Secondary 4 History of Quebec and Canada

June Exam

Study Guide LaurenHill Academy

Name: __________________

This study guide includes:

1. A list of summary questions to guide student’s understanding - based

on the precisions of learning in the History of Quebec and Canada

program.

2. A summary of the social aspects characterizing each time period:

1945-1980 and 1980-Present.

Chapter 3: The modernization of Québec and the Quiet Revolution

International Relations

1. What were the two opposing ideologies during the Cold War?

2. How did the Cold War impact government intervention in the North of Canada?

3. How did government intervention in the Arctic impact Inuit communities?

Duplessis Era

1. What dates are associated with the Duplessis era?

2. Does Duplessis support economic liberalism or Keynesianism? Explain.

3. Was Duplessis socially conservative or progressive? Explain.

4. What is provincial autonomy? How did Duplessis advocate for it?

5. Describe the role of the Church during the Duplessis era.

6. Which groups opposed Duplessis? What ideology did they defend? How did they

share their ideas?

Quiet Revolution

1. When does the Quiet revolution begin?

2. What new economic and social measures were implemented under Lesage?

3. How did government intervention change during this time period?

4. Provide examples of how the government became more secularized during this

time?

5. Which law was put in place to defend the rights and freedoms of citizens?

6. Which measures were put in place to protect the French language?

7. Why did the French language need ‘protecting’?

8. Which new government departments were created?

9. What is the name given to state-owned corporations?

10. Name two cities where Quebec had foreign delegations. Why was this important?

Canadian Federation

1. Identify some federal social programs that were implemented throughout the

1950s and 1960s.

2. What was the purpose of the Laurendeau-Dunton Commission?

3. What federal law was passed in order to address the inequalities between

French and English speakers in Canada? Which Prime-Minister passed this law?

4. Why did Trudeau want to enter into constitutional negotiations with the

provinces?

Neo-nationalism

1. How were neo-nationalists in Quebec inspired by the decolonization movements

around the world?

2. How did neo-nationalism different from French-Canadian nationalism?

3. What did the indépendantiste/séparatiste movement advocate?

4. Which political parties defended the interests of neo-nationalists in Quebec?

Natural Growth

1. Compare the birth rate in Quebec, before and after 1960.

2. What is the name given to the period of natural growth between 1945 and 1960?

3. How does the birth rate of indigenous populations compare to that of non-

indigenous populations in the late 20th century?

New Arrivals

1. Compare the origin of immigrants before and after 1970? How did it change?

2. With the creation of the Ministère de l’immigration du Québec, how did Quebec’s

selection process for immigrants change?

3. How is a refugee different from an immigrant?

4. Which group of refugees were welcomed into Canada during the 1970s?

Consumer Society

1. During which time period did Quebec experience a rise in the influence of

American culture?

2. How did advertising impact consumerism?

3. Why did consumerism increase during the 1950s and 1960s?

Regional Development

1. What measures were put in place by Duplessis in order to modernize

agriculture?

2. Which natural resources were exploited in the Nouveau Québec and Côte-Nord

regions?

3. Where, on a map, are the Nouveau Québec and Côte-Nord regions located?

Urban Expansion

1. What name is given to the new areas that developed on the outskirts of the

cities?

2. What factors encouraged urban sprawl?

3. How was the construction of new infrastructures funded during the 1960s?

Feminism

1. What political gains were made by women during the 1960s? When?

2. What law was passed that gave women more economic independence? When?

3. Which law was passed that gave women more sexual and reproductive rights?

When?

4. How did women achieve these gains?

5. How did the type of work done by women change during this time period (1945-

1980)?

Residential Schools in Québec

1. Where were residential schools located?

2. What did students learn in residential schools?

3. How did residential schools impact indigenous languages?

4. Which group was responsible for running the residential schools?

5. Who provided the funding for residential schools?

Socio-cultural vitality

1. What did the government do in order to encourage the development of

Quebecois culture?

2. Which cultural venues were created to promote the arts?

3. Name some famous Québécois artists from the 1960s and 1970s.

Self-determination of Indigenous nations

1. What change did the government try to make to the Indian Act? Why did it fail?

2. What were the political demands of indigenous nations?

3. Explain the system of governance of indigenous communities.

4. What important gains were made by the Cree and Inuit due to the James Bay and

Northern Quebec Agreement?

Employer-Union Relations

1. Describe the change that occurred in the unionization of state employees after

1960. Why did this change occur?

2. How did Duplessis react to unions going on strike?

3. Identify one important conflict that occurred between unions and employers.

4. What is the common front? Who participated? What was the government’s

reaction to the declaration of an unlimited strike?

5. What actions were taken by unions in order to have their demands met?

Cultural (1945-60)

Key words

Describe clericalism:

Ideology

Clericalism

Social-

conservatism

Secularism

Americanism

Describe the influence of American culture in Quebec:

An invention allowed for the spread of American culture:

Groups in society that opposed Duplessis:

Ideology associated with Duplessis’ opponents:

Describe secularism:

Explain Duplessis’ social conservatism

Economic (1945-1960)

Key words

Describe economic liberalism:

Economic

Liberalism

Keynesianism

Modernization

of agriculture

Industries

Natural

resources

Origin of

capital

Markets

Consumerism

Describe Keynesianism:

Attempts at modernization made by Duplessis:

Main natural resources being exploited in the Cote-Nord and Nouveau Quebec regions

Origin of capital investment:

1945-1960 : The Duplessis Era

Political (1945-1960)

Key words

Dates of the Cold War: Cold War

Provincial

autonomy

Equalization

system

Provincial

Income Tax

Federal-

provincial

relations

Two main countries in opposition during the Cold War:

Canada’s participation on the Cold War:

Political party in power:

Describe Duplessis’ reaction of the Equalization system put in place by the federal government:

Measure put in place by Duplessis to increase provincial autonomy:

Social (1945-60) Key words

Origins of Immigrants:

Natural

growth

Baby-Boom

Padlock Law

Consumerism

Main factor of population growth:

Name of period of population growth:

Duplessis’ reaction to asbestos strike

Law passed by Duplessis to control unions:

Factors leading to the emergence of a consumer society:

Territorial (1945-1960)

Key words

New regions developed during this time:

Territory

Rural/Regional

development

Causes of regional development:

Social (1960-80) Key words

Impact of the immigration act in 1967:

Natural

growth

Birth rate

Refugees

Consumer

society

Cultural

diversity

Level of

education

Unionization

Exodus of

Anglophones

Impact of the Immigration act in 1976:

Change in birth rate after 1960:

Factors that explain the change in birth rate:

Explain the creation of the Common Front

Explain the Rand Formula

Changes in level of education of the population

Explain the importance Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Role of advertising in a consumer society:

Reason for the exodus of Anglophones at the end of the 1970s

1960-1980 :

Economic (1960-80)

Key words

Change in government spending:

Crown-

Corporations

Socialism

Nationalization

of industries

Economic

recession

Natural

resources

Origin of

capital

Markets

Consumerism

Public

investment

Define crown-corporation:

Impacts of nationalization on:

State revenue

Employment

Unionization

Industries that were nationalized:

Main sectors of economic growth:

Origin of capital investment:

Causes of economic recession in the 1970s

Relocation of businesses:

Goal of James-Bay hydro-electric project

Impact of Bill 101 on businesses in Quebec

Political (1960-80)

Key words

Political party that took power in 1960:

Provincial

autonomy

Sovereignty

Decolonization

Welfare state

Land-claims

Ancestral

rights

Self-

governance

Self-

determination

Secularization

Constitutional

negotiations

New system of government intervention:

Changes made to education and healthcare systems

New political party created in 1968:

Political leader associated with neo-nationalism:

Terrorist organization responsible for the October Crisis

Government’s reaction during the October crisis

Conclusions of the Laurendeau-Dunton Commission :

Federal law passed to fix inequalities between French and English in Canada

Provincial laws passed to protect the French Language in Quebec:

Change made to the legislative assembly in Quebec in 1968

Political gains made by women:

Land-claims agreement between the Cree and the government of Quebec:

Describe indigenous forms of governance:

Cultural (1960-80)

Key words

Describe neo-nationalism:

Ideology

Neo-

nationalism

Secularism

Feminism

Counter-

culture

Forms of

cultural

expression

World fair held in Montreal:

Describe the counter-cultural movement of the 1960s

Examples of Quebecois cultural expression:

Measures taken by the government to promote Quebecois culture and identity:

Feminist demands:

Territorial (1960-80)

Key words

Names of new suburbs around Montreal:

Suburbs

Infrastructure

Urban Sprawl

Agricultural

protection

New infrastructures developed:

Consequences of urban sprawl:

Law passed to protect agricultural lands in 1978:

1945

Task: For each of the historical events below, indicate the year during which it occurred. Then, place the events in

their chronological order on the timeline. You may add any other important information on the timeline.

1980

Important events

___________: Newfoundland joins Canadian federation

___________: Asbestos Strike

___________: Election of Jean Lesage

___________: Expo 67

___________: Creation of CEGEPS

___________: Trudeau’s White Paper

___________: October Crisis

___________: Oil Crisis

___________: James-Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement

___________: Election of René Lévesque for the first time

___________: Adoption of Bill 101

Important Time Periods

_______________: Baby Boom

_______________: Cold War

_______________: Duplessis Era (aka the Great Darkness)

_______________: Quiet Revolution

Chapter 4: Societal Choices in Contemporary Quebec: 1980 to Our Times

Redefinition of the state’s role

1. What is neoliberalism?

2. What are some examples of neo-liberal policies?

3. What position does the state take in regards to religion in the public sphere?

Indigenous rights

1. What changes were brought about by the Constitution Act of 1982?

2. What was the Oka Crisis? Why is it important?

3. What important agreements respected the ancestral land rights of the

indigenous people?

4. What were the objectives of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of

Canada?

Globalization of the economy

1. What was the objective of Québec Inc.?

2. Why does Canada sign free trade agreements with other countries?

3. What is NAFTA?

4. What are the main export sectors in Canada after the 1980s?

Québec’s political status

1. What did Levesque mean by sovereignty association?

2. What did Trudeau promise Quebec?

3. Which 1982 act patriated the constitution? What did this mean for Canada?

4. What was the objective of the Meech Lake Accord? Why did it fail?

5. What did the Bélanger-Campeau Commission and the Allaire Report

recommend?

6. What was the objective of the Charlottetown Accord? Why did it fail?

7. Why did Quebec have a second referendum on Sovereignty?

8. What did Jean Chrétien do after the second referendum?

Sociodemographic change

1. Why is there an increase in the number of people retiring today?

2. What was the objective of the family policy?

3. How has immigration changed after the 1980s?

4. Describe the living conditions of indigenous peoples throughout Québec.

Gender quality

1. How do Quebec and Canada try to achieve pay equity?

2. How do Quebec and Canada try to achieve parity?

3. How does work-family balance affect gender equality?

Culture Industry

1. How is culture funded in Quebec?

2. Dissemination of culture

3. Cultural policy

Language issue

1. Language of signage

2. Language of instruction

3. Indigenous languages

Environmental concerns

1. Monitoring environmental standards

2. Resource exploitation

Devitalization of communities

1. Why are single industry towns at risk?

2. Why do local services shut down in devitalized communities?

3. How does devitalization cause migratory movements?

What challenges do the new generation of farmers face?

International relations

1. How does Canada participate in global discussions?

2. What economic missions has Canada been involved in?

3. What kind of missions does the Canadian army undertake?

Information era

1. How has the internet changed the way information travels?

2. What consequences had the 24hour news cycle had on our society?

Social (1980-Our Times)

Key words

Two reasons for aging population in Quebec:

Population

Diverse

immigration

Birth rate

Pay equity

Gender

parity

Two government measures to raise the birth rate :

Laws and measures to promote gender equality were adopted in respect to:

- Family patrimony (1989)

- Pay equity (1996)

- Gender parity on boards of directors

(2006)

- work–family balance

Indigenous population: Increased.

Cultural (1980-Our Times)

Key words

Bill 86: Language of

signage

Language of

instruction

Disseminate

Bill 178:

Name of Inuit language:

Politique Culturelle (1992):

Information society (1990s – today):

Changed our way of communicating

and transformed the way culture is

disseminated.

Territorial (1980-Our Times)

Key words

Oka Crisis

Land

dispute

Natural

resources

Exploitation

Sustainable

2002 Paix des Braves

Environmental agreements signed by

Canada:

2000:

2002:

2015:

Exploitation of these natural resources have

severe environmental risks.

Definition of sustainable development:

Political (1980-Our Times) Key words

Result of the 1980 referendum on sovereignty

association: Referendum

Sovereignty-

association

Sovereignty

Indigenous

Ancestral

rights

Distinct

nation

Patriation

Constitution

1982 patriation of the Constitution

Indigenous right recognized by the Constitution Act of 1982 and the resolution adopted in the National Assembly in Quebec in 1985:

Two accords which sought to define Quebec’s

status within Canada after the 1980 referendum:

Result of the 1995 referendum on sovereignty:

Objective of the Truth and Reconciliation

Commission of Canada (2008)

Economic (1980 – Our Times) Key words

Consequences of the 1980s

recession:

Recession

Social

programs

Public

Private

Free trade

Neoliberalism

Welfare state

Globalization

Urbanization

Devitalization

The growing public debt led to

debates on the funding of: - Social programs

Consequences of neoliberal

challenging the welfare state:

- Budget cuts

- Privatization of Crown Corporations

Free trade agreement signed by

Canada, USA and Mexico:

Consequences of globalization on

Quebec’s economy:

- Increased exports

- Relocation of factories

- Acquisition of Quebec businesses by

foreign corporations.

Consequences of urbanization on

rural communities:

Quebec Inc.

1980

Task: For each of the historical events below, indicate the year during which it occurred. Then, place the events in

their chronological order on the timeline. You may add any other important information on the timeline.

2018

Important events

___________:Referendum on sovereignty -association

___________:Patriation of the Constitution

___________:Recognition of the Indigenous nations and

their rights by the Québec government.

___________:Decriminalization of abortion

___________:Oka Crisis

___________:Failure of Meech Lake Accord

___________:Referendum of the Charlettown Accord

___________:Referendum of Sovereignty

___________:Creation of linguistic school boards

___________:Creation of the territory of Nunavut

2002: First civil union of homosexual spouses in

Québec

___________:Signature of the Paix des Braves

___________: Recognition of Quebec nation in the House of

Commons

___________:United Nations Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous Peoples

2012: Election of Quebec’s first female premier

2012: Student strike