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Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile)Living Marine Resources and Fishery Perspective
Marine Resource Management ProgramSchool of OceanographyOregon State University
in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the
degree of
INDEX
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- General information about the islands
- Oceanographic conditions of the region
- Present fishery
- Discussion
- Appendix
1.- List of known species found
around Juan Fernandez Islands
2.- Research program proposed to
execute in the islands
3.- Robinson Crusoe's story
- Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEM=TS
I take pleasure at this time in acknowledgingthe hel p given to me by several people. Specifically, Imust say thanks to Mrs. Amelia Nishik.,,-TP, Mrs. MaxineHilfiker, Miss Anne Hoch'oerg and Mr. Rocco Falotico whohelped me put this paper closer to ShakeE peare's lang-uage.
• some of them.At the present, the studies
.carried out in Chile.
have been conducted primly to research biological and
fishery
problems associated. with nea r coastal organisms.a the other
hand, studies on the oceanic species, since they are not af
fected by exploitation have been delayed, and the inform,ation
actually available is limited.
A few species have been ext)olted for man
y years •
South-SttheA naround several Chilean islands
In the particular case of the Juan Fernandez islands, the 1Drin-
the "lobster of Juan Fernandez"deal fisheries are related to
big demersal fish called "bacalao(Jasus frontalis)
Or Qal mcn de roca"
and to a
(ectoria(olvorion) oxigaa2ios).
also fs-TeUS for their history
of theme 50otti3h sailor lived
solitary and. voluntary con-
1 Lefoe wrote his book "Ho-
islandsThose
oneonand..principally.because
years and four months infor four
Danie
the story became rapidly known
is officially cal-
fineent (1704-1709). Later,
Cru,;oe" throu gh whichbinson
f the islandsaround the world. so lfT, one
special atteton has been given to the
studies dealing with marine species. This is due principally
to the scarce knowledge that we have about them 2n,' also to
the fishing interest generated by the relative abundance of
aeoently,
led '-'_obinson Crusoe and the other rinero 3- 11k.ir'k in honor
1 vyte_vi.
2of the oricinal maroon (sea Appendix 3 i . the flora and
fauna of these islands are of extraordinary scientific inte-
rest. It is imoortant to study the o the islands and
the relationship of its flora and fauna with organisms from other
biogeographical regions.
Also important to consider the hu-nan inter-
t lestvention on the islands since their d i scoy ery in 15T4,.
one s pecies of the authoctonic flora was extLnlished ("Sanda-
lo" or "ber gamot mint") and the Juan Fernandez fur seal (r-
cto'ohoca (Arctoce phalus) philiop ii) was considered for a lon
time extinct, due to the cruel and uncontrolled huntin g by
American sailors, during the XVIII and All centuries.
All these characteristics motivated the Centro
de Investig. aciones del Mar (OIMAH) of the Catholic University
of Valparaiso (Chile) to begin, in. 1971, , a research program.
This research was focused. on the oceanographic conditions of
this re g ion and the fishing activity which::hich is at pres ent the
principal occupation of the population on the islands. The
results of these studies have stimulated the scientific inte-
rest of this oceanic region.
This pacer is en attempt to summarize our actual
Knowledge about the marine resources available in the area.
it also analizes the situation of the fishery and the princi-
-nal as pects involved. in a possible Plan for an in e..;-ral
ries develor,ment of the Oceanic re .;7ion around the islands.
This r)lan could maintain the tradition of artisanal fishery
by considering their unique characteristics.
GENEd..::L INFOTTOM ABOUT THE SLIITJS
The Juan Fernandez Islands are located at 330
40' S and approximately 360 miles from the South _Lmerican
continent (79° 81 0 W). This group of islands include obin-
son Crusoe I. (formerly called ias a Tierra, with 93 2 and
950 m as maximun height); Santa Clara I. (3 2,2 and 375 m ;
and several small barren islands (El ierduo, El 'lludo, Los
Chamelos, and Juanango). Ninety miles west of these is-
lands there is another island, iarnero Selkirk (form4ly mas
Afuera, 82 Km2 and 1835 m height).
Accordinyto BRUGGEN ( 1950), the nature of this
grout of islands is volcanic, formed probably cParing the. ,J
per Tertiary by the to p of airlolder ride 7,Thich -,as separated
from the continent, between ikrauco and M gallanes. urinx the
Oligocene, this ridge descended underwater and the islands were
formed by later eruptions.
The Juan Fernandez rid.:_=,-e is ori f -ri+- ecL perpendi-
cular to the Chilean coast and is miles lon (Figure 1).
The tops of, some mountains are very close to the surface. Lenths
of only 300 to 400 meters have been found on some of them, This
is the case of the O'Higgins Sea mount, only 40 miles west of
Val paraiso. The islands constitute the emerged seamount peaks
of this ridge.
LAJ:i.AZAGI and "- SACKS (1976) pointed out that there
is a remarkable correlation between the location of the oceanic
Juan Fernandez ridge and the transition from the Chilean flat
seismic zone (between about lat 27° and 33° s) to the steeper
seismic zone in southern Chile. They said also that active vol-
canoes are located on the Juan Fernandez ridge. So the ridge
intersects the Chilean coastline near lat 33° 5, where the
coastline has a major bend and where the Feru-Chile trench
becomes increasingly sediment filled.i ,ioreover, the inland pro-
jection of the ridge beneath the South American Plate closely
coincides with the northern limit of the active volcanoes of
Southern Chile as well as with the end of the Central Valley
of Chile. In this case, the authors suggest that the Juan Fer-
nandez ridge forms a ?one of weakness in the Nazca plate along
which the plate tears as it descends beneath the South Ameri-
can plate (Figure 2).
Regarding the Presence of Juan Fernandez ridge
in this area, some s pecific research was carried out during
the Expeditions idarchile VIII, IX and X. The princi pal objecti-
ves of this research were to increase our knowledge about its
bathymetry, the influence of the ridge in the eneral oceano-
graphic conditions and what kind of living resources are pre-
sent.
During the expedition i,jarchile IX, three fishing
stations with bottom longlines and tra ps were carried. out on
the top of the seamount East of the Juan Fernandez Islands. A
fouth station was established. on U'digginSeamount. The sampled
de pths were between 267 m and 470 m. The catch was composed of
four species of the Telestomi class: "bacal ao (Hectoria
(Polv prion) oxi geneios), Conger s p ., Gilbertia s p . and. Mora
pacifica, and three species of Elasmobranchii class: Etmos-
terus sp., EtmosteruS granulosus and Somniosus s p . Catch rates
were between 29.5 and 35.4 fish per 100 hooks (CEHDA, 1977)
The traps caught principally "jaibas rdgantes"
(red crab), Geryon duinauedens, but the results of this fishing
survey still have not been published- However, the research
proved that Gn the ridge there are no lobsters present due
nerhams to the greater depth.
around. 450 miles north of t__t__e Juan iiernande7
lands exist another Froup of islads ramed. the DesventuradaS
Islands. This other grou p , 400 miles from t chilec.n coast,
is forted by the SP:o Pelix and Sar limbrosio islands-both with
very difficult access and without water - plus the small barren
islands Gonzalez and the Cathedral of i:eterborough. These is-
lands are uninhabited, -but sometimes fishermen from the Juan
Fernandez Islands come to fish for "bacalao and lobsters
which are in great abundance and usually bigger than in the
other group of islands. This is due to the scarce fishing ac-,.
tivity in this area and the problems of establishing a fishing
base in these islands.
The region where the islands are located is charac-
terized by a subtrocical climate. In this area, rains are common
in all the seasons (Table I). among the meteorological parame-
0°
le s
20° -I
o
40°
I5 4
_
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-
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o
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GAL.‘`,P4,00sRIFT
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-
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BASIN
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BASIN ( 3
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I . . ,,EISLANDS Z 7 •C -.1 /7 V
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PERU
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,, , F 3-- ---'.,:-- ,..-,'"
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r _IIci___-\\15
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Iisti...u...
I\„
5,...tp.vk,_\!-
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•1 1
3600-- _isl' .
i •
120" HO' 100 ° 903 80° 70°W
Figure 2. Geological features of the South East Pacific, showing the Juan
Fernandez ridge.
I I
I. Son FientI. San turionosno 0
Woe Oesvonfurodos_defend
,
e •
"ed
30.
ZS"
0 CEANO
PACIFICO
Archip4Iogo de Juan Ferncindet
7
rc,,,
C..
'504L RoOneon Gruen,Deoewn A. Sn■nire
1.5I. Santo Char,
–
Coon;.4/L-L _
/
8 4' 83• ;a' 81° ;0' 71'8• ;T. 'V 75° 74' 74"
8 75' v.
27.
73.
20.
30'
32'
53'
34".
33.
18"
Fiure 1 • General bathymetric map off the Central coast
of Chile, showin?; the Juan Fernandez ride and
Desventuradas Islands.
Table I . Some average monthly meteorological. conditions forthe Juan Fernandez islands.
MonthAverage
Maxtemperatures
MinHain(m7)
Number ofdays with
(°C) (°C) wind 20knots
January 21.6 19.5 26.7 9.3
February 21.7 15.7 26.8 8.1
March 21.4 15.1 45.8 7.1
April 19.9 13.4 8.8 2.2
may 18.1 12.5 136.4 3.1
June 16.3 11.3 174.6 4.9
July 17.7 10.4 165.8 6.0
August 14.9 9.5 119.9 5.8
September' 14.9 9.6 78.1 4.9
October
November
16.1,
18.4
10.4
12.3
56.8
31.7
5.6
6.2
December 20.1 14.4 29.0 7.9
Total 900.4 71 .1
Annual ave-rage.
18.4 12.8
ters, the wind is one of the most 17-portant in. its relation
to the fishingfiShing activity. The Hir ,-cton and wind s peed deter-
mine the sectors of the , islands in ,,-Thich the small fishing
boats can operate. It has been estimated that approximately
70 days a year the wind blows with a seed higher than 20 knots,
which obstructs the normal fishing activities (T,A.VEZ, e ILLNES,
1974).
BaUGGEN (1950) pointed out that flora of the Juan
Fernandez Islands belong to the :.1;ocene, and are closely related
to the flora of Venezuela and Brazil. The "chonta palm" (Jaaris
australis, Drude) present in this grou p is very similar to the
Palm of the tro p ical region of -2eru.
Due to the high amount of rain in these islands
(900 mm per year), and the s pecial mountain configuration, it
is possible to find. in each one a dry, a wet, and an intermedia-
te zone. In the darticUlar case of aobinson Crusoe islands, tee
high mountain El Yunaue, in the center of the island, concen-
trates almost all the rains over its sides. in this area, a
rainforest flourishes all year. However, the occidental and
south sides of the island are secaidesert 11 :yres only during
wet ,:i_nters,
0CE.:i111PHIC FEAT
From the available information about the ocea-
no graphic features of the waters near Juan 2ernandez Islands,
four water masses can be distinguished in the upper 1500 me-
ters. The boundaries between these water masses have been de-
fined by SILVA and SIEVES (1973; 1974), in terms of thermos-
teric anomaly surfaces, where the center of the mixing between
two adyacent water masses may be located (Fi7ures 3 to 5).
Water masses.
The Subantarctic Water ,,ass (SA,.-x :) is located bet-
ween the sea surface and the 170 cl/ton isanosteric surface.
This water mass is transported north by the Humboldt or Chile-
Peru Current. This layer is about 200 m thick; and its tem pe-
rature range is between 10° C to 18° C, salinity between 34,0 %0
and 34.2- %0 . In autumn the surface salinity value goes up to
34.7 %0 probably due to the presence of a mixture with Subtro-
pi ca. water (STW) (SILVA and SIEVEdS 1973).
These authors have also found that to the S.W.
of P,obinsoh Crusoe Island, the surface temperature can be slight-
ly lower than the waters located to the north.
The subantartic waters have a high oxygen content,
with values hi gher than 5 ml U 2 /1 below the surface during the
snrin season. These ma yimuIla values may be a relict of the
hiri;n oxyen concentration present urin:_;; the :.inter season.
1.-elow the Sih and between 200 to 400 a depth, the Ecuato-
rial Subsurface Water mass (33h) is located. The ESSW bounda-
ries are defined by the 110 cl/ton and. 170 cl/ton isanosteric
surfaces and. its tem perature fluctuates beteen 70 0 and 10°0.
This water mass is a l so characterized by a salinity maximum
(> 34.4%e) which is associated with or oxen minimum ( <2 ml
07/1).
The next water mass is the i-ntarctic Intermedia-
tie which is located betw e en the 70 el/ton and 110 cl/
ton thermosteric anomaly surfaces, with a temperature rane
between 40 C and 60 C. 3ecause of its antarctic oriin, the
atIh shows a relative salinity minimum, (< 34.4. X;0) associated
with a relative maximum in oxyten content (> 3 ml 02/1).
This water mass is located between 400 and 1000 m depth. Final
ly, below 1000 m and between the 53 el/ton and 70 cl/ton iSa-
nosteric surfaces, the Pacific Lea p hater (PL) is located.
o ,The PLW temperature ranges between 3`' to 4 (, while its salt-
nity is higher than 34.4 . The oxyoen content exhibits a
relative minimum (<3 ml 0 7/1) showin7 with this the long time
of residence of this water mass.
In ,Teneral it can be said that the surface waters
suroundimp Juan Fernandez islands are mainly of subantarctic
origir, therefore they are cold and low salinity waters. thever-
theless durimp the summer-autumn period this area is also under
the influence of a mixture of and. SIP that increases the
temperature and salinity of the surface water..
From the point of view. of the wind. Pattern,
this area is under an almoSt permanent anticyclonic system,
so the winds are from the SW - 3 - SE. The SE winds ere pre-
dominant during the spring-summer period, while durin the
autumn-winter season calms and T:;1 winds are often common.
Gestrophic circulationo
The oceanic circulation around Juan Fernandez
Islands is composed of a system of currents flowin74 Parallel
to the coast. They are generally slow, wide, not very deep,
with a smal l volume transport as in the case with other eastern
boundary currents ( WOOSTEa and b:EiD, 1963) .in this reion the
system is composed of several currents flowin in oPpesite
directions (SIEVEHS and SILVA, 1975; 1976). One of
these currents flows toward. the south at -around.73° -c0°
and it may correspond with the Peru Oceanic go=tercurrent.
This flo r has velocities between 6 and 8 am/sec with its
core located in a subsurface lerel durin winter as well as
summer. The Peru Countercurrent transports a wa.ter volume of
about 3 sv between 0 and 1200 m. (Figures 6 - 7). To the east
of this current there is a stronc floT northwards between 750
and 78° and it has been Identified S the oceanic branch
of the Hum.boldt Current (3t and 3 1:4.A, 1)75). This cur-
rent shows seasonal fluctua-tions in the velocity field with
7:elecities chan'..7;in from 11 to 27 cm/sec and a water volume
transport het7een L h6 sv carin7 and 10 sv durinR winter
9
l'oward the west of Juan ' - ' -ernande; Islands and
bend 01° W the infor7lation is 7i7t et. oa,.:„..apoc and
(1970) show a current flowins to the north with low velocity
and small volume trans/Dort.
ljutrient content
The ,;,!aters suroundin Juan Fernandez Islands show
in the upper 60 m a low nutrient content (phos phate, nitrate,
silicate). At dee per levels the nutrients show a slow increase
in their concentration until they reach a maximum between 250
end 500 m dePth. 'Be l ow this level the nutrients :go throuh a
minimum even thouh their concentrations are still high. foe
• nitrate and Phos phate show an inverse relation with oxTen
when one compares the relative maxima and minima present in
these• pro perties (Fip,:ure 8).
Helative to the surface -primary 7rodalction of
these waters, it has been .shown that there is a lower photosyn-
thetic capacity in the area closer to the is l ands .
197)). This is showing a lower amount of Phytoolankton or.;;La-
nisms in the coastal waters. -1\;e-iie r tneless, those clopulations
will be more mature than those in the oceanic reion if one
takes into account the diversity
. 2 , TLIARCIIILE VIII
iL 021,44 50 1572
550 2Co400400.o.ic".1 bs.)
40
II0 Own
5 0so
76° 75° 74• 73° 72°Est-50 Est-59 Est-60 Est-GI Est-E2 Et 63 rst.,66
X60'
79. 7WEst-56
77•Est-55 EV-57
Marinero RobinsonSelkirk I. Crusoe I. Valparaiso
Lat. 33 36' S
0 ft)
1000
noo
0 m.
500
10<i)
1:,00
2000
Figure 3. Vertical distribution of the isotherms ( C) between Valparaiso and the
Juan Fernandez Islands (From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975).
S%611101LE VIII
SICCiai4 34,1,00. ion
Figure 4. Profile of salinities (% ) between Valparaiso and the Juan Fernandez
Islands (From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975).
. 1 0
4.0_ .1.4,'D >3.0
L.1
70* 77• 76•Esi a/7 5 56 Es1,-57 Est-58
00" W 79'Csi
75•Est-59
< 30 < 30
Marinero RobinsonSelkirk I. Crusoe I.
1
Valparaiso
74• 73' 72° W.Est ,-CO Est-C1 EE I- C2 Est- C3 Est-CE
0 m.. 0 i ! ----i-7:-iii- -2' -,-----,----•'
• 0 5 --- ..--,•=—, <05
.....■-_______--.:
05
10
<1.0
30
0 In,
500
liX)0 !000
1500
2000Y-.<) Ir0 ;.0.1 ICA.)
Lat. 33 0 36' S
2000
02 n1/1.MATICI■iLE VIII
:-...ECCIL■N 5• 4 • 8 5..,,Ionboo 1972
•
Figure 5. Dissolved-oxygen concentration (m1/1) between Valparaiso and the Juan
Fernandez Islands (From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975).
Figure 6. Geostrophic velocities (cm/sec) between Valparaiso and the Juan Fernandez
Islands (From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975).
Om
200
000
1000
400
Marinero Robinson
Selkirk I. Crusoe I. Valparaiso
00' W.E31 - 79•
631-55 78•631 56 77' Est -57 76' 75' 74• 73' 72 • W.
I70 41 lon
110 0/.■
-30 0/ u, ....,.—.
.....
170 4/.
i 10 ci /. izk,,,:‘,.:
.,\.
\ \\
ss.`
I
.‘
............"
.....
--r
/-
..............---.,
--- .--,....."4
...200,1-,
---• ....-
pity•
..,.......
....„-.........•............
t
..... --,.......
...
s'•••
*
....—.-.....................-
—v.__
....-- ......_ ...._.."\
.
•,'
.
_.......-.-.....-----._..__ ......,____
`.....
--,............— --. .
-.—.--........—.. —..
441 44 YJO 00 000 200 1 50
Lat. 33036' S
0 n
200
400
00
00
Figure 7. Water transport (Sv) between Valparaiso and the Juan Fernandez Islands.
(From: SIEVERS and SILVA, 1975)
100-
200-
-300
V 0
Om
rj VA0 2 [\ T . () T°C
CO- - -
-so•
7Y-
O
-2S0
-350
1 00
-200
- 400 0
-4;0
0
100
• 200-
300
h00
50 -500
4
4 PO -P
OT°0 t7 P IT I1 1, 2 7 1,4 4 7 4 I9 /soh. , 333 34,0 IV 311 2 343 344 31,5 3f6 351 3413 3t9 350 3St
O 0 2 ml /I? 203.0 1 , V6,0 ,
OT°C 7C) L
7P ? 1p II 12 I3 14 IS 16 17 IS /2_1233, 0 340 34, 1 34, 2 34,3 344 345 34, 6 347 348 34 350 351 352 ,
02 m1/1P, 1,0 , 210 , 3.0 , 4.0 , sp , ,
Om
Cruise Juan Fernandez I.December 1972
Cruise Juan Fernandez IIApril 1973
'-55 0
50
100
-ISO
-200
-250
-300
-350
400
500 41,0;.-1/19 0,5 , 110ANO; .- ,10g-aUt2 7ifqV tM-NM-0U1? 029 0,50
EST. 7 CRUCERO J. FERNANDEZ II _500
115n
" )° ,___).15____Ai,7 1,6 10 n 2a2,4 26 20 30 -I
075 10 425 450 1 750 t 0 0 -0.---1
Figure g . Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (A and B)and phosphate, nitrate and nitrite (B). From: SILVA and SIEVERS, 1973.
PRESENT FISHERY
The fishing activities developed in the Juan Fer-
nanf'ez Islands are based almost exclusively on the ex ploita-
tion of the lobster (Jasus fronta l is) and to a lesser degree
on the "bacalao" (Hectoria (Polynrion) oxi,7eneios) which is a
demersal fish, locally called "cod".
During this century many commercial fishing en-
terprises have been operated with different degrees of success.
Nevertheless, during this period they have been working almost
exclusively in the trading of livin g losters. The lobsters
are trans ported alive to the continent by ship or air freighted.
A review of some of the biological characteris-
tics of the lobster are given below:
The lobster of Juan Fernandez
(Figure 9)
Scientific name : Jasus frontalis (H. :4:tine Edwards, 1837)
Synonymy : Panulirus pascuensis H. Milne Edwards,1837
Jasus frontalis (H. nine Edwards,1837)
Bahamonde, 1948
General information:
The lobster fishery in the South Pacific is cen-
tered on the southern spiny lobsters of the J2sus"lalandei""complex". Until recently, the genera' view was that there was
a single species with a circum-southern distribution in coldwaters. However, in 1963 HCLTHIUS recognized six geographical-
ly isolated species (Figure 10), four of which occur in theSouth Pacific: J. novaehollandiae from southeast Australia and
Tasmania, J. edwardsii from New Zealand, J. verreauxi from
southeast Australia and north of New Zealand, and J. fronta-lis from Desventuradas Islands (San Felix and San AmbrosioIslands) and the Juan Fernandez Islands (Fi,gure 11).
Geographical and bathymetric distribution:
Jasus frontalis is endemic to the Juan Fernandez
and Desventuradas Islands (Chile). Its distribution in depth
is between 2 and 200 meters. Lobsters inhab i t, preferentially,rock bottoms and, during the molt Period, sandy bottoms (PIZA-
RRO q,10 TIFFOU, 1973).
Biono ,ly and life cycle:
Several papers have been Published about this
species. Some of them are: ALBERT (1898), BURGER (190'3),
7,121PAr0= (1 0 8, 1951), LE:GERICH (1948), CANESSA (1965),
ARANA PIZARRO (1971), AR :''A 2nd :-ELO (1973), and PIZARRO
and TIFFOU (197).This species is heterosexual. Yales are very
easily distin guished from the fe males by the smaller pleopods
and the aosence of a little c l aw in the dactylonodite of the
5 th pair of pereiopods. Also, ,.ales having the same carapacelength as females are shorter in overall len
c,th since the fe-
males have longer tails (ARANA and PIZARRO, 1971).
The individuals that are taken in the commercial
catch usually are distributed between 90 mm and 135 mm of ca-
rapace length. Occasionally this range includes lobsters bet-
ween 50 mm and 220 mm.
Reproduction:
The minimun size at sexual maturity is about 58
mm of carapace length (LENcTERICH, 1940. The fecundity of this
species per spawning has been estimated between 70,000 and
80,000 eggs (ALBERT, 1898; BAHA: 1 ONDE, 1948).
The spawning season is between August and riovem-
ber and the females carry the e ggs for 11 months. The phyllo-
soma larva appear between October and November.
The females could s pawn at least 4 times before
they reach the minimum legal size.
Characteristics of the population:
PIZARRO and TIFOU (1974) pointed out that the
percenta ge of males increases from January to August, and de-
creases from September to December. In research carried out by
AR Ai: and PIZARRO (1071), with a sam ple size of 1,606 indivi-
duals, the percenta g e of females (72.6 5) was clearly superior
to th e rercPntage of males.
The size range of the captured lobsters, in the
9 . Dorsal view of a Juan Fernandez's lobster (male),Jasus frontalis, Milne Edwards, 1937.
Genus JASUS
Group or verreau xi la landlisubgenus
rront ttlisSub group
Species J. rerreaUX1 J. paulcnsis J. frontalis J. eclwardsii J. lalandiiJ. trivlani J. 9lovae1tollandhre
Figure 10. Classification of the Genus Jasus (From: HOLTHUIS and SILVERTSEN, 1967).
(,)
-GO
150 120 90 GO 30
1 1,1 11 I I I L....I
30 GO 90 120 150
- rP
A) J. frontalis, B) J. tristaiii, C) J. lalandii, D) J. paulensisIi) J. novaehollandiac, F) edwardsii J. vets-eau:1'i
Figure 11 . Woldwide distribution of the Genus Jasus.
period fro-1 January to Ma rch 1 9 71, is 75 - (105)*- 150 mm forthe males and - (105)*- 155 mm for the females. (*Figuresin :)rackets equal average lengths.) The results obtained by
ARAITA and PIZARRO (op. cit) showed no substantial differences
in the size composition and sex ratios in any area or depth
from which the lobsters were captured (Tables II and III).
The study of the rorphometric characteristics of
Jasus frontalis allows a slight significant difference (p=o.o5).between males and females, in the relationship °I carapacelength to total length, to be determined (Table IV). In the re-
maining relationships no significant differences were found.
Food:
The larva obtain their food from planktonic or-
ganisms. The adults from algae, small mollusks, crustaceans,
fish eggs, larva, some dead fishes and youn lobsters (ALBERT,
1848). The adults are active only during the dark hours, from
sunset to sunrise (CANESSA, 1965).
Predation:
The more common predators of the lobster are the
"bacalao" (Polyprion (Hectoria) Oxigeneios), "anguila" (Lycodo -
tis p orphyreus), "lenguado" (Pleuronectes s p .), "tollo de Juan
Fernandez" (Scivalus fernandinus), etc. (ALBERT, 1898: SKOTTSBERG,
1956; BAFI-WONDE, 1948).
C017MF,N TS :
One of the unsolved problems of the biology of
the southern spiny lobsters is the duration of the larval life
and the movements of larvae during this period. BATHAM (1967)
has su ggested that the total duration is a period of 9 to 12
months, or more. It is generally believed that the phyllosomalarvae are planktonic, but it has been suggested, (EATHAfl, op.cit) that they may be at least n a rtially benthic in their ha-bits. If they are Pelagic, they could be carried for conside-rable distances during the larval 7er_.,iod, a possibility thatpresents two q uestions. First, how do they return to the shal-low-water benthic habitats where they settle as transparentpuerulus larvae, and second, how are the serarate s pecie po-pulation maintained when 12 months is T o-e th= ample for lar-vae to drift considerable distances?
Another mystery is the absence of J. frontelis from the mainland coast of South America. Temp erature condi-tions would appear to be well within the range of toleranceof the •'South Pac i fic s pec i es in genera l .Almost al l the distri-bution is limited to the north by the 2C° summer isotherm andto the South by the 10° C winter i sotherm . The South Americancoast, at least between about 40 0 and 15° S, fa l ls within theselimits. Ecologically, the shallow waters of these coasts aresimilar to comparable waters in Austra li a and New Zealand, hen-ce food supply is not likely to be a limiting factor (Figure12).
The fishing operations are carried out around theislands in depthsbetween 10 to 200 mete rs. The area exploitedaround the Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands is estima-ted to be 323 Km 2 (Figure 13 and Table V).
The available information durin g the last 6 yearsshows that th ,=. Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clare fishery accountsfor a pprox imately 65 "J4 of the tc Y a lobster catch off the JuanFernandez Islands. However, near l y 75 of the total lobsterfishin g units are operating around these two islands(ARANA andP:1E1,0, 1973).
The fishery is composed of 154 fishermen workingwith 6h small boats (Table VI). The ca p tured lobsters are sto-red in floating storage boxes. The present capacity of thesecare, is around 36,000 lobsters (Table VII). The characteris-
edw4rd-sii
"" nPvAthoklantli.41
Sumrnvr kotherms
COO J. verre4uxi
J. frontalis
- Winter Isotherms
Figure 12 . Distribution of the spiny lobster 'genus Jasus in the
South Pacific. The 20° and 10 0 C summer and winter
isotherms are shown.
tics of the ship which operates between Valparaiso and JuanFernandez Islands are given in table VIII.
The fishing boats are 8 to 9 meters long and are operated bytwo fishermen. They are made of wood and propelled by a 10 to
25 CV out board motor mounted within a box toward the rear of
the boat {_See -Figures 14 and 15).
Each boat can normally handle 20 lobster pots,
which are made of local wood. The cots have a boxy shape mea-
suring 1.20 to 1.40 m long, 0.70 to 0.80 m wide and 0.40 m.
high, and are divided into two chambers (see igure 16).
Up to now, the bibliography on the biology and
fishing of the lobster is very limited and its is only cosible
to find information for short periods of time (PIZARRO and
TIFFCU, 1974; PAVEZ and ILLANEZ, 1974). However, ARANA and
NEL() (1973) where able to analize an annual cycle of the fi-
shery of Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands. They pointed
out the following characteristics:
the largest percentage of each catch is between 90 ana 130mm in carapace length. From these, only 23.68 were of mar-ketable size (Figure 17);
h2) the montly observed fluctuations in yields show a cyclical
A.pattern, with a lower catch at the begining and end of each
fishing season. The maximum yield per pot was obtained du-
ring January and February (Figure 19);
3) The total fishing area was divided into ten zones and the
results obtained in each zone allowed the establishment of
three distinct groupin gs of yield (catch per pot) (Fi gu-re 19); and,
4) the highest yields were obtained between 30 and 80 meters
depth (Fi gure 20).
The commercial lobster fishin g is under the in-
fluence of: a) the natural variations in the abundance of this
resource, o) Lhe sea and meteorolo e:icel conditions 2nd c) a
rigid legislation.
The regulations for the lobster fishery include:
a) a fishin g, season between October 1 St . and May 15 th for
Juan Fernandez Islands, and between October 1 st and Nay 31th
for Desventuradas Islands, o) a minimum marketable carapace
length of 115 mm (below this size the lobsters must be retur-
ned immediatly to the sea), and, c) the females carrying eggs
between the pleopods must also be returned immediatly to the
sea.
The commercial landings of lobsters since 1930
are given in Table IX. This table shows that the annual catch
in the last two decades has decreased from 122 metric tons to
around h0 metric tons, where it has remainec( since 1975.
Table II. Average carapace length (mm) and percentage of male and female lobsters captured
in different depth around Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara Islands. (February-
March 1971).
(fathoms) 30 40 14,5 50 55 60 65 70 75
Depth
(meters) (54) (72) (81) (90) (99) (108) (11 7) (126) (135)
Averagelength
103.14 103.50 103.96 98.33 103,75 103.08 110.00 93.00
MALES
Percen-tage
18.3 22.4 22.6 14.6 20.5 18.0 25.0 37.0
Aver. aFelength
101 .25 100.34 98.30 102.35 102,00 102,54 101.06 98.33 101.18
FEMALES
Percen-tage
81.7 77.6 100.0 77.4 85.4 79.5 82.0 75(.,0 63.0
Table III. Average carapace length (mm) and percentage of male and female lobsters captu-
red in different sectors around Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara Islands. (Fe-
bruary - March 1971).
Sectors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL
Average 102.50 102.39 104.00 101.90 99.15 103.13 101.33 107.25 108.21 102.44 100.24
length
MALES
Percen- 8.2 18.5 22.7 28.9 22.5 19.7 19.7 18.6 22.6 23.8 20.79tage
Average 100.84 100.69 102.06 101.29 102.88 100.83 102.46 102.26 101.04 103.1 101.88
length
FEMALES
Percen- 91.3 81.5 77.3 71.1 77.5 80,3 80.3 81.4 77.4 76.2 79.21
tage
Table IV. Morphometric parameters of Jasus frontalis. From: ARANA and PIZARRO, 1971.
FEMALES MALES
r r
Lt = 3.760 L c0.922 0.924 = 4.612 Lc 0.868 0.949
= 0.745 Lc°' 972 0.877Ac = 0.554 Lc1.029 0.943
W = 0.225 x 10-2 Le 2.694 0.931W t = 0.190 x 10-2 Lc 2.712 0.970
W t = 5.927 x 10-5 t2. 880L0.965 Wt = 1.363 x 10 -5 Lt3 ' 1 . 54 0.954
Relation
Carapace length to
total length
Carapace length to
carapace width
Carapace length to
total weight
Total length to
total weight
35J
45-
05 79°00W 55' 50' 45' 40' 35'
35•
40'
-33°30'
-4T
S
t
1
1 I 1 I
%
i
-
■
.t?
N.,_,I
..?
n;t
i
' ROBIJel
‘00
CRU3io
A00° ------
05' 79°00'W 55' 50' 45 40' 3b
Figure 13 . 3athymetric map of Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara
Islands. DePths in corrected meters.
Table V . Approximate bottom surface around aobinson Crusoe
and Santa Clara Islam's.
tenth
(7)Surface 1
2
1=ero. entae '
(0-1[2)00 1-2
Accumulative Sur-
-/m9
0 - 100 79.6 9.08 79.6
100 - 150 109.4 12.48 189.0
150 - 200 134.2 15.31 323.2
200 - 500 273.3 31.19 596.5
500 -1000 279.8 31.911. 676.3
Total •
876.3
' 100.00
Table VI . Fishermen and fishing boats (in brackets) related
with the fisheries o, u'i_ an Fernandez and Desventu-
radas Islands. (From: Fishery Cooperatives).
Crusoe I. ro Selk- San J!.mbro- Valpara- places Totalirk I. sio is. . ?so
Coonera-tiva dePescado-res Ar-ohir., ie-1agoJuan Fer-nandez 97 (L5) 23 (10) - -120(55)
Coopera-tiva dePescado-res Fal-ken Ltda. 8 ( 3) 8 (4) 8 ( ) 24( 7)
Others 4 ( 2) 6 ( ) 10(2)
Total 109 (50) 23 (10) 8 (4) 14 ( ) 154(64)
Table VTL Capacity of floatin storage boxes for lobsters
( in unit of lobsters). From: Fishery Coo perati-
ves.
RobinsonCrusoe I.
1,1arine-ro Sel-kirk I.
3r Felix5 ,1n Aobro-s , o
Fort of OtherValpara- placesIso
Total
Coopera-tiva dePescado-res Ar-chipie-lagoJuan Fer-nandez 10.000 5.000 7.000 22.000
CooT:era-tiva dePescado-res Fal-ken Ltda. 300 - .000 10.000 - 14.300
Others
Total 10.300 5.000 4.000 17.000 - 36.300
Table VIII.Characteristics of the ship 'Carlos Darwin' belong-
ing to the Fishery Cooperative of Juan Fernandez.
Tonnage (ton)
202
Length of the ship (m)
29.6 ( 99 feet )
Cruiser s peed (knots
Autonomy ( mi )
2,000
Crew 11
Hold (capacity )
- cubic meter 65 ( 2,407 sc. ft. )
- sea water tanks for thetransport of the lobster 8,000 • units
- refrigerated. tons 25 -
Passengers 10
Year of construction 1954
Hull type iron
Actual situation good
Figure 14. Constructional detail of the artisanal boat used in thelobster fishery (Juan Fernandez Islands).
3 $
55 CC/ ON I 2 3 q 5 0 7 0 9
75 300 WI 5 511 . lilt 300 >i1 P 0 01o0 O Lf 91 0 t 0i' .00 ?3.11_....._It _
1 i Jr. 0 71.i 970 3776 goo US' if o 7r
....._,
—1 4 /,0 49 0 0,r 40.0 /010 4110 a,: .770 if 1
X1,evlo .10 3 7 5- 390 l,0 rot: /070 /0?3 VI 0 73.0 J7> CO
' 4
Q.„,,, 70.0Ct.,. •1,1 20.0
Aeevio /S50 1/I 1 701.1 07.1 pro Y30 8r0 91i 1010 ,, ,, /2,0
100 200 300 meters
Figure 15 . Plan view of the artisanal boat used in the lobsterfishery (Juan Fernandez Islands).
Dimensions: LengthWidthHeigth
Figure 16. Type of lobster trap used in the Juan FernandezIslands.
20
a)
20is
10
4-3
C)20
20
to
7578 '.". .
February 1p-,
n=577
. ..
73,55y '
March 1971n=929
72PPI
1.-
October 197]n=183
74/.I "
January 197:n=297
83,32.!.,
February 197n.477
70 BO 93 NO 110 123 oa 1.3 60 Atia
Carapace length (mm)
1
2
Figure 17. Size distribution of the total catch, fractionof commercial lobsters (black) and percentagebelow the minimun legal size.
J F M A-M Q N D J F M A-M1971 1972
Figure 18. Monthly variations in the catch of lobsters.
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PAMIRRIIIIIIIIII
lzr Areas y 6
2,44 - 2,76 lobsters/trap
1:1 Areas 2.3,6,5.7,8,y9 1,67 -2,07
Area 1 1,41
Figure 19. Yield in lobsters/trap for ten areasaround R obinson Crusoe and Santa ClaraIslands.
H
01.-1N–
8
t-.
–
–
4
10^
AAa,am$A,.4.i
• _
c=4 ,,,,,
2-12'o ILWWAOa'H _
14 .......4- -.
H2 '-'1 2 i
>1 >1 10a
I 6$-■ 4Cli
fcC .
15 -20 31-45 4 -60 6 -75 7 - 0
Depths (fathoms)
10
aa4
a8t> ft0 P 6Z -P
4\ 451)Po
4-1mIcOa
o..-1 6
.C.rd 4
2--,
4Us I
cvt•--
_
01 aH i —
nc14
In15-00 3 *45 45 -60 61 *25 76-90
Depths (fathoms)
A4,
W
8
511 4o
o- _
4..)., g 1 I iiNP I°
M .2 '0 4 —
...... •
rd›-i H 1 •
.1)-1 8>I1 6
$4 4_
5)-1 2g4 ia tr, ri_.—
15-30 3 -45 46-60 61-75 76-00
Deths (fathoms)Undermarketable lobsters
LM Commercial lobsters
Figure 20. Yields for the different depth ranges.
Table IX Chile; Co=ercial landin:r of lobster (Jasus fronta-
lis)( in -:letric ton.)
From; Servicio :rricola y Ganadero (SAG) and
Fishery Cooperatives.
Year Catch Year Catch
1930 89 1955 10231 68 56 12332 56 57 12033 97 58 9534 77 59 94
1935 67 1960 12236- 89 61 10537 93 62 9738 148 63 9139 90 64 119
1940 77 1965 7741 104 66 60L2 135 67 9143 62 68 4244 62 69 71
1945 57 1974 4746 56 71 6347 67 72 4648 I06 73 5049 79 74 57
1950 85 1975 4451 70 76 4852 134 77 3153 12854 101
DISCUSSION
Presently no systematic studies have been made
about the living resources of the Juan Fernandez islands region
that would allow for an estimation of their future exploita-
bility. However, it is clear that some s pecies such as the "Ba-
calao" and lobsters, which have been continually exploited for
more than a century, are very plentiful. Besides the problems
associated with the absence of scientific estimations, the lack
of any statistical information makes any attempt to predict fu-
ture catch very difficult. The only exception is the lobster
fishery.
In addition to the bacalao and lobsters, there
are many other marine organisms that can be commercially exploi-
ted on a regular or seasonal basis. The relative importance of
these potential resources is due in some cases to their abun-
dance ("jurell"breca", "morena"," punto fijo", etc.), or by their
high commercial value ("atunes" (tuna), "vidriola", "lobo lino"
(fur seal), etc.). There are other s pecies that are less abun-
dant but just as valuable which should be considered for local
consumption ("locos" (like abalone), "erizos" ( seaurchin),
"lenguados" (flatfish), "corvina", "jerguilla", "pampamitos",
etc). For tourist and sport fishing there are "lenguados"
(flatfish), "atunes" (tunas), "vidriola" (yellowtail), etc.
and for scuba divers there are "vidriola", "lenguados", and
others to hunt (Table X).
There are future fishing posibilities with the
fauna recently found along the Juan Fernandez ridge and near
the O'Hi ggins seamount. The exploration of these areas during
the oceanographic Ex peditions, :;1ARC:ITLE VIII, IX and X, report-
ed, for the range between 2",0 and 1000 meters, the presence of
"centollas de Juan Fernandez" (Paromola rathbuni),'Yaibas gi-
gantes " (redcrabs) (Gervon duino.)adens) and several fishes
whose abundance and identity still ':_ave not been established.
Another possibility for these islands is the de-
velopment of a "fur seal factory" or "loberia" principally
for the production of leathers. The "lobo fino de Juan Fernan-
dez" (Arthohoca (Arthocephalus) phili pii) was long considered
as extinct, however the population is now increasing progresi-
vely. In a decade or two it should be possible to resume its
exploitation. Nevertheless the possible predation that this
species can ply on other fishing resources and the indirect
influence that would produce on them must be taken into ac-
count. For this reason the total ecosystem equilibrium of
this island region must be considered in any exploitation of
the fur seals.If we limit our interest to a general scheme of
the fishery development for this oceanic region, it is impor-
tant to consider that the fishing activity will be carried out
principally by fishermen with limited economic capacity and
in many instances without mechan'cal hel p of any kind. In
the case of the demersal and bentnic fisheries, this activity
would be done in areas relatively close to the islands. In
the case of the pelagic fisheries the size of the area to use
ill de pend on the type and size of the boats a vailable in
w the future. Because of this, and the fact that the resources
present around the Juan Fernandez Islands are similar to the
s pecies found around the Desventuradas Islands,there should
be an integratedrlan for the devement-r-of e oceanic fi-
sheries inside the trian gl e formed by: Pobinson Crusoe - Vieri-
nero Selkirk * Desvent'iradas Islands fi7ure 1 for loca-
tion).As a first step, n the f,;7-/re developmen
t of
this area, a pilot pla could be sT s rted in the Juan Fernan-
dez Islands wherein frrmatior a uaut the resources i S most
available . If should be noted at present these islands
Table X,, arine species of major commercial importance in this oceanic region.
CO;rBN
SCIENTIFIC NAME
OBSERVATIONS
FISHES
(saucy)
Atun (tuna)
Bacalao de J.F. or
Salmon de roar'
Breca
Corvina de
Jerilla do 3,E.
Jurel de J.F,
Lenguado (flatfiE,h)
Morena (moray)
Pampanito
Pez volador
Tollo de J.F.
Vidriola
Scomberesox saurus stolatus Neothunnus macropterus
Thunnus thynnus
Germo alalunga
Polynrion oxigeneios
Acantholatris gayi inilcropogon fasciatus Aplodaotylus punctatus
Car:Anx georgianus
Paralichthys fernandezianus
Par .lichthys hilgendorfii
Paralichthys coeruleostictaGymnothorax porphyreasScorpis chilensis
Cypsilurus lineatus
Squalus fernandinus
Seriola ma sa tinna
DE BUEN Unknown, potential
SCHLEGEL Seasonal, unknown potential
(LINNAEUS)
11
(BONNATERRE)
(SCHNEIDER) Big amount
KNER Unknown potential
DE BUEN Local consumption
VALENCIENNES
VALENCIENNES Bait
STETNDACHNER Local consumption
STEINDACHNER
STEINDACHNER
(CUICHENOT) Unknown potential
WITCH2PM Bait, local consumption
(VALENCIENNES) -
MOLINA
STEINDACJNER Potential, sport
Table X. Continuation.
CRUSTACEANS
Centoll ,: de J.P.
JHib corroder.
Jalba rfiLT:,,nte
(red crab)
Ion7m7ta de J.F.
LangoPta enano
Lanuostino de J. P .
Escilarus
Poromola rathbuni
LentopTapsus varie'atus
Ceryon quinquedens
Jasus frontalis
Projasus parkeri
Calathea lenzi Scyllarus delfini
PORTER
(FABRICIUS)
SMITH
MILNE EDWARDS
(STEBING)
RATHBURN
(BOUVIER)
Unknown potential
Unknown potential
In exploration
SHELLFISHES
Erizo de J.P.
( seaurchin)
Loco de J.F.
Ostra de J.F.
Aspirodiadema
microtuberculatum
Concholopas sp.
ACASS7, Big amount.
Rep;ular amount, local consump-tion
Nucula fernandencis VILLARROEL
MAMALS
Lobo find de J.F.
(fur'seal)
Arctophoca philippli PETERS Potential, population in recu-peration
are the only ones that are permanently inhabited. However,
this idea does not mean that some effort can not be simulta-
neously made to increase the fishin g activity in other places
than the Juan Fernandez Ridge, Deove n t'lradas Islands, etc.
Added to this, it is necessary to consider indi-
vidually the posibilities that are o ffered by both the species
actually under exploitation and the potential ones. In the
case of the lobster fishery, only a slight increase can be
expected in the total catch. A more spectacular increase is
not possible due to the fact that this species has been de-
tected only in a range between 3 m and 200 m., which is beingcovered almost totally by the fishing effort actually applied
around the Juan Fernandez Islands. Only around the Desventura-
das Islands would it be possible to achieve an ap preciable in-
crease in the captures. The reason for this is the few numbers
of fishing boats that only occasionally operate in this area.
Therefore the theoretical catch of lobster can only be ex pect-
ed to reach a maximum of 100 tons per year. However, it is
important to stress the subjectiveness of this estimation.
(ARAr:A, 1(76).
Several actions are needed to achieve an increa-
se in the catch of lobsters. F i rst of all, it will require the
introduction of mechanization and new technologies, especially
for the operation of pots (hauling gear). The mechanized handl-
ing system would be a factor in causing the fishermen to in-
crease the number of rots used by each boat. This action would
increase the effort and the yield per pot will decrease. In
order to solve this problem any new effort should be limited
on directed toward other areas (Desven fu-adas Islands) and/or
toward the capture of other liv i ng marine resources.
This reorientation in the catch can first be
used to develop the "bacalao" fishery, a species which is found
in great abundance in the sane islands but usually in deeper
waters. i'ext, de pending on the market demands, other resources
can be exploited. Nevertheless, to promote its exploitation,
it is necessary to conduct a great deal of research concer-
ning the life cycles of this s pecies, evaluate the potential
of their stocks and the methods -most suitable for its capture
and processing.
At the same time, it 's of s pecial importance
to revise the existing le gislation about the lobster fishery
and encourage studies which permit an adequate management of
the fisheries in this area. The future re gulations must ba-
lance fishery development with protection to the s pecies from
excessive fishing activity.
In the case of the lobster fishery, there is noin
difficulty now or its future co vr-ercialization. There are
several problems with the "bacalao" and other perishable s pe-
cies. In order to solve these problems we need to improve the
methods of handling, processing, stora ge and trans p ort. It
will require a large freezing plant with an adequate capacity
to store the products before they are trans ported to the con-
tinent. The size of this plant must be determined after the
evaluation of the resources and the annual catch is esti-ated.
Additionally, it is imperctive to establish a-regular marine
transportation system between the islands and between them
and the continent. The acquisition of refrigerated holds is
the first step in the transport of this kind of product. Later,
other lines of products could be developed throu gh canning andas fish meal. However, the latter would be used to reduce
the waste material of the other's lines of production.
The establishment of a multi nurpose processingPlant in Robinson Crusoe Island is no- P problem for the tou-
ristic develop of the isl ands. Instead, it may be a great
source of employment, es pecially women, result i n g- in increa-
sed economic benefits for the isl a n co-Imunity.
All these chan o-es will require, at the same time,
an improvement in other areas sucn c s urban development, and
material assistance to the islands. A permanent settlement
would be necessary in Yiarinero Selkirk and also the instala-
tion of a base in the Desventurads Islands.
In order to achieve all these goals it is neces-
sary to have a harmonious and integrated plan for the develop-
ment of these islands and the oceanic triangle between them.
In my opinion it is greatly justifiable to carry out a re-
search program (see appendix 2) and a pilot plan in the
Juan Fernandez Islands. This action could be useful in the
training of fishermen in new fishing methods. The result of
this research could then be used for the development of a planfor the fisheries of this region. Only in this way will it be
possible for the fishermen to increase their incomes, allow
them a better life style and give a meaning to their constant
efforts.
On the other hand, due to the position of the
Juan Fernandez islands, they are free ofparintion from big
urban or industrial centers, the only ecological changes
that can have occured in this re =7ion, but still not evalua-
ted, would be produced by the fishing activity and/or the fcL1-
ling of trees. For this reason, this region can be included
among the geographical regions of Chile which are free of pol-
lution, and we must protect the islands to maintain this si-
tuation.
In relation to management of the marine resources
known around the islands, it is important to consider that ma-
ny of them are not capable of ma'ntaininF by themselves a con-
tinual exploitation even for loc-1 consumption. However, they
are part of the ecosystem of these islands, and many of them
are endemic such PS Pacii_na ferna-'ez i ans, Asoirodiac'ema micro-
tnberc'llatum, Paro ,q ola rathbuni, frontalis, Arctomhoca
(Arctocer)halus) These : ,)ecies need to be protected
to assure the fragile eauilibrum of these insular systems.
The research should be oriented these species with the ob-
jective of und erstanding the ori gin and evolution of the eco-
systems around these islands.
Des pite present des:-nation of the land of the
Juan Fernandez islands as rational .-ark, it is necessary to
extend this princi ple to all the narine areas around the is-lands up to at least 12 miles, in order to assure the protec-
tion of the marine environment. For this reason, adequate le -
Eislation must be required and at the same time scientific
research carried out to obtain more in formation about the or-ganisms and the medium in which they live. So, the recommen-
dation is to declare the water adjacent to the islands asMaritime Park, in addition to the land which was declared a
National Park in 1935.It is necessary to insist that the marine resour-
ces of these islands can only be ex ploited, in each case, ac-cording- to arpropiate mana gement which considers the balancebetween plans of fishery development and the necessity to
protect the species. In this wa y , it is es pecially importantto give priorities in research conducted to determine and/or
evaluate resources as well as studies to obtain information
about the life cycles of the species ex ploited or potentiallyexploitable. However, to realize these objectives we need equip-ment, and economic and human resources.
Concurrently with these measures it will be neces-
sary to give technical advice to the fishermen in the primary
sector (introduction of mechanical implements to the fishery,
reorientation of the fishing effort, etc.), secondary sector
(new methods for the transformat on of fish to fish products,
Quality standards for the 3Droduc ts, etc.), and tertiary sector(new system for the stoea te ,lans -cort of the product bet-ween the is2Pnds and the continen t , -f-rde, market price, etc.).Al] these measures, as was Olscuzsed, -eed to be involved innn inte=nted scientific and fj:--hery plan for this regjon.Only in this way would it be .b'e to c- i ve incentive to theChilean cA)nity of 2 ,-tic:al f 'Ther-en to improve Tneir socio-
econom i c. situat i on an.1 the-ir own herd lives.
LIST OF KNOWN SPECIES FOUND OFF JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS
ALGAE
ORDER 'FAMILY SCIENTIF NANE
PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA
CLASS CLOPOPHYCEA ULOTRICHALES ULVACEA Ulva lactuca Linne, 1763
Ulva reticulata Forsk
Ulva linza Linne, 1753ENTEROMORPHA Enteromorlha instestinnlIs Link, 1820
Enteromorpha compressn Linne, 1830SIPHONALES CODTACEAE Codium unilaterale Setchell y
Gardner, 1937Codium fernandozianum Setchell, 1937Codiurn cerebriforme Setchell, 1937
CLADOPHORALES CLADOPHORACEAE Chaetomorpha linum Knntze, 1849
Chaetomorpha aerea KiAntze, 1849
Chaetomorpha antenina Knntze, 1849
ChaetomorEha firma LevrinF, 1941
Ciadophora rupestris Knntze, 1843
Claduham perpusilla Skottsberg, 1943
PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA
CLASS ISOGENERATAE EXTOCARPALES ECTOCARPACEAE Ectocarpus confervoide s Le Jo1is,1863
Ectocarpus mitchellne Hnrvey,
Myrionema stran crulans Grevill o , 1877
DICTYOTOLES DIGTYOTACEAE D5stromium skottsber gii LevrIng.,1940
Padina fernandeziana Skottsberg et
Levring, 1941
Dictyota 2hlyctaecnpdes MonlaFne,1852
Clossuhora kunthii Agardh, 1880
CHORDARIALESSPLACHNIDIACEAE Sphachnidium rup-osum Greville, 1830
PUNCTARIALES PUNTARIACEAE Hydroclathrus clathratus Howe, 1920
Scvtosiphon lomentaria Agnrdh, 1819
Petalonin fnscin Fntze, 1898
CHONOSPORACEAE Scytotharunus nustralis }look et
Harver, 1845
PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA
SUB-CLASS BAN(7,TIDFAE
SUB-CLASS FLORIDEAE
TANGIALES
NEMALIONAIES
GELIDIALES
ERITHROPELTIDACEAE Erythrocladia irregularis Rosen-
vinge, 1.909
BANGTACEAE Porphzira A2:ardh, 1823
HELMINTHOCLADIAC EAE Liagora brachyclada Decaisne,18
GELIDIACEAE Gelidium pseudointrincatum Skottsbers
1941
Corallina chilensis Harver &
Harvey, 1847
Corallina cuvieri Lamouroux, 1913
GRATELOUPTACEAE Grateloupin Fubsimplex Levrin ,, , 1.941
Crytonemia prolifera Levrinp„ 1n41
GIGARTINALES NEMASTOMACEAE Hemastoma foliacea Levrinp, 1941
Plocamium Kylinp, 1925
GIGARTINACEAE Martina lessonni Apnrdh,
RHODYMENIALES RHODYMENTACEAE Dendrymenia flabellifolis Skottsberg,
1023
Rhodrenia cuneifolia Taylor, 1939
CERAMIALES CERAJ:IIACEAE Centroceras clnvulatum FiontaFne
Durieu, 1P46
Cernmium rubrum Arardh, 1904
DASYACEAE HeLerosiphonia F,ubsceun(Mta Frentier
1 901
RHODOMELACEAE Pterosijponia dendrojdea Falkensberg,
1901
Fernandosilhonia unilateralis Levrirp,
1941
Humbrella hydra Earle, 1969
BRY 0 Z 0 A
ORDER
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
CLASS GYITOLAEMATA CHEILOSTOMATA SGRUPOCELLARIIDAE
1EM13RAN I POR DAE
HIPPOTHOTDAE
MYRTOZOIDAE
ESCHARELLIDAE
MICROPORELLTDAE
SMITTIDINAE
CELLEPORIDAE
PETRALLIDAE
Caberea juanfernandenzi Vivini
1969
Caberea rostrata Dusk, 1884
Caberea darwinii. Busk, 1984
Membranipora orasiman,inata
Ortmann, 1890
Iviembraninora echinata D'Orbigny,
1839
MembraniTora corif.-c-ea Esper, 1890
Hippothoa hyrtlina Inmouroux, tr)y
HilroLhoa auriculata Busk, 1884
Schizoporella chondra Marcus, 190
rieronorolla cilinta ralla, 176(
Microporella malusii Savigny,12(
Smittina lansborovii Johnst, 1881
Smittina enalrypha Marcus , 1 907
Lagenipora rota Maggillivray, 188
Petralia rectilineata Hincks, 189
OYCLflSTCYATA CTIL'TIDAF
TUBULIPORIDAE
-r-,
Tubuli p ora mileama 1;;::
Tubulipora ap_erta Harmer, 1899
Lechinopora finbriata Busi', 1875
Fasciculipora remosa D'OrbiPny,
1839
LICHENOPORIDAE
M 0 L L U S C A
CLASS SCIENTIFIC .NAME COMMON NAME
GASTROPODA
Octopus vulF_aris Lamarck, 1811 "pulpo"Octopus tuberculatus Blainville, 1832
Tremoctopus violaceus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 "pulpo"
Modiolaria opifex Fhillippi, 1841
Modiola Ilumescens Dunker, 18
Avicula aelDivalvis Odhner, 1917
Ervilia product, Odhnr:r, 1917
Cham p imbricata Broder] p, 1833Venerupis fernandezi p np Stempel], 1999Nucula fernandeziana (Adams, 1858) "ostra de Juan Fer-
nandez"
"sombrorito"
"loco"
CE PHALOPODA
LAMELLIBRANCHIA
Acmea ivan3na Odhner, 1917
Lunatia 2iscifformis Rocluz, 18
Littorina maurinta Lamarck, 1811T--
Trifhora brasilis Odhner, 1917
Columbella liFnaria Odhner, 1917Concholepas s12, Lamarck, 1801
Cerithiopsis disrar Odhner., 1917Scalarta junnina Odhner, 1917
Aeolldia collaris Odhner, 1917
CRUSTACEA SECTION FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
"camaron de pro:run-
dAdad"SERGESTIDAE 2arEt1Lea arctic2ls KROYER, 1865
ALPHEIDAE i2J221111111 chilensis COUTIERE , 1896
spinifrons (MILNE EDWARDS,
1837)se._. rrifer, RATHBUN, 1902
22IL112M12=2. fi2.2EL BATE , 1888
211 -1 911 RATHBUN, 1997
EhynchRainetes balaai GORDON, 1936
SUB-ORDER NATANTIA
PENAE IDEA
CARTDEA
DISCIADIDAE
GLYPEOCRANGONIDAE
HIPPOLYTIDAE
RHYNOHOCINETIDAE
----"camoron acorazado"
"camaron de roca.de Juan Fernandez'
SUB-1j)R PLI":12E2-11
MACRURASCYLLARIDAE
Lull:11E11s delfini (BOUVIER, 1909)
PALINURIDAEPrl)aapsrarkeri (STEBBING, 1902)
"lanosto chata"
"langosta enana"
"dalmacita"
ANOMURA
Jasus frontons (MTLUE EDWARDS, 1837)"laniD:osta oe Juan
Yernanuez"
PACURIDAE P"
argrnr,urus rilimanus S'PITH 1879 "ermitaTio_ _os___ ,
Porcellanonpurus rlatei LENZ, 1902 "ermitario"
GALATHEIDAE c121-111)1T lfrEti RATHBUN, 7.907"lanp_ostino de Ju.
Fernandez"
Ilnidons5 _s rostrala WILNE EDWARD , 1880) "lanuostiro
Vii_
Muniflarfits antoni (MILNE EDWARDS, 1884)•••
-----*••••••■••••110111.1410•1111011■MOPMP......".010.............1001100■6*Pro"
DRACHYURA PORTUNIDAE Callinectes toxotes ORDWAY, 1863 "jaiba"
Nectocarcinus bullatus BALSS, 1924
Ovalipes punctatus (DE HANN, 1833) "jaiba blanca re-
mad Curare
THELXIOPEIDAE
(HOMALIDAE) Parornola rathhuni PORTER, 1908 "centolla de Juan
Fernandez"
CALAPPIDAE Hapatus chilensis MILNE EDWARDS ,1837 "jaiba pu7lete"
MAJIDAE Paramithrax baeckstroanu BALSS,. 1924
Talifrus dentatus MILNE EDWARDS, 1834"panchote"o"talicur
"canrejo"o":!niba"
XANTHIDAE
GRAPSIDAE
Cycloxanthas becki GARTH, 1957
Eurypanclpeus crenatus MILNE EDWARDS
and LUCAS, 1834 "pfln,rurola!--;" o "con
re j 0"Caudichaudi Paudichaudi (FILNE "can(Tejo de fanpo"
EDWARDS, 1 9 34) "jaiba" o "canpre(
plana (MILNE FDWARDS,1834)"jaiba reina"o
"jaiba morn"
Paraxanthus barbirrer. (POEPPIG, 1936) "pancora"
Cvcao crrusus Punciatus LITINE EDWARDS,
1837Onapsus , ,ransus LINNAEUS, 1758
jiev_ntoP-rapmm w)riPfratuF; PADRICTUS, " jaiba corredora"
1793
ATELECYCLIDAE
Trchircarc"nus h"stricosus
Planes unaneus DANA, 1851
Plarmsia chabrus LINNAEUS, 1758GERY ON IDAE
Geryon quinquedens SMITH, 1870
"jaiba p-,71.7ante"
SUB-CLASS CTRRIPEDTA
THORACICA
LEPADOMORPHIDAE Lepas pectinata SPENGLER, 1793
Lepas anatifera LINNE, 1767
Lepas austral's weltneri WELTNER, 1917
BALANOMORPHIDAE Balanus nsittacus DARWIN, 1854
Th
ORDER
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAW:E
CLASS FLASOPAECHIT
LAMNTFORES
TRIAKIDAE
Nustelus mento Cope 1871
"tollo"
:30JALTFORIVIES
SQUALIDAE
Soualus fernandinus Molina 1782
"tollo de cahos"
RAJIFORMES
RHINOBATIDAE
Tarsistes philippi Jordan 1918
"gultarra"
CLASS TELEOSTOMI
ANOTIIIITFOKIES
MURAENIDAE
O rmnothorax Lorphyreas (Guichenot
1848)
CONCRIDAE
Conifer p.
CYEMIDAE
Cyema atrum Gunther 1878
BELONIFO=S
EXOCOETIDAE
Cypsilurus lineatus (vulenciennes
1846)
Exocoetus fernandezianus Philippi
1895
SCOURFREOCIDAE Scomberesox saurus stolatus De Buen
1959
GADIFORMES 210RIDAE IL5212112 fernmdfzi= Tendahl 1921
LITE 1212,s2 Whaite 1914
1dACROURIFOM:ES ,ACROURIDAE 92-aphaerTid2f (fIralin) fernan-
dei2DEL (GUnther 1 987)CASTEROSTEIFORMES liACRORHAMPHOSIDAE Notopo_Lon rernandezianus (Delfin
Ma lc:aphosus pracilis (Lowe 1839)
"murena de J. Fer-
nandez"
"pez volador"
"pez volsdor"
"purito fijo"
"pescida de J.F.
"ribald o"
"granadero"
"trompetero"
MOINOCENTRIDAE Monocentris reedi Schultz 1.956
TRACHICHTHYIDAE Trachichthys fornandezianus
Gunther 1887
ATHERINIDAE Bnsilichthys (Steindschner "pojerrey"
1898)
MUGILIDAE
Mugil cephal ps Linneo 1758 "lisa"
LABRIDAE
ralapterus reticulatus Valenciennes
1 839
Pnrapercis dockinsi McCosker 1971
SCOMBRIDAE
Thunnus thynnus (Linneo 1758) "atun cimarron"
Thunnus ala111112 (Bonnaterre 1788) "stun de nleta larpa'
SERRANIDAE
Callanthias Steindachnor 1898
Canrodon lonpimanus (Gunther 1859)
Diplectrum conceptione (Valenciennes
1828)
Gilbertia semicincta (Valenciennes
1833)Paralabrax humorolis (Valenciennes
1828)
Scapularia rubra De Buen 1959
Polyprion (Hectoria) oxyireneios "bacalao de Juan
(Blench & ;>chneider 1801) Fernandez"
RACHYCENTRIDAE Rachycen:tron canadus (Linneo Ifo6)
CARANGIDAE 2=-E L-22122innE Vnlerciennes 1 833 " jurel"
Serbia mn7atlnna (Steindachner 1876)"vidriola"
BERYCIFORMES
ATHERINIFORMES
MUOILIFORMES
PERCIFO=S
SCIAENIDAE
KIPHOSIDAE
Seriola foncki Delfin 1903Trachurus muLphvi Nichols 1920 "jurel"
Micropogon fasciatus De I3uen 1961 "corvina"
Menticirrhus 22hicephalus (Jenyns
1842)
Umbrina reedi (Gunther 1880)Scorpis chilensis Guichenot 1848 "pampanito"
Girella albostriata Steindachner "jer:milla de Juan
1898 Fernandez"
FOMACENTRIDAE Chromis crusma (Valenciennes 1833) "castaneta comun"
LABRIDAE Pseudolabrus 1Ilyt (Valenciennes 1839)
CHEILODACTYLIDAE Acantholatris fr,avi (Kner 186) "breca"
Cheilodactylus bicornis (Steindachner
1898) "yuyunco"
LATRIDAE Mendodoma fernandezianus Guichenot "cabinza de Juan
1848 Fernandez"
CLINIDAE Labrisomus fernandezianus (Guichenot
1848)
BLENNIIDAE Scartichthys rubropunctatus (Valenciennes
1836)
Scartichthys variolatus (Valenciennes
1839)
STROMATEIDAE Strornateus stellatus Cuvier 1830
CENTROLOPIIIDAE Palinurichlhys caeruleu (Guichenot
1U48)
GOBIIDAE Ophiorr,obius 2j.thicephalus (Jenyns
1842)
SC ORPA' ENIFCRI',TES SC ORPAENIDAE Scorpaena tierrae Hildebrand. 1.946
Scorpaena fernandeziana Steindachner
1875
Scorpaena hystrio Jenyns 1842
H e 1 i.c olenus lenFerichi. Norman 1937Scorpaena unic3.ncta De Buen 1961
TR IGLIDAE Chelidonichtlays rictus (Gunther 1880 ) "pez mariposa"
OTOTHEN I TFOI=S BOVICHTHYIDAE Bovichtus ch liens is (Regan 1913)
PLEUR NEC T ORIYES BOTHIDAE Paralichth coeruleosticta "leng-uad o"
Steindachner 1898
Paralichthys fernandezianus "lenguado"
Steindachner 1903
Paralichthys hilgendorfi "lenp,uado"
Steindachner 1903
Paralich.thys schmitti Ginsburg 1933 "lenguado"Paralichtny:, ad_persuS "lenguad o"
Steindachner 1867GOB TES OC IFORMES G013 TES OC IDAE S icyas es brevirrostris ( Guichenot 1848)
Gob:Les ox marmora.tus Jenyns 1842
A V E S
ORDER
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
SPHENISCIFORMES
PROCEITARIIFORMES
SPHENISCIDAE
PROCELLARIIDAE
Spheniscus ma:ellanicus (Forster, 1781)
Fulmarus flacialoides (Smith, 1840)Macronectes Eionteus Gmelin, 1789
Puffinus creatopus Coues, 1864
"pinptino del sur"
"petrel plateado""petrel Figante
antartica a paja-ro carnero"
"fardela blancacomun"
Pterodrom ne gJecta (Schlegel, 1863)
"fnrdels negra deJuan Fernandez"
Pterodroma externa externa (Salvin,1875) "fardela blancade Juan Fernandez
Pterodroma lonfirostyis LOnnberg, 1921 "fardela chica de
DIOMEDEIDAE
HYDROBATTDAE
Ptertodroma cooki defi]iimiana ( iglioliand Salvadori, 1869)Diomedea exulans Linneo, 1758Diomedea melanollhris Ternrninck, 1828
Fre getta rrrallaria (Vieillot,1817)
Has Afuere"fardela chica deMas a Tierra"
"albatro errante""albatro de cejanegra"
"golondrina de marde vientre blanco'
.1'1f A A L S
SUB-ORDER
FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAFE
ORDER CETACEA
MISTACOCETI BALANOPTERIDAE Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 "ballena bobs o
sei"
Balaenoptera physalus Linneo, 1758 "ballena de aleta
o finbaque"
ODONTOCETTI PHYSETERIDAE Physeter macrocephalus Linneo, 1758 "cachalote"
DELPHINIDAE Tursiops "tunina de las
Islas o tursiOn"
ORDER CARNIVORA
PINNIPEDIA
OTARTIDAE Arctocephalus (Arctophoca "lobo fino de
Peters, 1866 Juan Fernandez o
lobo de dos pelo
RESEARCH PROGRAM
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE
LIVING MARINE RESOURCES IN JUAN FERNANDEZ IS-
LANDS AND ADJACENT WATERS.
Part A : Plan
- Organization of the administration of the program and
formation of the work groups.
- Preparation of the specific projects. Assignment of
responsibilities, distribution of funds, determina-
tion of priorities, eJc.
- Establishment of the necessary structure for the rea-
lization of the projects, obtainin g, equipment, mate-
rials, importations, etc. Preparation of the b a se on
Robinson Crusoe Islmids and the boats to be used
around the islands.,
Training of the technicians (samplers, divers, auxilia-
ry workers, etc.)
Observation: The relative priorities are given in brackets, with values.
from 1 to 3,
Part B : Proposed research
1.- OceanoPraphy.
• Semester
- Monitoring stations
for oceanoraphic con-
ditions close to Ro-
binson Crusoe I. (1)
- Preparation of general
chart of the oceanogra-
phic conditions (2)
- Completion of the bathy-
metric chart of Robinson
Crusoe and Santa Clara
Is. (1).
2 nd.-4 th. Semester
- id. (2)
- Measurements of the
coastal currents
around Robinson Cru-
soe and Marinero
Selkirk Is. (2)
- Influence of the me-
teorolopfical condi-
tions on the fishing
operations. (2).
- Research carried out
to obtain the bathyme-
tric chart of Marinero
Selkirk I. (1).
4 th. .- 6 th. Semester•
- Id, (2)
- Study of the re]ation-
ship between the fish-
ery resources and the
environmental conditions
around Robinson Crusoe I.
(1).
- Preparation of specific
charts for the oceanogra-phic conditions of the
region (2),
2.- Livimr. marine resources.
Classification and eva-
luation of phyto and zo-
— Id (3) - Id (3)
°plankton (3).Classification and eva-
luation of eggs ant lar-
vae of fishes and crusta-
ceans (2)
- Id (2) - Id (2)
- Larval development of
selected fishes and
- Id (2)
Invontory and distribution
of the commercial species
around ,Thbinon Crusoe and
Santa Clara IP:lands (1)
- Research carried out on
the biology of the lobster
and bacalao around Robin-
son Crusoe and Santa Clara
Islands (1)( growth, repro-
duction, behavior, etc.)
crustaceans (2).
- Id, (1)
- Id (1)
- Begin studies on the
bioloFy of other selec-
ted species (2)
- Id. Inclusion of the
resources around the
Mariner() Selkirk Is-
land (1).
- Id.. Inclusion of the
lobster and bacalao
around Marinero Sel-
kirk Island (1)
- Id (1)
3.- Fishery technology
- Exploratory and experi-
mental research with bot-
tom longlines and traps
principally for bacalao
and lobster (1)
- Id (1)
- Introduction of mecha-
nization in the fishing
operations (1)
- Evaluation of the ben-
thic and demersal re-
sources (1)
- Id. Includes the pelagic
resources around the is-
lands (1).
- Development of new fish-
ing methods for the ex-
ploitation of the availa-
ble resources (1)
- Initiation of the mona-
gement of the fisheries,
principally bacalao and
lobster (1)
4.- ProcessinE
- Diagnosis of the condi-
tions of processing,
storage, transport, etc.
(1)
- Development of new me-
thods for obtaining/pro-
cessing conventional
products (1).
- Proposition and eva-
luation of new me-
thods (1).
- Id. New method of
processing for ob-
taining new products
(1).
5.- Economic studies
- Studies about the orani-
zation and operation of
the fishery Cooperative (2)
- Analyze the actual econo-
mic activity of the coope-
rative (1).
- Proposition of changes
in the Cooperative
System (1)
- Cost-benefit ratio in
the changes proposed
in the technology and
explotaition of the
resources (1).
- Econometric model for
the fisheries of this
oceanic triangle (1).
6.- Other studies
- Organization of a system
to ooTain statistical in-.formation (1).
Estimation of potentialcatch and a policy for
its exploitation (1)- Revision of the regu-
lations that have a re-
lation with living re-sources or with the fi-shing activity (1).
Part C : Evaluation
Final reportEvaluation of the results obtainedPlan for a new period of research
" ... I shall never he so
as when I was
in ny lit:le island. TI
Je-xander Selkirk
On 2 February 1709, two Pirate •ships wi nfl-
gland flag, the Duke a nd she cpt. ',:fas a Tierra
Island, in the Southwestern Pacific. This island, together
with another two - Santa Clara and. T2ilas Afuera Island - form
a group of three volcanic islands called Juan 7 --rr a r ,i ez Ar-
chipelago, named after the Spanish navigator who had, acci-
dentally discovered it in 1574 in his travel from Callao,
port of Lima (1:'ERTI) to Valparaiso, port of Santiago (CHILE).
These islands, lie about 365 nautical :Liles west of Chilean
coast.
Captain 71oodes Rogers sent a 'scat with eight •
sailors to exp lore the island and soon i7; as see n retur-
ning to the shin. But, it was returilin -with nine persons.
The other nan, clothed with goat-skins, led -oeen alone on
the Island four years and four anat.. anne was Alexan-
der Selkirk, a Scotch nan see }.-ad ,1.1r aster of the Cinoue
82. 73° W
_1
JuanFe -rmandez
Islands
Location of the Juan FernandezIslands.
5c7U
900
7,00
Ports. He was soon relatin g his adventure.
He explained that he had been marooned on
a Tierra early in October 1704 at his own request, after
strong disagreement with Captain Thomas •tradling , his su-
perior on the 'Cinque Forts. The first day of the first week
of his more than two hundred solitary weeks, he took stock
of his possessions. On his person he wore a linen shirt,
breeches, long woolen stockings, and buckled shoes. In his
sea chest were additional pieces of clothing , some .bedding,
a kettle, a hatchet, a knife, a few -Pounds of tobacco and
a pipe, several mathematical instruments, a Holy Bible and
other books.
Selkirk found a cave and fortified it with
stones. At first he was primarily confined to a near by beach
for food, picking 11:0 lobsters, shellfish and turtle. But 13_7
ter, he began to ex plore his private thirteen square mile
domain.
Stranded on the primitive island, Selkirk had
successfully fought loneliness, rats, and the elements. He
had escaped hunger by chasing down wild goats (maybe five
hundred in that period), after tirin g of turtle and fish,
and later had taken to cultivatini,. turnips. He escaped cap-
ture by a Spanish landin- party through his swiftness of
foot, and he maintained his sanity by improvising dances
with his pet cats, bellowing scotch psalms aloud, and fashio-
nin tools out of a stock of iron on hand.
Daily, he made his way up to the two-thousand
foot summit of his lookout, adjusted his s py-glass, and
searched the empty horizon for s-;ns of. rescue.
Selkirk had left his home in Largo seven years
before in poverty and disgrace. :krw upon l e aving :eras a Tie-
rra, his dream to return to England affluent and respeft:ed
was in the hands of Captain Rogers. OrTy a few pirates prac-
tised legal piracy more efficiently than Ca ptain Rogers.
When he reached London in mid-October of 1711,
Selkirk had been gone eight years, one month, and three days.
As a result of the expedition and raids on S p anish waters,
he received £ 800, a considerable sum in 7- ose days.
In 1712, not many months after returning to
London Captain Rogers published "A Cruising Voyage around
the World". With care and effective details he told the ad-
venture of the "man who had lived during four years and four
months of solitary confinement on a desert island". Later,
Sir Richard Steel was free to write his o n version, and
filled the entire issue of "The Englishmen", dated 1-3 De-
cember 1713, with a classic recital of Alexander Selkirk's
tribulations. There is little doubt that through these
publications Selkirk became a Lien of -
But he might soon have been for tten had not
one of his readers been an ale -2 , prolific, irrepreible
panphleteer named Daniel Defoe, "father of English journa-
lism".
Thet'raer the creator of Robinson Crusoe obtained
his inspiration anal materials fromthe real Robinson Crusoe
directly, or indirectly by readingabout him in London, we
may never know. For more than two centuries scholars have
debated the probability of a meeting between Defoe and
Selkirk, in Bristol. But by late 1718 Defoe was busily en-
gaged in developing his book fashioned after Alexander Self
kirk, who was by then a member of His Majesty's Navy on
leave in the Pall Mall area of London. The prepa-cations
for his book were careful. We know that Defoe did extensive
general research, not only from the accuracy of the story
itself, but from notes the author made, which nay still be
seen at one Library-in England. Defoe possessed a large
brary, and read Damper 's narrative about his travels and
many other books about ex plorations and adventures in the
New World. More specific research was obtained some tine
before when Defoe transacted business with a Captain of the
East Indian. Company, who showed him maps of Juan Fernandez.
When the book was done, Defoe submitted it to
his publishers but, according to the tradition, Robinson
Crusoe was rejected by one publisher after another. It is
thought that as many as twenty turned it down. At last, a
publisher was found and a first edition was issued on 25
ril 1719, exactly 2b0 years th=at time, fifteen
hundred co pies were printed priced at five shillings a
copy.
The story fell like a bombshell on its vast
readim: audience. The first edition was followed in seven-
teen days by a second, which in 7,-urn was followed in twenty- • •
five days by. a third. 'And, • three and a half months after pu-
blication, there. was a fourth edition. Uso, a half-year
later, Robinson Crusoe became the first novel ever to be
serialized.
The book entitled "The Life and Str,,, r„ze surn-iz_
ing Adventures of R03=ON CRUZ0E, of York, L'ariner 1%
written by Himself, begins: I was born in the year of 1632,
in the city of York, of a good family". Robinson Crusoe is
the story of abEnglishman who becomes a pros pering tobacco-
brow in Brazil. When he is induced to lead a 120-ton ship.
to Guiana in order to accuire slaves cheaply, he runs into
a storm off the Orinoco River. The vessel is smashed on a
sand-bar, and all. the peo ple perish except Crusoe. He swims
to a near-by island and 'survives.
Robinson Crusoe's twenty-e sht years on the
desert island, are too familiar to recount in detail .. The
main concept' of the story, and the numerous realistic details
that made it a deii,.sht, were borrowed : .itiiout-• change from
Selkirk. On his desert island, hich :::losely resembles Juan
Fernandez island, the fictional Crue3oe fears loneliness, sea
lions, mad rats, as did the elkirk. Crusoe finds
companionship in cats, oatsen. the Bible, as did Selkirk.
Also Crusoe creates shelters, e.atskin clothin, and crude
tools, as did Selkirk.
However, Crusoe's story was not entirely fashioned
after Alexander Selkirk's life. There were numerous differen-
ces, which may have grown out a Defoe's natural creativity.
For example, Robinson Crusoe was an English tradesman; Selkirk
a Scotch sailor. Crusoe was shipwreched off Brazil and mooron-
ed against his wishes; Selkirk was left stranded off Chile at
his own request. Crusoe acquired the company of Friday; Selkirk
had no companionship at any time.
One year after the first edition of Robinson'Crusoe,
the real original, Alexander Selkirk signed on H.M. S. Weymouth
as Lieutenent put to sea to hunt down pirates and slave runners
off Africa. However, as a consequence of one stop, malaria and
yellow fever invaded the ship. Like so many others sailors, on
13 December 1920, another death was entered in the log. The
entry - read: " Alexr. Selkirk, D D Alexr. Selkirk Deceased".
Later, the Weymouth was back in England with the news that the
real Robinson Crusoe was dead.
Later that the Duke and her consort sailed out to
the island and Selkirk looked upon the rugged outlines of his
island home for the last time. Mas a Tierra, or in present
time Robinson Crusoe Island, did not remain a desert island
long. Because England considered taking possesion of the is-
land for a military base, Spain anticipated this move, and in
1750 established her own fort. More than a half-century later,
after Chile won its independence, it took over the island and
Chilean settlers colonized the Archi pelago at the end of the
last century.
On the top of the two-thousand-foot peak which had
served so long for lookout is called the Selkirk Lookout or
Mirador de Selkirk. In 1863 a party of English naval officers
from H M S Topaze established a tablet on the lookout site.
C It reads:
In Memory of
1:15,aA-NDER SIJKIRK
Mariner
- A native of Laro, in the County of
Fife, Scotland.
- iho lived on this island in co=lete
solitude, for four years and four
months.
He was landed fro g the Clrcue Fors
Galley, 96 tons, 10 :runs, 1704,
and was taken off in the Duke, pri-
vateer, 12 Feb, 1709.
- He died l ieutenant of H:S. 77ey__,.outh,
A.D. 1723, aged 47 years.
- This tablet is erected near Selkirk
Lookout, by Comaodore Powell ana the
Officers of HS Tooa-e, A.J.
C Since Selkirk le f t uke island.,-any attempts to
establish '.'e-2anent settleneTlts had been unsuccessful. After
3',_;0 years fro_a its original discovery a --ernanent population
was established on the main island ihich has crown to a pre-
sent size of 650 inhabitants.
In 1935 the A.rch-ipelaso was estuolished as a
National Park by Federal decree. In this way, this land
happened to directly depend on the goverment for the protec-
tion of its flora, fauna and environment. This action,
second such adopted in the country, was taken to preserve
the scientific integrity, as well as the cultural and touris-
tic value of the Archipelago known since early days of navi-
gation, scientific exploration and travel.
At the present time the main occu pation of7
the population is fishing, princi pally lobster and several
kinds of fish. The catch of lobsters off these islands nade
Chile the leader in the world supply of this crustacean.
Hevision of scientifi oublished about
the Juan Fernandez islands and itz resources
(See also. o the end of this 3iblio-
graphy).
1... AGUAYO, A,. (1971)'The present status or the Ju'rn Fernandez Furseal K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1:1-4
(197-1):Uer 39 y 185
2 4 - AGUAYO, A. y R. MATURANA (1970) Primer canna de Lobos finas en elarchipialago Juan Fernandez. Biol. peso., 4:3-15
AGUAYO, A.tR. MATURANA, Y D. TORRES (1970) El Lobo find de JuanFernandez.
6g Congreso de Medicine Veterinaria y Zooteanis, Santiaga, Chile.
AHLSERG, D. (1956) Thysanoptera from Juan Fernandez and Easter 13lands. The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and EasterIsland. Uppsala, 3:272-2760
5 ALBERT) FEDERIC0.(1898) La langosta de Juan rernandez i la posibi-jidad de su p ropagaci6n en la costa ch ilzna.- Rev. Chil;Hist.-nat. 2 (1-:3):5-11, 17-23, 29-31.,
ALBERT,-FEDERICZ(1901).Los Lobos marinas de Chile. Rev. Chili,-His.t.-nát., V.
ALEXANDER,.CH.P.(1952) Tripulidse (Dipteraor Juan Fernndez.Rev4
Ent. 2(5):35-80
8,. ANDREWS, H.E. (1955). Colecotera-Cara oP the Juan Fernandez 13lands. The Natural History oP Juan Fern andez and EasterIslands, Uppsala 3:827-,S37.
ANGELESCU, V. (1954) Ver 140.
9,, ANCNIMO (1938-1939). Pesca de la langosta.-- Informs del segundo
Ingeniero del vapor "Pence, de la Sociedad Pesquera
"La Bahia".
10 0. ANONIMO. Conservas de langosta y bacalao dE Juan Fernandez de
los senores Carlos Fonck y-Cia. Sin infoTmaci5n.
11,- ARANA, Y M.F. PIZARRO (1971) La langosta de Juan Fernandez_,
I Caracteristicas morfomatrioas v r distribuci5n de
Callas y. sexos-de Jasus frontalis de la Isla Robinson-.
Crusoe. Inv. Mar., 2(5): 93-123.
12,;, ARABIA, P. C. MELD (1973). La lan gosta de Juan Fernandez,
Pesca comercial de Jasus frontall y en las Islas de
Robinson Crusoe y Santa Clara.- Inv, Mar. 4(5):_135-,
154.
S3,. AUGENER, H. (1956). Litorala Polychaeten von JuanF ernandez,. I*12
Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island,
Uppsala, 3:161-218.
14,, AURIUILLIUS, CHR. (1955), Coleopters-Curculionidae von Juan Fez
nandez und der Osterinseln. The Natural History of
Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, Uppsala,
3:461-477.
15 AURIVILLUS, CH. PROUT,L. Y WEYRI:Th, E. (1921). Lepidapteran von
Juan Fernandez und der OteT Insaln, The Natural Histcrjof Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, Uppsala, 3(2):255-273.
15t- BAEZ, PEDRO.(1973) (,areas Phvliceom Pac k Sur Orient a l.
(Crustacea Macrura, Scyllaridee.- Rev, B101. Mar.
Valparaiso,. 15(1):115-130.
17ow BAHAMONDE. NIBALDO (1948). Algunot datos sabre la langosta de
Juan Fernandez (Jesus fontalis M. Edw., 1837).- Rev.
Biol. Mar., Valparaiso 1(2):90-102.
(1951)-sabre dos ante nos an6malas obtervadas en Jesus
frontalis (M. Edw.). Rev. Biol. Mar,, I I I ( 1 V2): 162.
(4965) Islas Desventuradas.--Serie Educative N g8 M1.13).
Nec. Hist, Nat., 15 pi.
20L-,► EALSS, HEINRICH.- (1915) Crustacea II Decapoda, Mecrura umd A?lcmurai
in: Beitrage zur Kenntnis dar Meerasfeuna Wastafri.kaa,
Bd. II. Hamburg.
21.- (1924) Decapoden von Juan Fern'andez, The Natural Hi at'
.ty of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, Upp41a,
3:329-340.
22.-- BATE, C.S - (1888) Report on the Crustacea Macrura collected by
H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-75,- Rep, Ucy,
Challenger Zool., 24:1-922.
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lands, The Natural History of Juan Fern a ndez and Easter-
Island, Uppsala, 3:395-4C2,
24 0 w BERLAND, L. (1955) Araiones Os l'ile de Paques at des l l ila Juan
Fern5ndez.The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and
Easter Island, Uppsala : 5:419-437. -
25.- BERNAHUER / M. (1921) Coscotera StsohyliTlidas von ter Juan Fern
dez Inseln und Osternsoln, Ths Natural History. of Juan
Fernandez and Easter Island, Uppsala, 341-44.
26.- BERTERO, C. (1830) Notice sur 1 Histoire Naturelle de 1 1-i1e Juan
Fernandez. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Paris, 21 :344
BLOCH, (1973) her 81
27,0- BOAS / J.E.V.. (1880) Studier over Decapoternes-Slaegtskabforhola.
(Recherches 1,3s afinits des Crustacas dacapodes).
h. Danake vidensk. 1:26-210.-
28.- BOCK S. (1956) Polycladen aus JuoiFernandez. The Natural History
of Juan Fernandez- and F- astar , Island Uppsala, 3341-572,
29.- BRANDHORST, WILHELM (1971) Condiciones cceanograficas estivales fren
te a la costa de Chile.- Rev, Biol. Mar.., Valparaiso,
14(3):45-84.
30,- BRUCE, n. t.n56)7Col@optRra:-Crvtcphagidae-Ivan-:7JualiiiEarg5fildazz-1
Natural-e:=art,i E.---rnndoctaodTEtsta7
Uppsalaa
31,- BRUES, C.T. (1956) A New SpecisrE of parasitic Hymenoptera from Juan
Fernandez. Th2 NE2t..C2 Hist ,_] 71i of Juan Fernandez-and EsS
ter Island, Uppsa7,c,
32,- BURGER, OTTO (1902). Ein Lstcrolem Harmaphroditismus
Palinurus frrl7t71)s,- tiOE Z2itschr. uiss. Zool., 71:
702-707.
33.- (19047 Un pas° de he.rm=Oltismo ' latars1 en 12 langosta de Juan Fernandez <Pellhurus frontalis An. Univ. Chile, 113:591-5993-
, (1909) Die Robinson-Insel, 22
35...SUSSZ, B. (1970) Nata preliminar sabre las poblacionas de
de las-islas de Juan FernAndaz, (Aves.Trcbhilidas). Ebl.Ornit., 2 (2):2-3.
354,,, CALDCLEUGH IA, (1831) On the geology-cf-ths island of Juan FerniA,nds..1.-
Gaol. Soo.- :o-f-Prsc.eadings,1 (1828-1833)255 PhiL
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37.. CANESSA C.., SANTIAGO.- (1965) Pasca de Ia-langesta de Juan Fezhirda2
Escuela da P esqueries y Alimantos, (no publicado)•
91 p.
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CASTILLO, M.H.; TORRES,. S.; A.ACUAY0 (1971) Observacionas acbr17. laflora dal archipielago Os Juan Fern5.ndez, Gain. Univ. d2
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•41.- CHILTCN, CI-1--(1921) A small caller on uf Amohlooda from Juan
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Easter Island, Uppsala, 3;81-92
42.- CHOPARD, L. (1956) Gryllides da Juan Fern5ndaz et de L'ile de
Paques. The-Natural HiStary of Juan Fernandez.and'
Easter Island Uppsala, 3:321-323,
43,• CLEAVE. 1-1.,3. (1956)Acanthocephala collected by the Swadish Ex
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444 CooccEn MARI (1971) 132214121121:222R 2.2 .11.2222 3!laIL- Aqas55-:,' en islas de Juan fern5ndaz y DaSVentUr2d3S (Echincidea
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55 ) 4 ( ) Note Sur un nou ,Jeau genre de Ch4-=-1rAes
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•
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