G. 265 (G. 1995)(xl); Cw v. S, 257 G. 681 (G. 1987) (l, pl, v xp);T v. S, 255 G. 434 (G. 1986) ( ); Ppl v. Lw, 163 Ill. 2 187 (Ill.1994) (p p xp);J v. S, 613 N.E.2 15, 21 (I. 1993) (blp xp); S v. Ck, 412 N.W.2 589, 593 (Iw 1987) (xp w x); H v. S, 635 S.2 894 (M. 1994) (pl xp); S v. H, 927S.W.2 411, 419 (M. C. App. 1996) (DNA xp); Ppl v. , 209 A.D.2 354 (N.Y. App.Dv. 1994) (vp xp); S v. M, 82 O S. 3 144, (O 1998) (-pxp ll).
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Justice Denied: Americas Continuing Neglect o Our Constitutional Right to Counsel
26 | The Constitution Project
At What Stage o the Proceedings Is Counsel Required?
T Powell, Gideon, Gault, Argersinger l -l l l. T w l . p b l l , b lw bl p l pv v p. I, xpl, p b j l , l k l b pp v .
I Powell 1932, Sp C z p -l p pl p : [D] pp l
p p , , l b l, w l, - v pp w vll p, v l l .
Al Sp C p x b w -l b , ll, b wll b l l. A C xpl, l b Sx F A l
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37 Powell, 287 U.S. 578.38 Bw v. Wll, 430 U.S. 387, 398 (1977) (citingKb v. Ill, 406 U.S. 682, 689 (1972)).39 R v. Gllp C, 128 S. C. 2578 (2008). I Rothgery, Sp C
ll l pp w l w lw b . A C xpl: O , - l l p pp l l p- p; w k l w w l p.T, l b pp w bl llw qp l b l, wll l l. O l w.
W l w w v l b w vwl j Aj p: l l pp b jl -, w l lb bj , k v jl p Sx A l.Id. 259192.
http://web2.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?tf=-1&rs=WLW7.09&referencepositiontype=S&serialnum=1972127138&sv=Split&fn=_top&findtype=Y&tc=-1&referenceposition=1882&db=708&vr=2.0&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wlhttp://web2.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?tf=-1&rs=WLW7.09&referencepositiontype=S&serialnum=1972127138&sv=Split&fn=_top&findtype=Y&tc=-1&referenceposition=1882&db=708&vr=2.0&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl8/8/2019 Justice+Denied w Ampersand041309(2)
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Chapter The Right to Counsel
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l l, , w l b l.
T, C l l pl - w b lkl pp; p- lp w xb
w; - p x b; w pl l l . T -, wll , pbl l pvll p j v jlp.
Waiver o the Right to Counsel
A lq l b p b l. I v p , Sp C pll w q vl wv l. B wJohnson v. Zerbst 1938,
wl l w wv l l l w p l w ll p, Sp C xpl:
[C] l v bl pp wv -l l . A wv l llq b kw pvl. T - w b ll wv l p, , p pl - , l bk, xp, . T l b
40 U S v. W, 388 U.S. 218, 226 (1967).41 Cl v. Alb, 399 U.S. 1, 811 (1970).42 U S v. W, 388 U.S. 218.43 Ell v. S, 451 U.S. 454 (1981).44 See, e.g., Iw v. v, 541 U.S. 77 (2004). S v b l b l
, l v v v jl p. See, e.g., U S v. A, 413U.S. 300 (1973) ( w w p- pp ); Glb v. Cl, 388 U.S. 263 (1967) (p- k w xpl l w l ).
45 F pbl p, see supra 32.46 Al l ppl p w l
p v jl p, l pp pl F A pvl l-. Dl l Sx A vl. SeeEw v. Ill, 451 U.S. 477, 482(1981); M v. Az, 384 U.S. 436, 470 (1966).
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Wl l lw- v l, Sp
C 1975, vl, l Faretta v. Caliornia l p w l. Hwv, b p , l l k l v l-p, wll bl kw w w w p.
The Cost o the Right to Counsel
T w , -, Sp C q lw b pv p SxA v j l jvl lq b ll kw wv l. I l l b pv v jl p lw v xp pp v l. B Sp C llv b, C lvl ll b l l.k , C l, b p ederalC
53 F v. Cl, 422 U.S. 806 (1975).54 T Faretta w b p l Sx A, w pk
l, pl b bl b . A Ck, [] l p , w, vl l A. Id. 820. T C l w p z vl, p wll blv lw v . Id. 834. A Faretta, C z j pp b l v v bj, w l-p. SeeMKkl v. W, 465U.S. 168 (1984).
55
F v. Cl, 422 U.S. 835 (citingA v. U S ex rel. MC, 317 U.S. 269,279 (1942)). B, C z l-p ppl. SeeMz v. C Appl Cl, 528 U.S. 152 (2000).
56 Hwv, C x l ll k w lw l b xl lpl. See e.g., R v. M, 417 U.S. 600 (1974)( l ppl ppl b x bq ppl ppl vw U S Sp C);M v. G, 492 U.S. 1 (1989) ( l x p-vp pl ); Plv v. Fl, 481 U.S. 551 (1987) ( l x p-v p -pl ). N l l bj . See inra 23, S v. Ill. A l v w k w w wll v l x. T bj wl v l p.See inra 13149 p x. (A p p w pp l p b pv.)
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Sx A l pv, , -, p p / ll v.
S, w Sp C b ll p ? I Gideon, xp v w ll.Hwv, Argersinger, w q l b pv v w p, J Pwll, C p, vlbl , pbl. I , J Pwll lb, [] l -pl j l wl q ll v p-pp bl , v b wll . Q
pbl 1972, J Pwll , p l z A ppl p B, A ll xp l 2 . A p l xp bw El Wl w , p p b, U S l wll b pv l pp.
57 T p N L, In Search o Gideons Promise: Lessons rom Englandand the Need or Federal Help, 55 Hastings L. J. 835, 843 (2004) [ L, Lessons romEngland].
58 A v. Hl, 407 U.S. 59. A b p v
v ll p ll p. T p, b, b, ppl , . T Sp C l b q p p v
w l w q w p l l bl p . Fll v. O, 417 U.S. 40 (1974). T ABA b (p q b ) l bq, w b ( p pv p) l b p. ABA Standards for Crimina Justice: ProidingDefense Serices 5-7.2 (3 .) (1992) [ ABA Proiding Defense Serices]. See also bj wb Nl A Cl D Lw, availableatp://www.l./pbl./pl/A0408p50?p
59
Argersinger, 407 U.S. 61 . 30.60 Id. SeeCppll & Gl, Legal Aid: Modern Temes and Variations, 24 Stan. L. Re. 347 (1972).61 L, Lessons rom England, supra 57, 92224. T
bw ll xp l El U S ll p bw w w ll wEl p U S (.., pl ll p l pv El) v . Sll, l l, p p b, El xp x 50 , D Clb, l v. Mv, El v pl, w l xpv p w p pv U S. Nvl, 20012002, , U S, lv p $11.72 p p, w $26.67 p p w p El 20022003. [] [ ] bv xpl, , wl El p p xp l ll b U S. I, l xpl p
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Standards or Organizing DeenseB.
Services and Client RepresentationFllw Gideon Sp C x l, w vbl b lw v wl l w pv l
wl . vlp, l z v p b v p lw. T A B A Nl Ll A D A l z v pbl -
. Al z v pv l, -bp b z vl pl w z vl wll.
I 1992, A B A ABA S Cl J Pv D Sv. T , pbl 106-p bkl, v ll p l l pbl p, p , l p, v, pbl p,lbl v, wv l. O p q
pl p , ABA ll lw b pll [] b bj jl pv l x lw pv p.
I 2002, A B A pbl ABA Ppl PblD Dlv S. T pp w l -z v k l bl l pbl
68 T blk-l (w ) available atp://www.b./j/
/v_blk.l. T w ppv b ABA H Dl 1980 1969. T p l-vl wkl w l j . W l vl w , C
J W B b pj l pv pbbl l k l l j v p b A llp l . Seep://www.b./j//.l
69 ABA Proiding Defense Serices, supra 58, 5-1.3().70 ABA en Princies of a Puic Defense Deiery System (2002), available atp://www.
b./llv/wl/l//pplbkl.p[en ABA Princies]. T ppl b l wk pp b J R. N,D M S Appll D O, S Wll, D D Ll Sv Nl Ll A D A (NLADA). SeeABAen Princies, Akwl. I pv v jvl , Nl Jvl D C Nl Ll A D A v en Core Princies for Proiding Quaity Deinuency Reresentation hrough
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-lw ll. B ppl v w p pbl v b ll b
Nl R Cl C l w ,w p blw:
T pbl , l l, , p 1. l, p.
W l l , pbl lv 2. b v pp pv b.
Cl lbl l 3.
pp, bl l , , q l.
D l pv l p w w4. w l.
D l wkl ll p ql5.p.
D l bl, , xp plx 6..
T l p l l pl .7.
T p bw l p w p -8. l l ql p jl .
D l pv w q ll9..
D l pv ll vw ql -10. ll lll p .
T p l w lw p l- w pbl 1994 b Nl Ll A D A.
Puic Defense Deiery Systems (2 . Jl 2008) [ en Core Princies], avail-able atp://www.j./p/10_C_Ppl_2008.p.
71 T Ppl w pl vl l, plk, p w w w, pv x, pbl lv . T Ppl l pv v, , ql, l, - ll p l w bl . T xv ABA pl l
w v w ABA Standards for Crimina Justice,Providing Deense Services(3 . 1992). ABA en Princies, supra 70, I.
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T NLADA P Gl Cl D Rp w 146-p bkl, blk-l v
lw p l , v b v. T, l l w - l l vw, pl l , v,l pl , pl , l pp, l l, , w l. Al l NLADA , bj l w ABA S Cl J D F. Sp p pl p,kw ABA Gl App P Cl D Pl C, l v b ppv, l l
jvl .
I l k bv, w v l w p l v b b - p, , b , l v j vl, p v vl. I, p v l p v,pll pl p, pll .
72 Performance Guideines for Crimina Def. Reresentation (4 P) (Nl LlA D A 2006) [ NLADA Performance Guideines].
73 ABA Standards for Crimina Justice: Defense Function (3 . 1993) [ABA Defense Function]. T blk-l (w ) available atp://www.b./j//_.l.
74 ABA Guideines for the Aointment and Performance of Def. Counse in DeathPenaty Cases (v. 2003), available atp://www.b./pl///2003Gl.p.
75 See, e.g.,Juenie Justice Standards (ABA & I. Jl A. 1981). See also en CorePrincies, supra 70.
76
See, e.g., Standards for Puic Defense Serices (W D A 1989)(p b W S B A J 1990), available atp://www..///w---pbl--v/; W. Rv. C 10.101.030 (2005), Mass. Gen. Las . 211 9 (1996); Performance Standards and ComaintProcedures (C Pbl Cl Sv), available atp://www.pbll./pv_l_l/pv_l_l_p/p/p_4_/l/-l___p___(l_lvl).p. I vl , l p pp b v . SeeStandards for Indigent Defense Serices in Non-Caita Cases(I Pbl D C 1995), available atp://www..v/j/p///---p.p. F xpl , seeS Wll Dv Cll, Te Implementation and Impact o Indigent Deense Standards
(2003), available atp://www.j.v/pl1/j//205023.p.77 See, e.g., Ind. R. Crim. Proc. 24 ( xp ql pp
l pl ); enn. Sureme Ct. R. 13 (xp ql
http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/standards/dfunc_toc.htmlhttp://www.abanet.org/deathpenalty/resources/docs/2003Guidelines.pdfhttp://www.abanet.org/deathpenalty/resources/docs/2003Guidelines.pdfhttp://www.defensenet.org/resources/standards/wda-standards-for-public-defense-services/http://www.defensenet.org/resources/standards/wda-standards-for-public-defense-services/http://www.publiccounsel.net/private_counsel_manual/private_counsel_manual_pdf/chapters/chapter_4_sections/criminal/criminal_district_court_superior_court_murder_(trial_level).pdfhttp://www.publiccounsel.net/private_counsel_manual/private_counsel_manual_pdf/chapters/chapter_4_sections/criminal/criminal_district_court_superior_court_murder_(trial_level).pdfhttp://www.publiccounsel.net/private_counsel_manual/private_counsel_manual_pdf/chapters/chapter_4_sections/criminal/criminal_district_court_superior_court_murder_(trial_level).pdfhttp://www.in.gov/judiciary/pdc/docs/standards/indigent-defense-non-cap.pdfhttp://www.in.gov/judiciary/pdc/docs/standards/indigent-defense-non-cap.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/205023.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/205023.pdfhttp://www.in.gov/judiciary/pdc/docs/standards/indigent-defense-non-cap.pdfhttp://www.in.gov/judiciary/pdc/docs/standards/indigent-defense-non-cap.pdfhttp://www.publiccounsel.net/private_counsel_manual/private_counsel_manual_pdf/chapters/chapter_4_sections/criminal/criminal_district_court_superior_court_murder_(trial_level).pdfhttp://www.publiccounsel.net/private_counsel_manual/private_counsel_manual_pdf/chapters/chapter_4_sections/criminal/criminal_district_court_superior_court_murder_(trial_level).pdfhttp://www.publiccounsel.net/private_counsel_manual/private_counsel_manual_pdf/chapters/chapter_4_sections/criminal/criminal_district_court_superior_court_murder_(trial_level).pdfhttp://www.defensenet.org/resources/standards/wda-standards-for-public-defense-services/http://www.defensenet.org/resources/standards/wda-standards-for-public-defense-services/http://www.abanet.org/deathpenalty/resources/docs/2003Guidelines.pdfhttp://www.abanet.org/deathpenalty/resources/docs/2003Guidelines.pdfhttp://www.abanet.org/crimjust/standards/dfunc_toc.html8/8/2019 Justice+Denied w Ampersand041309(2)
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Proessional Duty o Lawyers Representing the IndigentC.
Wl l ll p vl, p l q .F xpl, NLADA PGl Cl D Rp l b , l b p -pl.Hwv, w w p ll vlp vp l pl w p .
B v w p lw U S, l ll w
p l, bj pv l pl. I , l w ppv b ,vll vw, l bll l b b ABA Ml Rl Pl C. I ll , v,l pl w l pl l pl, p, p, v b.
I , p v l, lw q -p p, l ll w ABA
l pl , lk I); La. Sureme Ct. R. XXXI (xpql pp l b pl ppll ); Ga. Suerior Ct. R.29.8 (l ql pp l, pl-p, w l b b lvl xp p, w l xp v w pbl). All, b v p l pl p. A xpl, seeGuideines andStandards for eas Caita Counse (S C Ll Sv P Cl M 2006), available atp://www.xb./pl.?S=x_B_
Jl1&pl=/CM/CDpl.&CID=16076 .78 U j p pl b p l
w ppp. I w w NLADA blv pl bll l pv ql p, Guidelines w l ll. NLADA Performance Guideines, supra 72, x.
79 But seeI M Rvw I C Rp I D Cl Jvl Dlq C, ADK N. 411 (I b Nv SpC J 4, 2008), available atp://www.vp.///
ADK411O.p.80 E [l] v lw . I ,
v pl v lw. Mortimer D. Schart, et a.,Proems in Lega Ethics 40 (6 . 2003).
81 See supra 67, ABA Mode Rues. T w l l -l ABA Ml Rl Cl, M, Nw Yk. SeeCa. Rues of
Prof Conduct (1992); Me Bar Rues (2007); NY State Bar Association Layers Code ofProf Resonsiiity (2002).
82 SeeProems in Lega Ethics, supra 80, 42.
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Ml Rl q ll kwl, kll, ppbl p. I ,
l pl q xpl: A lw wkl b ll b l pl. Hwv, p w, lw v j p p pw pv p
w l ql pp .
B l bl, 2006, ABA SC E Pl Rpbl -l p l w bl pbl lw -
w wk.
A xpl b ABA , l p pv xp lw w p p w . Al, vb lw, pv, p v pbl l . T vl lw k ppp p k wwl b p v w l . Spv p l , , vl l p b pv p xvb . T p p p
l w b p b .
Dp ll p q p p b pv wkl b ll, v U S v ll pl l p l -ql. Dpl 50 ll p -
83 ABA Mode Rues, supra 67, R. 1.1 (2007).84 SeeABA Mode Rues, supra 67, R. 1.3 . 2. T blk l Rl 1.3 q
lw w bl l pp p l.85 See inra 95124 p x, Cp 2.86 ABA C. E Pl Rpbl, Fl Op. 06-441 (2006), available at
p://www.b./p/06_441.p [ ABA Fl Op. 06-441].87 Id.88 Id.89 Rl 5.1 pv lw w v l , l w
l pbl, v pl wk pbl ll -p ll k bl lw p Rl Pl C. Id.
90 Id. T p N L G V, Restraining ExcessiveDeender Caseloads: Te ABA Ethics Committee Requires Action, 30 he Chamion 10 (Nl A.C. D Lw, Db 2006).
http://www.abanet.org/c