JurisprudenceofHalalandHaraam

SyedFazalurRaheem

ShariahAdvisor

IFANCAPAKISTAN

Introduction

Halal denotes permissibility and Haraam means impermissibility. These are the two basicconceptsofIslam.AMuslimleadshis life inthesphereofHalalandkeepshimselfawayfromHaraam. Since Islam is verydelicate regardingHalalandHaraam, jurisprudenceofHalalandHaraamentices lotsof importance.Jurisprudenceconnotesstudy,knowledgeandthescienceof law. In this context jurisprudence of Halal and Haraam is truly the science of Halal andHaraam. Without knowing about the sources and degrees of halal and Haraam, these twowordswillremainjusttwoterminologies.

AstheHalal food industry is flourishingeveryday,confusions intheshapeofnewchallengesare also ascending. Does every contaminated itemmount to Haraam? There is a belief thateverycontaminationmountstoHaraam,havingnoidearegardingthedegreesofHaraam.Yes,contaminateditemshallnotbecertified.Still itmaybeMakrooh-e-TenzeehiorTehreemi,notHaraam.

ThedeductionoflawfromQur’anandSunnahisverycomplicatedprocess.Itrequiresskillandauthority inArabic language,Tafseerand its jurisprudence,Hadithand its jurisprudence,FiqhanditsjurisprudenceandthecustomsofArabsatthetimewhentheQur’anwasbeingrevealedtotheprophet[PBUH].Atthislevel,detailsarenotrequired.Itwillbeadequatetounderstandthebasicruleswithsimplicity.

Jurisprudence of Halal and Haraammainly comprises of sources and degrees of Halal andHaraam,causesofHaraamandashortintroductiontothevariousschoolsofthought.

SourcesofHalalandHaraam

Sources imply themeans throughwhich and fromwhere the laws of Halal and Haraam arederived.Theseareoftwokinds.1

1. Primary2. Secondary1. Primarysources

Thesearethemostimportantsources.Thesesourceshavethenatureofcommand,authorityandcertainty.Anythingprovedorderivedoutofthesesourcesisbinding.Qur’an,SunnahandIjmaaretheprimarysources.

Followingarethebriefdetailsregardingallthesethree.

(i) Qur’an:

TheholyQuran is thebookrevealedto theMessengerofAlmightyAllah,HazratMuhammad(PBUH) as written in the Masahif and transmitted to us from him through an authenticcontinuousnarrationwithoutdoubt.

StructureoftheHolyQur’an:

The Holy Qur’an is divided into thirty equal parts. Each part is called Juze, in Arabic.Everypart again isdivided into fourparts. TheSurah’s are called chapterswhicharedividedinto sections called “Ruku”. Each section (Ruku) has number of verses. The Holy Qur’an isarrangedinonehundredandfourteenchaptersofunequallength.SurahBaqarah’having286versesisthelongestwhileSurahKauther’istheshortestwiththreeverses.ThetotalversesintheHolyQur’anare6666.

RevelationsreceivedbeforeandafterHijrah’:

ThechapterswhichwererevealedtotheProphetPBUHbeforeHijrah’arecalledMakki.Thesechapters largelydealwithbeliefsandmorals.ThechapterswhichwererevealedtotheProphet PBUH after Hijrah’ are called Madni. These chapters mainly deal with rules andregulations.

ContentsoftheHolyQur’an

1. CreationoftheUniverse

TheHolyQur’angivesanaccountofthecreationoftheHeaven,theEarthandofhumanbeinghimself.

2. Storiesofthepast

The Holy Qur’an narrates the stories of the previous prophets and people and thepunishment inflicted on thewicked in the past, e.g., the story ofHazratMoses (A.S),HazratAbraham(A.S),thepeopleofthecave,HazratNoah,HazratLutetc.

3. Prophesies

The Holy Qur’an contains a number of prophesies and many of these are alreadyfulfilled,e.g.prophesyregardingthedefeatoftheRomansbythePersiansandlaterthedefeatofPersiansbytheRomans.

4. Seenandunseen

TheHolyQur’an expresses the unseen and about the seen.Allah, the angels, the lifeafterdeath,Resurrection,theDayofJudgment,HeavenandHell,alloftheseareunseen.Theseenlikeouruniverse,Qur’anarticulateslotoffeaturesaboutit.

5. Codeforlife

TheHolyQur’anexplainsacompletecodeof conduct,moral injunctionsand teachingregardingsocial,legaleconomicandpoliticalmatters.

6. Laws2

TheHolyQur’analsocontainscommandmentsandthelawsfortheMuslimse.g.

v Familylawsinseventyinjunctionsv Civillawsinseventyinjunctionsv Penallawsinthirtyinjunctionsv Jurisdictionandprocedureinthirteenv Constitutionallawintenv Internationalrelationsintwenty-fivev Economicandfinancialorderinteninjunctions

DeductionofLaw

Asmentioned that deduction of law fromQur’an is very complicated process, whichrequiresskillinvariousfields.Atthislevel,simplicityisrequiredtounderstandthefundamentalprocessofdeduction.

Primarily,therearetwowaysofdeduction,3

1. Qat’Iuldalalah 2. Zanniuldalalah

(i) Qat’I ul dalalah; a verse which is definitive in its implication and interpretation andaccepts nomore interpretation is calledQat’I ui dalalah. The law of Farz and the law ofHaraamaredeductedfromsuchkindofverses.TheseversesarealsocalledMuhkam’at.

IllustrationsoflawofFarz:

Oyou,whohavebelieved,believeinAllahandHisMessengerandtheBookthatHesentdownuponHisMessengerandtheScriptureWhichHesentdownbefore.Andwhoeverdisbelieves inAllah,Hisangels,Hisbooks,Hismessengers,andtheLastDayhascertainlygonefarastray.(4:136)

Omankind, eat fromwhatever isonearth [that is] lawfulandgoodanddonotfollowthefootstepsofSatan.Indeed,heistoyouaclearenemy.(2:168)

Initareclearsigns[suchas]thestandingplaceofAbraham.Andwhoeverentersitshallbesafe.And[due]toAllahfromthepeopleisapilgrimagetotheHouse-forwhoeverisabletofindtheretoaway.Butwhoeverdisbelieves-thenindeed,Allahisfreefromneedoftheworlds.(3:97) Commentary:

All theaboveversesaredefinitive in implicationand interpretation; therefore, all themattersprovedandderivedoutoftheseversesshallbebindingandcalledFarz.Inthisregard,

Ø Due to first verse, belief in the oneness of Allah, the last prophet hood of HazratMuhammad(PBUH),theBookwhichhasbeenrevealedtohim,thepassedprophetsandtheirBooks,theAngelsandtheDayofJudgment,isFarz.Onewhorefusesallofthesemattersoroneofthesemattersshallberenderednon-Muslim.

Ø ConsumptionofHalalFoodisFarzduetosecondverse.Ø PrayersandZakahareFarzduetothirdverse.Ø FastingisFarzduetofourthverse.Ø HajisFarzduetofifthverse.

IllustrationsoflawofHaraam

Prohibitedtoyouaredeadanimals,blood,thefleshofswine,andthatwhichhasbeendedicatedtootherthanAllah,and[thoseanimals]killedbystranglingorbya violent blowor by a head-long fall or by the goring of horns, and those fromwhichawildanimalhaseaten,exceptwhatyou[areableto]slaughter[beforeitsdeath],andthosewhicharesacrificedonstonealtars,and[prohibitedis]thatyouseekdecisionthroughdiviningarrows.Thatisgravedisobedience.Thisdaythosewhodisbelievehavedespairedof[defeating]yourreligion;sofearthemnot,butfearme.Thisday Ihaveperfectedforyouyourreligionandcompletedmyfavoruponyouandhaveapprovedforyou Islamasreligion.Butwhoever is forcedbysevere hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving andMerciful.(5:3)

O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stonealters[tootherthanAllah],anddiviningarrowsarebutdefilementfromtheworkofSatan,soavoiditthatyoumaybesuccessful.(5:90)

Prohibited to you [formarriage] are yourmothers, your daughters, your sisters,yourfather'ssisters,yourmother'ssisters,yourbrother'sdaughters,yoursister'sdaughters,your[milk]motherswhonursedyou,yoursistersthroughnursing,yourwives'mothers,andyourstep-daughtersunderyourguardianship [born]ofyourwivesuntowhomyouhavegonein.Butifyouhavenotgoneinuntothem,thereisnosinuponyou.And[alsoprohibitedare]thewivesofyoursonswhoarefromyour [own] loins, and that you take [in marriage] two sisters simultaneously,exceptforwhathasalreadyoccurred.Indeed,AllahiseverforgivingandMerciful.(4:23)

Anddonotapproachunlawfulsexualintercourse.Indeed,itiseveranimmoralityandisevilasaway.(17:32)

Commentary:

All the above verses are definitive in implication and interpretation. Therefore all themattersprovedandderivedoftheseversesshallberenderedHaraam.Inthisregard,

Ø Consumptionofdeadanimals,bloodandSwineflashareHaraamduetofirstverse.Ø Consumption of in toxic drinks, gambling and sacrificing on stones alters to other

thanAllahisHaraamduetosecondverse.

Ø Consumptionofabominable,detestedand impurethingsareHaraamduetothirdverse.

Ø Marriagewithmother,daughter,sisterandothersanctifiedrelativesmentioned inthetext,isHaraamduetofourthverse.

Ø AdulteryisHaraamduetofifthverse.

(ii) Zanniuldalalah:

AversewhichisspeculativeinitsimplicationandinterpretationandacceptsmorethanoneinterpretationiscalledZanniuldalalah.ItisalsocalledMuawwal’at.ThelawsofWajibandMakrooheTehreemiaredeductedfromsuchkindofverses.

Illustrationsoflawofwajib:

SopraytoyourLordandsacrifice[toHimalone].(108:2)

Andestablishprayerandgivezakahandbowwiththosewhobow[inworshipandobedience].(2:43)

Commentary:

Both the above verses are speculative in implication and interpretation. Thereforeacceptmore thanone interpretation.So themattersprovedandderivedoutof theseversesshallberenderedWajib,notFarz.Inthisregard,

Ø Accordingtofirstverse,sacrificialslaughteringinthethreedaysofEid-ul-AzhaisWajibonapersonwhocanbeartheexpenses.4

Ø Ifthereisnohurdle,thanduetosecondverseprayerwithcongregationisWajib.5

IllustrationsoflawofMakrooh-e-Tehreemi

Lawful to you is game from the sea and its food as provision for you and thetravelers, but forbidden to you is game from the landas longas youare in thestateofihram.AndfearAllahtowhomyouwillbegathered.(5:96)

Andmakeslawfulforthemthegoodthingsandprohibitsforthemtheevil(7:157)

Oyou,whohavebelieved,when[theadhan]iscalledfortheprayeronthedayofJumu'ah[Friday],thenproceedtotheremembranceofAllahandleavetrade.Thatisbetterforyou,ifyouonlyknew.(62:9)

Commentary

The above verses are speculative in implication and interpretation. Therefore acceptmorethanoneinterpretation.Sowhoeverproclaimssomethingunlawfulonthebasisofanyoftheseverses,theunlawfulnessandillegalityshallmounttoMakrooh-e-Tehreemi,notHaraam.

Aquaticanimals

The juristic difference between the various schools of thought regarding theconsumptionofaquaticanimalsiscementeduponthefirstverse.

Ø AccordingtoHanfischoolofthought,itisHalaltoconsumefishandwhatiscalledfishinthecustomsofArabsat the timewhen theQuranwasbeing revealed to theprophetPBUH.6ThisincludesprawnstothefishfamilybecauseprawnswereconsideredfishinthecustomsofArabsatthetimewhenQuranwasbeingrevealedtotheprophetPBUH7.

Ø Shafi school of thought is of the view that all the aquatic animals are Halalwith theexceptionoffrog.8

Ø Maliki9andHanbli10schoolsofthoughtareoftheviewthatalltheaquaticanimalsareHalal.

Ø Imamia school of thought is of the view that only fish having scales and prawns areHalal11.AsforastheHanfiandImamiaschoolsofthoughtareconcerned,theconsumptionofaquaticanimalsotherthanfishfamily [Hanfi], fishhavingscalesandprawns[Imamia],shallberenderedMakrooheTehreemi.

Arthropods

The second verse states a ruling that impure and abominable things are Haraam toconsume.Thisverseisdefinitiveincaseofblood,swineflesh,deadanimals,humanandanimalwasteandtheanimalswhichnaturallyliveonimpureandabominablethings,becausesomanyother verses and Ahadith describe the same. So all thementioned things shall be renderedHraam,notMakrooheTehreemi.

The questionwill take its placewhen thematter comes to the arthropods. Are theyHaraamtoconsume?Dotheycomeundertherulingofsecondverse?

Arthropods are basically invertebrate living organisms, such as insects, spiders,scorpions etc. Following is a sketch which shows the various forms of arthropods.

Sketchofarthropods

Ø Hanfi,Hanbliand Imamiaschoolsof thoughtareof theopinion thatall the land formarthropods are Haraam12 and fall under this verse with the exception of locust.Moreover, Hanfi and Imamia schools of thought are of the opinion that amongst themarineformsonlyshrimpsareHalaltoconsume.WhereasHanbliSchoolisoftheviewthatallthemarineformsareHalaltoconsume.

Ø Shafi13schoolofthoughtisoftheviewthatamongstthelandformsthemattershallbereferredtotheconsiderationofhumanbeings.WhattheyconsidergoodandpurethatshallbeHalal.Whereasabout themarine forms, this schoolof thought isof theviewthatallofthemareHalaltoconsume.

Ø Maliki14 school of thought is of the opinion that all the land forms andmarine formsarthropodsareHalaltoconsume.15Sinceithasbeenprovedthatthisverseisspeculativeinimplicationandinterpretation,thereforeacceptsmorethanoneinterpretation,inthisregardasfarastheconsumptionofarthropodsareconcerned,anyschoolofthoughtwhichdisallowstheconsumptionof

ARTHROPODS

LANDFORMS

INSECTS SPIDERS

CENTIPEDES MILLIPEDES

SCORPIONS MITES

MARINEFORMS

HORSESHOECRABS SEASPIDERS

CRUSTACEANS SHRIMPS

LOBSTERS MOLECRABS

TRUECRABS

allthearthropodsorapartofthem,thedecreeofdisallowanceshallbeonthebasisofMakrooheTehreemi,notHaraam.

TradeafterthefirstcallforJumma

Duetothirdverse,afterthefirstcallforJummaPrayer,tradeandalltheactivitieswhichstandrepugnanttotheJummaPrayer,shallberenderedMakrooheTehreemi.16

(ii) Sunnah

Sunnah is referred to the sayings,practicesandapprovalsof theHolyProphetHazratMuhammad(PBUH)17.

KindsofSunnah

1) Sunnahqawliyah

ItisdefinedasthesayingsoftheHolyProphetHazratMuhammad(PBUH).Tobecomeasourceof law, thepurposeof the saying shouldbe the layingdownof the law, likeprophetPBUHforbadetheconsumptionofpredatoryanimals.

2) Sunnahfailiyah

ItisdefinedastheactsoftheholyProphethavingalegalcontentlikehisprayers,fast,Hajj etc. The acts that don’t have a legal content do not become a source of law, like thecontinuousfastingofprophetPBUHwithoutIftar.[SawmeWisal]

3) Sunnahtaqririyah

It isdefinedas thecommissionofcertainactsbyworldordeedbysomecompanionsandthemaintenanceofsilencebytheholyprophet,likeoneofthecompanionsatemountainlizardbeforeHimandHePBUHkeptonwatching.

Deductionoflaw

The process through which law is deducted from Sunnah is also complicated andrequiresskillinsomanyfields.PrimarilytherearetwowaysofdeductionoflawfromSunnah.

1. Qat’Iuldalalah 2. Zanniuldalalah

1. Qat’Iuldalalah

Atextofhadithwhichisdefinitive in its implicationandinterpretationandacceptsnomore interpretation iscalledQat’Iuldalalah.The lawofHaraamisderivedfromsuchkindofhadith.

IllustrationsofHaraam

بن ثنا عبید هللا ثنا شعبة، عن الحكم، عن میمون، بن مھران عن ابن وحد ثنا أبي، حد ، حد معاذ العنبريباع وعن كل ذي مخلب من صلى هللا علیھ وسلم عن كل ذي ناب من الس الطیر عباس، قال نھى رسول هللا

. Ibn 'Abbas reported that Allah'sMessenger (PBUH) prohibited the eating of allfangedbeastsofprey,andallthebirdshavingtalons. (Sahih Muslim 1934 aBook34)

، وعبد بن حمید، ثنا الحسن بن علي الحلواني ثنا أبي، عن وحد كالھما عن یعقوب بن إبراھیم، بن سعد حد صلى هللا م رسول هللا علیھ وسلم لحوم صالح، عن ابن شھاب، أن أبا إدریس، أخبره أن أبا ثعلبة قال حر

.الحمر األھلیة AbuTha'laba reported thatAllah'sMessenger (PBUH) prohibited (the eating) ofthefleshofdomesticasses. (SahihMuslim1936Book34)

ثنا شعبة، قال سمعت ھشام د بن جعفر، حد ثنا محم د بن المثنى، حد ثنا محم ، بن زید بن أنس بن مالك حدھا قال فقال أنس قال دخلت مع جدي أنس بن مالك دار الحكم بن أیوب فإذا قوم قد نصبوا دجاجة یرمون

صلى هللا علیھ وسلم أن تصبر البھائم . نھى رسول هللا

Hishimb.Zaidb.Anasb.Malikreported:Ivisitedthehouseofal-Hakamb.AyyubalongwithmygrandfatherAnasb.Malik,(and there) somepeoplehadmadeahena targetandwereshootingarrowsather. ThereuponAsas said thatAllah'sMessenger (PBUH) had forbidden tying oftheanimals(andmakingthemthetargetsofarrows,etc.).(SahihMuslim1956aBook34) Commentary

All the above texts are definitive in implication and interpretation, therefore the mattersprovedandderivedoutofthesetextsshallbedecreedHaraam.

Inthisregard,

Ø According to first hadith, all the animalswhich are predatory, either terrestrial oraerialshallberenderedHaraam.

Ø DuetosecondhadithconsumptionofdomesticateddonkeysareHaraam.Ø AnykindofilltreatmentwithanimalsisHaraamduetothirdhadith.

2. Zanniuldalalah

Itisoffollowingtwotypes.

• Ahadith either its text or its chain of narration is speculative, is calledZanni ul dalalah. The law ofMakrooh e Tehreemi is derived from suchkindofhadith.

IllustrationsofMakrooheTehreemi

یاة، ھ من الشاة سبعا المرارة، والمثانۃ، والمحعن ابن عمر قال کان رسول هللا صلی هللا علیہ وسلم یکر والذکر، واالنثیین،والغدة والدم۔

IbneUmarreported,MessengerofAlmightyAllah(PBUH)dislikedsevenpartsofthegoat,Penis,Testicles,Vulva[externalpartoffemalegenitalia],Glands,Urinarybladder,Gallbladder,blood.(AlMajmaulAwsat9/181)

ثنا أبو عاصم، عن عثمان، ، حد قاشي ثني زید بن یزید أبو معن الر ة یعني ابن -وحد بن -مر ثنا عبد هللا حد صلى هللا علیھ وسلم حمن، عن خالتھ أم سلمة، قالت قال رسول هللا من شرب في إناء من ذھب " عبد الر

ة فإنما یجرجر في بطنھ نارا من جھنم . "أو فض

Abdal-Rahmanreportedontheauthorityofhismother'ssisterUmmSalamawhosaidthatAllah'sMessenger(PBUH)said:HewhodrankinvesselsofgoldorsilverheinfactdrankdowninhisbellythefireofHell.(SahihMuslim2065cBook37)

Commentary

Boththehadithsarespeculativeasfarastheirtextsandchainofnarrationareconcerned.SothemattersprovedandderivedoutofthesehadithshallbedecreedMakrooheTehreemi.Inthisregard,

Ø Accordingtofirsthadith,consumptionof1. Penis2. Testicles3. Vulva4. Glands5. Urinarybladder6. Gallbladder

AreMakrooh-e-Tehreemi18, whereas consumption of blood is Haraam due to thedefinitiveverseofQuran,asithasbeenmentionedearlier.

Ø Duetosecondhadithconsumptioninutensilsmadeofgold,isMakrooh-e-Tehreemi.

• ThesecondtypeofZanniuldalalahisahadithwhichfulfillsthefollowingtwoconditions.

Ø Either its text is speculative and acceptsmore than one interpretation or its chain ofnarrationisspeculative.

Ø Ahadithwhichrelatestothedailycoursehabitualpracticesofhumanbeings. LawofMakrooheTenzeehiisderivedoutofsuchkindofhadith.IllustrationsofMakrooheTenzeehi

ثنا جعفر بن عون، عن سعید حمن، قال حد بن عبد الر ثنا عبد هللا بن أبي عروبة، عن معمر، عن حد صلى هللا علیھ وسلم قال ، عن سالم، عن أبیھ، أن رسول هللا ھري إذا أكل أحدكم فلیأكل بیمینھ " الز

یطان یأكل بشمالھ وی . "شرب بشمالھ ولیشرب بیمینھ فإن الشNarratedAz-Zuhri:FromSalim,fromhisfather,thattheMessengerofAllah(PBUH)said:"Whenoneofyoueats,thenlethimeatwithhisrighthand,andlethimdrinkwithhisrighthand, for indeedAsh-Shaitaneatswithhis left hand,andhedrinkswithhis lefthand." (Jami`at-Tirmidhi1800Book25)

ثنا علي بن عبد ، أخبرنا سفیان، قال الولید بن كثیر أخبرني أنھ، سمع وھب بن كیسان، أنھ سم حد ع هللا صلى هللا علیھ وسلم وكانت یدي تطیش في عمر بن أبي سلمة، یقول كنت غالما في حجر رسول هللا

صلى هللا علیھ وسلم ال حفة فقال لي رسول هللا ا یلیك " ص ، وكل بیمینك وكل مم فما ."یا غالم سم هللا .زالت تلك طعمتي بعد

NarratedUmarbinAbiSalamaIwasaboyunderthecareofAllah'sMessenger(PBUH)andmyhandusedtogoaround thedishwhile Iwaseating. SoAllah'sMessenger (PBUH) said tome, 'Oboy!MentiontheNameofAllahandeatwithyourrighthand,andeatofthedishwhatisnearertoyou."SincethenIhaveappliedthoseinstructionswheneating. (Sahihal-Bukhari5376 Book70)

ال یشربن أحد منكم قائما، فمن :قال رسول هللا صلى هللا علیھ وسلم :وعن أبى ھریرة رضى هللا عنھ قال . "نسى فلیستقئ

AbuHurairah(MayAllahispleasedwithhim)reported:MessengerofAllah (PBUH) said, "Noneofyou shoulddrink standing;and ifanyoneforgets,hemustvomit." (Sahih Muslim Hadith 45 Book 3)

د بن رمح، أخبرنا اللیث، عن أب ثنا محم ثنا لیث، ح وحد ثنا قتیبة بن سعید، حد بی حد ر، عن جابر، عن ي الز صلى هللا علیھ وسلم أنھ قال راج فإن "رسول هللا قاء وأغلقوا الباب وأطفئوا الس غطوا اإلناء وأوكوا الس

یطان ال یحل سقاء وال یفتح بابا وال یكشف إناء فإن ل م یجد أحدكم إال أن یعرض على إنائھ عودا ویذكر الش فلیفعل فإن الفویسقة تضرم على أھل البیت بیتھم . "وأغلقوا الباب "ولم یذكر قتیبة في حدیثھ . "اسم هللا

JabirreportedAllah'sMessenger(PBUH)assaying:Covervessels,waterskins,closethedoorsandextinguishthelamps,fortheSatandoesnotloosenthewaterskin,doesnotopenthedooranddoesnotuncoverthevessels.Andifoneamongstyoufailstofind(something)tocoveritwell,heshouldcoveritbyplacing(apieceof)woodacrossit.Qutaibadidnotmentiontheclosingofthedoorsinthehadithtransmittedbyhim.(SahihMuslim2012aBook36)

Commentary

Alltheabovehadithsarespeculativeintheirtextandnarrationandrelatetothedailycourse habitual practices of human beings. Therefore, breach of the orders passed in theseinjunctionsshallbedecreedwithMakrooheTenzeehi.Inthisregard,

Ø DuetofirsthaditheatinganddrinkingwithlefthandisMakrooheTenzeehi.Ø DuetosecondhaditheatingordrinkingwithoutTasmiahisMakrooheTenzeehi.Ø DuetothirdhaditheatingordrinkingwhilestandingisMakrooheTenzeehi.Ø Some daily course habitual practices have been mentioned in the fourth hadith.

Covering vessels and water skins, closing the doors and extinguishing the lamps areconsideredetiquettes.NotexercisingtheseshallbereducedtoMakrooheTenzeehi.

(iii) Ijmaa IjmaameanstheconsensusofmajorityopinionoftheMuslimjuristsataparticulartime

andaparticulargeneration19.ThisisthirdprimarysourceofIslamiclaw.Thissourceechoesthebeautyofthisreligion.Therearesomanymatters,theexplicitnarrativeofwhichcouldnotbefoundinQuranandSunnah.Suchaselephant,overthecenturiesallthejuristshaveincludeditin the slant of Haraam animals. Besides, it is an absolute vegetarian. Yesterday it was thematterof Ijma,todaytheveterinarysciencehasrevealedthat itmightnotbeslaughteredonthegenericbasis,astheotherHalalanimals,becauseofitsbodystructure.20

Needofijmaa

Ijmaahasbeenconsideredasathirdprimarysourceduetothefollowingreasons.

Ø DuetothelongperiodofthisUmmah.Ø Duetotheextensionofterritory.Ø DuetotherapidgrowthofIslamandtheconversionofnon-ArabstoIslam.Ø Tomeetnewchallenges.

ConstitutionofIjmaa21Ø HanfiSchoolisoftheviewthatIjmaacanbeconstitutedthroughthepublicagreement

oftheIslamicjuristsastheyaretheexpertsofthelaw.

Ø ShafiSchoolisoftheviewthatIjmaacanbeconstitutedthroughtheagreementoftheentirecommunity,becausetheycannotagreeonanythingerroneous.

Ø Maliki School is of the view that Ijmaa can be constituted through the agreementamongstthepeopleofMadinaasMadinawasthefirstcapitalofIslam.

Ø Hanbli School is of the view that Ijmaa can be constituted through the agreementamongstthecompanionsoftheprophetPBUH,astheywerethemostknowledgeablepeopleofthisUmmah.

Ø ImamiaSchooldoesnotconsiderIjmaaasaprimarysourceofIslamiclaw.

SecondarysourcesofHalalandHaraam

Secondarysourcesarelesserimportantthanprimarysources.Theyarelesserincommandandcertainty.Mostofthesesourcesrelatetothenorms,welfareandeaseofthesociety.Theyarevery similar to the English common law and the law of equity. Following are the secondarysourcesofHalalandHaraam.22

1. QiyasQiyasisanextensionoflawfromtheoriginaltexttowhichtheprocessisapplied

to a particular case by themeans of the language of the text. It is called analogicaldeductionoflaw.TherearefouressentialsofQias.

Ø OriginaltextØ CaseinissueØ ExtensionoflawØ Commonreason

For instance, extension of law of Khamar, which is the original text, to all the otherintoxicants, which are the cases in issue, on the ground of in toxicity, which is thecommon reason, is called Qias. The result of this analogical deduction is that all theintoxicantsareHaraam.ThisdeductionhasbeensupportedbyahadithaswellthatalltheintoxicantsareHaraam.

2. IstihsanIstihsanisjuristicpreference.ItisIslamiclawofequity.Itisameantoseekease

andconvenience,toadopttoleranceandmoderation,toover-ruleanalogicalreasonifnecessary.For instance, if a well is contaminated, due to Qias it shall not be used for ritualpurification. Istihsan suggests thatwithdrawing a certain number of buckets ofwaterfromthewell,willremovetheimpurities.

3. Maslahat-e-Mursalah(Publicinterest)

Itmeansinthebestinterestofgeneralpublic.AccordingtothissourceofIslamiclaw, rulings can be pronounced in accordance with the underline meaning of therevealedtextinthelightofpublicinterest.Forexample,adyingmanonthedeathbeddivorceshiswifejusttodepriveherofhisinheritance,Qiassuggests theenforcementofdivorcebutpublic interestdecreesthatthedivorceshallnotbeenforced.

4. Sadd-e-dharai:Itmeansblocking the lawfulmeans to anunlawful end. Islam is very sensitive

regarding the commission of Haraam. So it blocks themeanwhich can lead towardsHaraam.Forexample,saleandpurchaseofweaponsinthedaysofdisharmony,holdingtheglassofwineandsittingwithastrangerwomaninloneliness.

5. Urf:It means local customs and common and famous practices of society. Islam

recognizesUrfasasourceoflaw.UrfistheIslamicequivalentofEnglishcommonlaw.e.g.issueofeatingseacreatures.

6. Qawl-e-Sahabi(Companion’sopinion): Companionsof theProphet (PBUH)were themostknowledgeableon religiousmattersandrightlyguided.Soifwedon’tfindanysolutionregardinganissueinQur’an,SunnahorIjma,thenwecanfollowtheQawl-e-sahabi.

7. Istishab:Istishabalsoreflects thebeautyof Islam. It is the lawofstatuscough. It is the

lawofcontinuity.Thissourceproclaimsthatmeredoubtcannotdestabilizestability.Considering and proving the status of a thing as it is,what itwas. This source basedupon“doubtcannothurtcertaintyunlessthereisasolidproof.”Thisruleappliesinallwalksofourlives,whetherrelatestobeliefs,rituals,societal,dealingsorstateaffairs.

8. Previousscriptures:Noone canbe aMuslimunlesshehas faith in all theprevious scriptures, but

when thematter comes to exercise andpractice, thenQuran is theonly choice for aMuslim. There are certain things mentioned in the previous scriptures, directing thepreviousnations,aswellasinQuran,directingtheMuslimstoo,likeprayersandfasting.WhiletherearethingsmentionedonlyinQuran,directingonlyMuslims,likeHajj.SointhisperspectiveaMuslimhastopracticeonlyQuran.DegreesofHaraam23Asmentioned,thereisabeliefthateverycontaminationmountstoHaraam,havingnoidea regarding the degrees of Haraam. No doubt any contaminated item cannot becertified.StillitmaybeMakrooheTehreemiorTenzeehi,notHaraam.FollowingarethedegreesofHaraam.MakrooheTenzeehi

Itmeansdislikedslightly.Thisisnotthedegreeofprohibition.Athingisnotforbiddentocommitorconsumeonthisstage,ratheritisunsuitabletocommitorconsume.Forexample horse. According to Hanafi School of thought, it is not suitable to consumehorsemeet as it is dignified animal andused inwar.Onewho commits or consumesanythingwhichisMakrooheTenzeehi,shallbeliablefornothing,neitherforsinnorforpunishment.MakrooheTehreemiItmeansdislikedbitterly. This is thedegreeof prohibition, but lesser in bitterness ascomparedwithHaraam,e.g.eating something in theUtensilsmadeofgold.OnewhocommitsorconsumesanythingwhichisMakrooheTehreemi,shallbeliableforsin.HaraamItmeansforbiddenanddisallowedabsolutely.This istheapexdegreeofdisallowance,e.g.murder,adultery, consumingalcoholicdrinksetc.OnewhocommitsorconsumesanythingwhichisHaraam,shallbeliableforsinandpunishment.LawofNecessity

Islamisthereligionofeaseandcomfort.Itprovidesconveniencetoitsfollowers.In this regard, it has recognized a law of necessity to help the people who cannotpractice the ideal standards. So the people who are in need, can consume anythingHaraam.Thisallowanceshallremaininaccordancewiththeirneed.

But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - thenindeed,AllahisForgivingandMerciful.(5:3)

DegreesofHalal24MandoobAdegreewhereapersonisattheoption,eithertodoornottodoiscalledMandoob.This isastagewherecommissionofacertainactqualifiesapersontovirtueandnon-commissiontonothing,e.g.allthosedeedswhicharenotWajibandFarz.WajibAdegreewhichsanctionsathingtobecommitted,lesserthanFarz,iscalledwajib,e.g.sacrificialslaughteringinthethreedaysofEidulAzhaiswajib.Non-commissionofwajibqualifiesapersontosin.

FarzThis is theabsolutedegreeofabsolutedemand. Five timesprayersand fasting in themonthofRamadanaretheexamplesofFarz.Non-commissionofFarzqualifiesapersontomajorsin.CausesofHaraamAthingbecomesHaraamduetothefollowingfivereasons.

Ø Duetodignity,likehumanbeings.Ø Duetotoxicity,butitmustbecertainanddefinite,otherwisepossibilityoftoxicityshall

mountathingtoMakrooh.Ø Duetointoxicity.Ø Duetofilthiness.Ø Duetoabominableness.

Introductionofvariousschoolsofthought25HanafischoolofthoughtFoundedbyImamAbuHanifah-bornin80Hijri,diedin148Hijri.GeographicaldistributionoftheHanafischoolofthoughtIt is dominant school in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Jorden, Al-bania, the newly independentstatesofcentralAsia,Afghanistan,Pakistan,India,Bangladesh,Brazil,andEgypt.LiteraryWork:Kitaab-ul-AatharFiqhal-AkbarShafi’schoolofthoughtFoundedbyImamShafi’-bornin150Hijri,diedin204Hijri.GeographicaldistributionoftheShafischoolofthought:It is dominant school in Palestine, Kurdistan, Armenia, Indonesia,Malaysia, Sri Lanka,Philippines and Egypt. Followers of this school are also found in Saudi Arabia andYemen.LiteraryWork:

• Al-Risala• Kitabal-Umm• MusnadAsh-Shafi’i

MalikischoolofthoughtFoundedbyImamMalik-bornin93Hijri,diedin179Hijri.GeographicaldistributionoftheMalikischoolofthought:This school is dominant school in north andwesternAfrica includingMorocco, Tunis,Algeria,Sudan,Kuwait,Qatar,andBahrainandimpartsofLibya,EgyptandSaudiArabia.LiteraryWork

• Al-Muwatta• Al-Mudawwanatul-Kubra

HanblischoolofthoughtFoundedbyImamAhmadBinHanbal-bornin164Hijri,diedin241HijriGeographicaldistributionoftheHanbalischoolofthought:ThefollowersofthisschoolarebasicallyfoundinSaudiArabia.LiteraryWork:

• Musnad–AhmadJa’friaschoolofthought:Ja’fria school of thought is affiliated with Imam Ja’far. He is considered sixth Imammasoominthisschool.Hewasbornin83Hijrianddiedin148Hijri.GeographicaldistributionoftheHanbalischoolofthought:People of this school are found in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, India, lab nan, Syria, Yemen,BahrainandAfghanistan.LiteraryworkHe was not the author of any book but the numbers of his pupils were exceedingthousands.ItisclaimedthatJabirbinHayanwashispupil.ConclusionToadjudicatethediscourse, itcanbedecreedthatHalalandHaraamarenot justtwowords to utter with but a whole science to deal with. To apprehend the subject itsjurisprudenceshallbetakenindeliberation.WithoutknowingthesourcesanddegreesofHalalandHaraam,causesofHaraamandashortintroductiontothevariousschoolsofthought,itwillbeproblematictodothejusticewiththissubject.

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