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10m/s VELOCITY10m/s VELOCITY

200m/s ROTOR SPEED200m/s ROTOR SPEED

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200 -10 190 m/s m/s

Retreating Blade Advancing Blade

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NEGATIVE LIFT

NEGATIVE STALL

REVERSE FLOW

NO LIFT AREAS

RETREATING BLADE HAS REDUCED AREA OF LIFT

ADVANCING BLADE HAS REGULAR AREA OF LIFT

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TIP STALL CAUSES

VIBRATIONSTALL SPREADS INBOARD

AT GREATER ANGLES OF ATTACK

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STAGE 1: Airfoil exceeds static stall angle, flow reversals take place in boundary layer.

STAGE 4: After vortex reaches trailing edge, flow progresses to a state of full separation.

STAGE 3: Vortex convects over chord, inducing extra lift.

STAGE 2: Flow separation at the leading-edge and formation of a vortex. Moment stall.

STAGE 5: When angle of attack become low enough, flow reattaches from front to back.

1

2

3

4

5

1

3

2

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10K

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0.1 Fµ

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324

1/4 LM324

1/4 LM324

1/4 LM324

MOTOR POSITIONINSTANTANEOUS

SIGNALOFFSET

WINDOWWIDTH

VOLTAGE

100K

GAINSIGNAL

SIGNALCONDITIONED

WINDOWWIDTH

VOLTAGE

10K

+

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100K

100K

100K

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5

11

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4

2

31

9

108

13

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100K

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7

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100K

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5

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4

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123

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ON1 U/D

OFF1 U/D

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IN

FREQUENCY5kHz

DRIVING

143K 0.1 Fµ

2

1 8

13

4

3 16 15 14

5

9

13

1

3

11

12

8

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+5 +5

+5

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5

2104

3

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frequency

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4k

100k

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2

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76

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−12

CA3140

LM741

4

4

7

73

2

2

6

A

B

OUT

A

B

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