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1 國民中小學九年一貫課程綱要數學學習領域 (一)基本理念 數學的學習注重循序累進的邏輯結構,因此,過去國內外數學教材的演進, 概遵循此邏輯結構,以保證數學教育的穩定性。再者,數學是較能進行國際性評 比的學習領域,教學的成效亦有較客觀的標準,因此,數學教育成效的評估應有 其客觀基礎。 數學之所以被納入國民教育的基礎課程,有三個重要的原因: 1.數學是人類最重要的資產之一 數學被公認為科學、技術及思想發展的基石,文明演進的指標與推手。 數學結構之精美,不但體現在科學理論的內在結構中及各文明之建築、工技 與藝術作品上,自身亦呈現一種獨特的美感。 2.數學是一種語言 簡單的數學語言,融合在人類生活世界的諸多面向,宛如另一種母語。 精鍊的數學語句,則是人類理性對話最精確的語言。從科學的發展史來看, 數學更是理性與自然界對話時最自然的語言。 3.數學是人類天賦本能的延伸 人類出生之後,即具備嘗試錯誤、尋求策略、解決問題的生存本能,並 具備形與數的初等直覺。經過文明累積的陶冶與教育,使這些本能得以具體 延伸為數學知識,並形成更有力量的思維能力。 九年一貫課程強調以學習者為主體,以知識的完整面為教育的主軸,以終身 學習為教育的目標。在進入 21 世紀且處於高度文明化的世界中,數學知識及數 學能力,已逐漸成為日常生活及職場裡應具備的基本能力。基於以上的認知,國 民教育數學課程的目標,須能反映下列理念:(1)數學能力是國民素質的一個重 要指標;(2)培養學生正向的數學態度,瞭解數學是推進人類文明的要素;(3)學教學(含教材、課本及教學法)應配合學童不同階段的需求,協助學童數學智能 的發展;(4)數學作為基礎科學的工具性特質。 基於上述理念,國民教育階段協助學童數學智能的發展,最為需要長期及多 面向的關照,茲闡述如下: 1.素質指標:要把每一位學生都帶上來,是九年一貫及國家教育政策既有的理 念。在數學教育裡,強調每個學生都有權利要求受到良好的數學訓練,並充 分認識重要的數學概念及提升厚實數學能力。教育應提供學生做有意義及有 效率學習的機會,使學生能學好重要的核心數學題材,因為這些重要的數學 概念和精熟的演算能力,是九年一貫所強調「帶著走」的能力。 2. 能力發展:學生能力的發展始於流利的基礎運算和推演、對數學概念的理 解,然後懂得利用推論去解決數學問題,包括理解和解決日常問題,以及在 不熟悉解答方式時,懂得自尋解決問題的途徑。抽象化能力始於能運用符

Junior High Math

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Junior High Math

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  • 1

    ()

    1.

    2.

    3.

    21 (1)(2)(3)()(4)

    1.

    2.

  • 2

    3.()()()

    4.

    5.

    6.()()

  • 3

    ()

    7.

    8.()

    9.

  • 4

    ()

    3-4 ()

    1. 2. 3. 4.

    1.()

    2.()

    3.()

    4.()

  • 5

    ()

    NSAD 1234 C RTSCE

  • 6

    1.

    N-1-01 1000 N-1-02 N-1-03 N-1-04 N-1-05 N-1-06 N-1-07 () N-1-08 N-1-09 N-1-10 () N-1-11

    N-2-01 10000

    N-2-02 () N-2-03

    N-2-04

    N-2-05 N-2-06 () N-2-07

    N-2-08 ()

    N-2-09

    N-2-10

    N-2-11 N-2-12 N-2-13 N-2-14 N-2-15

  • 7

    N-2-16 N-2-17 N-2-18 N-2-19

    N-2-20

    N-2-21 N-2-22 (S-2-08) N-2-23 N-2-24 N-2-25 () N-2-26 N-3-01 N-3-02 N-3-03 N-3-04

    N-3-05

    N-3-06 N-3-07 N-3-08 N-3-09 () N-3-10 () N-3-11 ()

    N-3-12 ()

    N-3-13

    N-3-14

    N-3-15 N-3-16

    N-3-17

  • 8

    N-3-18 (A-3-02)N-3-19 N-3-20 (S-3-05) N-3-21 N-3-22 (S-3-06)N-3-23 (S-3-07) N-3-24 (S-3-10) N-3-25 (S-3-11) N-4-01

    N-4-02

    N-4-03 N-4-04 N-4-05 N-4-06

    N-4-07

    N-4-08 N-4-09 N-4-10 N-4-11 N-4-12 N-4-13 N-4-14

    S-1-01 S-1-02 S-1-03 S-1-04 S-2-01 S-2-02 S-2-03

  • 9

    S-2-04 S-2-05 S-2-06 S-2-07 S-2-08 (N-2-22) S-3-01

    S-3-02 180

    S-3-03

    S-3-04

    S-3-05 (N-3-20) S-3-06 (N-3-22)S-3-07 (N-3-23) S-3-08 S-3-09 S-3-10 (N-3-24) S-3-11 (N-3-25) S-4-01 S-4-02 S-4-03 S-4-04 S-4-05 S-4-06 S-4-07 S-4-08 S-4-09 S-4-10 S-4-11 S-4-12 ()

    S-4-13 ()

  • 10

    S-4-14 S-4-15 S-4-16 S-4-17

    S-4-18 (A-4-19)

    S-4-19 (A-4-20)

    A-1-01

    A-1-02

    A-1-03 A-2-01 A-2-02 A-2-03

    A-3-01

    A-3-02 (N-3-18)A-3-03

    A-3-04

    A-3-05 A-3-06

    A-4-01 ()

    A-4-02

    A-4-03 xy()

    A-4-04 ()

    A-4-05

    A-4-06

  • 11

    A-4-07 A-4-08 A-4-09 A-4-10 A-4-11 A-4-12 A-4-13 A-4-14 A-4-15 () A-4-16 A-4-17

    A-4-18

    A-4-19 (S-4-18)

    A-4-20 (S-4-19)

    D-1-01 D-2-01 D-2-02 D-3-01

    D-4-01

    D-4-02 D-4-03 D-4-04

    C-R-01 C-R-02 C-R-03 C-R-04

  • 12

    C-T-01 C-T-02 C-T-03 C-T-04

    C-S-01 C-S-02 C-S-03 C-S-04 C-S-05

    C-C-01 () C-C-02 C-C-03 C-C-04 C-C-05 C-C-06 C-C-07

    C-C-08

    C-E-01 C-E-02 C-E-03

    C-E-04

  • 13

    2. (1)

    N-1-01 1000 N-1-02 N-1-03 N-1-04 N-1-05 N-1-06 N-1-07 () N-1-08 N-1-09 N-1-10 () N-1-11

    S-1-01 S-1-02 S-1-03 S-1-04

    A-1-01

    A-1-02

    A-1-03

    D-1-01

  • 14

    (2)()

    N-2-01 10000

    N-2-02 () N-2-03

    N-2-04

    N-2-05 N-2-06 () N-2-07

    N-2-08 ()

    N-2-09

    N-2-10

    N-2-11 N-2-12 N-2-13 N-2-14 N-2-15 N-2-16 N-2-17 N-2-18 N-2-19

    N-2-20

    N-2-21 N-2-22 (S-2-08) N-2-23 N-2-24 N-2-25 ()

  • 15

    N-2-26

    S-2-01 S-2-02 S-2-03 S-2-04 S-2-05 S-2-06 S-2-07 S-2-08 (N-2-22)

    A-2-01 A-2-02 A-2-03

    D-2-01 D-2-02

  • 16

    (3)()

    N-3-01 N-3-02 N-3-03 N-3-04

    N-3-05

    N-3-06 N-3-07 N-3-08 N-3-09 () N-3-10 () N-3-11 ()

    N-3-12 ()

    N-3-13 N-3-14 N-3-15 N-3-16

    N-3-17

    N-3-18 (A-3-02) N-3-19 N-3-20 (S-3-05) N-3-21 N-3-22 (S-3-06)N-3-23 (S-3-07) N-3-24 (S-3-10) N-3-25 (S-3-11)

  • 17

    S-3-01

    S-3-02 180

    S-3-03

    S-3-04

    S-3-05 (N-3-20) S-3-06 (N-3-22)S-3-07 (N-3-23) S-3-08 S-3-09 S-3-10 (N-3-24) S-3-11 (N-3-25)

    A-3-01

    A-3-02 (N-3-18) A-3-03

    A-3-04

    A-3-05 A-3-06

    D-3-01

  • 18

    (4)()

    N-4-01

    N-4-02

    N-4-03 N-4-04 N-4-05 N-4-06

    N-4-07

    N-4-08 N-4-09 N-4-10 N-4-11 N-4-12 N-4-13 N-4-14

    S-4-01 S-4-02 S-4-03 S-4-04 S-4-05 S-4-06 S-4-07 S-4-08 S-4-09 S-4-10 S-4-11 S-4-12 ()

  • 19

    S-4-13 ()

    S-4-14 S-4-15 S-4-16 S-4-17

    S-4-18 (A-4-19)

    S-4-19 (A-4-20)

    A-4-01 ()

    A-4-02

    A-4-03 xy()

    A-4-04 ()

    A-4-05

    A-4-06

    A-4-07 A-4-08 A-4-09 A-4-10 A-4-11 A-4-12 A-4-13 A-4-14 A-4-15 () A-4-16 A-4-17

    A-4-18

  • 20

    A-4-19 (S-4-18)

    A-4-20 (S-4-19)

    D-4-01

    D-4-02 D-4-03 D-4-04

  • 21

    3.

    19 nsad ()

    1-n-01 100

    N-1-01

    1-n-02 1 5 10 1 10

    N-1-01

    1-n-03 N-1-01

    1-n-04

    N-1-02 A-1-01

    1-n-05 N-1-02 1-n-06 N-1-02

    1-n-07 2 5 10 N-1-01 N-1-04

    1-n-08

    N-1-11

    1-n-09 N-1-08 S-1-01 S-1-03

    1-n-10

    N-1-08

    1-s-01 S-1-01 1-s-02 S-1-01 1-s-03 S-1-02

  • 22

    1-s-04 S-1-02

    1-a-01 A-1-02 1-a-02 A-1-03

    1-d-01 D-1-01 1-d-02 D-1-01

  • 23

    2-n-01 1000 N-1-01

    2-n-02 100 10 100 N-1-01

    2-n-03 ( 2-a-01)

    N-1-01 A-1-01

    2-n-04 N-1-02 N-1-03

    2-n-05 () N-1-02 N-1-03

    2-n-06

    N-1-04 A-1-01

    2-n-07 N-1-05 N-1-06

    2-n-08 N-1-06 A-1-02 2-n-09 () N-1-07

    2-n-10 () N-1-07

    2-n-11 N-1-02 2-n-12 N-1-11

    2-n-13 N-1-11

    2-n-14 N-1-08

    2-n-15

    N-1-08 N-1-09

    2-n-16 N-1-10 2-n-17 N-1-10

    2-n-18 ( 2-s-04) N-1-10 S-1-03

    2-s-01 () S-1-03

  • 24

    2-s-02 S-1-04

    2-s-03 N-1-08 S-1-02

    2-s-04 ( 2-n-18) N-1-10 S-1-03

    2-s-05 N-1-08 S-1-01 S-1-03

    2-a-01 ( 2-n-03)

    N-1-01 A-1-01

    2-a-02 A-1-02

    2-a-03 A-1-02 2-a-04 A-1-03

  • 25

    ()

    3-n-01 10000 N-2-01

    3-n-02 (10000) N-2-03

    3-n-03 N-2-06 N-2-07 3-n-04 N-2-05

    3-n-05 () N-2-04

    3-n-06 N-2-05

    3-n-07 () N-2-06

    3-n-08 () N-2-06

    3-n-09

    N-2-14 N-2-15

    3-n-10 N-2-03

    3-n-11

    N-2-09 N-2-10

    3-n-12 N-2-13

    3-n-13

    N-2-24

    3-n-14

    N-2-17 N-2-26

    3-n-15 ()

    N-2-18 N-2-26

    3-n-16

    N-2-19 N-2-26

    3-n-17 ( 3-s-04) N-2-20 S-2-04

    3-n-18 ( 3-s-05)

    N-2-21 S-2-02

  • 26

    3-s-01 S-2-01

    3-s-02 N-2-17 S-2-01

    3-s-03

    S-2-04 S-2-05

    3-s-04 ( 3-n-17) N-2-20 S-2-04

    3-s-05 ( 3-n-18)

    N-2-21 S-2-02

    3-s-06 S-2-02 3-s-07 S-2-04

    3-a-01 A-2-01

    3-d-01 D-2-01

  • 27

    4-n-01 () N-2-02

    4-n-02 N-2-03 4-n-03 N-2-05

    4-n-04

    N-2-06 N-2-07 A-2-02

    4-n-05 () N-2-07 A-2-03

    4-n-06 () N-2-08

    4-n-07 N-2-11

    4-n-08

    N-2-10

    4-n-09

    N-2-12 N-2-16

    4-n-10 N-2-16 4-n-11 N-2-13

    4-n-12 N-2-13

    4-n-13 N-2-24 N-2-25

    4-n-14 () N-2-17 N-2-18 N-2-19 N-2-25

    4-n-15 N-2-17

    4-n-16 ( 4-s-04) N-2-20

    4-n-17 N-2-21

  • 28

    4-n-18 ( 4-s-09)

    N-2-22 S-2-08

    4-n-19 N-2-23

    4-s-01 S-2-04 4-s-02 S-2-05 4-s-03 S-2-06

    4-s-04 ( 4-n-16) N-2-20

    4-s-05 () S-2-07

    4-s-06 N-2-20 S-2-03

    4-s-07 S-2-02 S-2-03 S-2-04

    4-s-08

    S-2-03 S-2-04

    4-s-09 ( 4-n-18)

    N-2-22 S-2-08

    4-a-01 A-2-02

    4-a-02 N-2-07 A-2-01

    4-d-01 D-2-02 4-d-02 D-2-02

  • 29

    ()

    5-n-01 N-3-01

    5-n-02 N-3-02 A-3-01

    5-n-03 N-3-02 A-3-01

    5-n-04 N-3-03

    5-n-05 N-3-03

    5-n-06 N-3-06 5-n-07 N-3-07

    5-n-08 N-3-09

    5-n-09 N-3-10

    5-n-10 N-3-08

    5-n-11 N-3-09 N-3-11

    5-n-12 N-3-11 N-3-13

    5-n-13 N-3-11 N-3-13 5-n-14 () N-3-14 5-n-15 N-3-19

    5-n-16 N-3-19

    5-n-17 N-3-19

    5-n-18 ( 5-s-05)

    N-3-22 S-3-06

    5-n-19 N-3-19

  • 30

    5-n-20 ( 5-s-07)

    N-3-20 N-3-25 S-3-05 S-3-11

    5-n-21 N-3-21

    5-s-01 180 S-3-02 5-s-02 S-3-02 5-s-03 S-3-01 5-s-04 S-3-03

    5-s-05 ( 5-n-18)

    N-3-22 S-3-06

    5-s-06 S-3-09

    5-s-07 ( 5-n-20)

    N-3-20 N-3-25 S-3-05 S-3-11

    5-a-01

    N-3-02 A-3-01

    5-a-02 A-3-01

    5-a-03 N-3-02 A-3-01

    5-a-04

    A-3-04 A-3-05

  • 31

    6-n-01 (2020100) N-3-04

    6-n-02 N-3-05 6-n-03 N-3-05

    6-n-04 N-3-10

    6-n-05

    N-3-02 A-3-01

    6-n-06 N-3-10 N-3-11

    6-n-07 () N-3-12

    6-n-08

    N-3-02 A-3-01

    6-n-09 N-3-15 6-n-10 N-3-15 6-n-11 N-3-16

    6-n-12 N-3-16 N-3-17

    6-n-13 ( 6-a-04)

    N-3-18 A-3-02 A-3-03 A-3-04 A-3-05

    6-n-14 ( 6-s-03)

    N-3-23 S-3-07

    6-n-15 ( 6-s-05)

    N-3-24 S-3-10

  • 32

    6-s-01 S-3-01

    6-s-02 S-3-04

    6-s-03 ( 6-n-14)

    N-3-23 S-3-07

    6-s-04 S-3-08

    6-s-05 ( 6-n-15)

    N-3-24 S-3-10

    6-a-01 A-3-03

    6-a-02

    A-3-04 A-3-05

    6-a-03 A-3-06

    6-a-04 ( 6-n-13)

    N-3-18 A-3-02 A-3-03 A-3-04 A-3-05

    6-d-01 D-3-01 6-d-02 D-3-01

    6-d-03 D-3-01

  • 33

    7-n-01 100 N-4-01

    7-n-02

    N-4-01 N-4-02 N-4-09

    7-n-03 N-4-02

    7-n-04 N-4-05

    7-n-05 N-4-05

    7-n-06 ()

    N-4-05 N-4-06 N-4-08

    7-n-07 N-4-08 A-4-02

    7-n-08 N-4-07

    7-n-09 N-4-07 A-4-08

    7-n-10 N-4-09 7-n-11 N-4-09 7-n-12 N-4-10

    7-n-13 N-4-03

    7-n-14 N-4-04

    7-n-15

    N-4-03 N-4-04

  • 34

    7-a-01 A-4-01 A-4-02

    7-a-02 A-4-03 A-4-04

    7-a-03

    A-4-03 A-4-06 A-4-07

    7-a-04 A-4-05 A-4-07

    7-a-05 A-4-07

    7-a-06

    A-4-03 A-4-09

    7-a-07

    A-4-03 A-4-12

    7-a-08 A-4-12

    7-a-09 A-4-01 A-4-04

    7-a-10 A-4-01 A-4-04

    7-a-11 A-4-10 7-a-12 A-4-11 7-a-13 A-4-11

    7-a-14 A-4-11 A-4-12

    7-a-15 A-4-08

    7-a-16 A-4-03 A-4-08

    7-a-17 A-4-08 7-a-18 a x b y=cxd A-4-11

  • 35

    8-n-01 N-4-11 N-4-12

    8-n-02 N-4-11 8-n-03 N-4-12 8-n-04 N-4-13

    8-n-05

    N-4-13 N-4-14

    8-n-06

    N-4-13 N-4-14

    8-s-01 S-4-01

    8-s-02 S-4-01 S-4-04

    8-s-03 S-4-06

    8-s-04 S-4-01 S-4-04

    8-s-05

    S-4-01 S-4-07

    8-s-06 S-4-08

    8-s-07 S-4-09

    8-s-08 (Pythagorean Theorem) ( 8-a-05)

    S-4-05 A-4-15

    8-s-09 S-4-05 A-4-10

    8-s-10

    S-4-08 S-4-09 S-4-11 S-4-12

    8-s-11 S-4-10

  • 36

    8-s-12

    S-4-02 S-4-03 S-4-04 S-4-08 S-4-12 S-4-13

    8-s-13

    S-4-02 S-4-04 S-4-07 S-4-13

    8-s-14

    S-4-08 S-4-12 S-4-13

    8-s-15 S-4-13

    8-s-16 S-4-18

    8-s-17 S-4-19

    8-s-18 S-4-03 S-4-04

    8-s-19 S-4-04

    8-s-20 () S-4-17

    8-s-21 S-4-17

    8-a-01 A-4-13 8-a-02 N-4-12 8-a-03 A-4-14 8-a-04 A-4-14

    8-a-05 Pythagorean Theorem ( 8-s-08)

    S-4-05 A-4-15

    8-a-06 A-4-16 8-a-07 A-4-16 8-a-08 A-4-16

  • 37

    8-a-09

    A-4-06 A-4-16

    8-a-10 A-4-16 8-a-11 A-4-16 8-a-12 A-4-16

  • 38

    9-s-01 S-4-14 9-s-02 S-4-15 9-s-03 S-4-15 9-s-04 S-4-07 9-s-05 S-4-15 9-s-06 S-4-17 9-s-07 S-4-17

    9-s-08 S-4-16 S-4-17

    9-s-09 S-4-16 S-4-17

    9-s-10 S-4-16

    9-s-11 ()

    S-4-08 S-4-13 S-4-17

    9-s-12 S-4-19 A-4-20

    9-s-13 S-4-01

    9-s-14 S-4-01 S-4-02

    9-s-15

    S-4-01 S-4-04

    9-s-16 S-4-01 S-4-04

  • 39

    9-a-01 A-4-04 9-a-02 A-4-18 9-a-03 A-4-17

    9-a-04 A-4-17 A-4-18

    9-d-01

    D-4-01 D-4-02 D-4-03

    9-d-02 D-4-01 D-4-03

    9-d-03 D-4-02 D-4-03

    9-d-04 1025507590 D-4-03

    9-d-05 D-4-04

  • 40

    ()

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6. (

    )

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

  • 41

    ()

    1. (1)

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)

    (5) (6)

    (7)

    (8)

    (9)

  • 42

    (10)()

    (11)()

    (12)

    (13)()

    2. (1)

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)

  • 43

    (5)

    3. (1)

    () (2)

    (3) (4)

    4.

    (1)

    (2)

    (3)

  • 44

    1. 1-a-01 ()

    2. 3.

    4.() 5.

    6.

  • 45

    1. 1-n-01 100

    N-1-01

    100

    ( 1-s-02)( 1-n-03)( 1-n-02)

    87 8 7 8 7

    ( 1-n-02)

    4 16 16 1 6 4 5 6 56 56

    1-n-02 1 5 10 1 10

    N-1-01

    10 10

    55 15 10

    22 55 10

    60 5

    14 5 40 5

  • 46

    65 10 50

    65 25 50

    2 5 10 (1-n-07)

    10 1 1 10

    5

    25 1-n-04

    25

    (1)10 5

    (2)105 1

    (3)5 1

    ( 1-n-01)

  • 47

    1-n-03 N-1-01

    5 4 3

    ()8 ()6 ()

    () 1 2

    1-n-04

    N-1-02A-1-01

    ()()()()()

    ( 1-n-05)

    7 3 10 7310 7 3 4 734

  • 48

    ( 1-a-02)

    () 3 2 8 2

    2 6

    6 1

    5

    6

    18 3

    6 4

    8 5

    12 5

    36 15

    17 5

    5 6

    17 8

    16 4

    14 17

    4 3

    15 5

    ()

    0 0

  • 49

    1-n-05 N-1-02

    (1) 1 1(2) 10 10(3) 10

    10(4)(4812)(5)(1284)

    3971510748

    293214

    1821()5322()

    147()4711()111021

    1-n-06 N-1-02

    ( 1-n-05)

    159 1910 10515

  • 50

    1898 188 1091

    1-n-07 2 5 10 N-1-01N-1-04

    2 5 10

    ( 2-n-062-a-03)

    2 24680

    5 5 0

    1-n-08 N-1-11

    1 3

    1( 2) 8 2

    1-n-09 N-1-08S-1-01S-1-03

    1-n-10 N-1-08

  • 51

    (

    )

    ()

    ( 2-n-15)( 3-n-09)

    5 55

    9 5 95

    1-s-01 S-1-01

    ()()

    1-s-02 S-1-01

    ()

    1-d-011-d-02

    1-s-03 S-1-02

  • 52

    1-s-04 S-1-02

    1-a-01 A-1-02

    ()(1-n-04)()

    3 4 3+4 4+3

    1-a-02 A-1-03

    ()(1-n-04)()

    7 6 13 13 6 7 13 7 6

    ( 1-n-04) 5 12 7 125 7 125

    ( 1-n-04) 6 4

    ( 1-n-04) 17 8

  • 53

    ( 2-a-04)

    1-d-01 D-1-01

    ( 1-s-02)

    1-d-02 D-1-01

  • 54

    2. 2-n-01 1000

    N-1-01

    1-n-011-n-02 10010 1

    99100101()109110111()

    4 16 5 6 560 560

    19933013

    2-n-02 100 10 100 N-1-01

    1-n-02 (1 5 10 100 ) 1

    10 5 100 10 10

    2-n-03

    ( 2-a-01) N-1-01A-1-01

    16 1412 1113 14 27 45

  • 55

    2-n-04 N-1-02N-1-03

    1992 502

    ( 1-n-05)

    978 8 35 978 97 3 100 1005 105

    1037 100 1003 1037 100 7 3 96

    ( 2-a-02)

    2-n-05 () N-1-02 N-1-03

  • 56

    100

  • 57

    2-n-06

    N-1-04A-1-01

    ( 2-n-08)

    ( 1-n-06)( 1-n-07)2 4 24824 2 4 ()()

    ( 2-n-08) 232 23 3

    (1)()

    (2)(1 54 )()()

    (3)5 4 5

    (4)(3)

  • 58

    5 4 4 5

    (5)(5 420 )

    ( 2-a-03 3-a-01) 3 24 3 24324243 24242472() 3 24

    2-n-07 N-1-05N-1-06

    ()()

    12 1 4

    1 4 3

    12 2

    24 3

  • 59

    2-n-08 N-1-06A-1-02

    10

    ( 2 5 10 2510 4 36978 )

    23 32 74 47

    2-n-09 () N-1-07

    ()

    1 20 3 2 25 20 15

    3 67 35 25

    4 35 9 4

    5 30 25 60

    1

    23 ()

  • 60

    2-n-10 () N-1-07

    ()

    8 3 2 3 (83) 2 (242)

    7 3 19

    55 10 5 7 6 4

    9 6 4

    (3 47 ) 594545247

    10 8 100

    5 3 6 538 8648

    20 15 6

    6 2 4

    2-n-11 N-1-02

    3249( ) 3

  • 61

    70 80 90 32 3049 503050 80

    7129( ) 3 30 40 50 71 7029 307030 40

    8, 9, 0, 1, 2

    2-n-12 N-1-11

    1-n-08 5 5 1 1

    7 55 8 8 8 5 8 8

    7 9

    2-n-13

    N-1-11

    12

    7 8 ()4

  • 62

    2-n-14

    N-1-08

    ()

    8 6 86 6 8

    4 7 ()

    2-n-15

    N-1-08N-1-09

    1 100 123 1 23

    1

    0

    0 5 8 3 5 6 16 7 1 7 8 1 3 5678 4

    20 3 ( 2-n-09)

    25 20 15

  • 63

    ( 2-n-09)

    10 6 ( 2-n-06)

    175 2 ( 2-n-06)

    ()

    ( 1 )( 10 )

    () 1

    2-n-16 N-1-10

    3-n-15

    2-n-17 N-1-10

    ()

    (

  • 64

    )

    3-n-16

    2-n-18 ( 2-s-04) N-1-10S-1-03

    2-s-01 () S-1-03

    ( 1-s-02)

    2-s-02 S-1-04

    2-s-03 N-1-08S-1-02

  • 65

    15

    ()

    2-s-04 ( 2-n-18) N-1-10S-1-03

    2-s-05 N-1-08S-1-01S-1-03

    ()

    2-a-01

    ( 2-n-03) N-1-01A-1-01

    2-a-02 A-1-02

    ()()

  • 66

    3 4 7 3 7 10 4 14

    2-a-03 A-1-02

    ()( 2-n-062-n-08)()()

    7 4 7 4 74 4 7 47( 2-n-06)

    ( 2-n-08)

    2-a-04 A-1-03

    ()(2-n-04)()

    1-a-03

    65 90 906525()

    65 25 652590()

    18( )2722( )14( )1230( )2510( )

  • 67

    3.

    3-n-01 10000 N-2-01

    1-n-011-n-032-n-01 100010010 1

    10

    1000 (2-n-02)

    206720000607 30063060 3600

    257 700

    0579

    ( 1327 4)( 2498 3)( 3998 3)

    15 1 5 8 2 7 12

    3-n-02 (10000) N-2-03

    2-n-042-n-05

    3-n-03 N-2-06N-2-07

  • 68

    1299

    T 250

    180

    4500 1470 1528

    570 50 319

    500 3000 1250

    3-n-04 N-2-05

    (1)

    (2)(305)(2004)

    (3)(326)(326 306 26 )

    (4)(3)

    (1)(340)

    (2)(3040)

    (3)(5300)

    1 1 5 2 1

  • 69

    3 2

    2 3

  • 70

    3-n-05 (

    ) N-2-04

    2-n-07

    3265 232652

    82 2 82 8

    20 3 6 7 2 10 75 10 7 5

    8 2 () 2 8 4 ()

    ()() 2-n-06

    36 3 30 3 10 6 3 2 12

  • 71

    (103313)

    ( 3-n-09 3-n-11 )

    ()80 8 80810

    ()80 10 80108 10

    36 9

    130 2

    2 0 1

    3-n-06 N-2-05

    ( 2-n-08)

    (1) 2-n-08

    (2)(283396)

    (3)(353785)( 3-n-05)()

    (4)(3)

    3-n-07 () N-2-06

    2-n-10

  • 72

    ( 3-n-05)

    400 560 6 6 4005609609606160

    400 70 3 70 400703303303110

    399 300 300 3993133300133167

    1 6 300 1 615300560

    3-n-08 () N-2-06

    5 2 2

    4 6 5 4624 5 245120

    8 6 5 ()

    3-n-09

    N-2-14N-2-15

    1-n-03

    0

    0

  • 73

    1 1 1

    0.1 0.9

    7 7 7 7

    1 14 1 10 14104

    2 6 2 11 1165516

    3-n-10 N-2-03

    ()

    1896114-n-06

    302299( ) 3 400 500 600 302 300299 300300300 600

    701599( ) 3 100 200 300 701 700599 600700600

  • 74

    100

    3-n-11

    N-2-09N-2-10

    12

    1

    1214

    310

    ()() 6

    6 16

    6 16

    ()(

    )

    1214

    18

    12

  • 75

    14

    3 1 3 2 3

    8 8 1

    2 1

    13

    23

    33

    43

    63

    2 13233

    15

    35

    ()

    3-n-12 N-2-13

    ( 10 1 ) 1

    1100.1

    10 0.1 1.010101

    1 0.1 (100 ) 0.1

  • 76

    0.50.60.70.80.911.1

    23.4 5.7 12.1

    3-n-09 (

    )

    3-n-13

    N-2-24

    31 30

    1 24 1 60 1 60

    24 4 24

    124

    21 30 21 30 21129 9 21 30 9 30

    1 1 1 55 40 1

    (24 60 ) 10

    7 40 7 50 5040

    7 40 8 8 7 60 40 60

  • 77

    6040

    7 48 10 4810

    8 20 40 2040 60 8 60 9

    8 40 4

    11 20 2 30

    10 10 3 30

    1 30 8 40

    7 30 3

    14 2 10

    7 3 7 17

    3-n-14

    N-2-17N-2-26

    1 10 1 100 1 1000

    0.1 ( 110) 1

    2.1 2 1

    40 15 7

    30 7 6 6 8

    3 4

  • 78

    8 3 4

    5 6

    3-n-15 ()

    N-2-18N-2-26

    1 1000 ml cc

    100ml 10 1

    (100ml) 0.1 110

    (1000 ) 10

    1 450 2 450

    600 1

    6 4

    5 300

    8 4 1

    3-n-16

    N-2-19N-2-26

    1 1000

    (1000 ) 10

    2 150 1 450

  • 79

    1 800 120

    3 500 12 800

    600 3 10 2

    3-n-17 ( 3-s-04) N-2-20S-2-04

    3-n-18 (3-s-05) N-2-21S-2-02

    ()

    1

    6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4

  • 80

    1

    1

    6

    1

    1

    20

    1

    1

  • 81

    3-s-01 S-2-01

    ()

    3-s-02 N-2-17S-2-01

    ()

    (

    )

    4 5 6 456

    5 54

    6 4 62 42

    4 5

    5

    6

  • 82

    8 4

    1

    1

    3-s-03

    S-2-04S-2-05

    ()()

    3-s-04 ( 3-n-17) N-2-20S-2-04

    4

    6

  • 83

    3-s-05 (3-n-18) N-2-21S-2-02

    3-s-06 S-2-02

    1-s-04 ()

    12

    3-s-07 S-2-04

    ()

    4-s-01

    3-a-01 A-2-01

    ()()

  • 84

    728 287

    696 966

    728 728

    118 811

    7 28 287

    8 10 108

    3-d-01 D-2-01

    ()()

  • 85

    4. 4-n-01 (

    ) N-2-02

    1-n-011-n-032-n-013-n-01

    503000000 3203000

    11608767 11349593 1160 1134

    4-n-02 N-2-03

    3-n-02

    8 6 9 7 3 4 9 2 960 1 4820

    4-n-03 N-2-05

    3-n-023-n-043-n-06

  • 86

    4-n-04

    N-2-06N-2-07A-2-02

    2-n-103-n-033-n-073-n-08

    3 15 153245290 15(32)156120

    12 3 7 12(37)120

    12 5 10 5 12560 601070 (125)1070

    80 5 5735 80 35 803545 805745

    8 10 432 1 81018 1 4321824 43281024

    36 3 2 36312 2 12224

  • 87

    (363)224

    24 2 3 2 24248 3 48316 (242)316

    48 3 1 8 48 48316 16 1682 (483)82

    72 4 6 1 72418 6 1863 (724)63

    4-n-05 () N-2-07A-2-03

    (1)

    (2)

    (3)

    4-a-02

    4-n-06 (

    ) N-2-08

    ( 6-n-7)

    2007 5 11589667 11304616

    11589667 1159 11304616 1130 115911302289()

  • 88

    4-n-07 N-2-11

    ( 2323

    2323)

    ( 3-n-11)

    1 3 13

    1 313 1313

    2 3

    3 13 13

    2 2323

    23 2

    13 23

    ()2

    23

    4 3 () 2 4 ()

    (5 3 )(5 3 )

  • 89

    ()

    35 4 ( 4 ) 35

    4 8() 3 3 4 34

    3 34

    354834() 8 34()

    ()

    4-n-08

    N-2-10

    20 234581012151620 100

    ()()

    (1) (9 1494 )

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)

  • 90

    4-n-07 23

    3 (3 )23 32

    1 10

    4-n-07

    16301

    4530

    1630

    4530

    1725

    3425

    51252

    125

    22042

    12142

    99422

    1542

    23 32

    98 3

    278

    21332133 ()

    100 110

    4-n-09

    N-2-12N-2-16

    ( 5-n-06) 5-n-07

    2 4 4 1 2

    24

    12

    24

    12

  • 91

    14

    1242

    28

    ( 4-n-07) 3 9

    1 3 39391313 3913

    ( 5-n-04)

    2510100

    2233

    441

    24 ()

    3468

    ()3468

    58

    2510100

    4-n-10 N-2-16

    4-n-09 2510 4-n-07() 23410

    4-n-11 N-2-13

    11000.01

    (4-n-01)10 0.01 0.1 0.230.120.0130.0123

    2 (

  • 92

    )

    0.23

    0.27 0.5 0.3 0.29()

    1 0.01 100 0.1

    4-n-12

    N-2-13

    4-n-09 4-n-11 3.25 24.56 5.32

    4-n-13 N-2-24N-2-25

    2 35 60 235 155 60 2 12 135 135602 15135 2 15 2880 28806048482422880 2 1 45

    1 30

    2 15 57

    7 45 20 ( 7 50 )

    10 30

    8 22

    23 8

  • 93

    4-n-14 () N-2-17N-2-18N-2-19N-2-25

    3-n-14 1

    10 10 1

    3-n-15 3-n-16

    1001 10001

    4-n-15

    N-2-17

    1 1000 1 100000 ( 4-n-06)

    5 1 ( 200 ) 7 1 400

    1 30 15

    4 300 3 800 7 1100 8 100

    4-n-16

    ( 4-s-04) N-2-20

    ()

    0

    30 45 60 90 120 135 150180

    4-n-17 N-2-21

  • 94

    1 10000

    4-n-18 ( 4-s-09) N-2-22S-2-08

    ()2 4

    ()

    4-n-19 N-2-23

    1

    4-s-01 S-2-04

    ()

    2-s-012-s-05

  • 95

    ()()

    ()

    4-s-02 S-2-05

    ()

    4-s-03 S-2-06

    ()

    (1-s-043-s-06)

    ( 4-s-02) 4-s-04

    ( 4-n-16) N-2-20

  • 96

    4-s-05 () S-2-07

    () 90 120

    90 90 180 () 360 ()

    4-s-06 N-2-20S-2-03

    ()

    ()()()

    ( 4 ) 4 4

    4-s-07 S-2-02S-2-03S-2-04

    4-s-08 S-2-03S-2-04

  • 97

    4-s-09 ( 4-n-18) N-2-22S-2-08

    4-a-01 A-2-02

    ()(4-n-05)()()

    3 10 6 310 6 106 3 (310)63(106)

    8 6 5

    2 60242

    2511425411100111100

    4-a-02 N-2-07A-2-01

    ()()

  • 98

    4-d-01 D-2-02

    108

    12

    2

    02468

    101214

    A B O AB

    15

    7 812

    85

    810

    14 13

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    1

    2

  • 99

    157 8 12 8

    58 10

    1413

    0

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    20

    30

    15

    7

    8

    12

    8

    5

    8

    10

    14

    13

    0 5 10 15 20

    4

    4-d-02 D-2-02

    5

    130

    136138

    143

    125

    130

    135

    140

    145

    1 2 3 4

    3

    5

  • 100

    5. 5-n-01 N-3-01

    0 23400021008400002803200000

    2000

    5-n-02 N-3-02A-3-01

    () 2200 1800 500

    (22001800500)3450031500()

    () 3

    5-n-03 N-3-02A-3-01

    5-n-04 N-3-03

    1-n-07()2-n-08()3-n-05()

    5-n-05()

  • 101

    (5-n-07)

    2510 3 11

    5-n-05 N-3-03

    (6-n-02)

    5-n-06 N-3-06

    4-n-09

    63

    3231

    21 =

    = 31

    3933

    93 =

    = 31

    93

    93

    3

    1

    =//=

    5-n-07 N-3-07

    (1)(2) 100(3) 2345 ( 12 18)

    (6-n-03)

    5-n-08 N-3-09

  • 102

    3-n-11

    1 300 2 600

    1 (12)

    1315

    1213

    15( 2)

    ( 3)( 5)

    5 1 52 10

    12 5252

    (4-n-18) 4-n-18

    10 1 13

    (10110) 1013103

  • 103

    122133

    1 32

    ()23

    3232112( 1 )

    5 3253253

    2 152

    54

    32

    5432

    534 2

    5342

    158

    3254

    15 1214 1

    181815

    158

    5-n-09 N-3-10

    6-n-04 (

    )

    312 4 312

    14

    3 12 4

    72

    14

    78

    m 1m

    6-n-04

  • 104

    5-n-10

    N-3-08

    () 34

    ()

    0.0003 0.00001 10 ()

    5-n-11 N-3-09N-3-11

    5-n-08

    0.1 0.01

    ( 1101

    100

    5-n-12) 0.2( 210)

    1.2(1210)

    5-n-12 N-3-11 N-3-13

    4-n-06 4-n-08

    245810100

  • 105

    (6-n-06)

    5-n-13 N-3-11 N-3-13

    23410

  • 106

    5-n-14 () N-3-14

    1 1

    1 1 120

    100 75

    751000.75 10.750.25

    500

    53100 50053100

    265

    ( 6-n-046-n-06)

    100 1 751000.75 75

    75 25 1751007525

    500 75 500 275

    10015012

    2514753420

    1540

    2560

    3580

    45

    10 110

    75 600 60034450

    17525

    (

  • 107

    6-d-01)

    5-n-15 N-3-19

    5 30

    31 15

    2 30 1

    5-n-16

    N-3-19

    1 1000 (

    )

    5-n-17

    ( 5-s-05) N-3-19

    1 100 1 100 1 1000000

    1 11000000 0.000001

    1 10000 100 1

    5-n-18

    ( 5-s-05) N-3-22S-3-06

    3-s-06

    ()2

    () 2

  • 108

    5-n-19

    N-3-19

    1 1000000

    1 11000000 0.000001

    5-n-20

    ( 5-s-07) N-3-20N-3-25S-3-05S-3-11

    5-n-21 N-3-21

    1

  • 109

    1 1000

    1 1c.c.

  • 110

    5-s-01 180 S-3-02

    180

    180 60

    45-45-90 30-60-90

    5-s-02 S-3-02

    ()

    5-s-03 S-3-01

    180

    14 90

    18 45

    13

    120 16 60

    180 360 ( 4-s-05)

    5-s-04 S-3-03

    ()

    ()

    ()

  • 111

    5-s-05

    ( 5-n-18) N-3-22S-3-06

    5-s-06 S-3-09

    ()

    5-s-07 ( 5-n-20)

    N-3-20N-3-25S-3-05S-3-11

  • 112

    5-a-01

    N-3-02A-3-01

    ()(5-n-025-n-03)

    41241042

    12 37 12336 12784 3684120 3710 1210120 12(37) 123127

    10 12 7 7 10770 12784 154 101222 227154 (1012) 7107127

    312333

    1239

    3210

    12

    5-a-02

    A-3-01

    ()(5-n-025-n-03)()

  • 113

    15 7 5 (157105)(105521) 5 ( 1553 )7 (3721)15751557

    2-n-06 (632623)

    4-n-04 48 3 1 8 3824 483848(38)48242

    4-n-04 72 4 6 1 6424 724672(46)72243

    603212601232532160

    (6-n-056-n-08)

    5-a-03 N-3-02A-3-01

    5-a-01 5-a-02

    4-n-044-n-05

    5-a-04

    A-3-04A-3-05

    2-a-04(3-a-01)

    x y

  • 114

    x y

    8 13 8 x 13 x 1385

    7 28 7 x 28 x 2874

    8 x 13 x 516

    x 1010 20 x 15

    7 x 28 x 520

    x 963 40 x 5

  • 115

    6. 6-n-01 20

    20100 N-3-04

    5-n-04 1 1 ( 3 )

    ()

    60610(23)(25)2235 60154(35)(22)2235

    ( 6-n-02)20100

    235711131719 100

    6-n-02 N-3-05

    (5-n-05) 6-n-01 6-n-01

    (6-n-03)

    6-n-03 N-3-05

    1 14 15

  • 116

    6-n-04 N-3-10

    (5-n-09)

    ()

    4 13

    413 1

    13 1 3 13

    3 3 12 ()

    4 23

    1313

    23

    2 23132 3 2 5-n-08

    32 4234

    326

    3 25

    152 () 7 12

    325 715

    25

    12

    (

  • 117

    ) 1 12 25

    1 12 1510

    25

    410

    110

    154 3 34 34

    310

    25 (

    410 )

    34

    274 95

    274

    59

    27549

    154

    50 1

    100 212

    9 30

    1 2 1 50 2 100

    a a 12 =50 a 2=50

    a 502=100()

    3235

    910

    910

    53

    32(35

    53)

    6-n-05 N-3-02A-3-01

    6-n-06 N-3-10N-3-11

    3 0.1100.01100

  • 118

    60.12 6(0.0112)60.01126001250

    6-n-04 3.241.2324100120100324120

    ()13.3 1.8 7 0.7 71.80.712.60.713.3

    ( 13

    0.3333)(6-n-07)

    ( 0.3 0.33 13)()

    6-n-07 (

    ) N-3-12

    (4-n-06)

    (5-n-14)

    32 18 1832 0.5625

    56 56.3

    6-n-08 N-3-02A-3-01

    6-n-05

  • 119

    6-n-09 N-3-15

    1 16 2 32 3 48

    1 2 3 4 5 16 32 48

    1:162:323:48 16:132:248:3 4:645:80

    16 1 116

    1 112

    6-n-10 N-3-15

    6-n-11

    6-n-10 16 16 1 16 2 32 3 48

  • 120

    6-n-11 N-3-16

    ()(///)

    60 5 300 5 60

    80000 20 100 1

    20 100 ( )80000

    ( ) 800002010040 (/) 40

    4000 40 1 15 1

    4000 4000

    1540 ( 1 15 1 40 )

    4000 1540 1500

    1500

    80 50 /

    80 50 ( )

    ( ) 80501.6()

    90 / 1

    90 90

    100060

    90 100060

    1500

  • 121

    1500

    6-n-12 N-3-16N-3-17

    100 20 25

    5 25 10 50 15 75 20 100 () 5-n-14 5 1 0.2 4 54

    15 1.5

    (/)(/)(/) 1 / 160603600 3.6

    1 3.6

    ( 6-n-09)

    3.6 3.6

    10003600

    3.610003600 1 /

  • 122

    20 13

    6-n-13 ( 6-a-04)

    N-3-18A-3-02A-3-03A-3-04A-3-05

    ()

    () 12 24

    () 90 88

    () 5 4 40

    () 100 22

    6-n-14 (6-s-03) N-3-23S-3-07

    () 3.14

    1418

  • 123

    6-n-15 ( 6-s-05) N-3-24S-3-10

    6-s-01 S-3-01

    180 ( 5-s-01) 360

    6-s-02 S-3-04

    ( 50)()

    6-s-03 (6-n-14) N-3-23S-3-07

    (1213

    23

    14

    16)

  • 124

    6-s-04

    S-3-08

    6-s-05 ( 6-n-15) N-3-24S-3-10

    6-a-01 A-3-03

    ( 5-a-04 6-a-02)

    6-a-02

    A-3-04A-3-05

    113 x 3 x

    121

    13

    x 612 212 x 1

    12 x 12 x

    13

    12

  • 125

    x 1253

    34 x

    35

    6-a-03 A-3-06

    a a a

    a b a b

    A h A h

    6-a-04 ( 6-n-13)

    N-3-18A-3-02A-3-03A-3-04A-3-05

    6-d-01 D-3-01

    (

    88.6)

    1.14 1.09 1.10 1.09 2.00 1.07 1.34 1.53 1.58 1

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    ()

    1

  • 126

    50 1 2

    1 15 7 8 12 8

    30 14 16 24 16

    30%

    14% 16%

    24%

    16%

    0%

    10%

    20%

    30%

    40%

    2

    6-d-02 D-3-01

    2 3

    2 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 C 32 34.5 37 38 37 36.5 35

  • 127

    3

    6-d-03 D-3-01

    ( 6-d-01) 50 1 3 4

    15

    78

    12

    8

    3

  • 128

    30%

    14%

    16%

    24%

    16%

    4

  • 129

    7. 7-n-01 100 N-4-01

    100

    (Eratosthenes)100

    7-n-02

    N-4-01N-4-02N-4-09

    48

    48 = 2 2 2 2 3 = 16 3 23 48 12346812162448 48 48 12346812162448

    4872 72 1234689121824

    3672 24

    (7248)= 23 3 24

  • 130

    [7248] = 24 32 = 144

    487290 (4872) = 24 (487290) = (2490) = 6

    [4872] = 144 [487290] = [14490] =720

    100 1 (2435) = 1 24

    35 24 35

    2 3

    30 30 = 5 6 56 = 56 = 11 80

    80 = a b a b a b 1 80 5 80 = 1 80 = 5 16 180 516

    7-n-03

    N-4-02

    N-2-03N-2-06

    424

    212

    381

    386

    387

    193

    387 ==

    7-n-04 N-4-05

    5 5

    5 12.32

    110 0 5 12.3

    2

    110

  • 131

    10 10 4 4 5000 5000 1000 1000

    1325 4578 1038 4238 1325457810384238 =53 1325(4578)(1038)4238 =53 53

    5 5 5 5

    5 0 5 8 0 8 5858

    7-n-05 N-4-05

    a 0 a = a a 0 a = a a = 0 a = 0 0 0

    31

    131

    1 = ()

    31

    131

    1 =

    10 6 10(6)

    7-n-08

    15 = 15 18 = 18 15 18 1518

    7-n-06 () N-4-05N-4-06N-4-08

  • 132

    a a a

    221

    1 a

    a a = a

    a b a b a b a a a a a a ba + ab ba + a b

    a a a a a ( a ) = 0

    a b a (b ) = a b a (b ) = a b

    ba + ba ( ba + ) = ba ba + ( ba ) = ba + ba = 0 ba ba + ba +

    )( ba + )( ba + = ba ba ba +

    ba + a b 2300298 =+ 598300298 =

    ( ) = = =

    2 22 21

    3 33 3

    a a 0

    7-n-07 N-4-08A-4-02

  • 133

    abba +=+ abba = )()( cbacba ++=++ )()( cbacba = cbcacba +=+ )( cbcacba = )( bcacbac +=+ )(

    bcacbac = )(

    b11 === cabc

    ac

    bacba

    )(111 cbacb

    acb

    acba ===

    cb

    ac)(ba +=+1

    )11(11cb

    ac

    ab

    acaba +=+=+

    baba =+ )( baba += )(

    1 98076376 = 980( 76376 ) = 980300 = 680 2 25 89 4 = ( 25 4 ) 89 = 8900

    3 76

    3976

    39372

    1337

    213 =+=+=

    4 5839

    5819

    1151

    5819

    1514

    151

    5819

    1514 ==+=

    5 87

    81

    1492

    162

    4947

    491

    161

    24947 ==+=

    6 baababa =+=+ )( 7 1=

    ac

    cb

    ba

    ( a 0 b 0 c 0)

    8 bac

    bc

    acb

    a == (b 0 c 0)

    1 1 1 1 1 1

  • 134

    7-n-08 N-4-07

    0 ()10030101003010

    A 2A(2)

    2 22 |2| = 2

    23 5 |32| | 2(3)|

    310 3 10 310 3 10

    a b 5 10 a b

    7-n-09 N-4-07A-4-08

    x 1 1

    3x 3

    31

  • 135

    a 0 a 0 ( a 0 a 0 )

    ( c 0 c 0 )

    ( a b )

    7-n-10 N-4-09

    na n a 2222225 =

    4

    44

    3

    2

    3

    2

    3

    2

    3

    2

    3

    2

    3

    2 ==

    5

    5

    2

    1

    2

    1

    2

    1

    2

    1

    2

    1

    2

    1

    2

    1 ==

    (1) 6 = (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) =1

    a 0 0a = 1 3248 4 = [36 48] = 24 32

    ( )22

    4

    42

    22

    42

    2

    4

    24

    3

    13

    2

    2

    1

    3

    2

    2

    1

    3

    4

    2

    1

    3

    4

    2

    1 ====

    3

    9

    8

    2

    9

    8

    0 a 1 n na

    3

    9

    10

    2

    9

    10

    a 1 n na

    a 0 -a

    -c 0 c

    a b

    1

    1

  • 136

    7-n-11 N-4-09

    mnmn aaa += nmmn aa =)( nnn baba = )( m n 0 a b

    mnmn aaa = a 0 n m 0a = 1 a 0

    7-n-12 N-4-10

    na 10 1 a

  • 137

    5 94

    95

    45

    94

    95 =

    425

    455 =

    A B

    A = B 23

    A B 23

    a b c a : b = 3 : 2 c : b = 8 : 7

    a c a b 23 a b c b

    78 a c

    ( 7-n-15 )

    () 3% 500 15%3500 = 3% 500 7% 1500

    %606.0)1500500(%)71500%3500( ==++ 180 cm 1 m 150 cm

    80 56 110

    90 km 45

  • 138

    50000:1

    10% 1000 100 100 100 100

    6 740 6 820 : = 740 : 820 = 37 : 41 75 90 1000 ( 1000 ) : = 90 : 75 () = 6 : 5

    7-n-14 N-4-04

    dcba :: =

    dc

    ba = bcad =

    dcba :: = dbca :: = dcba :: = cka = dkb = xx :)1(4:3 = 3 x = 4 x 4 x = 4 7:3: =ba 24= ab ka 3= kb 7= 100=AB D AB 5:2: =DBAD

    kDBkAD 5,2 ==

    7200

    522

    522 =+=+= ABABkk

    kAD

    7500

    525

    525 =+=+= ABABkkkDB

    7-n-15

    N-4-03N-4-04

    2:1: =ba 4:3: =cb 8:6:3:: =cba

  • 139

    8:6:3:: =cba 863cba ==

    8:6:3:: =cba kk,ck,ba 863 === 3400 3 : 6 : 8

    cba 543 == 51:

    41:

    31:: =cba

    ABC AB BC CA 101215

    151:

    121:

    101

    = 6 : 5 : 4

    A B 25 : 12 C B 3 : 4 A C C B 3 : 4 B C 4 : 3 = 12 : 9 A B C 25 : 12 : 9 AC 25 : 9 5 : 3 A B 25 : 12 C B 3 : 4

    A = B x1225

    C = B x43

    925

    34

    1225

    43

    1225

    43

    1225

    43

    1225

    ====

    =B

    B

    CA

    A C 25 : 9 5 : 3

    8 9 10

    5 6 4

    100 500 1000 16500 100 500 1000 5 : 4 : 3

  • 140

    20 10 300 15 20

    7-a-01 A-4-01A-4-02

    a b c x y z x 2 x x (1) x

    y 2 x x 2 2 x 2 x y 1 x 1 x 1 x x (1) x (2) x x 2 x y

    74

    74 xx = x

    74 x

    74

    74x 4 x 7

    74

    74

    74 xxx ==

    5 x 18 x 2 2 x y 5 x 2 y 1

    a b =b aa (b c) = a b a cx y x = x ( y 1)

    7-a-02 A-4-03A-4-04

    x y

    5 x 5 x 5 x 2 y ( 5 x 2 y )

    x2 y 2 14

    7-a-03

    A-4-03A-4-06A-4-07

    32

  • 141

    2 8 x 2322 x = 8

    50 1 7 x 7 x 1 = 50

    () 12 24 = 12 =(1224) x 1224 x = 2 (12 x )

    7-a-04 A-4-05 A-4-07

    ( 0)

    a =b a c = b c a c =b c a c = b c a c = b c ( c 0)

    7-a-05 A-4-07

    a=b b = a 23 = 5 5 = 23 2 = 3 x 3 x = 22 = 8 x 8 x =2

    3 x= 6 x= 6 (3) x = 2

    x 8 = 7 x 6 (1) 2 = 8 x (2) 8 x= 2 (3) x= 1/4 (2)(3)()(2)

  • 142

    7-a-06

    A-4-03 A-4-09

    x y x y

    60 5 2 5 x2 y 5 x2 y = 60

    3 2 3 9 3

    x 9 x3 2 x3 3 9 x3 = 3 ( 2 x3 ) x= 4 33 11 y 3 y ( y 3) 2 9 3 3 y = 9 ( y 3) 23 y = 11 33 11

    75 5 3

    6 5 400 8 : 9

    7-a-07

    A-4-03 A-4-12

    x y x y

    () 100 22

    x y

  • 143

    10046 =+ yx 22=+ yx

    7-a-08 A-4-12

    7-a-09 A-4-01 A-4-04

    () 0 3 6 9 12 15 18

    ( ) 25 45 65 85 100 100 100

    100

    f( x )g( x )

    7-a-10 A-4-01 A-4-04

    y x y = a x+b a 0 y x y = c

    3259 += xy Cox Foy

    7-a-11 A-4-10

    ()

  • 144

    ()

    () 100

    7-a-12 A-4-11

    32

    59 += xy

    7-a-13 A-4-11

    cbyax =+ a b 0

    dy =

    7-a-14 A-4-11 A-4-12

    7-a-15 A-4-08

    a 5 (1) 5 (2) a 5

    a b a b 0 a b a b 0

    7-a-16 A-4-03 A-4-08

  • 145

    cbax + bax + c fedx + edx + f dbaxc +

    20 1 50 x 20 x 1 50

    100 30 20 x x 20 x +30 100

    7-a-17 A-4-08

    ( a b b c a c a b b c a c )

    x 582 x 865 x 72 x 62

    ( 0)

    3 5 10

    x 3x

    5x

    10

    3x

    +5x 10

    475

    8150 =x ()

    a d x

    (1) a 0 cbax + a

    bcx

    bax + c x a

    bc

    (2) a 0 cbax + a

    bcx

    bax + c x a

    bc

  • 146

    dbaxc +

    7-a-18 a x b y=cxd A-4-11

    baxy += x bax +

  • 147

    8.

    8-n-01 N-4-11N-4-12

    a >0 a a () a

    a a

    2)2( 2 = 3)3( 2 =

    3 3 3 3 3 3

    32 =x 2 3 2 3

    2 3 2

    2 3

    2 3

    13169 = 4248 2)2(2256 ===

    353575 2 ==

    23)

    23(

    49 2 ==

    36

    3332

    32 =

    =

    0,0 >> ba baba =2 baab =

    ba

    ba =

    3232 2 = 3223 >

  • 148

    8-n-02 N-4-11

    132

    1.4< 2

  • 149

    8-n-04 N-4-13

    179182185 2471116

    na 1357

    12 = nan 1248 12 = nna na na na = 43 n 5a = 435=11

    na nba n

    8-n-05

    N-4-13N-4-14

    12345 n

    36912153 n

    581114173 n +2

    1

    3

    3 2 3 2

    n dnaan )1(1 += 807774 14 7 5 7 8 a 7 8 1 a

    5 8 5 d 5313

    8-n-06 N-4-13N-4-14

    naaaa ++++ L321 n dnnnan

    aaS n

    nn +=+= 2

    )1(S 2

    )(1

    1 d

  • 150

    ++++ L)27()29(31 6 285

    12 n = 528 n

    8-s-01

    S-4-01

    8-s-02 S-4-01S-4-04

    8-s-03 S-4-06

    180 360

    180

    360 n 180)2(n 3n

    n 360

  • 151

    n

    8-s-04 S-4-01S-4-04

    L P PQ

    L L Q Q PQ L

    PQ P L P

    Q PQ P L

    8-s-05 S-4-01S-4-07

    //

    L M , N P Q

    L M N

    L M N

    L M N

    L M N (1)

    (2)

    (3)

    M N

    L // M L M

  • 152

    8-s-06 S-4-08

    ()

    ()

    8-s-07 S-4-09

    ABC DEF ABC DEF ABC DEF

    ABC DEF CBA ,, FED ,,

    SASSSSASAAASRHS y

    y

    y

  • 153

    y y y y

    8-s-08 (Pythagorean Theorem)( 8-a-05) S-4-05A-4-15

    ( 222 bac += )

    SSS RHS SSS

  • 154

    8-s-09 S-4-05A-4-10

    A ( a , b ) B ( c , d ) 22 )()( dbcaAB +=

    8-s-10

    S-4-08S-4-09S-4-11S-4-12

    ;

    8-s-11 S-4-10

    ()

  • 155

    8-s-12

    S-4-02S-4-03S-4-04S-4-08S-4-12S-4-13

    SSS

    30 60 90 45 45 90

    8-s-13

    S-4-02S-4-04S-4-07S-4-13

    ()

  • 156

    8-s-14

    S-4-08S-4-12S-4-13

    8-s-15 S-4-13

    8-s-16

    S-4-18

  • 157

    8-s-17 S-4-19

    ABCD CDAB = BCAD =

    BD BCAD //

    CBDADB = () BDBD = ()

    CDAB // BDCABD = () BCDABD (ASA ) BCAD = CDAB =

    8-s-18 S-4-03S-4-04

    8-s-19 S-4-04

    = () 2 = =

    21

    ()

    a 243 a

    8-s-20 () S-4-17

    A

    B C

    D

  • 158

    8-s-21 S-4-17

    = 2

    360q q

    = 360q

    = 21

    q

    8-a-01 A-4-13

    bcaccba +=+ )(

    222 2)( bababa ++=+ 222 2)( bababa += 22))(( bababa =+ bdbcadacdcba +++=++ ))((

    (1) 99913100)3100()3100(97103 22 ==+= (2) 9801111002100)1100(99 2222 =+== (3) 98011)199()199(119999 2222 =++=+=

    8-a-02 N-4-12

    8-n-03

    8-a-03 A-4-14

    2312 xx

  • 159

    123 2 + xx 23x 23x x2 1 3 2 1

    8-a-04 A-4-14

    8-a-01

    8-a-05 (Pythagorean Theorem)( 8-s-08) S-4-05A-4-15

    8-a-06 A-4-16

    )22)(2(422 2 += xxxx (1) )1)(42( += xx (2) )1)(2(2 += xx (3) (1)(2)(3)

    8-a-07 A-4-16

    )3))(1()2(()3)(1()3)(2( ++=+++ xxxxxxx = )3)(32( + xx )1)(()1()1( 222 ++=+++ xbaxbxa

    )3)(6()3(6)3(18632 +=+=+ xxxxxxxx

  • 160

    )()( bdbcadacbdbcadac +++=+++

    )()( dcbdca +++= ))(( badc ++=

    8-a-08 A-4-16

    )2)(1(232 =+ xxxx

    )5)(5(252 += xxx 22 )1(12 +=++ xxx 22 )2(44 =+ xxx

    120232 + xx 23 120 8152454031201120 ==== )8)(15(120232 =+ xxxx

    8-a-09 A-4-06A-4-16

    12 4 x x 4 xxxx 4)4( 2 +=+ ( )

    1242 =+ xx 02 =++ cbxax 0a

    8-a-10 A-4-16

  • 161

    )3(3)3)(1( +=+ xxx 03 =+x 3=x 0 3=x x 3 03 +x 3+x 31 =x 4=x 3=x 4

    0=ba 0=a 0=b

    0)7(5)7( 2 =+++ xx 0)5)(5)7(( =+++ xx 012 =+x 05 =+x 12=x 5=x 01)7(2)7( 2 =++++ xx 0)1)7(( 2 =++x 0)8( 2 =+x 8=x 0)3()7( 22 =++ xx

    0))3()7))((3()7(( =+++++ xxxx 0)102(4 =+x 5=x

    201

    21

    11 =++ xx

    201

    )2)(1()1(2 =++

    ++xxxx

    201

    )2)(1(1 =++ xx

    20)2)(1( =++ xx 3=x 6 x 1 x 2 0

    8-a-11 A-4-16

  • 162

    02 =++ cbxax

    aacbbx

    242 = 0a acb 42

    2x 1 1 y 182 =+ xx y 232 =+ xx

    8-a-12 A-4-16

    180 20 / 45

    x / )20( x /

    6045180

    20180 = xx )20( xx

    )20(43)20(180180 = xxxx

    014400603 2 = xx 0)60)(80(3 =+ xx 80=x 60=x 80=x 60=x

    80=x 60=x

    6045180

    20180 = xx

    80=x

  • 163

    80 / 60 /

  • 164

    9. 9-s-01 S-4-14

    O A OA A OAAO 2= AO A 2

    O 2 O 2

    O AB 2

    O ABC 21

    6-s-02

    r

    r l lr

    r

  • 165

    9-s-02 S-4-15

    ABC DEF ABC DEF

    ABC DEF A B C D E F

    n

    9-s-03 S-4-15

    AASASSSS

    ABC 090=A AD BC ABC DBA DAC

    BDBCAB =2 DCBCAC =2 CDBDAD =2

    ADE BCE

    9-s-04 S-4-07

    A B

    C

    D

    E

  • 166

    ABC D AB E AC DE BC

    ECAEDBAD :: = ACAEABAD :: = ECACDBAB :: = BCDEABAD :: =

    ()

    ABC D AB E AC

    ECAEDBAD :: = ACAEABAD :: = ECACDBAB :: =

    DE BC BCDEABAD :: =

    A

    D

    B

    C

  • 167

    41

    21

    L 3 L 4 L 5 L 1 L 3 L 4 L 5 ACE L 2 L 3L 4L 5 BDF

    DFBDCEAC :: =

    9-s-05 S-4-15

    ABC D AB E AC DE BC

    ECAEDBAD :: = ACAEABAD :: = ECACDBAB :: = BCDEABAD :: =

    ABC AD A BC D DCBDACAB :: =

  • 168

    () : C AD AB E AD

    CE CADACE = BADAEC = )1(L

    DC:BDAE:BA = Q AD A CADBAD = )2(L (1)(2)

    AECACE = ACAE = DCBDACAB :: =

    () : DG AB DF AC

    Q D A DFDG = Q ADB : ADC = ACAB : ( DFDG = ) AH BC

    ADB : ADC = DCBD : ( AH )

    ACAB : = DCBD :

    9-s-06 S-4-17

  • 169

    9-s-07 S-4-17

    ()

    ()

    9-s-08 S-4-16S-4-17

  • 170

    9-s-09 S-4-16S-4-17

    ABC s r ABC 2sr

    r () 2

    9-s-10 S-4-16

    9-s-11 () S-4-08S-4-13S-4-17

    ()

    9-s-12 S-4-19A-4-20

    8-s-17

  • 171

    1 O ABCD

    O ABCD

    AB AB BC BC

    CD CD DA DA AB + BC + CD + DA

    AB + BC + CD + DA O ABCD

    ()

    ()

    2 AB CD O AC = BD

    AD

    AB CD BADADC = AC = BD

    () () ()

    3 cba 222 cba =+ bc 2a

    222 cba =+ 222 bca = b)b)(c(c +=

    ()

    ()

  • 172

    bcb)(ca +=2 bc 2a

    9-s-13 S-4-01

    L A P A P L

  • 173

    9-s-14 S-4-01S-4-02

    9-s-15

    S-4-01S-4-04

    9-s-16 S-4-01S-4-04

    9-a-01 A-4-04

    cbxaxy ++= 2 ( 0a ) y x 2xy =

    y x

    9-a-02 A-4-18

  • 174

    y x

    2axy = ( 0a )

    kaxy += 2 ( 00 ,ka )

    2axy = 2h)a(xy =

    ( 00 ,ha ) 2axy =

    kh)a(xy += 2 hx = 0>a ( kh, ) 0

  • 175

    9-d-01

    D-4-01D-4-02D-4-03

    (9-d-029- d-03)

    1

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 64 35 78 36 43 44 82 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 83 48 52 55 58 64 65 68 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 69 70 74 35 79 80 78 45 25 26 27 28 29 30 47 33 84 75 85 89

    2 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 1 4 8 11 6

    30 0~20 0 20

    20~40 20 40

  • 176

    40~60 40 60

    60~80 60 80

    80~100 80 100

    3 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 0.03 0.13 0.27 0.37 0.20

    4

    0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 1 5 13 24 30

    5

    0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 0.03 0.16 0.43 0.80 1.00

    13 43%

    1 ( 2)

  • 177

    02468

    1012

    0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

    1

    0%10%20%30%40%

    0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

    2

    ()( 3 4)( 5 6)

    02468

    1012

    0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

    3

  • 178

    0%

    10%

    20%

    30%

    40%

    0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

    4

    5

    6

    ()()

  • 179

    9-d-02 D-4-01D-4-03

    { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } { 1, 2, 3, 4, 500 } 102

    0

    9-d-03 D-4-02D-4-03

    89 5 84

    1 2 3 (Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 )Q 1Q 2Q 3 2 3 1 Q 3 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 4564.578 33

    7 Q 1 Q 3 8

  • 180

    1 25 (9-d-04) 3 75

    ( 1)

    9-d-04 1025507590 D-4-03

    8

    7

  • 181

    25 Q 1 50 75 Q 3

    10 90 10 158 90 176 10 158 10 176

    9-d-05 D-4-04

    ()

    0 1

    ()

    10

    100

    80

  • 182

    ()

    21

  • 183

    1.

    ()() (1)()

    A.

    0

    ()

    a.

    b.()

    c.

    d.

    e. f.

    a.

    b.

  • 184

    c.

    d. e.

    B.

    ()

    a.

    b.

    c.

    d.

    ()

  • 185

    a.

    b. c.(ccml)

    d.

    C.

    /

    a.

    b./

    c.

    d.//( 1)

  • 186

    D.

    ()

    7527 205070 25 40 80

    (2)()

    () A.

    ()

  • 187

    B.

    C.()

    ()()

    a. 2

    b.

    c.

    d.

    D.

    ()()

  • 188

    2.

    (1)()

    A.

    B.

    ()()

    (2)()

  • 189

    A.

    B.()

    C.()

    AA

  • 190

    3. (1)()

    82

    A. , < , > +, -, , , , , x, y

    B.

    , < , >

    C.

    D.

    ()

    E. (2)()

    ()()() A.

    (

  • 191

    )

    ()()

    B.

    ()

    ()

    C.

    ()

    D.

    x y

    y=f(x) y=f(x)

    ()

  • 192

    4.

    (1)

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)()()

    5. (1)

    3443 +=+ 7

  • 193

    ()

    A. B.

    A

    B abba +=+ 0180

    (2)

    ()

  • 194

    ()

    ()

  • 195

    92

    6 13 09204608060

    (m) (cm) (km) (mm)

    1 1000 1 100 1 10

    (kg) (g) (t)

    1 1000 1 1000

    (l L) (mlcc) 1 1000

    360

    (m2) (cm2) (km2)

    1 100 1 100 1 106 1 104

    (m3)

    (cm3) 1 106 1 1000

    (d) (h) (min) (s)

    1 24 1 60 1 60

  • 196

    1.

    1234567890

    ()

  • 197

    ()()

    ()

    ()

  • 198

    %

    ()

  • 199

    ()

    ()

    x y

    ( )

    ( )

  • 200

    ()

    n

    ( )

    ()

  • 201

    2. () 43=7 4 4 4 4

    4 4 4 4 4

    4 4 43=74 3 7 43=14 3 1 43=124 3 12 144=3214 4 3 2

    0 1243 123

    0 02468

  • 202

    13579 a0|a|=a a a|7|=7 a0

    |a| =a |7|=(7)=7

    q p pq p0p

    q 0q p q p q p

    312

    ()

    a ba b b a

    a a

    a a

    1 1 1 1

    55=2525 5 a 2=bb0 a b () 22=4(2)2=4

    22 4 2 2 b

    () 5 0() 5 1 0()325587

  • 203

    3260003.1416 3.14 ( 7 )

    5643 2600

    3:4 3 4 0.75

    100 % 0.23=23% x y y = kxk ()

    xy 0 x y xy=kk 0 x

    y ()

    90 90 90 180 360 180 90

  • 204

    ()

    () 180

    180

    90 ()

    L MN L M N

    L

    M 1 2

    N

    7 8

    1 52 63 74 8

    3 4 5 6

  • 205

    3 54 6 3 64 5

    3.14 ()

  • 206

    ( 0)

    (1)(2)(3)(4) -3x6 x6(-3)

    x-2

    AB A B B A

    ,.....,,, 15

    6143 2 ++ xxxx

    432 + xx ,1 , 3 ,() 4

    0 bax + a, b ba cbyax ++ a, b, c a, b 0

    cbxax ++2 a, b, c 0a

    02 =++ cbxax acbD 42 =

  • 207

    ()

    ()

    50

    255075 1 2 3 2

    3 1

    bar chart

    pie chart

    histogram

    1 2 3 box chart 50%

  • 208

    ()

    ()()()

    ()D-4-01D-4-02D-4-03D-4-04D-4-01D-4-02D-4-03D-4-04