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JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

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Page 1: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language

Sound Changes (1)

Page 2: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)
Page 3: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)
Page 4: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

Consonants: speech-sounds produced when the speaker either stops or severely constricts the airflow in vocal tract.

Vowels: speech-sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract.

Page 5: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

Voicing: A voiced sound is produced when air from the lungs causes the vocal folds (vocal cords) to vibrate.

Page 6: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

The phonetic system of modern Japanese How many vowels? How many consonants? Syllable structures

open syllables (CV) are predominant. no consonant sequences within a syllable (cf.

strike, tips). Pitch accents (as opposed to stress accents)

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五十音図 ( ごじゅうおんず )

What does each kana represent? mora: a unit larger than “phone”, but smaller t

han “syllable” phone = 音 ( おん )

syllable = 音節 ( おんせつ )

mora = モーラ , 拍 ( はく )

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Japanese is a mora-timed language. English is a stress-timed language:

“Stressed syllables appear at a roughly constant rate, and non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate this.”

key vs. keen

木 ( き ) vs. 金 ( きん ) 木 ( き ) vs. キー 餓鬼 ( がき ) ‘brat’ vs. 楽器 ( がっき ) ‘musical instr

ument’

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行 ( ぎょう ): アカサタナハマヤラワ 段 ( だん ): アイウエオ 清音 ( せいおん ) ・半濁音 ( はんだくお

ん ) ・濁音 ( だくおん ) 直音 ( ちょくおん ) ・拗音 ( ようおん )

ン , ッ , ー

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委員 ( いいん ) ‘commission’ 必死 ( ひっし ) ‘desperate’ 客観的 ( きゃっかんてき ) ‘objective’ 九州大学 ( きゅうしゅうだいがく ) ジェットコースター

1. Each upper case kana, “ ー” , and “ っ” counts as one mora.

2. Lower case kana’s other than “ っ” (“ ゃ” , “ ゅ” , “ ょ” , etc.) do not count as one mora.

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ア行 (vowels)

ア [a]: low-central-unrounded イ [i]: high-front-unrounded ウ [u] ([ɯ]): high-back-unrounded エ [e]: middle-front-unrounded オ [o]: middle-back-rounded

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short vs. long vowels ( 短音 たんおん vs. 長音 ちょうおん , 短母音 たんぼいん vs. 長母音 ちょうぼいん )

岡さん [okasaɴ] vs. お母さん [oka:saɴ] おばさん [obasaɴ] vs. おばあさん [oba:saɴ]

cf. hit [hɪt] vs. heat [hit] hit, hood, … = lax (short) vowels, heat, food, … = tense (long) vowels

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Vowel sequences vs. diphothongs 鷹 [taka] vs. 高い [takai] 釜 [kama] vs. 構え [kamae]

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カ行

カ : [ka] キ : [kji] ク : [ku] ケ : [ke] コ : [ko]

[k]: voiceless, velar, stop (plosive) [kj]: palatalized [k]

palatalization: the phenomenon whereby the tongue body approaches the hard palate (and the lips spread out)

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non-palatarized vs. palatarized consonants ( 直音 ちょくおん vs. 拗音 ようおん )

キャ : [kja] 客 ( きゃく ) ‘guest’ キュ : [kju] きゅうり ( 胡瓜 ) ‘cucumber’ ( キェ : [kje]) キョ : [kjo] 距離 ( きょり ) ‘distance’

キャット [kjat:o] vs. カット [kat:o]

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ガ行

ガ : [ga] ギ : [gji] グ : [gu] ゲ : [ge] ゴ : [go]

[g]: voiced, velar, stop[gj]: palatarized [g]

清音 ( せいおん ) vs. 濁音 ( だくおん )

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ギャ : [gja] 逆転 ( ぎゃくてん ) ‘reversal’

ギュ : [gju] 牛乳 ( ぎゅうにゅう ) ‘milk’ ( ギェ : [gje]) ギョ : [gjo] 玉座 ( ぎょくざ ) ‘throne’

Page 18: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

サ行

サ : [sa] シ : [ʃi] ス : [su] セ : [se] ソ : [so]

[s]: voiceless, alveolar, fricative

[ʃ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative

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シャ : [ʃa] 車輪 ( しゃりん ) シュ : [ʃu] 修理 ( しゅうり ) シェ : [ʃe] シェイク ショ : [ʃo] 少年 ( しょうねん )

( スィ : [si], [sji])

cf. she [ʃi], see [s(j)i]

Page 20: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

ザ行

ザ : [ʣa] ~ [za] ジ : [ʤi] (~ [ʒi] in rapid speech) ズ : [ʣu] ~ [zu] ゼ : [ʣe] ~ [ze] ゾ : [ʣo] ~ [zo]

[ʣ]: voiced, alveolar, affricate [z]: voiced, alveolar, fricative[ʤ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, affricate [ʒ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, fricative

[X] ~ [Y] : free variation

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ジャ : [ʤa] (~ [ʒa]) 砂利 ( じゃり ) ‘pebbles’

ジュ : [ʤu] (~ [ʒu]) 十 ( じゅう ) ジェ : [ʤe] (~ [ʒe]) ジェット機 ( じぇっと

き ) ‘jet plane’ ジョ : [ʤo] (~ [ʒo]) 状態 ( じょうたい ) ‘st

ate’

( ズィ : [ʣ(j)i] ~ [z(j)i])

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タ行

タ : [ta] チ : [ʧi] ツ : [ʦu] テ : [te] ト : [to]

[t]: voiceless, alveolar, stop [ʧ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, affricate[ʦ]: voiceless, alveolar, affricate

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チャ : [ʧa] 茶会 ( ちゃかい ) ‘tea party’ チュ : [ʧu] 注意 ( ちゅうい ) ‘attention’ チェ : [ʧe] チェス ‘ chess’ チョ : [ʧo] 蝶 ( ちょう ) ‘butterfly’

( ツァ : [ʦa]) おとっつぁん , ツァラトストラかく語りき

( ツィ : [ʦji]) ( ツェ : [ʦe]) ( ツォ : [ʦo])

ティ : [ti] ティー ( トゥ : [tu])

Page 24: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

ダ行

ダ : [da] ヂ = ジ ヅ = ズ デ : [de] ド : [do]

[d]: voiced, alveolar, stop

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ディ : [dji] ディレクター デュ : [dju] デュース ( デョ : [djo])

( ドゥ : [du])

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ナ行

ナ : [na] ニ : [nji] ヌ : [nu] ネ : [ne] ノ : [no]

[n]: (voiced,) alveolar, nasal

[nj]: palatalized [n]

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ニャ : [nja] こんにゃく ニュ : [nju] 乳牛 ( にゅうぎゅう )

‘milk cow’ ( ニェ : [nje]) ニョ : [njo] 女房 ( にょうぼう ) ‘wife’

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ハ行

ハ : [ha] ヒ : [çi] フ : [ɸu] ヘ : [he] ホ : [ho]

[h]: voiceless, glottal, fricative [ç]: voiceless, palatal, fricative[ɸ]: voiceless, bilabial, fricative

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ヒャ : [ça] 百 ( ひゃく ) ヒュ : [çu] ヒュー ( ヒェ : [çe]) ヒョ : [ço] 氷河 ( ひょうが ) ‘glacier’

ファ : [ɸa] ファイル フィ : [ɸji] フィッシュ フェ : [ɸe] フェリー フォ : [ɸo] フォーカス

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パ行

( 半濁音 はんだくおん ) パ : [pa] ピ : [pji] プ : [pu] ペ : [pe] ポ : [po]

[p]: voiceless, bilabial, stop [pj]: palatarized [p]

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ピャ : [pja] 六百 ( ろっぴゃく ) ピュ : [pju] コンピュータ ( ピェ : [pje]) ピョ : [pjo] 発表 ( はっぴょう )

Page 32: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

バ行

バ : [ba] ビ : [bji] ブ : [bu] ベ : [be] ボ : [bo]

[b]: voiced, bilabial, stop

[bj]: palatarized [b]

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ビャ : [bja] 白檀 ( びゃくだん ) ‘sandal-wood’ ビュ : [bju] 誤謬 ( ごびゅう ) ‘error’ ( ビェ : [bje]) ビョ : [bjo] 鋲 ( びょう ) ‘rivet, tack’

Page 34: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

マ行

マ : [ma] ミ : [mji] ム : [mu] メ : [me] モ : [mo]

[m]: (voiced,) bilabial, nasal

[mj]: palatalized [m]

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ミャ : [mja] 脈 ( みゃく ) ミュ : [mju] ミュージック ( ミェ : [mje]) ミョ : [mjo] 茗荷 ( みょうが )

Page 36: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

ヤ行

ヤ : [ja] ユ : [ju] ( イェ : [je]) ヨ : [jo]

[j]: (voiced,) palatal, approximant

cf. east [ist] vs. yeast [jist]

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ラ行

ラ : [ɾa] ~ [la] ~ [ra] リ : [ɾji] ~ [lji] ~ [rji] ル : [ɾu] ~ [lu] ~ [ru] レ : [ɾe] ~ [le] ~ [re] ロ : [ɾo] ~ [lo] ~ [ro]

[ɾ]: alveolar, flap[l]: alveolar, lateral approximant[r]: alveolar, trill

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リャ : [ɾja] ~ [lja] ~ [rja] 略す ‘ to omit’ リュ : [ɾju] ~ [lju] ~ [rju]  竜 ( りゅう )

‘dragon’ ( リェ : [ɾje] ~ [lje] ~ [rje]) リョ : [ɾjo] ~ [ljo] ~ [rjo] 旅行 ( りょこ

う )

‘trip’

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ワ行

ワ : [wa] ウィ ( ヰ ): [w(j)i] ウィザード ウェ ( ヱ ): [we] ウェルダン ウォ ( ヲ ): [wo] ウォークマン

[w]: (labial-)velar approximant[wj]: palatalized [w]

cf. ooze [uz] vs. woos [wuz]

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ワ行拗音 (labialized consonants)

クァ , クェ , クォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo] クァルテット , クォーツ , …

グァ , グェ , グォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo]

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ビオラ or ヴィオラ ? ベルサイユ or ヴェルサイユ ?

“ ヴァ” , “ ヴィ” , “ ヴ” , “ ヴェ” , “ ヴォ” can be pronounced either with [v] or [b].

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ン ( 撥音 はつおん )

ン is pronounced in a number of different ways (nasal assimilation)

券 ( けん ) [keɴ] ( ~ [keŋ] ~ [ken]) 心配 ( しんぱい ) [ʃimpai] 今度 ( こんど ) [kondo] 今日 ( こんにち ) [konjnjiʧi] 天気 ( てんき ) [teŋki]

[ŋ]: velar nasal (cf. 科学 [kagaku] ~ [kaŋaku])[ɴ]: uvular nasal

Page 43: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (1)

ッ ( 促音 そくおん )

ッ is realized as lengthening (by one mora) of the

following consonant: sustained closure

一杯 ( いっぱい ) [ip:ai] 一体 ( いったい ) [it:ai] 一回 ( いっかい ) [ik:ai] ブッダ [bud:a] バッグ [bag:u] エッジ [eʤ:i]

sustained stricture 必死 ( ひっし ) [çiʃ:i]