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• One who knows and knows that he knows... His horse of wisdom will reach the skies.
• One who knows, but doesn't know that he knows... He is fast asleep, so you should wake him up!
• One who doesn't know, but knows that he doesn't know... His limping mule will eventually get him home.
• One who doesn't know and doesn't know that he doesn't know... He will be eternally lost in his hopeless oblivion!
Ibn Yamin Faryumadi (1286-1368)
Why Bioreactors ?a Proven technology
a Requires no modification of current practices
a No land taken out of production
a No decrease in drainage effectiveness
a Very low maintenance
a Estimated life - 10 to 15 years
a Cost effective
0 200 400 600 800
5
10
15
20
25
30C
once
ntr
atio
n o
f N
itra
te-N
(m
g/L
)
Hydraulic Retention Time (mins)
Corncob Mix data points Wood mix data points
Corncob Mix fitted line Wood Mix fitted line
c
bt-expexp1AR
CD=68%
Removal Efficacy is a Function of Oxygen Saturation, Carbon Source and Retention Time
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
5
10
15
Hydraulic retention time (mins)
20c
50c
100c
150c
200c
250c
20
40
60
80
100
Measured Points (2oC)
% N
itra
te R
em
ain
ing
Con
cen
trat
ion
of
Nit
rate
-N (
mg/
L)
Removal Efficacy is a Function of Temperature
CapacityControlStructure
5’ Soil Backfill
Woodchips
Trench bottom 1’ Below tile invert
Section of perforated tile
Length/width dependent on contributing area
DiversionStructure
Second Generation Bioreactors
Capacity controlstructure
5’ section of non-perforated tile
Diversionstructure
Top View
5’ Soil backfill
60 minutes after injection
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
X (cm )
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Y (
cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
X (cm )
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Y (
cm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
120 minutes after injection
Dissolved MeHg in Bioreactor Inlets
-Eight non-detects-Eight non-detects
-Six samples contained detectable MeHg-Six samples contained detectable MeHg
- Maximum: - Maximum: 0.16 ng/L0.16 ng/L
- Average:- Average: 0.09 ng/L0.09 ng/L
CapacityControlStructure
5’ Soil Backfill
Woodchips
Trench bottom at thetile invert level
Length/width dependent on contributing area
DiversionStructure
Third Generation Bioreactors
Section of perforated tile
87.576.565.554.543.532.521.510.50
150,000
140,000
130,000
120,000
110,000
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
14131211109876543210
1,000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
No nitrous oxide was released from the system
SiteDrainage
Area (acres)
Bioreactor Area
(square feet)
Loading Density(acres/100 sq.
feet)Decatur West 5 400 1.25
De Land West 28 930 3.00
Amenia 15 400 3.75
Decatur East 16 400 4.00
Bloomington North 20 400 5.00
De Land North 39 560 7.00
De Land East 34 400 8.50
Mount Zion 70 400 17.5
BIOREACTOR EFFICACY CURVELake Decatur and Lake Bloomington Watersheds
Lr = 87.29Ld-0.343
R² = 0.99
Lr = 95.31Ld-0.361
R² = 0.94
Lr = 95.42Ld-0.435
R² = 0.44
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20
Loading Density Ld ( Acres/100 sq.feet of the bioreactor)
Load
Red
uctio
n Lr
(%)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2008-2009 2008-2010