Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge

Journal of Economics and

KnowledgeTechnologies

No. 1 / January 2015ISSN 2360-5499ISSN-L 2360-5499

www.e-editura.ro/jetk

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Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge

Vol. 1. No. 1, 2015

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The Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge

No. 1/January 2015 ISSN 2360-5499 ISSN-L 2360-5499

EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief: Ioan I. Gâf-Deac The Journal of Economics and Knowledge Technologies is a publication officially registered ISSN 2360-5499 / ISSN 2360-5499 L in Romania / Bucharest by Free Mind Publishing in collaboration with FDBC-KBDF, Knowledge-based Development Foundation.

KBDF, Knowledge-based Development Foundation


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Subject Coverage JETK is an international scientific journal, which focuses on the intersection of Knowledge Technology, Knowledge Business and Knowledge Economics.

Suitable topics include, but are not limited to, the following: Knowledge production processes and research activities, Knowledge practices, memory practices, Collaboration, coordination, cooperation, partnerships in knowledge production, New forms of research conduct, New modes of knowledge production with knowledge infrastructures, Design, development, and uses of knowledge infrastructures, Sustainability of knowledge infrastructures, Global operations management, The impact of managing disruptive technologies, The diffusion of new technologies, Managing changing business models and ecosystems in emerging industries, Strategic management of disruptive technologies and industries, Intellectual property rights management of technologies and industries, Managing new business models, Applied macroeconomics, Applied microeconomics, Service operations and performance, Product development, Performance management, Modeling and simulation, Quality control and management, Production and material flows, Knowledge R&D management, Inventory management and co-ordination, Multi-objective optimization, Business process outsourcing, Aggregate planning, Performance measurement,

Risk management, Financing sources of entrepreneurial ventures, Business performance, Entrepreneurial intentions, Entrepreneurship and business education, Entrepreneurship and business and economic growth, Social entrepreneurship, Ethics and social responsibility, Methodologies for e-government, Enterprise architectures, Business-IT alignment modeling, Governance and policy modeling, Technologies for e-government, Cloud computing, Interoperability and standards, Knowledge management and decision process support, Business processes management, Data and network security, Emerging technologies, Workflow management systems, Open source applications, The shale oil and gas revolution, Energy use and environmental impacts, Alternative sources of energy, New products/process and innovation for sustainability, Multi-criteria decision methods for sustainability assessment, Innovative business models for sustainable development, Natural resources management, Sustainability, Corporate social and environmental responsibility, Industrial ecology and eco-clusters.

Notes for Prospective Authors All papers must be submitted online, via e-mail, as word document attachments. ([email protected])


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Managing Editor: Ioan Gâf-Deac, PhD. & Nicolae Bulz, PhD. The mission of The Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge - JETK is to publish original, high quality, economics and technologies knowledge empirical research that will have a significant impact on new Knowledge-based Economy theory and practice. Regular articles accepted for publication in JETK must have implications for new economy operations managers based on one or more of a variety of research methodologies. JETK also publishes insightful meta-analyses of the economics and technologies knowledge literature, conceptual/theoretical studies with implications for practice, comments on past articles, studies concerning the economics and technologies knowledge field itself, and other such relevant matters. The primary audience includes researchers who are interested in advancing the economics and technologies knowledge field, academics, Ph.D. students and practitioners who have a concern for keeping abreast of the state of the art in Knowledge-based Economy. The journal presents to this audience the concepts, theories, economics and technologies knowledge perspectives that address currently cutting-edge issues in Knowledge-based Economy. Accordingly, the aim of JETK is to enhance the field of economics and technologies knowledge and develop general theory, typically through the identification, analysis, and theorization of real Knowledge-based Economy problems. JETK seeks research that can help the audience develop a better conceptual base for understanding Knowledge based Economy. The focus of articles for JETK should be on the economics and technologies situation or the theory being studied the techniques solution being developed or used. General topics covered by the journal, is not exclusive.


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Consulting Editors: Theodor Damian, Metropolitan College of New York, USA Ion Ciucă, Politechnic University of Bucharest, Romania Nicolae Bulz, University of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia Mihai Pascu Coloja, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania Academic Editorial Review Board: Carsten Drebenstedt, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany Raul S. Turmanidze, Georgian Technical University of Tbilisi, Georgia Monika Hardigora, Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland Flaviu William Ritziu, West University of New York, USA Nicolae Țâu, ULIM University of Chișinău, Republic of Moldova Ion Petru Roșca, ULIM University of Chișinău, Republic of Moldova Hana Lorencova, Envir. Ostrava Univ. St., Czech Republic Sorin Mihai Cîmpeanu, USMAV Bucharest, Romania Dorel Zugrăvescu, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania Constantin Bungău, University of Oradea, Romania Nicolae Tiberiu Iliaş, University of Petrosani, Romania Marin Andreica, Academy of Economics Studies, Bucharest, Romania Mihai Aristotel Ungureanu, R.-American University of Bucharest, Romania Ioan Curtu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Wilhelm Kecs, University of Petrosani, Romania Nicolae Paraschiv, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania Maria Gâf-Deac, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Ioan Copaci, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania Ion Iulian Hurloiu, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Silviu Marin Nan, University of Petrosani, Romania Nicolae Cicerone Marinescu, University of Pitesti, Romania Achim Ioan Moise, 1 Dec. 1918 University of Alba Iulia, Romania Vasilica Ciucă, Institute of NCSMPS, Bucharest, Romania Iosif Andraş, University of Petrosani, Romania Gelu Uglean, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Ioana Andreea Marinescu, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Antonela Toma, Politechnic University of Bucharest, Romania Lăcrămioara Rodica Hurloiu, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Antonio Silviu Mutulescu, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Sorin Mihai Radu, University of Petrosani, Romania Diana Anca Artene, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Constanţa Chiţiba, D. Cantemir University of Bucharest, Romania Marinică Dobrin, S. Haret University of Bucharest, Romania Susana Arad - University of Petroşani, Romania Aronel-Ovidiu-Corneliu Matei, University of Petroşani, Romania Ildiko Tulbure, 1 Dec. 1918 University, Alba Iulia, Romania


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Guide for authors: www.e-editura.ro/jetk Ethics in publishing: www.e-editura.ro/jetk Conflict of interest: All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations. Submission declaration and verification: Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis or as an electronic preprint, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. Changes to authorship: This policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts. Copyright: This journal offers authors a choice in publishing their research: Open access and Subscription. The authors are legally and total liable for the copyright content of published articles in JETK. Language (usage and editing services): Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted). Authors who feel their English language manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English. Submission Submission to JETK proceeds totally online ([email protected]) and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail. Referees Please submit the names and institutional e-mail addresses of several potential references. Note that the editor retains the “sole right” to decide whether or not the suggested reviewers are used. Impact factor Intent: Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports Abstracting and indexing Intent: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Executive Sciences Institute, INSPEC, Social Sciences Citation Index, SciSearch/Science Citation Index Expanded, Information Access Company


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Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge– JETK. (www.e-editura.ro/jetk)

Call for papers

For authors: The language of the Journal is exclusively English. The manuscripts must be submitted only in word electronic form ([email protected]). The manuscripts are subjected to preliminary evaluation by the Editorial Board. The period for evaluation by the referees is two months.

Manuscript preparation: Authors are requested to prepare the manuscripts considering the following options: The length of manuscripts should be as follows: articles – max. 10 pages (not more than 15 standard pages including references, tables and figures), single-space, 3.0-2.5-cm margins, on Book Antique font. Use an English keyboard layout and the Symbol Font for mathematical symbols.

Organisation: The title page should include the title, authors and their affiliations, e-mail address of the author to whom correspondence should be sent and an Abstract.

Abstract – should not exceed 200 words and should give the subjects and conclusions of the article and all results of general interest. Maximum ten keywords should follow the Abstract.

Aims – should include brief and clear remarks outlining the specific purpose of the work.

Background/ Introduction – a short summary of the background material.

Experimental – should be sufficiently detailed, but concise, to guarantee reproducibility.

Results and Discussion – should indicate the logic used for the interpretation of data without lengthy speculations.

Conclusions – short summary of the main achievements of the research.

References –They should be indicated by superscript Arabic numerical in the text. Figures and captions –figures must be numbered consecutively together with captions. Illustrations must fit the format of the Journal and should not exceed 12 × 18 cm. For best results, illustrations are to be black and white, and submitted in the actual size at which they will appear in the Journal.

Tables – each bearing a brief title should be numbered in Arabic numerals and placed in order of their mention in the text. All papers should be submitted via e-mail, as word document attachments. Submission not in elec-tronic form may face a delay in publication. Manuscripts in PDF are not accepted. Particular attention is drawn to the use of SI system of units, and IUPAC recommendations regarding symbols, units, and terminology.

Submission of manuscripts:

Manuscripts should be sent to the following e-mail address, as word document attachments: E-mail: [email protected] http://www.e-editura.ro/jetk


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CONTENTS

Foreword, - Ioan I. Gâf-Deac Gâf-Deac M., Damian Th., Iordache A., Preda B., Rus I., Ștefan R.,- Basic

concepts on corporate governance,.../10 Vaida V., - Electricity market - main factor for the operation and development of the

national power system,.../ 16 Gâf-Deac M., Jitea I-C., Opriş E.M., Ciuclea I., Popescu M.S., Micu G.V.,-

Technical and operational damage of warehouse complex and pipeline of natural gas in Eastern Romania,.../25

Amza Gh., Dobrotă D., - Contributions to the development of a model of eco technologic organization,.../35

Ungureanu M.A., Dobrotă G., - Interdependence at the level of macroeconomic indicators in Romania,.../41

Iliaş N., Andraş I., Radu S.M., Gruneanţu I., - About the need of a paradigm shift for an efficient resurrection of Romanian mining industry,.../48

Marinescu I.A., Roșca I.P., Hurloiu L.R., Ceaușu D.M., Patraş I., - Concepts of economics and management of biochemistry and biophysics control structures,.../ 53

Gâf-Deac I.I., Hurloiu I.I., Opriş E. M., Lăcătuș G., Bergheș I.A., Zippenfennig Gh., - Anthropic destructuring of deposits and pipelines for transporting the natural gas,.../58

Gâf–Deac I.I., Țâu N., Drăgălin I., Gâf–Deac M., Nedelea M.M., Pascal I., - The development through endogen status of the technical and technological changes,.../68

Bădău A-B., Meruță A., Moldovan A-C., Bărbulescu A., - Alternatives of re-using the industrial post-operated perimeters,.../74

Bucur A., Opriş E. M., Scutelnicu I.P., Minciunescu A., Cioată C., Tomescu C., Răileanu B., - Modernization of natural gas storage in salt caverns,.../ 80

Marinescu I.A., Marinescu C.N., Ceaușu D.M., Zărnescu M.O., Coandreș C., Cojocaru A., - European and Romanian general setting of health insurance and health sustainability,.../89

Gâf-Deac M., Tudor Şerban M., Gabriel M., Burtea E., Diaconescu Fl., Enache M.L.,- Privacy data under erosion of computational security in computing infrastructures,…/ 96

Conference Alerts − Scientific Events…/103 News & Information…/110


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FOREWORD

At the core of Romania’s development strategy is the concept of sustainable development which aims to create a stable theoretical framework for decision making in any situation. Although sustainable development was originally meant to be a solution to the ecological crisis caused by intense industrial exploitation of resources and the continuous degradation of the environment, focusing primarily on the preservation of environmental quality, today the concept is expanded on the quality of life in its complexity, in economical and social terms.

The purpose of sustainability is now a concern for justice and equity between countries, not only between generations. A sustainable society is the one in which: its economic and social system, as well as its natural resources and life support systems, are maintained. I am convinced, that the content of The Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge will be in regard to the objectives and priorities of the social and economic development of our country or of the European area, and it will address technical, social and economic policy issues concerning:

• sustainable and inclusive growth; • human development policies based on increased access to basic services (especially primary health care and general education); • creating conditions for recovery of competitive industries with potential global markets; • export promotion based on increased competitiveness of domestic production; • building a national agriculture based on advanced technology, extension of new knowledge and the optimal size of the operation; • stimulating small and medium enterprises;


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• planning and development of tourism; • globalization of the world economy and the intensification of relations between countries, particularly in border regions; • privatization policy; • attracting foreign direct investment.

The Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge will attempt to present ideas and theories without prejudice, based on the knowledge, truths of economics, on the technology and modern sciences. More concretely, JETK’s mission will be that to promote the high relevance of economic and technological knowledge in the national, international, global fields, while the borderless telecommunication accelerates change in our contemporary society. This will achieve an immersion in the New Economy or in the Knowledge Economy in order to serve the areas of research, innovation, academic space, individual and collective, public and private developers visions and strategies, all of them becoming contributors to advance sustainable society and human community as in Romania and worldwide. The JETK will follow a consistent path to full accreditation and recognition of international rating systems and visibility. The magazine is only in English, meeting thus the requirements and demands of movement and international visibility. The Academic Board of the publication consists of personalities, with national and international recognition and respect in knowledge systems, economics, technical and technological systems, scientists from Universities and advanced Research Institutes in the country and abroad. I am confident that this Journal’s particular importance comes from the articles full of ideas and valuable information with undeniable truths on knowledge, technical and economic experience of scientific theory and practice. I’m confident that this publication will answer to many questions and it will ask the most of scientists, theoreticians and practitioners the others, too. I wish only success for all authors and for The Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge.

Ioan I. Gâf-Deac,

Editor-in-Chief


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BASIC CONCEPTS ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Maria GÂF-DEAC1, Theodor DAMIAN2, Adrian IORDACHE3, Bianca PREDA4, Ioan RUS5, Raluca ȘTEFAN6

Abstract

The article is treating theoretical and methodological aspects regarding corporate governance. It is presented that the concept of corporate governance is relatively new in management and that there are more and more practices in specialized literature indicating the way companies and organizations are defining and controlling their internal processes considering correct, transparent, without conflict of interests or corruption basis. Provisions from various economic and management theories are structured in this article, provisions which can be further used in defining a new theory on corporate governance applicable to Romanian companies. The article is the result of discussions considered by authors and it contains synthetic selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the doctoral thesis entitled "Particularities of corporate management in Romania", author: Maria Gâf-Deac (ULIM, 2015), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations.

Key words and expressions: corporate governance, economic theories, management, management organization.

1. Introduction In the social and economic environment from the developed countries in European

Union as well as from the countries in transition for integration in the EU, strategic are met operational instances for sustainable growth.

The apparition of major businesses in the context and support of European integration and globalization becomes a dominant presence on national, regional and international markets.

In this context, the need to elaborate new rules guiding the companies and organizations is the idea as a result of incorrect, seldom unethical behavior situations observed which represent risk factors in the general socio-economic environment.

This is the reason why, the task to define new perspectives in regards to the current management methods, to take attitude towards managers’ incorrect way of acting in the global competitive environment and their abusive decisions, especially in multinational companies, is powerfully experienced.

It is clearly noted that this kind of breaches with strong financial impact, up the status of collapse, for several worldwide representative companies (e.g. AIG, Adelphia, Bear Stearns, Enron, Lehman Brothers, WorldCom from USA or Ahold, Parmalat, Royal Dutch/Shell from other countries) do not represent isolated economical and managerial incidents.[2]

The roots or essences of the problem characterizing these negative impact instances are found in the improper corporate governance.

1 Senior Lecturer, PhD., SH University, M.F.A. Faculty Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 Professor, PhD., Metropolitan College of New York, USA, [email protected] 3 PhD-Student, General Manager of Xannat Minerals, part of Xannat International Ltd., Bucharest, Romania,

[email protected] 4 Senior Lecturer, PhD., SH University, M.F.A. Faculty Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 5 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 6 Assist., PhD-Student, SH University, M.F.A. Faculty Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]


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2. Theoretical and methodological aspects regarding corporate governance Corporate governance appeared in the modern world at the beginning of `90s. In fact, later in 1999, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development elaborated a manual called “OECD Principles of Corporate Governance” [9]. According to the manual, corporate governance refers to: 1) control structures within the companies, 2) modern organization and management, 3) suppliers approach, 4) consumers and customers care, 5) stakeholders importance and 6) employees treatment. The structures and elements mentioned above need to comply with managerial behaviors such as: 1) imposition of financial responsibility compliance, 2) ethical behavior in actions taken, 3) increased trust shown by own employees and shareholders in the way companies are functioning, 4) respect of investors’ interests, 5) striving to achieve the company’s general goals, 6) transparency of public information inside the company and towards mass-media. OECD’s principles on Corporate Governance (which can be found out on www.oecd.org) defined in 1999 have become the reference framework for best practices proposed for implementation in the economic environment at national, international and global levels. The notion of corporate governance is relatively new in management and the specialized literature often present meanings indicating the business processes in which companies and organizations are direct controlled on fair, transparent, without conflict of interests or corruption bases. The ex-president of World Bank, James D. Wolfensohn (1999) [14], underlines that “corporate governance is more important than states policies for world economic growth”. Out of the scientific investigations for the present work paper, we noticed that the functioning productive-economic and social model of contemporary Romanian companies is influenced by a continuous lower level of employees’ engagement in decisions, in companies’ organization and management towards sustainability, efficiency and planned goals. On the other hand, in Romania, as well as in the region (i.e. European neighboring countries) a high bureaucracy level is still maintained in the public administration and the main development aspects to tackle, are left on local authorities which do not have sufficient financial capabilities to solve them. The necessity to elaborate a broader new theory of corporate governance facing traditional general management is gaining ground as a result of complex processes that dominate the companies and the current specific economic, productive and social environment, particular to Romania. This aspect is illustrated in Figure 1.

Consequently, is confirmed the necessity to define and apply a theory such as the corporate governance ensuring a new, ethical and transparent organizational framework for development.

It is assumed that the organizational and management difficulties in poor regions are also due to conflicts or unfair competition among companies [4].

Within the corporative context presented above, the modern governance of companies is linked with the attitude of people acting as shareholders reported to the company’s economical and political power as well as reported to the characteristics of local, national and regional business environment, considering the development specificities inside the country and also at regional level in the countries neighboring Romania.

From the factual situations studied, we can observe that corporate governance is still relatively difficult to apply it in practice to Romanian companies.

Nevertheless, it must be retained the fact that corporate governance rules offer surviving chances to potentially defeated companies in the competition in the market place, companies which are in distress.


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Fig. 1. Provisions from various economic and management theories that can be used in defining a new theory on corporate governance to be applied to Romanian companies

The conception of the new content and of the clearer framework of corporate

governance in the European regional geographic plan, particularly in Romania and its neighboring countries, is the result of selection of those elements considered as positive from the classical and modern managerial theories, summarized in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Classic and modern theories used to elaborate the content and the types of corporate governance forms, national (in Romania) and regional wide (in the countries neighboring Romania)


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There are mainly envisaged managerial solutions for companies and organizations to protect the environment, respectively to plan the supply of goods and services to human communities national and regional wide, at least at subsistence level [6].

The interest of introducing corporate governance can be monitored with the help of periodical appraisal of modern companies’ performance from the perspective of sustainable, efficient, ethical and correctness development of those entities.

An important regional specificity for implementing corporate governance in some developed countries, as well as in Romania and its neighbors, is given by the impugnment of negative, dishonest, financial corruption and managerial situations, with the help of good practices of corporate governance [3].

The relation between the already known managerial theories and the effort of seeking an efficient organization and board to act against corruption proves to be important in corporate governance [5].

For instance, the corporate governance of present risks in financial companies can support the feasible functioning of other companied which effectively depend of absorption of financial resources for development.

Fig. 3. Classic economic and financial theories that help building the knowledge base to explain corporate governance in modern companies

{BT} = block of specific, traditional economic and financial theories

Some authors, like Fischer Black, (1973) [1], Harry Markowitz, (1952) [7], Paul Samuelson, (1965) [11], Michael Spence, (1971) [12], Jack L. Treynor, (1961) [13] and others, elaborated well known theories in world’s economic and management literature regarding sustainable management of companies.

In order to comparatively explain the conception of corporate governance, we selected several management theories, presented in Figure 3 with the symbol {BT}, and we consider these are serving to fundament of decisions through corporate governance.


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The most difficult process to master nowadays in the modern companies proves to be, in our opinion, the one of prevention and mitigation of risks.

Brian W. Nocco, (2006) [8] reveals for instance that risk management in major corporations has a new role, which has changed in the past 25 years, at national and European regional levels. He confirms that operational, reputation and strategic risks can be mitigated with the help of good practices of corporate governance.

3. Conclusions From the scientific investigation performed in regards to corporate governance in

Romania and its regional specificities, the following conclusions, findings and observations can be drawn:

1. Corporate governance for modern Romanian companies represent the necessary condition to organize and generally manage a business on correct, ethical and successful basis, acting in a more and more globalized market and aiming the achievement of key performance indicators.

2. We notice there is a frequent confusion in the managerial theory and practice between the expression “corporate governance” and the terms “corporation”, respectively, “corporatism”. We consider that corporate governance clearly does not mean situation or state intervention in the economic processes or businesses, but introduction of a new management that determines the companies and organizations to accept a certain legal, transparent and ethical behavior, in the benefit of shareholders and people from the social communities where the companies are placed and operate.

3. Corporate governance defines the mechanisms through which the shareholders control is made inside the company and/but outside their interests are protected.

4. Corporate reputation for a company contributes to the competitive effort indicating the ways to gain competitive advantage.

5. The legal framework characteristics specific to each country, including Romania, that can have consequences upon corporate governance. Most European countries chose the legal framework for one level board structure in a company. This combines management with control of responsibilities among managers.

6. Shareholders from various companies in Romania frequently show a passive attitude of lack of interest or negligence towards company’s activity and evolution. This is way they provide opportunities to administrators to practice corruption.

7. It has reached the conclusion that regional specificities in implementing corporate governance are related to the management of internationalization and regionalization corporate governance practices in Romanian companies.

The main recommendations in the context of the theoretical and methodological analysis performed in this article refer to:

1. Finding concepts, methods, techniques, solutions, alternatives, etc. to combat undesirable, illegal behavior of managers and companies, not necessarily by “punishing”, but by new procedures for organizing, better controlled and oriented management of the productive-economic and social entities, respecting the political and economic freedom.

2. The modern company has to be seen as a network or a cluster of contracts, present in a more and more economic and social competitive environment.

3. The organization and corporate management in Romania have to be included in the future projects for general development of companies. Hence, is necessary a continuous adaptation of national policies and institutions to the functioning corporative regime of regional, European and global economy.

4. It is important to be fully aware of the implementation characteristics of corporate governance in Romania, to identify the specificities, the organizational and management


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priorities on domestic regional geographical plan, on the country’s territory, and on this base to identify the elements from Romanian corporate governance as aspects of possible interest to be applied on European regional plan.

5. Are necessary new perspectives in regards to management methods and techniques, but we especially consider that new quality attributes of managers’ behavior must be shown in the global competitive economic environment. The long term interests of a collective (shareholders, administrators, employees) in the companies are more important than the interests based on short - or – medium term.

6. We consider as useful the introduction of proportional remuneration principle in the companies, more precisely to correlate the directors’ earnings with the other executive directors from the board and the senior employees.

The excessive decrease of bureaucracy, seriously targeted in the contemporary economic and social environment, is in our view contrary to corporate governance.

Consequently, as distinct particularity corporate governance for Romanian companies. signifies a certain type of “new bureaucracy”; however, in essence, it represents a positive evolution, useful to control and guide Romanian companies towards higher performance.

References 1. Black F.,- Taxes and Capital Market Equilibrium Under Uncertainty. New York: Ed Press, 1973 2. Gâf-Deac M.,- Organizarea gestiunii corporative în România. În: Revista Studii economice.

Chişinău: ULIM, IISE, An. V, nr. 3-4, decembrie 2011, pp. 338 -347 3. Gâf-Deac I.- Basic issues for cluster formalization model related to the protection working system

in natural resurces industrialization process in Romania. Proceedings of the first International Safety Training and e-Learning Symposium. International Simpozion ISTELS, Bucharest, 22-24 April 2009

4. Gâf-Deac I.,- New holistic approach of bioeconomics and ecoeconomics theories, practical bridging from the green economy to blue economy, trough new integrated and innovative paradigm about “bio-eco-geoeconomy, (coauthors), 1st International Conference 'Economic Scientific Research - Theoretical, Empirical and Practical Approaches', ESPERA 2013, Procedia Economics and Finance 8 (2014) 83–90

5. Gâf-Deac I.,- Tratat de Tehnologii Moderne– Editura FRM, Bucureşti, 2000, 288 p., (ISBN: 973-582-258-X), (coauthor Gâf-Deac M.)

6. Gâf-Deac I.,- Evaluarea riscului managerial. Revista Minelor, (EBSCO Publishing U.S.A.), (http://www.upet.ro/reviste.php), Bucureşti, nr.5/1995, p.18-20

7. Markovitz H.,- Portofolio selection. In: Journal of Finance, vol 7, 1952-ed. 2001 8. Nocco W.B.,- Entreprise Risk Management: Theory and Practice. in: Journal of Aplied

Corporate Finance, Ohio State University. Vol 18, No. 4, 2006 9. * * * OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD Publications Service, In:

http://www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/corporategovernanceprinciples/31557724.pdf, ed. 2004 10. Polearuş V.,- Utilitatea managementului corporativ în perioada globalizării economice. În:

Economica. Chişinău: 2004, Vol. 1, pp. 36-40 11. Samuelson P. - Proof that Proprely Anticipated Fluctuate Randomly. In: Industrial

Management Review, vol. 6, 1965 12. Spence M. et al.,- Insurance, Information and Industrial Action. In: American Economic

Review, vol 61/1971 13. Treynor L.J. , - Toward a Theory of Market Value of Risky Assets, Press Ed., NJ, 1961 14. Wolfenshon J.D.,- A Battle for Corporate honesty. In: The Economist Ed., 2/1999


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ELECTRICITY MARKET - MAIN FACTOR FOR THE OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL POWER SYSTEM

Victor VAIDA1

Abstract

Electricity market has an important role in the operation and development of the National Power System-NPS. Electricity market in Romania is based on NPS operation, serving the NPS and largely contributing to the establishment of operating conditions and its development. The proper course of the national economy and the living standards depend on the operation and development of the market and of SEN. After a 15 years existence, the electricity market has only partially achieved the goals for which it was established, affecting the operation and development of NPS, of the proper course of the national economy and of population’s standard of living. This article makes reference to the electricity market operation and development of NPS, the way of achieving the purposes for which it was established and the conditions under which it must operate. Key words and expressions: electricity market, unique European market, transparency, competition, contracts, safety, balancing market, transport and system operator, energy mix.

1. Introduction An important measure taken in Romanian electricity sector was the establishment

of electricity market in 2000, which operated between 2000 and 2005 based on the old Commercial Code, and from 2005 to 2014 it operated according to the new Commercial Code.

Since its establishment up to the present, the electricity market operated and developed in order to obtain a real competitive market, supported by a broad national and EU legislation, with a continuous increase.

The operation and development of the electricity market has greatly influenced the evolution of the Romanian energy sector, the economy and the standard of living. This paper makes reference to the role of the electricity market in the operation and development of the National Power System (NPS), in the economic growth as well as its role in the increase of population’s standard of living.

Furthermore, it is described the way electricity market met the purposes for which it was established.

Given the NPS interconnection with the European Power System, initially

coordinated by UCTE (Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity) and after 2009 by ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Electricity) and given the Romania's accession to the European Union based on EU and national law, the Romanian electricity market must be prepared to be included in the future into a single European market.

The setting-up of the single European electricity market is a priority for the EU, but national markets are not ready yet in this respect. There are major differences in the structure of national markets, belonging to the countries of the European Union.

Furthermore, for the proper operation of the future single European market, there must be developed cross-border and national high voltage networks.

A preparatory step required is the establishment and testing of regional electricity markets.

1 Professor PhD., University of Oradea, Romania, [email protected]


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The Romanian electricity market must operate and develop to meet the following main requirements:

a) The primary purpose of the electricity market should be, on one hand, the achievement of some affordable costs and prices of electricity through competitive mechanisms, and on the other hand, supporting the safe operation of NPS and the continuity of quality electricity supply to end users, complying with environmental conditions and based on appropriate legislation;

b) Complying with two main factors: transparency and competition. Transparency must allow us to understand the way the final prices of electricity

for the end users are established. Competition should provide confidence that prices offered by suppliers are the

smallest possible; c) NPS Safety must remain a priority, even in the condition of the electricity

market operation, as shown by system events that have occurred in several countries in the European Union after the introduction and operation for a while of the electricity market and by corrective legislative measures applied after these events;

d) Electricity market according to the original concept should support the fulfillment of some investment projects in the generation sector to improve competitiveness;

e) Getting an affordable price of electricity for all end users is a safe solution to support economic growth and increase of population’s living standards.

Taken into consideration the national energy resources and possibilities to reduce

costs throughout the generation - transport - distribution - supply - consumption chain, this thing possible in our country, based on a medium and long term coherent energy strategy.

Some lately corrective measures support this thing, already taken by contributing factors and the obtained results.

During 1990-2014, in the National Power System (NPS), major decisions were taken in order to increase safety and efficiency of its operation, to establish and develop a competitive electricity market at national and European level and to reduce environmental impact, all these supported by national and EU legislation which have led to:

a) Interconnection and operation of NPS with UCTE; b) Setting-up, development and operation of the electricity market; c) Reorganization of National Power System; d)Promotion and support electricity generation from renewable energy resources. The methods and the moment of their achievement have influenced to a large

extent the development of Romanian energy sector, of the economy and of the living standards of population.

The transition of ANRE (National Regulatory Authority for Energy) to the Parliament’s subordination shows the importance of this institution for regulating the activity of the energy sector and of the electricity market.

2. Legislative context supporting the setting-up, development and the

operation of the electricity market Electricity market was established and operates based on an extensive national

and EU legislation, in a continuous evolution.


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2.1 European law For the reorganization of the European energy sector and of the national energy

sectors, as well as for and the setting-up, development and operation of the European and national electricity markets, the European Union has issued a series of regulatory documents for countries, that allow selecting the most appropriate geopolitical conditions and the possibility to initiate some proper actions through national legislative documents.

For this purpose, three legislative packages have been issued [1]: a) The legislative package consisting of Directives 1996/92/EC and 1998/80/EC

which defines the common rules of the internal market for electricity and for natural gas.

These documents enforced a series of restructuring measures for the Member States which could ultimately lead to the introduction of competition in electricity generation and supply of electricity and of natural gas.

b) The legislative package, published in January 2004, consisting of Directives 2003/54/EC and 2003/55/EC for the internal electricity and natural gas, market supplemented by Regulations no.1228/2003 and 1775/2005 regarding the conditions of access to electricity and natural gas networks.

c) Legislative package, issued in 2009, consisting of Directives 2009/72/EC and 2009/73/EC, amended with Regulations nr.714/2009 and 715/2009 referring to conditions for access to the electricity and natural gas networks. Through Regulation no.713/2009 it is established a European regulatory authority, the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators - ACER.

2.2 National legislating Alongside with the European legislation, the primary and secondary national

legislation was established, according to which the energy sector was reorganized and the energy market was set-up and operated, consisting of multiple regulatory documents.

Energy sector reorganization was carried out in three main stages, based on the

following regulatory documents (Figure 1) [1]. a) Government Decision (GD) no. 1199 of November 12, 1990 - establishes the

Autonomous Administration of Electricity - RENEL; b) GD. 365 of July 2, 1998 - RENEL ceases its activity and therefore it was set-up: - National Electricity Company - CONEL; - National Company "Nuclearelectrica" - SA; - Autonomous Administration for Nuclear Activities. c) GD no. 627/2000 of July 13, 2000 - reorganization and dissolution of CONEL and

the establishment of the following companies headquartered in Bucharest. d) S.C. Termoelectrica - electricity generator in thermal power plants operating on

fossil fuels; e) S.C. Hidroelectrica - electricity generator in hydroelectric plants; f) S.C. Nuclearelectrica - electricity generator in Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant

with a 700 MW power unit. Subsequently it was put into operation a second power unit of 700 MW;

g) S.C. Electrica - distributor and supplier of electricity; h) C.N. Transelectrica - National Transport Company.


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Fig. 1. Reorganization of the power system [1]

Through this third reorganization stage, it has been established the energy mix necessary for the operation of the electricity market, which later proved to be totally inadequate, leading to inefficient operation of the electricity market and to the difficulty of the large companies to generate electricity:

- Decrease of investments in hydropower sector and the insolvency of Hidroelectrica;

- Decrease of investments in thermal power sector (new high-efficient power units and desulphurization installation);

- Ceasing the development program within Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant. The situation has worsened with the promotion and operation of electricity

generation units under the form of wind and photovoltaic power plants outside the allowable technical and economic limits of NPS, leading to the decrease the coal base electricity generation having major economic and social effects, because of uncontrolled decrease in electricity consumption due to the reduction of industrial generation and of consumption related to irrigations, as a result of the economic policy pursued over two decades.

3. Management of the electricity market Electricity market management is based on the Commercial Code. The management

and operation of the electricity market and of the eight components markets is a multidisciplinary activity that includes technical, commercial, financial and legal issues.

The wholesale electricity market management in Romania has two stages: a) Management under the old Commercial Code (July 2000-June 2005). By ANRE

Decision No. 22 of 12.07.1999, it was approved the old Commercial Code, and by the Government Decision no. 627 of 13.07.2000 it was established the Commercial Operator (OPCOM);

b) Management under the new Commercial Code (since July 2005). By ANRE Decision no. 25 of 22.10.2004, it was approved the new Commercial Code. January-June 2005 period was a test phase, and on July 2005 the new Commercial Code became effectiveness.

For the proper understanding and management of the electricity market, specialists with technical, economic, financial and legal knowledge are required.


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The conceptual structure of the wholesale electricity market is shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Conceptual structure of the wholesale electricity market [1].

The electricity market components, resulting from its continuous development process during 2000-2014 are the following:

- Bilateral Contracts Market, an initially decentralized market which is traded through regulated or negotiated contracts between license holders according to the law in force.

Later, it has been established a centralized form of this market, managed by OPCOM, so as to increase transparency and efficiency of the electricity market and to eliminate law and administration errors, consisting of:

a) Centralized Bilateral Contracts Market - PCCB; b) Centralized Market for Electricity Bilateral Contracts, with Continuous Negotiation–

PCCB – NC; c) Centralized Market of Double Continuous Negotiated Electricity Bilateral Contracts

PC – OTC; d) Electricity market for big final end users – PMC. - Day Ahead Market, a centralized volunteer market, managed by Electricity Market

Operator -OPCOM within CNTEE - Transelectrica; - Balancing Market - PE, a mandatory centralized market on which the balancing

energy (power reserves for secondary, tertiary fast and slow control) is traded, managed by the Balancing Market Operator – OTS within CNTEE - Transelectrica;

- Ancillary Services Market, a centralized market providing availability on the balancing market of sufficient power control reserves;

- Market Allocation of Interconnection Capacity International, a centralized market, which provides reservation of transport capacities by firms import / export electricity interconnection;


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– Market for Allocation of the International Interconnection Capacities is a centralized market which provides reservation of transport capacities by import/export electricity companies on interconnection lines;

- Green Certificates Market, a centralized market providing sale/purchase of green certificates;

- Capacity Market to create investment funds needed for the new generation capacity or upgrading the existing ones;

By ANRE Order No. 32 of 30 June 2011 is established the Intraday market, the eighth market.

- Intraday Market - PI, a centralized market managed by OPCOM. Implementation of the current wholesale electricity market model has a number

of consequences, such as: increasing the number of transactions, a variable load of generators in power units and a new variation of power flow in the power system [1].

Figure 3 shows the dynamics of the transactions volume in the wholesale electricity market and the domestic consumption (October 2009-2013), [1].

Fig. 3. Monthly evolution of traded volumes in the wholesale electricity market [1] Source: OPCOM

The size of this wholesale market energy is determined by the total transactions

performed through regulated contracts, bilateral negotiated contracts and through centralized markets (PCCB, CMBC-CN, PC-OTC, DAM, PE, PI, PMC).

4. Operation and development of electricity market The wholesale electricity market – an organized trading framework of electricity

and of related services where generators, transmission and distribution system operator, electricity market operators and wholesale end users participate (Law 123/2012, Article 3).


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The opening of the electricity market in Romania has been progressively done by: Government Decision GD 122 / 2000 (10%), GD 982/2000 (15%), GD 1272/2001 (25%), GD 48/2002 (33%), GD 1563 /2003 (40%), GD 1823/2004 (55%), GD 644/2005 (83.5%) and GD 638/2007, Figure 4 [1].

Fig. 4. Opening degree of electricity market (Source: OPCOM, ANRE.) [1].

For achieving the goals for which the electricity market was established,

considering the need for further growth of economic and of the living standard, the operation and development of the electricity market should take place, taking into account mainly the following:

- the necessity of electricity prices decrease through competitive mechanisms; - fulfillment of investment projects in the power generation sector, to improve

competitiveness and increase efficiency in transmission and distribution sector for providing operational safety, continuity of power supply and fulfillment of conditions for interconnection with neighboring countries, with NPS and the European Power System and of establishing a single European energy market in the future;

- establishing an effective management to reduce costs, free price formation and the efficient use of energy resources;

- ensuring an increased security in power system operation and continuity of electricity supply to quality end users;

- increase of electricity consumption through measures of economic and living standard growth;

- purchase of electricity by end users, under conditions of real competition; - increase of electricity generation from renewable energy, within the technical

and economic limits of the National Power System and of the electricity market; - increase of efficiency in electricity generation (in particular) transmission and

distribution of electricity through measures of modernization and development; -analysis and cost reduction throughout the generation–transmission-

distribution–end user – chain in order to reduce electricity prices; - reduce environmental impact. The degree of electricity market opening and the moment of its establishment

had effects on its operation due to insufficient training.


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From the analysis of the electricity market operation and development in Romania, it can be understood the major role it plays along with the power sector, in the economy and in the development of living standards of people.

An efficient operation of the electricity market is not possible without reliable operation of the power system which it mainly serves.

Thus, primary and secondary legislation on power system and electricity market operation and must be consistent.

In the future, through the medium and long term strategy, the following issues which may influence the operation and development of the electricity market, shall be considered:

– national electricity market depends on the development of European and global energy markets, which take into consideration a number of influential factors including energy resources, technology, population growth, demographics, climate changes, costs, preferences, government and regulatory policy, risk, and income. [2];

– Energy is a risky business. “Government policy, economy, and competition affect the prices and energy costs, and can lead to unpleasant situations, threatening not only profit, but in some cases, the survival of a company.”[2];

- Energy strategies and decisions that have been taken depend on understanding the economic use of electricity and of electricity market, which is a multidisciplinary issue that “involves knowledge of economics, mathematical optimization tools, simulation and forecasting together with institutional information, technical and engineering data for energy generation, transportation, transformation, and use”[2].

In order to properly solve these problems, highly skilled specialists with theoretical and practical qualification are necessary;

- Energy remains essential for increasing the living standards and economy of the country.

“Energy in all its forms can help us live an easier and more comfortable life” [2]. Solutions must be found to provide affordable energy prices, which may not be the same for all EU countries.

This can be achieved through a cost analysis throughout the generation - transport - distribution– consumption chain in order to optimize and reduce such costs.

Reducing end user prices by 15-20% was possible in the past 10-15 years, taking into account the existing national resources through measures amending the generation structure of NPS and through timely correction of administrative and legislative errors in the power

Optimization of costs throughout the generation - transport - distribution-end user chain and of ancillary costs arising from the operation of NPS and of the electricity market is a priority measure to reduce the price of electricity to end users.

This optimization cannot be achieved only by the market, as there are costs of regulated activities along with cost of competitive activities. All costs must be known following a transparent analysis.

5. Conclusions 1. Electricity market during its last 14 years (2000-2014) of operation has

continuously developed, but has only partially met the main purposes for which it was established: the actual competition, reduction of electricity prices at end users, as well as investments and safety support of NPS operation.

The main reasons are the lack of a coherent energy strategy during this period, legal and administrative errors, inappropriate generation structure (energy mix), promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy resources beyond the


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technical and economic limits supported by NPS, lack of costs optimization along the entire generation - transport - distribution – end user chain, and involvement of political factors in administrative decisions, etc. [1].

2. The necessity of achieving medium and long-term energy strategy (20-2030-2050) consistent with the European Union which implies:

- Development of national energy resources and ceasing their privatization; - Optimizing electricity market operation; - Development of power system based on an energy mix resulting from national

realities; - Increase of energy efficiency in the power sector through high-quality power

units and through modernized units for power transmission and distribution; - Increase of NPS operational safety and of energy quality by making power

reserves of hydroelectric pumping power plants and developed thermal power plants; -Development electricity generation from renewable energy resources within the

technical and economic aspects of NPS; - Decrease of environmental impact. 3. During the last 10-15 years the price of electricity to end users could have been

10-15% smaller by taking possible corrective measures, with large effects on the economy and on the standard of living.

4. Electricity market through efficient operation, can play a major role in the optimal operation and development of the National Power System, to achieving significant economic growth and raise of living standards, located at very low rate.

References 1.Victor Vaida, Nicolae Coroiu, - Piața de energie electrică. Crearea, funcționarea și dezvoltarea

pieței de energie electrică, Editura AGIR, Bucureşti, 2014 2.Carol A. Dahl,- International Energy Markets. Understanding Pricing, Policing, and Profits, -

PennWell Corporation, Tusla, Oklahoma, USA, 2004 3.Jurgen Petermann,- Sichere Energie im 21. Jahrhundert.,- Hoffmann und Campe Verlag

GMBH, Hamburg, 2013 4. * * * www.opcom.ro/rapoarte/tranzacții/rezultate 5. * * * http://www.transelectrica.ro 6. * * * http://www.opcom.ro/pp/grafice_ip/Indicatori_PZU.php?lang=ro 7. * * * OPCOM–PZU.- Curbe agregate în format pdf, www.opcom.ro


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TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL DAMAGE OF WAREHOUSE COMPLEX AND PIPELINE OF NATURAL GAS IN EASTERN ROMANIA

Maria GÂF-DEAC1, Ilie-Ciprian JITEA2, Elena Maria OPRIŞ3, Ionel CIUCLEA4,

Mihai Stelea POPESCU5, George Valentin MICU6

Abstract Risk assessment is the contribution to the identification of hazards, establish the existence probability and probable consequences. The vulnerability of an area in the vicinity of the site of transport infrastructure and gas storage is determined by the index assigned to neighbouring areas. The quantitative assessment of risk zone gasified (pipelines and storage) aims to: identify hazards; estimating accident frequencies; predicting consequences or effects; estimating risk; risk assessment. In this article it is realized a systematization of qualitative consequences by levels of severity of the risk associated with transport and storage operations of natural methane gas. It was also made to quantify the risk matrix, returned from the scenarios of possible accidents. The article is the result of considered discussions by the authors and contains synthesized selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the doctoral thesis entitled "Preventing and combating environmental impact given to storage systems, transportation and distribution of natural gas in Eastern Romania", author: Elena Maria Opriș (UP, 2012), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations.

Key words and expressions: environmental affections, natural gas, pipelines.

1. Introduction Possible natural gas leak affects the atmosphere which in turn may be characterized

by instability/natural large scale. For underground gas storage operations these are conducted "chain reactions". Each

drill has a technological installation, gas is traversing the route: flow head; angle-vent (adjustable bean); pipe-line strainer; polygon measuring gas; ramp and sewer lines.

During the warm season, the gas is injected into the reservoir and during winter, when it is a high consumption, the gas extracted is stored.

Natural gas contains in a proportion of about 95% methane gas. Such route "Injection-extraction" of natural gas marks the complexity of operation in

this field.

2. Resource assessment in the overall assessment of transport and storage of natural gas in Eastern Romania

Risk assessment is the contribution to the identification of hazards, establishes the existence probability and probable consequences.

The vulnerability of an area in the vicinity of the site of transport infrastructure and gas storage is determined by the index assigned to neighboring areas.

1 Senior Lecturer, PhD., SH University, M.F.A. Faculty Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 PhD Student, Eng, National Institute for Research and Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion

– INSEMEX Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 3 PhD. Eng., Trade Processing Lines, Distrigaz Ploiesti, Romania, [email protected] 4 PhD Student, Ec., General Manager, Supercom, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 5 Assoc. Assist. PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, [email protected] 6 PhD Student, University of Petrosani, [email protected]


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The quantitative assessment of risk in gasified zone (pipelines and storage) aims to: identify hazards; estimating accident frequencies; predicting consequences or effects; estimating risk; risk assessment.

Examining the international literature, it appears that the critical threshold on the credibility of a scenario is 610− cases /year.

The main effects on human social condition, in case of a serious danger caused by methane gas, are the effects of thermal radiation, respectively the effect of mechanical forces.

Hazards classification shows which are taken into account with major potential of accident.

The main factors which depend on the effects accidents in which hazardous

substances are implicate on: - properties and quantity of substances released; - type and duration of emissions; - field, building type and density of construction; - time of day; - weather conditions; - safety management on site; - distance from the place of the accident. So, natural gas leak affect the atmosphere which in turn may be characterized by

instability on large scale. Atmospheric stability was clarified by Pasqual in stability classes, from A (extremely

unstable) to F (the most stable) and a gradual increase of atmospheric situation that affects lateral and vertical dispersion.

The characteristics of stability classes are: • A – extremely unstable, temperature gradient < - 1,5 0 C/100 m • B - moderately unstable, the temperature gradient between -1,5 ÷ 1 0 C/100 m • C - slightly unstable, the temperature gradient between -1÷ -0,5 0 C/100 m • D - neutral (adiabatic) temperature gradient between -0,5 ÷ + 0,5 0 C/100 m • E - isothermal, thermal gradient between + 0,5 ÷ + 1,5 0 C/100 m • F - inversion, temperature gradient between > + 1,5 0 C/100 m For the study area (Eastern Romania) there were systematized levels of severity and

consequences, induced measures on the transport and storage of natural gas (Figure 1). The measure of probability occurrence is found by bounding in the acceptable

international levels and used in different ways (AIChE, 1989), with meanings: • Rarely (improbable) (it can produce only in exceptional circumstances; the frequency

is less than 1012−

, respectively an annual occurrence probability in over 1012

years).

• Unlikely (could happen sometime; frequency between 108− and 10

12−, respectively

between 108 and 10

12 years).

• Possible (can happen in most cases, frequency is between 106−and 10

8−,

respectively between 106 and 10

8years).

• Probably (it can happen in the most cases, the frequency of occurrence between

104− and 10

6−, respectively between 10

4 and 10

6 years).

• Almost certainly (expected to happen in most cases, the frequency of occurrence is

over 104−, respectively is possible in a period of less than 10.000 years).


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Fig. 1. Systematization of the consequences on levels of severity by induced risk in the operations of transport and storage of natural methane gas

Qualitative risk assessment can be performed by calculating the level of risk product

and the level of severity (consequence and probability of the event being analyzed). Information obtained from the analysis, marks an event risk for the investigational

deviation being placed in a matrix (Table 1).

Table 1. Risk matrix proposed for the investigated field

Specifications Consequences

Insignificant Minor Modest Major Catastrophic1 2 3 4 5

Prob

abili

ties

Improbable 1210−< 1 1 2 3 4 5

Unlikely 128 10 la 10 −− 2 2 4 6 8 10

Possible 86 10 la 10 −− 3 3 6 9 12 15

Probably 64 10 la 10 −− 4 4 8 12 16 20 Almost certainly

410−> 5 5 10 15 20 25

For transport and storage of natural gas in the infrastructure from the Eastern zone of

Romania we advance a proposal risk analysis, retaining the defined risk very low to low (Table 2).

In the risk assessment associated with a particular action in the studied sites, was resorted to assigning numerical values for each level of severity of consequences and probability of occurrence of a possible imagined accident.

As a result, the risk associated with each scenario is given by the product of the two assigned values.


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Table 2. Risk analysis proposed for the investigated gas field Risk Level Definition Actions to be undertaken

1 – 4 Very low risk The management of actions by common procedures, routine 5 - 9 Low risk

10 – 14 Moderate risk Action is taken by specific standard procedures , with the involvement of managements from the jobs

15 – 19 High risk Prompt action, taken as soon as, that normal system management allows taken with the involvement of top management

20 – 25 Extreme risk Being an emergency, immediate action is required and available resources will be used primarily

In determining the associated values of probability levels and severity it was taken

into account the potential impact and prevention. Next, there were analyzed the accident scenarios, which after qualitative analysis, are

considered as bringing major potentially.

Table 3. Systematization of data from quantifying the risks for the studied gas field, formulation used in the scenarios of events [4]

No. Hazard Probabilities Gravity Risk 1 Oil well explosion due to gas emissions between

columns / behind the drawing shaft 4 4 16

2 Oil well explosion due to sectioning of the hauling shaft

4 4 16

3 Oil well explosion due to failure of the device for supporting the tubing

4 4 16

4 Oil well explosion due to the destruction of the device for supporting the tubing

3 4 12

5 Explosion due to malfunction or deterioration of the pipe element, on the route of natural gas

4 4 16

6 Explosion at the installations of the gas compressor station due to the damage or deterioration of the pipe elements or gaskets pressure gauges, separators and collectors

4 4 16

7 Explosion at the electro compressor of the gas compressor stations, or damage due to failure of components

5 4 20

8 Explosion at the installations within the drying gas station failure or damage due to pipe or gasket elements

4 4 16

9 Explosion at the mechanical equipments from the gas drying station, due to the failure or deterioration of parts

5 4 20

There were taken into account probabilities over 10 6− , major consequences, respectively high risk over 15. There were used methods were used to estimate the accidental emissions in the atmosphere based on simulation models of the dispersion. In this context, it was assessed the severity of possible consequences (TNO, 1997) produced by possible explosions and fires. It was found that extending risk analysis and intensity of prevention and mitigation measures must be proportionate to the involved risk. Simple models of hazard identification and qualitative analysis of risk are not always proved to be sufficient. Therefore, it it has been necessary to resort to detailed assessment.


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From the scientific literature was concluded that there are several methods for quantitative assessment of risk and the choice of a technique is specific to the analyzed accident scenario.

Formulation of events scenarios was based on the analysis of simulated accidental risks, specific activity of the site analyzed (pipelines and natural gas deposits).

A risk quantification matrix was made, returning from possible accident scenarios Due to the fact that the substance that is in the infrastructure from the studied

location in the maximum process is methane gas, whose main characteristic is the high flammability, we appreciate as risk factors all compounds in the medium.

The analysis had as a starting point the flammable properties of methane (Table 4).

Table 4. Synthesizing the results from the qualitative analysis in the field of research[1]

Risk Consequences

Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic1 2 3 4 5

Prob

abili

ties

Unlikely 1210−< 1 Less probably

128 10 la 10 −− 2

Possible 86 10 la 10 −− 3 Scenario

4

Probable 64 10 la 10 −− 4 Scenarios: 1,2,3,5,6,8

Almost secure

410−> 5 Scenarios:

7,9

From scientific literature there are retained information about thermal radiation danger (Barry Th., - P.E.– Fire and explosion, risk assessment, in „Industrial fire safety, Nov./Dec.; Peraldi O. – Bleue, Rhône-Poulenc, 1989) (Table 5 and Table 6).

Table 5. Systematization of characteristics and

consequences of thermal radiation effects [1] Heat flux density

(kW/m2) Effect

0,70 Skin redness 1,75 Pain after approx. 1 minute

3 Damage of the plastic surfaces 5 Pain after approx. 15 seconds Blistering skin

8 Firefighters need equipment

12,5 Burns degree I after 10 seconds; tanks must be cooled 1% lethality in 1 minute; burns degree I after approx. 10 seconds; Melting plastics; vapor emanation at long exposure

25 100% lethality in 1 minute; significant casualties in the first 10 minutes. The wood is light without flames; second-degree burns after 10 seconds

36 Third degree burns after 10 seconds Spontaneous ignition of textiles Explosion of cisterns with liquefied gas or fuel despite cooling

37,50 100% lethality in 1 minute; 1% lethality in the first 10 minutes Damage to process equipment

50 Damage to steel structures 100 Steel structures destroyed


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Table 6. Systematization of characteristics and consequences of the effects of mechanical forces [1]

Overpressure (mbar) Effect 3 Intense noise (jet plane)

5-10 Windows can break like a strong gust of wind 50-100 Slamming people to the ground

100 Damage of the lightweight structures 200-400 The bursting of eardrums

300 Damage of buildings 700 Heavy objects such as trucks and trains can be overturned 1000 Breaking of the lungs

In essence, it is inferred that it is impossible for catastrophic events, to occur and the

manifestation of insignificant events is almost certain. The "Guidelines for the application of the Seveso Directive spatial planning and urbanism"

(Table 7) depicts the possible events and incidental effects and thresholds used to measure these events in the studied area.

Table 7. Possible events and incidental effects and thresholds for measure them

into field of research [1] Fire Explosion

Stationary heat radiation (kW/m2)

Variable thermal radiation (kW/m2) Overpressure (bar)

End point

Effects End

point Effects

End point

Effects

Domino effect

37,5 12,5

Domino-effect damage to structures and equipment (steel))

0,6

Domino Effect damage to pressure tanks; Enhanced lethality for people in open spaces

Increased lethality

12,5

Damage to equipment and plastic parts, increased lethality

LFL radius

Fire instantly, increased lethality, fireball increased lethality

0,3 0,6 open space

Serious damage aboveground tanks and piping; Indirect effects such as increased lethality with broken windows, collapsing

Start of lethality

7

Start of lethality

350

½ LFL

Fireball Start lethality Third degree burns A fire instantly start lethality

0,14

Not reinforced walls collapse and civil construction Damage pipeline Start lethality

Irreversible injuries

5 Irreversible injuries

200

Fireball Irreversible injuries Degree II burns

0.07 Pipe deformation and damage to walls; irreversible injuries

Reversible injuries

3 Reversible injuries

125 Fireball 0,03 Reversible injuries, Windows broken

The threshold values are expressed as heat per area exposed (kW/m2).


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The numerical values refer to the possibility of injury to persons not wearing special protective equipment, originally located outside the visible flames, and taking into account the possibility that, under adverse circumstances, a person may leave voluntarily.

Variable thermal radiation (Fireball) is the phenomenon that varies in time and duration between 10-40 seconds, depending on the quantity involved.

The duration of significant influence on the estimated damage, the physical effect, is expressed in terms of heat absorbed dose (kJ/m 2 ).

Instant heat radiation (Flash-Fire) marks extremely short possibly related effects. The short duration of significant radiation exposure (1-3 seconds, corresponding to

the time needed to cross the flames) shows that the lethal effects can show only the flammability limit of the cloud (LFL).

Occasionally, there we can registered lethal effects from local fire or isolated possibly over the lower flammable limit, as a result of unevenness of the cloud and it is assumed the extending of the initial lethality up to a maximum of ½ LFL.

Pressure wave (VCE) threshold is considered as a reference for possible lethal effects through indirect lethality caused by falls, projection body over barriers fragment impact and especially the collapse of buildings (0,3 bar).

The open spaces without buildings and other vulnerable artifacts take into account only direct lethality caused by the shock wave (0,6 bar).

Projection of fragments of large size is taken into account for Domino effect due to weakened support structures or cracking equipment.

3. Methane and other harmful substances corresponding in infrastructure system

of transport and natural gas storage A substance is considered hazardous according to HG 804 of 25.07.2007, when a

mixture or preparation in the form of raw materials, products, side residual products or intermediate is assumed to cause an accident.

The dangerous substance from the deposit is the natural gas; dangerousness of this substance is mainly given by the flammable and explosive character.

The natural gas, in excess of 50 tons, falls under GD no. 804 of 25.07.2007, and is actually considered hazardous.

For example, natural gas storage Balaceanca has total storage capacity of 35,723 tones underground.

Table 8. The main properties of natural gas components

Name of the substance

The chemical formula

Density related to

air

Temperature (degrees Celsius) Explosion limit

760 mm Hg and 200 C

inflammable boiling ignition The

lower limit

The maximum

limit Methane CH 4 0,55 gaze - 165 595 5 15,4

Ethan C 2 H 6 1,047 gaze - 98 470 3 15,5

Propane C 2 H 8 1,56 < - 105 - 42 450 2,1 9,6

Butane C 4 H 10 2,05 - 60 - 1 365 1,5 8,5

Pentane C 5H 12 2,49 - 50 36 258 1,3 7,8

Hexane C 6H 14 9 - 22 69 260 1,1 7,5

Source: Handbook of exploitation ZMPEMP Romgaz 2011


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The main hydrocarbons submitted in the products conveyed are methane (CH) at a rate of 95%, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane.

The properties of the principal hydrocarbons presented in conveyed gas, from the point of view of the danger of explosion, are shown in Table 8.

The maximum concentrations admissible per peak and on average in circulating substances in the establishment Balaceanca are presented in Table 9.

Table 9. Maximum allowable concentrations per peak and on average for the circulating substances [6]

Substance CMA – maximum permissible concentration (mg/mc) Average The peak

Methane 1200 1500 Ethane 1400 1800 Propane 1400 1800 Pentane 1800 2400 Hexane 300 500

CMA – on average - not to be exceeded during a shift. CMA – per peak - should not be exceeded at any time during the working day Source: Handbook of exploitation ZMPEMP Romgaz, 2011

As examples, the bounding calculation of an underground storage facility of natural

gas (Table 10) shows mainly the following (the case of the deposit Balaceanca).

Table 10. Computation the bounding of underground storage facility Balaceanca concerning the control activities which presents the major accidental hazards involving dangerous

substances

No. The chemical substance

Classification

Maximum capacity of

storage unit (tons)

The quantity existing in the

unit (tons)

Relevant quantity (tons)Column

2 of Part I or II

Column 3 of Part I and II

1

Methane

gas (CH 4 )

Nominated substance, flammable (F +), risk phrases R: 12 Highly flammable S-phrases: 2; 9; 16; 33

35723,5 35723,5 50 200

Source: according to H. G. No. 804 / 2007 Calculation of the lower limit of the specific relevant quantities:

35723,5/50 = 714,47; 714,47>1, fall under the provisions of Government Decision 804/2007. Calculation of the upper limit of the specific relevant quantities: 35723/200 = 178,6175; 178,6175 >1, fall under the provisions of Government Decision 804/2007.

For underground storage of the natural gas, the operations are “chain-like”. Each well has its own technological input, with gas following the route, if outbreak:

flow head; angle-vent (adjustable bean); pipe-line strainer; polygon measuring gas; ramp and sewer lines.

During the warm season, the gas is injected into the reservoir and, during winter when gas consumption is high, stored gas is extracted.

Natural gas contains about 95% methane gas.


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The natural gas "Injection-extraction" route emphasize the operational complexity in this field.

The meeting point of the pipe culvert for several drills is called drill group. The storage pipe network is the link to the national gas transport system with connection to the DN 700mm pipe line (the gas ring with a 300 mm record, Pn 40 bars, suction, which provides gas transport into the compressor room, into the injection cycle, as well as delivering the gas into the extraction cycle.

The connection between the technological groups of drills and working drills is made by the 73 mm (27/8 in) and 88,9 mm (3 ½ in) diameter culvert pipelines; they are threaded extraction pipes, N80 steel, with 5,5 mm wall thickness, STAS no. 824 and variable lengths between 100 and 500 mm.

The room is designed for natural gas compression taken out of the gas transport system and stored into the analyzed drill field.

The compression room is equipped with the compression module, a large number of compressors with C 144 M5 MB pistons.

The gas, suctioned with a pressure of 15-28 bars during summer, out of the DN 700 mm ring, Pn 40 bars are treated and separated in the compression room and then compressed with those from the piston compressors.

After each compression step, the gas is cooled with water, in open circuit, via cooling tower. At output, the gas is separated with oil drops from the oil separators mounted in battery (parallel).

The technological installation is designed for 15 at, September to March. The humidity from the gas is removed with a renewable triethylene glycol water retention system.

The technological process is automated, led by a processor which also supports the safety sequences, operated from nearby sandwich paneled-cabin.

The extraction drills with calibrated beans are prepared for the storage extraction; the measuring panels on each drill are checked, the flowing direction of the multivariable transducers from each drill is reversed; the lines are regrouped with vertical separators.

The installations from the analyzed site are checked for functionality and work safety and good use of procedures.

The case study carried out at Balaceanca natural gas storage reveals the main activities that may lead to major accidents: drills equipped with drills, rings, nozzles to changing production cycles; service and repair of flow-heads, technical installations and pipes; repair of drills and installations; use of solid foam substances in water operated drills; separators’ relief; misuse of drills’ flow heads valves; fittings, nipples, tees, rings or flow-heads parts replacement; non-informing the unit manager on permanent leaks in columns or fallouts in drill basement; purge flow-head valves operation; separators and collectors operation; flow-head’s bean, nozzle, membrane, valve and parts replacement; manometers’ installation to pressure inlets of flow-heads; bottom measurements; removal of cryohydrate stoppers; beans’ and seal rings’ replacement; cast iron and steel tools’ operation, that can lead to sparks; valves’ operation; operation restore of any installation or pipe after service and repair; fire use to pipes near gas fallout areas; malfunction of electro-compressors during operation; poor maintenance.

When drills, pipes or electro-compressors experience uncontrolled or permanent gas fallouts (if gas is mixed with air turns flammable), an accidental spark, an open air fire, match flame or hot objects can lead to fires and/or explosions.

The preventive measures proposed should focus on the following: prevention of accidental fallouts; prevention of hazardous gas concentration; emergency drain; prevention of flammable source’s events.


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Maintenance in the case study – both the preventive and the corrective one – is for all the system components.

In this context, the aim is to avoid the human mistakes and negligence that can occur during everyday operation of technological installations, as well as to comply with the technical regulations in this field of activity.

In this way, we can minimize the risk of accidental fallouts and this is why prevention controls should be done on a regular basis.

4. Conclusions For the studied area (Eastern Romania) hazardous levels and their consequences to

gas transport and storage have been really systemized. A substance is considered dangerous, according to HG no 804/25.07.2007, when a

mixture of raw materials, products, secondary products, residuals or intermediary substances has the risk of generating an accident.

The dangerous substance in the storage is the natural gas; the hazardousness of this substance is given mainly by the flammable and explosive character.

The natural gas with more than 50 tones goes under HG no 804/ 25.07.2007, and is effectively considered dangerous.

The risk assessment can be measured by calculating the risk level among the gravity level (consequence) and the event probability.

The information obtained quantifies the risk of an event, while the deviation is placed in a matrix.

In the process of risk evaluation (gas pipe and storage), they use instruments that: identify risk; estimate the accident frequency and the effects; estimate the risk; evaluate the risk.

In international specialty literature, the cut-off point of scenario credibility is 610− cases/year.

The main effects on humans in the case of a major hazard cause by gas are the thermal radiation and mechanical forces’ effects.

The hazards’ classification reveals which are considered with major accident potential.

References

1. * * * Departmental Regulatory No. 3783-93: The maintenance and capital repair of gas header and transport piping systems; M.I. General Directorate The energy, petrol and gas industry strategy; The autonomous company ROMGAZ Medias 1993

2. * * * Technical regulations for projecting, executing and exploiting the gas supply systems, approved by Ministry of Economy and Commerce order No. 58/ 2004 (M.O. 173/27.02.04)

3. * * * Technical, time and personnel regulations for safely exploiting the national gas transport system, approved by ANRGN decision No. 891/25.10.2002 (M.O. 793/31.10.2002)

4. * * * Technical regulations for projecting and installing the upstream supply and transport pipes, approved by ANRGN Decision No. 1220/07.11.2006 (M.O. 960/29.11.2006); with updates to Annex 3 approved by ANRGN Decision No. 1306/ 30.11.2006 (M.O. 990/12.12.2006).

5. * * * Regulation for programming, functioning and dispatching the national gas transport system, approved by ANRGN Decision No. 52/ 23.01.2001 (M.O. 45/12.02/2001)

6. * * * The Performance standard for the gas transport service and The Performance standard for the gas distribution service, approved by the National Regulatory Authority for Natural Gas- ANRGN No. 1361/ 13.12.2006 (M.O. 27/16.01.2007)


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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL OF ECO TECHNOLOGIC ORGANIZATION

Gheorghe AMZA1, Dan DOBROTĂ2

Abstract

It can definitely be affirmed that there is no domain of our existence where the word technology, technical progress, re-tech, pollution and durable development, words with special and also different resonance for our hopes have not appeared. At the beginning of the third millennium, eco technology is expected to heal humanity of the general crisis that comprises it (power, raw materials, natural resources, protection, etc.), which is, in fact, a technological crisis. It is a fact that nowadays technology represents the main means of squander and poisoning of the environment technology required by a certain level of development and living, specifically to “throw a way society”. But the truth so stated true that it is our duty to find the alternative of a technological development at a high level and under the conditions of the maintenance of an environment favorable to the carefree existence of future generations. Due to very large area appears that it comprises the multitude of phenomena, that eco technology uses the question, whether eco technology is a science or not. Key words and expressions: development, organization, model, change, eco technology

1. Introduction The task of perform consistency between population growth trends, the desire for

continuous development of the organization and the need to protect the environment, that can be met only through an approach that encourages and supports simultaneously “development” and “environment”.

The development of eco technologic organizations represents a new approach of industrial development that enables organizations to ensure economic and social benefits for the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs without damaging the fundamental ecological processes.

From this definition follows that any significant degradation of ecological processes, due to industrial organizations should not be on long term.

To achieve sustainable development of the organization, three criteria have to be met: 1) protection of eco-capacity (namely maintenance of the capacity of ecosystems to function in spite of pollution); 2) efficient use of human, material and energy resources; 3) ensuring a fair distribution among nations both of the goods supplied by the development of organizations as well as of the hardships caused by environmental degradation.

The category of the obstacles met in achieving an eco technology organization may include resistance manifested to new ideas and approaches, for which the staff of the organization has no formal training.

Demonstration projects are essential to show that eco production can work in our country or our company; lack of financial resources, awareness and training, experience, information and access to existing knowledge; uncertainties related to adequate information, technology and legal regulations; government policies or regulations that focus on reducing a single pollutant and discourages innovative solutions to reduce pollution and those providing incentives for investments in technologies to eliminate pollution at the end of the pipe; lack of familiarity of engineers and advisers with eco production practices and techniques.

1 Professor PhD., Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 Professor PhD., Constantin Brancusi University of Târgu Jiu, Romania, [email protected]


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Often, they do not pay enough attention in order to improve auto management, small in order to changes required to existing equipments, or less technical problems that can be very cost-effective; fear of occupying a disadvantageous position from competitive point of view, due to high costs.

An organization that adopts an eco technologic process, can realize one or more of the benefits, while reducing pollution: saving energy and raw materials; lower costs of waste management; improved product quality; increased productivity; the reduction of disease-risk for workers and environmental hazards; public perception of the company.

2. Creating a climate of change Each organization has its own specific type of organization and functioning and in

this regard, it is difficult to recommend a common methodology, anywhere applicable, anytime and whose success is always guaranteed.

Although, the consultants often have their own methodologies, sometimes quite performing based on a rich work experience, and however, it cannot be said that there is only one way to succeed.

The following we will clarify some ideas and instructions to be used by those who wish to implement or maintain such a system.

The organizations held a series of changes, some are small scale, affecting an individual or small group of individuals, such as small changes in work organization at a job, others are large scale, affecting the overall organization her or its major areas, such as the assimilation of a new product or introducing a new management system.

Schematically, the changing process appears as in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Organizational change process

An organization must be aware of market pressures, and develop appropriate strategies to win customers on the basis of existent competitiveness criteria existent in the market at that time.


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In reality, market competitiveness criteria lead the market. An organization cannot change these criteria and the environment that creates external pressures will not change.

Therefore, the changes must come from the organization. Figure 2 illustrates the consequences resulting from ignoring the current market forces and avoiding changing actions.

Fig. 2. Consequences of ignoring the change

There are countless examples of organizations that paid a lot because they have ignored the changes in market conditions hesitating, or for refusing to adapt to these changes.

The changes are real changes that apply to any part of the organization: plans and activity programs, the scope of the management, machinery and equipment, organizational structure, the people themselves etc.

Figure 3 represents the schemes of internal and external factors that may cause changes in an organization.

Fig. 3. Internal and external factors of change


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The external factors of change arise from external organizational environment factors: general and specific (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

3. Awareness of the need to implement environmental management Managers of various organizations, generally, recognized the need for change, as a

way to cope with competitive pressures, but many do not understand how the change should be implemented.

The key to success is to integrate employees, their roles and responsibilities within the organization in a structure of processes.

A process-based approach and starting with the declaration of vision and mission, analyzing critical success factors and identifying the basic processes, it is the most effective way of employment of staff in the process of change (Table 1).

Table 1. Actions needing change

Values Necessary actions

Stakeholders’ attitude towards environmental performance

Reporting results of studies by stakeholders to all employees; including their satisfaction degree as the key element for the environmental plan; individual assessing and rewarding for an exceptional service.

Team work and cooperation Extensive use of teams to improve quality; reward of team members according to system of assessment of special activities.

Internalization of the client-supplier relationship

Using environment quality management at compartment level; encouraging interaction between compartments.

Leading all the indicators depending on the degree of satisfaction of stakeholders.

The communication of this concept to all employees; meeting stakeholders’ objectives represent the top objectives revealing performances of the organization.

Primacy of long-term improvements to rapid improvements

Teams to supervise the resolution of factual issues; rejecting quick solutions that are not supported by data.

Facts and data are preferred to suspicions and assumptions

Preparing teams to solve problems based on facts; supporting management teams for the correct diagnosis based on objective data.

Focus on finding solutions, not mistakes.

Award those employees who find new problems and work to solve them.

Total involvement of employees

Follow closely the employees involved; relief efforts to achieve quality and environmental performances; employees’ involvement award in the assessment of organization’s culture.

Approach the environmental quality in the context of organization.

Structure of quality system must be integrated into the existing one; setting targets and long term plans for environmental quality; the approach in the field of the environment is a new road to be followed.

Guideline for environmental quality is an intensive process

Recruitment and training of appropriate personnel; popularize environmental quality policy in the domain of environmental quality in promoting a new attitude of staff; training, assessment, promotion and reward staff with honors in environmental quality domain.

Promoting a spirit of commitment to the environment

Full involvement of senior management; availability of necessary resources; patience and perseverance in action; joining local, national and international organizations having as objective environmental quality.


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Senior management should begin to develop the new process-oriented structures by commitment to all levels by observing certain stages.

The starting point should be an overview of the organization and the changes requested by the management team.

The basic processes describe what it is done or what should be done so, that the organization achieves success factors.

The first step in order to understand the basic processes is to identify an architectural network of processes with the same order of importance (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Architecture of processes Once the basic processes are defined, it is necessary for the new structure of processes

objectives, to be set targets and performance indicators. The decomposition into sub-processes, activities and tasks is also necessary. An insight into how to the structure of processes should be carried out is presented in

Figure 5. Assignments are made by individuals.

Fig. 5. Identify main processes and their decomposition The employee must understand the task and his position in the hierarchy of

processes.


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4. Conclusions Sustainable development of eco technologic organization cannot be performed only

through the efforts of the organization, but it requires the participation of all sectors of society.

Government has an important role to play, through laws, regulations, taxation systems and other measures.

The main activities that the Government could perform to management an eco-technologic organization on a sustainable basis are:

- use the command and control regulations and economic incentives to force industry to internalize the cost of environmental depreciation, making the polluter (and ultimately the consumer) pay;

- develop plans and adopts policies to encourage eco technologic organizations to use environmental factors and natural resources adequately without adversely affecting productivity;

- conducting or sponsoring research in the environmental field; - collection and dissemination of significant data material relating to emissions of

pollutants and their effects on human health and the environment, in order to create public awareness of problems and a request for environmental non hazardous products and services;

- participation in international agreements to reduce pollution, causing cross border effects.

References 1. Amza Gh., Pîrvulescu M.,- Theoretical and experimental contribution on environmental pollution

and using the anual arc welding electrode, Proceedings of the International WSEAS Conference on Energy and Environment Technologies and Equipment (EEETE '10), Bucharest, 2010: 60-66

2. Amza Gh., Pîrvulescu M., Dobrotă D., Popescu D.D.,- Researches Regarding the Influence on the Mechanic on Ultrasounds Applications Conveyor Belts Vulcanization Characteristics of Joints, Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS International Conference on Finite differences - Finite elements - Finite Volumes - Boundary Elements (F - and - B 'B), Bucharest, 2010: 106-111

3. Constantinescu D., Nicolae A.,- Apect regarding the ecological balance for metallurgical processes, Metalurgija, 49(2000): 45-50.

4. Corcioava V., Badea G., Bălăuţă I.,- Product Life-Cycle Assessment, Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2001: 45-50

5. Dobrotă D.,- New technologies for the recovery of composite materials waste, Academic Brancusi Publishing House, Targu-Jiu, 2008: 150-178

6. Lafferty W.M, Langhelle O.,- Towards Sustainable Development: On the Goals of Development and the Conditions of Sustainability, St. Martin's Press. 1999: 30-4l

7. Simar L., Wilson P.W.,- Statistical inference in nonparametric frontier models, The State of the Art, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 13(2000): 49-78

8. * * * - AS 3992-1998 Qualification of Welders and Welding Procedures


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INTERDEPENDENCE AT THE LEVEL OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS IN ROMANIA

Mihai Aristotel UNGUREANU 1, Gabriela DOBROTĂ 2

Abstract

The necesity of using a significant amount of resources for the provision of public utilities generated the appealing in proportions of increasingly more large to loans contracted both internal and external markets. Indebtedness is the result of the use of instruments specific to fiscal-budgetary policy but also the economic strategies applied in different phases of the economic cycle. This paper aims to identify the interdependencies between public debt, budget deficit and economic growth in Romania, compared with the situation recorded in EU countries, amid the budgetary policy measures applied after the onset of the crisis in 2008. From the presented data study, can conclude that the measures adopted in fiscal plan, amid the recession, and contracting of new loans to finance the budget deficit caused a 2-fold increase of indebtedness in the period 2008-2013, even if the budget deficit was situated on a downward slope. Key words and expressions: public debt, economic growth, budgetary deficit

1. Introduction The issue of public debt at the sovereign states is one of the most controversial

aspects of the debate on their ability to support damounts corresponding to debt repayment, effects on future generations, using borrowed resources or the influence on economic growth and the budget deficit.

Increasing the demands for public goods in the context of frontloading the growth rhythm of public revenues from the rhythm corresponding to the public expenditure, requires the efficient use of available resources and finding other sources of funding.

As a result, borrowing on internal and external markets does not represent for a long time a rare phenomenon.

However, the use of these resources has been and remains different from one state to another, as demonstrated by the level of indebtedness and the effects recorded in economic and social plan.

Allocation of resources borrowed for productive purposes, so as to enable the payment of the amounts coresponding to public debt service of the value created at the level of the productive capital, often remains a desideratum.

In addition, the conjugated action of a set of economic, financial, social and political factors as well as improper grounding and implementing strategies can generate a number of difficulties in the economy with direct implications on the level of public debt and the budget deficit. In this sense, a correlative analysis of public debt (as a percentage of GDP), the budget deficit and economic growth can highlight features of fiscal-budgetary and economic policies applied by state authorities.

To address these issues in the economy of Romania, the paper is divided into the following sections: specialized literature review; trends in the evolution of public debt and

1 Professor, PhD., Romanian-American University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 Professor, PhD., Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Romania, [email protected]


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budget deficit in the EU member states; the impact of budgetary policy measures on the volume of public debt, budget deficit and economic growth in Romania; conclusions.

2. Specialized literature review

The range of effects generated by the volume and structure of public debt is extremely complex, being the subject of multiple researches over time. Issues arising from the sovereign debt crisis caused the transformation of the objective of sustainability of fiscal policy and public debt to more difficult targets.

Often, at the level of different economies, there were recorded imbalances generated by breaking the link between wages and labor productivity, reduced competitiveness, implementation of erroneous policies and recording a slow rhythm of structural reforms, with direct repercussions on the volume of borrowed resources and fiscal deficits.

In this context, the corelation between deficit, public debt and economic growth has been analyzed by many economists, the conclusions being often contradictory.

The analysis performed on a group of 45 developed countries showed a non linearity link between economic growth and fiscal deficit identifying a threshold of 1.5% of GDP and an increase in the negative effects of high deficits in terms of some stocks of significant debts (Adam and Bevan, 2005) [1].

Other authors have concluded that the fiscal deficit does not influence economic growth (Vuyyuri and Seshaiah, 2004), [16] (Velnamp and Achchuthan, 2013) [15] etc.

Contrary to this opinion, there are supporters of the idea that fiscal deficits negatively influence the economic growth (Pruner, 2000), [12] (Fatima Ahmed & Rehman, 2011) [7] or positive (Khedair, 1996), [3] (Barro, 1979) [4] etc.

Other studies have shown a bidirectional causal link between the budget deficit and GDP (Ahmad, 2013), [2] a positive link between the two variables (Bose, Haque and Osborn, 2007) [5] or a neutral link (Ghali, 1997) [8].

Regarding the impact of public debt on economic growth, controversies are very high. A heated debate has been generated by a paper of two economists from Harvard, who identified a threshold of public debt not exceeding 90% of GDP, which allows recording an economic growth of 3-4%, overcoming its generates a contraction of 0.1 % (Reinhart and Rogoff, 2010) [13].

Used as basis for policy of economic recovery in many countries, the conclusion made by the two was criticized by other economists who have restored the data used for these calculations and have demonstrated that the negative effect of budget deficit on interest and therefore the debt capacity has not been demonstrated by realities registered on international plan (Herndon, Pollin and Ash, 2013), [9] they are supported by other authors (Krugman, 2013) [10].

The discussions made on this subject showed that many authorities were based on the idea promoted by the two economists and they have applied austerity policies which have not positively influenced the economic growth.

Revaluations made by the two in 2012 promoted the idea that a debt level of over 90% maintained for a period of 5 consecutive years can generate the phenomenon


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,,overhang" (all income from national investments are allocated to creditors) and a record of growth levels under the trend for at least 10 years.

This idea is supported by other economists who believe that beyond certain limits, a growing level of debt leads to a low growth rate on long-term (Kumar and Jaejoon, 2010) [11]. Our opinion is that establishing an exact threshold of indebtedness is not realistic, especially given by the economic, political and social conditions are very different from one country to another, and the expression of generally valid rules can trigger some rules or principles that may adversely affect economic development.

As a result, each country should identify the appropriate level of borrowing coresponding to the capacity of the national economy, to generate resources for the payment of coreponding rates and interest and use with maximum efficiency the contracted loans (for investments and infrastructure development).

3. Trends in the evolution of public debt and budget deficit in the EU member states

The most important problems of any governance remain economic growth, unemployment, inflation, budget deficit, balance of extern payments and public debt.

The analyzes made at the level of these indicators often showed significant deviations from the economic laws and the established targets, considering often unacceptable values recorded over different time periods.

Given the dependence between the realization of economic and social objectives and the potential resources, the use of budget deficits and the level of public debt in the processes of substantiating of the development strategies as key indicators can not be challenged.

The intensification of these indicators in recent decades has been marked by the manifestation of negative phenomena with different amplitudes and intensities and the application of erroneous policies (stimulation of lending and consumption without real support generated a process of instability exacerbated at the level of the global economy).

In this context, recourse to borrowed resources has been significantly influenced by the manifestation of economic and financial crisis triggered in 2008.

So, if at the level EU-27 in 2008, the public debt to GDP was between 60-100% in 6 countries and between 105-115% in two countries (Greece and Italy), the situation became more serious in 2012 and 2013, when in the first interval position themselves within 10 countries, and over 100% were 5 countries in 2012 (Belgium, Greece, Italy Portugal and Ireland) and 6 in 2013 (to the 5 was added Cyprus).

Many countries (outside the EU) whose level of debt has exceeded 100% of GDP is also facing other problems (unemployment, social instability etc.).

To solve the problems arising from such a level, the monetary authorities of the countries concerned have concerned on diminishing the interest rates to near zero, mainly aimed to produce some inflation expectations (Croitoru, 2013) [6].

Effects can be negative, determining an exodus of available capitals to countries that offer better remuneration. The situation is even worse if we take into account the extremely rapid growth of public debt, reliefed in the Table 1.


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Table 1. The evolution of public debt to GDP in the EU member states Țara 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 I2013/2008

EU 28 62 74,4 79,9 82,4 85,2 87,1 1,40 EU27 62,2 74,5 80 82,7 85,5 87,4 1,41 Austria 63,8 69,2 72,3 72,8 74,4 74,5 1,16 Belgium 89,2 95,7 95,7 98 101,1 101,5 1,13 Bulgaria 13,7 14,6 16,2 16,2 18,4 18,9 1,37 Cyprus 48,9 58,5 61,3 71,5 86,6 111,7 2,28 Croația 30 36,6 45 52 55,9 67,1 2,23 Denmark 28,7 34,6 38,4 41,4 45,4 44,5 1,55 Estonia 4,5 7,1 6,7 6,1 9,8 10 2,22 Finland 33,9 43,5 48,8 49,3 53,6 57 1,68 France 68,2 79,2 82,4 85,8 90,6 93,5 1,37 Germany 66,8 74,5 82,5 80 81 78,4 1,17 Greece 112,9 129,7 148,3 170,3 157,2 175,1 1,55 Ireland 44,2 64,4 91,2 104,1 117,4 123,7 2,79 Italy 106,1 116,4 119,3 120,7 127 132,6 1,24 Latvia 19,8 36,9 44,5 41,9 40,8 38,1 1,92 Lithuania 15,5 29,3 37,8 38,3 40,5 39,4 2,54 Luxembourg 13,7 14,8 19,1 18,7 21,7 23,1 1,68 Malta 60,9 66,5 66,8 68,8 70,8 73 1,19 United Kingdom 51,9 67,1 78,4 84,3 89,1 90,6 1,74 Netherlands 58,5 60,8 63,4 65,7 71,3 73,5 1,25 Poland 47,1 50,9 54,9 56,2 55,6 57 1,21 Portugal 71,7 83,7 94 108,2 124,1 129 1,79 Czech Republic 28,7 34,6 38,4 41,4 46,2 46 1,60 Romania 13,4 23,6 30,5 34,7 37,9 38,4 2,86 Slovakia 27,9 35,6 41 43,4 52,4 55,4 1,98 Slovenia 22 35,2 38,7 47,1 54,4 71,7 3,25 Spain 40,2 54 61,7 70,5 86 93,9 2,33 Sweden 38,8 42,6 39,4 38,6 38,3 40,6 1,04 Hungary 73 79,8 82,2 82,1 79,8 79,2 1,08

Source: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu; own computations

The trend of increasing of public debt to GDP is evident, fewer countries falling within the limit imposed by the Maastricht Treaty (Figure 1).

But the most controversial aspect is the maximum level of indebtedness. From the previous explanations emerges the idea that sustainable level of indebtedness is the result of corelation between public debt and the economic realities of each country, as a level which exceed a certain threshold may be tolerable for a country while another shows a liquidity crisis.

Increasing the level of public debt can be attributed, in the context of economic - financial crisis, to the significant increase of budget deficits.


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020406080

100120140160180200

2008

2013

Fig. 1. The public debt ratio to GDP in the EU state members in 2008 and 2013

Budget expenditures have increased amid the rise of unemployment or the

assumption of some bank debts, while tax revenues have recorded reductions in actual size,due to the worsening economic context or the adoption of inappropriate fiscal measures (as an example is, unfortunately, even Romania, who opted to increase VAT, wage cuts in the public sector or establishment of new tax obligations that have generated serious distortions in the business environment).

However, it should be noted that the interval 2010 - 2013 was marked by a reduction in the budget deficit in the EU28 which is 45.54%, while public debt has increased by 15.46%.

Economic growth rate has fluctuated markedly from one country to another, imposing measures to ensure a sustained rhythm. Attracting foreign investment, infrastructure development and job creation are elements that can cause an economic smart growth.

4.The impact of budgetary policy measures on the volume of public debt, budget

deficit and economic growth in Romania From the data above, it appears that Romania is positioned in the category of

countries with a relatively low level of public debt. Basically, it ranks fifth if it is considered an ascending order of the amount of public

debt (after Estonia - 10%, Bulgaria - 18.9% and Luxembourg - 23.1% and Latvia - 38.1%). At least from a theoretical perspective, this should reflect a favorable situation. However, we can not forget the growth rate between 2008 - 2013, where we ranked 2 in the EU by 2.86 times.

To this problem is added the inefficient use of borrowed resources and capacity to ensure payment of amounts of public debt. The year 2008 has marked the beginning of a decline in economic plan in all economies, the issue of ensuring financial balance became one of the most acute. In the period 2009-2013, one can notice a slight downward trend in public spending as a share of GDP (from 39.4% to 34.5%), while revenues have remained at about the same level (32%). In this context, the budget deficit was reduced towards the end of the interval up to -2.5% (Table 2).


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Table 2. Evolution of analyzed macroeconomic indicators in Romania 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Growth rate 7,9 6,3 7,3 -6,6 -1,1 2,2 0,7 3,5 Public debt (%PIB) 12,4 12,8 13,4 23,6 30,5 34,7 37,9 38,4 Budget deficit (%PIB) -2,2 -2,9 -5,7 -9 -6,8 -5,6 -3 -2,5

Source: : http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

However, according to the Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014, Romania was

ranked 76 of 148 countries, among the factors that caused the greatest problems enrolling, first, the level of taxation. This aspect seems to be reflected in the economic situation, the positive trend of economic growth, with a level which placed Romania on the first position in the EU in 2013, being discontinued in 2014, the European Institute of Statistics announcing negative values for the first two quarters of the year.

Consequently, it is necessary to adopt fiscal- budget policy measures in the way to stimulate economic growth, simplify the tax system by reducing the number of contributions, the reduction in VAT, ensuring greater stability of tax legislation.

5. Conclusions Economic growth, with public debt and structural deficit remains a constant concern

of all governors, regardless of the development grade, the type of economy and the phase of economic cycle.

Although statistical research conducted by various economists have not identified conclusions that converge in one direction in terms of correlations between the three analyzed indicators, interdependencies between them can not be disputed.

Budget deficits caused the accumulation of growing debts, with implications for public debt and the used resources for investments (in fact, in Romania, the decrease of public investments in the year 2013 is found in negative growth from the first two quarters of 2014).

Measures adopted without a real anchor to the economic and financial context aggravated imbalances generated by the crisis.

Option for drastic reduction in public spending had not the desired effect, from the analyzes performed on countries that have implemented such a policy excessively, detaching the conclusion that they are the ones that have experienced the lowest economic growth.

Interdependence between public debt and economic growth is a highly controversial subject after the crisis of 2008 promoting the idea (which formed the basis of austerity policies) that an increase in public debt over a level of 90% of GDP affects the economic growth in order to reduce it with 0.1%. But internationally registered realities demonstrated poor anchoring of this thesis: increasing indebtedness of the United States has not led to higher interest rates for the debt contracted; government spendings financed on account of deficit have represented the most efficient method to stimulate the demand; significant reduction in economic growth in Japan in the early 1990s led to a sharp increase in public debt (and resulting the inverse correlation).

In Romania, applying procyclical fiscal policies has generated negative effects, allowing the accumulation of deficits even in economically good times.


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In addition, the reduction of public spending (as we mentioned, and other states considered that austerity policies during the crisis have beneficial effects, which contradicts with economic realities) resulted in an extended process of fiscal adjustment and growth rate of debt public is among the highest in EU.

In this context, we consider that it is necessary to adopt measures concerning on: maintaining the debt ratios to acceptable levels; negotiating the debt conditions in order to ensure the maintenance of financing costs at a low level; active management of currency risks; government securities market development and optimization of share of negotiable titlesvin the portfolio; optimize public spendings with the one of public debt so as to ensure the convergence with the ensuring objectives of the stability and economic growth.

References 1. Adam C., Bevan D., - Fiscal deficits and growth in developing countries. Journal of Public

Economics 89(2005): 571-597 2. Ahmad N., - The role of Budget deficit in the economic growth of Pakistan. Global Journal of

Management and Business Research Economics and Commerce. 13(5), 2013 3. Al-Khedair S.I., -The impact of the Budget Deficit on key macroeconomic variables in the

major industrial countries, Florida Atlantic University, 1996 4. Barro R.J.,- Determinations of the Public Debt, Journal of Political Economy, 87, 240-271, 1979 5. Bose N., Haque M.E., Osborn D.R., - Public expenditure and economic growth: A disaggregated

analysis for developing countries. The Manchester School, 75(5): 533-556, 2007 6. Croitoru L., - Vom avea deflație și surplusuri de cont current? bnr.ro/files/d/Pubs_ro/

PuncteVedere/ 2013/R20130806LC.pdf , accesat la data de 15.08.2014, p. 13 7. Fatima G., Ahmed, M., & Rehman W., - Consequential effects of budget deficits on economic

growth of Pakistan: International journal of Business and Social Sciences: 3(7): 203-208, 2012 8. Ghali K.H.,- Government spending and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Economic

Development, 22(2): 165-172, 1997 9. Herndon T., Pollin R., Ash M., -. Does High public debt consistently stifle economic groth? A

critique of Reinhart and Rogoff, political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Amherst, no. 322, 2013

10. Krugman P., - The excel Depression, The New York Times, The opinion pages, 18 apr. 2013 11. Kumar, M.S., Jaejoon, W.,- Public Debt and Growth, Working Paper, No. 10/174,

Washington, Fondul Monetar Internațional, 2010 12. Prunera M.C.R. - A Role for Deficit in economic growth. [Cited 2014 iunie 14] Available from:

http://www.alde.es/encuentros/anteriores/iiieea/autores/R/270.pdf 13. Reinhart C. M., and Rogoff K. S., - Growth in a Time of Debt. American Economic Review,

100(2): 573–786. 2010 14. Ungureanu D.M., - Analiza echilibrelor la nivelul bugetului comunitar din perspectiva statutului

Romaniei de țară membră a UE, Editura Eftimie Murgu, Reșița, p: 180-181, 2012 15. Velnampy T. - Job Attitude and Employees Performance of Public Sector Organizations in Jaffna

District, Sri Lanka. GITAM Journal of Management, 6, (2), 66-73.- 2008 16. Vuyyuri S., Seshaiah S. - Budget deficits and Macroeconomic variables in India: Applied

economics and international development, 4(1): 37-54., 2004 17. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf, accesat la data

de 15.06.2014


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ABOUT THE NEED OF A PARADIGM SHIFT FOR AN EFFICIENT RESURRECTION OF ROMANIAN MINING INDUSTRY

Nicolae ILIAŞ1, Iosif ANDRAŞ2, Sorin Mihai RADU3, Iosif GRUNEANŢU4,

Abstract

Romanian mining industry has been submitted only in the past half century to many structural changes issued from politics driven decisions. After the extensive increase started in 1980, in the frame of the centralized economy, a downsizing started in 1990, both having as consequence dramatic demographic, social and environmental impacts. The future evolution of the mining industry in the frame of a market and competitive economic milieu requires a new manner of approach, starting from the lessons learnt in past two main contradictory processes. The paper deals with the problem of the mechanism of change in a systemic vision focusing on the re-launching of the Romanian mineral resources industry. Key words and expressions: mining industry, environmental impacts, mineral resources, re-launching industry.

Introduction The traditional mining in Romania has been affected in a factitious manner starting

with 1980 with an extensive development beyond the limits of economic supportability and the real needs of the society. Nevertheless, nowadays, facing the pressure against extractive industry, it is compulsory (at least by moral duty) to find out the optimal bench of its efficient contribution to the prosperity of national economy, involving the large community of specialists still existing.

1. Changes in the Romanian mining industry Nobody will fulfill this task better than those who were trained to apply the

technology that must be deeply involved in the new realities of the analyzed economic field and from this point of view we foresee a favorable ground for its development.

This implies change but also continuous adaptation of the location of mining industry in an optimal future, according to Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Coordinates of the optimal domain of change in Romanian mining industry

1 Professor PhD., University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 2 Professor PhD., University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 3 Professor PhD., University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 4 Professor PhD., University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected]


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From this cause, the mechanism of change imposes a systemic vision on the re-launching of the mineral resources industry shaping the logical undergoing of the following stages as in Figure 2, i.e.:

1. Assessment of restrictive conditions and situations ; 2. Fixing the goals; 3. Identification of normative pathways; 4. Functional feedback.

Fig. 2. Stages of the change mechanisms Using this algorithm for exploring the realities of Romanian mining industry, we can

state the followings: • The long term forecasts must involve all the operators acting in mining industry,

taking into account their considerations and motivations; • The mining industry is not a field of randomness, characterized by the continuous

waiting of an event which to generate working manners for the next step; • The actual conditions of Romanian mining industry requires to obtain an increasing

trend of the output, with individual efforts of the operator which is strongly dependent on the market economy’s mechanism driven system, so taking into account the previously mentioned aspects, we can extract the following consequences:

- The results of the physical output produces a series of circular processes according to Figure 3;

Fig. 3. Cyclical processes for improved production level in mining

1 2 3

4 4 4


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- The increase of output is compliant with investments for reproduction (including import);

- Investments for reproduction must be oriented to assets not to consumption; - Insuring the appropriate conditions for improvement driven development.

It means that the Romanian mineral producer’s efficiency must be in line to European

average very quickly (until 2018), in order to be able to do the free concurrence. Mining regions represents a distinct case when analyzed from the point of view of

sustainable development because they have strongly aggressed the environment, both in the stage of mineral resources extraction and in the attempt to use them in a sustainable way, even if this activity is vital and necessary for large communities.

The state, by its intervention in supporting mineral industry, cannot be in an opposite

situation regarding the sustainable development, being forced by the fulfillment of obligations related to supportability.

Not only the anthropogenic damages must be mitigated but the quality of life must

be increased by identification and development of new sustainable economic activities (among others the tourism, the high technology, traditional crafts etc.).

Fig. 4. Management of community capital in mining regions with development perspective

Taking into account the principles of sustainable development, the Romanian state has supported the mining communities, in order to increase the effectiveness of mining activity, helping in environment preservation and insuring a decent living standard and equal chances to development in comparison with other regions on earth.

Starting with 1998, about 250 mines and quarries were closed, by financing from the government and World Bank, process ended in 2012, other 3 mines in Jiu Valley and 2 in Gorj County being in pre-closure stage.

In this international process, the consultants were involved in the technical

documentation and know-how acquisition, the delivered Handbook of mine closure states the following steps:

• Stage I – delivery of a plan of activity cease, submitted to approval to the ministry and NAMR. After that, a trial of concession is launched, in the case of lack of interest, the


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closure is decided. This is realized based on a technical project of closure and rehabilitation, approved by the order of minister;

• Stage II – the mining operator after the preparative conservation works, transfer the mine to the contractor, who will deploy the closure works;

• Stage III – the contractor, e.g. the ministry, by its department, organize the biding procedure and the contracting with the winning company;

• Stage IV – implementation of the contract. The mentioned stages is presented in Figure 5.

Fig. 5. Implementation of closure and rehabilitation program

• Stage V – the rehabilitated land is transferred to local authorities, agriculture found management or forest administration;

• Stage VI – post closure monitoring. This framework program represents an instrument offered by the government with

the assistance of international donors (World Bank) in order to assist communities in the process of promoting the sustainable development of mining regions.

2. Conclusions Any discussion about the need of change in Romanian mining must start from the

policy of its financing, an element which clearly highlights the evolutionary stage of this economic segment, which generates inputs and requires aids from the state’s budget.

These last ones can be:

• Subsidies calculated proportionally with the output (mainly, in the transition period because of the strategic importance, international conjuncture, existence of consumers, social impact mitigation, impact on other branches of the economy); kind of subsidies, as a state aid to mining is a protect mining industry against collapse in the transition period characterized by deep unbalances and cannot be a rule in a stabilized market economy;


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• Endowments for capital expenses (investments) devoted to develop future production capacities;

• Social allowances by budget transfers, in order to cover some social expenses for active and former manpower.

This kind of sustaining is considered nontransparent and inappropriate for the mining industry.

References 1. Andras I., Ilias N., Barbu, D., Cioara I., Toma L., Codreanu L.,-The energetic policy in

Romania., Moscow, International Conference “Nedelia Gorniaka”, 2013 2. Candrea T., - Sisteme optimizate de exploatare minieră cu influențe pozitive asupra mediului

ambiant, Petroşani, Ph.D. Thesis, Petroșani, 2005 3. Gâf–Deac M.,- Tehnologii moderne, Editura FRM, Bucureşti, 2004 4. Gâf–Deac I.I.,- Bazele juridice şi economice ale sistemelor de resurse în noua economie, Editura

Infomin, Deva, 2007


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CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS CONTROL STRUCTURES

Ioana Andreea MARINESCU1, Ion Petru ROȘCA2, Lăcrămioara Rodica HURLOIU3,

Daian Mihai CEAUȘU4, Ionuț PĂTRAŞ5

Abstract This paper deals with issues related to theoretical and methodological basics of economics and management of biochemical and biophysical control structures. It concludes that damage is continuously done to sustainability of health, due to discriminating distribution of health services in Romania, within the same generation. Also, elements of biochemical and biophysical management control structures, are getting formalized, to apply corrections to inputs, processings and outputs, in the health system in Romania, in order to achieve the nationwide planned health sustainability. The article is the result of considered discussions by authors and contain synthetic selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the doctoral thesis entitled "Economic and management organization of Biochemistry and Biophysics control to ensure the health sustainability", author: Ioana Andreea Marinescu (ULIM, 2015), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations.

Key words and expressions: health sustainability, management, biochemistry, biophysics, structural control

1. Introduction Biochemical and biophysical factors greatly disturb human genetic developments,

harassing organisms and ecosystems. It is foreseen the idea that biochemical structures must be organized and led, that

requires a specific management, so that favorable, positive results, would be higher than the negative effects.

As such, it is considered that, in contemporary society, it is strictly necessary to use the management of bio-physic-chemical and bio-chemical-physical control structures.

2. Theoretical and methodological basics of economics and management of

biochemical and biophysical control structures In theory and general practice of modern organization and management, different

situations crop up, which require quest of new solutions, to optimize the activities that lead to economic and social success, based on a competitiveness.

It seems that, in everyday life, in nowadays society's organized structures, or economic sectors, health and education services, etc. significant situations increasingly appear, processes and phenomena that hardly can be kept under control.

1 Lecturer PhD., fiz-chim., SH University of Bucharest, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Bucharest, Romania,

[email protected] 2 Professor, PhD., ULIM Chișinău, Republic of Moldova, [email protected] 3 Senior Lecturer, Ph.D., SH University, M.F.A. Faculty Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 4 PhD. Student, Valahia University of Targoviste, National Institute of Economic Research "Costin C. Kiriţescu"

(INCE), Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 5 PhD. Student, eng., Dinamic Company srl., Bucharest; University of Petrosani, Romania,

[email protected]


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Poor nutrition, diseases, poverty, pollution, unemployment, illiteracy, ethnic conflicts, water scarcity, energy shortage, lack of minimal sanitary conditions, poor healthcare, etc. These all affect people and well-being.

Biochemical and biophysical elements largely disturb human genetic development, affecting organisms and ecosystems with aggression, resulting several prejudices, casualties and loss of vegetation, fauna etc.

Biochemical structures must be organized and operated, requiring a domain specific

management, so that favorable results, to outweigh the negative effects. We promote the idea that biochemical and biophysical control structures in

laboratories and hospitals in Romania, provide the participation of health sustainability to the intergenerational dimension of sustainable development.

E.g., the health services in Romania, affected by biochemical and biophysical structures, along with the education factors and equality of chances, or human rights, fit their own distribution as society resources, as in human communities, as shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Influence of inequalities in the health services distribution in Romania, on health sustainability, within the same generation

(G1); (G2), …, (Gn) = generations; (Ct); (Ct-1), …, (Ct-n) = abilities of a generation to meet their own needs.


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For explanation and better definition in the field, we state that health sustainability is part of the multidimensional concept of sustainable development in Romania, representing the abiding top progress of people from communities, and entities in the social-productive-human field, towards a sustainable society.

We remark that, in fact, the basic feature of the overall process of resources distribution in modern society, refers to the persistence of disparity in distributing and providing the services, even in health field, within the same generation, and even more in intergenerational succession of human societies evolution.

Mainly, we believe that health sustainability must be conceptually described, including contents, also it must be provided, and basically found, in practical operational activities inside the health system, laboratories and hospitals.

We find that the biochemical and biophysical phenomena and processes that naturally occur, but among the artificial ones, also man-made and man's direct or indirect activities, participate in defining providing the health sustainability [4].

Biochemical and biophysical issues like technical, technological, procedural, phenomenological, etc., from laboratories and hospitals, participate to the sustainable development in Romania, like: having constructive roles, being factors that generate extra values, utility and goods to consume, produce, reproduce and better functioning of human societies with related infrastructure or serve aggressive roles, intrusive, detrimental, destructive, etc. for the structures of human life.

When the ratio of the records above described proves equivalency tendency, then it is considered that health are operational is zero-sum [3].

As demonstrated by the experience of biochemistry and biophysics control structures in the health system in Romania, still, we find that the destructive tendency is cumulative and, therefore, biochemical and biophysical degradation of laboratories and hospitals must be at least countered, given the fact that it can't be totally eliminated, as shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Management of biochemical and biophysical control structures, for applying corrections on inputs, processing and outputs, in order to achieve nationwide planned health sustainability, in the

health system in Romania Therefore, the biochemical and biophysical control should be done in specialized

structures, using practices and procedures defined by specific courses of action.


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In fact, the control is a managerial process, vital in the overall scheme with reactive circuit (using feed-back) and then, it must be organized and led.

The control structures (in this case, about the specialized biochemical control structures or biophysical in the laboratories and hospitals in Romania), in turn, must be organized and managed.

By promoting the improvement proposals to the health insurance strategy sustainability, we recommend that the management of control structures to be directed to establish as many reactive loops (reverse side) of input corrections, or modulating the processing, in order to finally achieve the scheduled and planned amounts, synthetic characterized by insured health sustainability, as seen in the presentation of Figure 2.

On the latter structures there are found lesions through faults, dismantle etc. coming from aggressive biochemical and biophysical phenomena and processes inside laboratories and hospitals.

Therefore, biochemical and biophysical phenomena and processes can be linked to specific structures, for the control of physical aggression against human life and the environment.

However, we believe that, to define economics and management in the field, it is required to describe a complex structure of bio-physic-chemical or bio-chemical-physical control in laboratories and hospitals.

3. The management of the bio-physic-chemical or bio-chemical-physical control

structures Once the subject structures are developed and identified, they must be organized and

operated, so there comes the bio-physic-chemical management. Therefore, the inclusion of management structures in biochemistry and biophysics control

in the concept obtaining health sustainability. Accordingly, we consider that, in addition, it is also appropriate to develop the

concept of the management of the bio-physic-chemical and bio-chemical-physical control structures. As we can see, the whole concept described above is the only interest to policy

makers in terms of feasibility and efficiency of health. As such, we concluded that it is necessary to describe, in behavioral and economic

terms, the control structures conceived in the sphere of the study [2]. But we can note, that the economics of the control structures is together with the

management of the studied structures. That’s why, studying economics and managerial settings in Romania, as case study,

from structures that achieve sustainable health, insured sanitary sustainability is reached (to ensure the sustainability of health), using biochemical and biophysical control structures, efficiently organized and handled, in laboratories and hospitals with the background of overall efficiency developed in this sphere.

From the above, it follows that, in Romanian laboratories and hospitals, the health sustainability is part of the general insurance process of subsistence (under "low" level), and the existence of bio-social and human communities (under "maximum" level).

On the other hand, biochemical and biophysical phenomena and processes can not be considered only "aggressive", directed to the biosocial and functional human condition or the human communities, as long as they, the involved phenomena and processes, can be mastered, corrected, adjusted, and restructured, using management, specific control structures, so as long as it is under effective management [1].

This situation is commonly in the development of natural or artificial processes, related to human health, as long as the absolute perfection is the ideal health-care feature, always unfulfilled in practice or real life, even more, in the studied of sanitary sustainability.


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Instead, for Romania, we recommend increase of the attention to the importance of reviewing attitudes, towards health sustainability in the general sustainable development system, due to it’s main role for subsistence and bio-social existence of man and human societies, including the population in the country.

4. Conclusions It can be concluded that the basic main scientific problem, required to be solved in the

health insurance system in Romania, is the organization and management of the biochemical and biophysical control structures, in laboratories and hospitals of economical, productive and social environment, so that human will not be affected by the possible aggressive changes, achieving alternatives of sustainable health.

Control structures, in our opinion, should be organized and led, to be directed towards ensuring good health situations and health of people and the environment. We believe that biochemical and biophysical control structures ensure the participation of sanitary sustainability to intergenerational dimension of sustainable development.

Official opinion in the field is that, in fact, at least a quarter of health problems and the health all over the Globe, are assigned to environmental factors, including biochemical and biophysical ones, most of them being related to poverty that affects people.

In this article we have proved that the study of economics and management of biochemical and biophysical control structures, to ensure sanitary sustainability, applied in laboratories and hospitals in Romania, as well in the general economic productive environment, starts from domain-specific theoretical and methodological reflections.

We find that the naturally occurring biochemical and biophysical phenomena and processes, but among the artificial and man-made in his activities directly or indirectly, participate in defining and insuring the health sustainability.

The concept that biochemical and biophysical phenomena and processes can be linked to specific structures for control of physical aggression as against people's lives and the environment, is the new in the field.

In order to define the economics and management in biochemical and biophysical control structures, in sanitary field, health and medical, however, it is necessary to describe other composite structures, concerning the bio-physic-chemical or bio-chemical-physical control.

Once these structures are developed and identified, it must be organized and handled, so we can talk about bio-physic-chemical management.

References 1. Gâf-Deac I., - Structural development of modern technologies, Ed. All-Beck, Bucharest, 2001 2. Marinescu I.A., - A webinar event. The Michigan State University College of Veterinary/

Medicine consume complex concepts. A student engagement system. /Conf. online: State Univ.of Michigan. Col. Med. Vet., February 28, 2013

3. Smith M.,- Developing a Bio-economy in South Australia. Crown in the right of the State of South Australia. Department of the Premier and Cabinet. Adelaide, 2005

4. Solow R., - Technical change and the aggregate production function. Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 39, 1957/1999 reed. „This work was done within the project Romanian culture and European cultural models: research, timing, sustainability, co-financed by the European Union and the Romanian Government through the European Social Fund Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, the financing contract no. POSDRU / 159 / 1.5 / S / 136077.”


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ANTHROPIC DESTRUCTURING OF DEPOSITS AND PIPELINES FOR TRANSPORTING THE NATURAL GAS

Ioan I. GÂF-DEAC1, Ion Iulian HURLOIU2, Elena Maria OPRIŞ3, Georgian LĂCĂTUȘ4,

Ionel Andrei BERGHEȘ5, Gheorghe ZIPPENFENNIG6

Abstract The article specifies that the network for transporting the natural gas in Eastern Romania must operate in stable, safe and economic - efficiency conditions of infrastructure which ensures a continuous supply of gaseous fuel. The paper reveals conceptual and practical problems related to the elements with influencing potential on the deterioration of natural gas pipelines. Also, it presents the conditions and risk/damage factors of the integrity of methane gas pipelines. Contextually, are evaluated all fugitive methane gas emissions from pipeline transportation systems. The article is the result of considered discussions by authors and contain synthetic selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the doctoral thesis entitled "Preventing and combating environmental impact given to storage systems, transportation and distribution of natural gas in Eastern Romania", author: Elena Maria Opriș (UP, 2012), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations. Key words and expressions: natural gas, store, pipeline, anthropic destructuring, risk, fugitive methane gas emissions

1. Introduction Generally, corrosion is the phenomenon of damage or deterioration of a metal or

alloy by a chemical reaction with its environment, whereas one of the reaction products will be the oxidized form of the metal and the other will be the reduced form of the non-metal product.

Transformation shows that the reaction of a metal with its environment must be known as a corrosion process for any type of extension or reaction speed in initial, reactive or subsequent stage.

Our research reveal that the harmful effect of corrosion on metals used in the transport pipelines and gas distribution manufacture is characterized by damage which has been caused.

We now, 10-15% of world production of metals registers direct losses due to corrosion.

Examining the overall network of natural gas transport infrastructure in Eastern Romania (with conclusive alternatives for all National Transport System) it can be observed that the loss and leaks of natural gas mark irreparable damage to the environment.

2. Elements with influencing potential on the damage of natural gas pipelines The systems for distribution and transport of natural gas usually have metals in their

structure (composition). Corrosion is the process which produces the deterioration of metallic materials under

the influence of the environment.

1Senior Lecturer, PhD., SH University of Bucharest, National Institute of Economic Research "Costin C.

Kiriţescu" (INCE), Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 Lecturer, PhD., SH University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 3 PhD. Eng., Trade Processing Lines, Distrigaz Ploiesti, Romania, [email protected] 4 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 5 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 6 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania [email protected]


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Corrosion can be prevented by choosing the right type of metallic material used in the pipelines manufacture.

Commonly, lots of non-corrosive metallic materials can be found in the manufacture of pipeline network; however, the essential decisional parameter is the economic cost of the metal.

The visible corrosion effect of iron and the iron alloys is the appearance of "rust" which is represented by the hydrated iron oxides.

For non-ferrous metal the effect of corrosion is not visible, because the results of corrosion are not colored or soluble.

In another form, the term corrosion refers to all interactions of a metal (solid, liquid or alloy) with its environment, which could be non-metallic or metallic.

In context, there will also be retained the deliberate and profitable changes, as well the spontaneous and unexpected/ unwanted damage.

In national expression, corrosion is a heterogeneous oxide-reduction reaction at the interface of metal/ environment.

At that time, the metal is oxidized and one or more components in the environment are reduced.

On the other hand, the interest in the present research is to identify the situations that cause the corrosive destructive transformations with potential environmental damage given by the natural gas pipeline network, for which is necessary to establish counteraction measures.

For example, a fast dissolving of Iron in diluted solution of HNO3 is a destructive transformation.

If in fact the concentration of HNO 3 exceeds 65%, the reaction takes place only at the

beginning of the process. Further, the dissolving of Iron terminates due to the formation of an invisible

adherent thin film of iron oxide (Fe203). As a result, the occurrence of the thin film (Fe203) signifies a corrosion process

according to the transformation definition. The damage is related to the extension speed of the environmental reaction but not at

the expense considered a constituent of the pipeline network. In this analytical case, the quasi complete definition for the researched systems is:

corrosion represents all processes from which a metal or alloy used as a construction material for transport networks and gas distribution is performed from its metallic condition to a combined condition, through the interaction with its environment.

The effect is profitable for the metal but harmful in the same time, because the changes depend on the nature and properties of the reaction product.

Corrosion of metals in methane gas networks is a heterogeneous chemical reaction which occurs at the interface of metal/ environment, involving the metal as one of the reactants:

v AA + v B B v C C + v DD (1)

where A is the metal and B the non-metallic reactant, C and D are reaction products. We find that in the pipeline networks for transporting natural gas, and the corrosion

reactions are not always detrimental to the constituent metal. There will be used different metals such as Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cr, Ni, stainless steel, and

also less common metals such as Ti, Nb, Ta, considered to be reactive in certain environments.


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This situation is possible due to the formation of a passive film of reaction products. The film becomes a barrier between reactants, helping to reduce the corrosion speed.

In context, the passiveness, in which the reaction product forms a thin protective film, is only the limiting case for the corrosion reaction.

It is always important to analyze if the corrosion reaction is harmful to the metal used for the production of pipes.

Also, in order to establish the nature of the reaction products and their reaction speed, it is important to examine the precise form of attack, which can be general, localized, or inter-granular.

The transformation shows that the reaction of a metal with the environment must be

known as a corrosion process for any extension or reaction speed in reactive, initial or subsequent stage.

Also, experiments in this area demonstrate that Mg, Zn and Al are deliberately circumvented in the method for protection of steel grids. In terms of the definition of deterioration, the consumption of these metals is not a corrosion process.

For example, 10-15% of world’s metal production is directly affected by corrosion. Real damages are even more significant if we consider the indirect losses of

production, capacity, products contaminated by explosion or unexpected damage of equipment.

3. Conditions and factors of risk and harm of the integrity of natural gas pipelines Gas transport network in Eastern Romania must operate in stable, safe and efficient

infrastructure conditions and maintain a continuous supply of gaseous fuel (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Functional objectives of masterly system for storage and transport of natural gas in Eastern Romania


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The infrastructure of production, transportation, storage, distribution and usage of natural gas (from head of eruption to flue gas) is dynamic from an innovative point of view (Figure 2).

Fig. 2. Basic infrastructure for production, transportation, storage and usage of natural gas in Eastern Romania

Such type of appreciation is supported by the inherent appearance of hazard or

factors which may influence or affect the integrity and functionality of the system (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. "Factors-hazards–disorder of integrity and functionality" in transport system of natural gas pipelines

The implementation of the activities of natural gas transportation aims the operation

and maintenance of the system; it also ensures the access of producers, suppliers and eligible customers and the introduction of a physical balance of the national transport system in the Eastern Romania.


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There are applied managed regimes for transport and delivery, technical exploitation conventions and also created a balance sheet for gas consumption.

The aim of the storage is to harmonize the consumption variations (seasonal, daily or occasional).

In our appreciation, both infrastructure and specific conditions for production, storage and transportation of natural gas can be considered complex, with high level of infrastructural and functional density.

In The Specific Technical Regulations NTS (National Transport System), [1] Chapter "Maintenance of natural gas pipelines" talks about a classification list of hazard and factors which may affect or influence the integrity of pipelines (Table 1). [1]

Table 1. Definition and classification of hazards/factors which may affect/influence the integrity of

pipelines SNT [1] Class Category Type Naming

A.Time dependent

factors

1 a External corrosion 2 a Internal corrosion 3 a Corrosion with tendency to cracking

B. Stable factors

(intrinsic)

1 Manufacturing defects a Defects at the welded parts of pipes

b Pipes defects 2 Construction defects (assembly/welding) a

Defects at the welded circular parts) between pipelines)

b Welding defects c Crease or loops due to bending

d Damaged screw thread, joints with damaged jacks and collar

3 Defects on component elements assembled on pipes a Joints with damaged or unsealed flanges

b Improper operation of valves assembled on pipes

c Failure of containers/ systems used to seal certain elements on pipes

d Other type of defects

C. Factors not

depending on time

1 Mechanical deterioration a

Deterioration caused by first, second or third party (with instant failure)

b Previously deteriorated pipes (types of delayed failure) c Deterioration caused by vandalism

2 a Incorrect operation 3 External forces and weather conditions a Cold weather/ low temperatures

b Thunders c Floods d Earthquakes

* any danger/factor can be identified with an alphanumeric code containing the letter class, category number and (possibly) type; e.g., C.1.c identifies a risk independent of time (class C), represented by a deterioration caused by a third party (category 1), by tampering (such as C).

4. Methane gas losses in transmission and storage systems in Eastern Romania The emissions include also the releases of methane gas/natural gas, which are

common industrial realities of industrial systems.


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So, 25-30 years ago, predicting the global emissions was the primary objective of determining the flow of various gases changes in general atmospheric balance.

Currently (2013), the efforts are not strictly subordinated of highlighting the quantitative emissions /losses but mainly assessing the consequences of climate change dynamics of these flows occurred in the worldwide.

Natural gas industry, worldwide, is participating with approx. 4% influence on total emissions/losses contributing to the effect on global greenhouse effect. (Harvez, L., Huang, Z., 1995) [4].

Emissions from losses, as processes are not separate, explained in the total gas emissions from industry, because it is difficult/complicated/complex the measurement operation in the field.

In the natural gas transmission network in eastern Romania, according to the recent estimates (2009), losses of final generic entry and exit in of the system are between 1.2 to 2% of the total volume of natural methane gas transported/stored.

The errors are found in the quasi-continuous measurement deficiencies (quasi-infinite decimal) of the gas volume due to changes in pressure and temperature differences between sub-sections (in knots interchangeability of flows directed/orientated gas to consumers in the ramifications).

In time, have been performed measurements and statistical centralization concerning of methane gas losses in transmission and storage systems and found that the treatment in question are essentially dependent on the structure, size, role, performance and technological level operational in the transmission systems and storage the natural gas.

Loss percentage rates are situated on average between 1-4%, with the exceptions that reach 6-10% in gas emissions from burning causto-biolitics fossil fuels.

In the USA, the average loss estimation is between 2.2 to 4.3%. A modeler protocol in the field, aims the measuring inputs (I) and output (O) of a

block diagram tree, related to articulated/compound systems of transport and storage of natural gas (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. The overall measurement of losses in the transmission and storage of natural gas in Eastern Romania

(I) = inputs; (O) = outputs; m(I);m(O); = measuring at input and output; m(r) = network measurements This means:

)δp(CHΔ(O)Δ(I) 4=− (2)

where )δp(CH4 is the loss through uncontrolled emission of natural gas transportation and storage systems.

We find that subassemblies of the transmission and storage of natural gas in Romania (especially in the eastern part of the country) marks the loss processes )(CH4 in the


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following categories: (1) fugitive emissions (transport and storage); (2) emissions from losses related to sales operations, distribution, consumption, and (3) emissions from combustion (combustion).

Category (1) is coverage the accidental process, unintentional. Critical points of losses are from the underground pipelines, due to corrosion or to

faulty links/connections. Category (2) has source the inadequate procession design of the transmission and

storage systems of natural gas in these systems, respectively, practice operational in conventional negative ways.

Category (3) results from actual burning of )(CH4 in free flow (at pipes ends) or from combustion of various internal combustion engines.

Methods of measuring the losses have not yet finalized better formulas. The general model proposed for the process examined is:

→−−→

>→

)](CH m[Δ[Δm(O)}{*m(r)}{m(I) )δp(CHm(O)*m(I) Δ(I)Δ(O) min )(CH f[δ[δp

4

4

4

(3)

The iterative formula below is symbolic - useful quantified parameterized block

process losses of )(CH4 in the transmission and storage of natural gas, affected for the environment

5. Fugitive emissions of methane from pipeline transportation systems Methane gas emissions (leakage/loss) globally cannot quantify precisely because it

manifests methodological inconsistency in the measurement of the flow in question (Figure 5).

Fig. 5. Types of emissions of 4CH


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Fugitive emissions/losses are those which have lowest degree of control compared to those from combustion or technological operations designed.

Examining the overall network of natural gas transport infrastructure in Eastern Romania (alternatives with concluding for all the National Transmission System) observed that the loss of gas of fugitive paths marked disturbances in the environment.

Worldwide, at different locations that are found natural gas transmission lines were recorded negative events, resulting in the ignition, combustion, explosion, etc.

For example, the loss of natural gas in areas where power lines are included rail networks are contributory to the occurrence of explosions in the atmosphere, due to the initiation of methane ignition using sparks from imperfect contact of quasi-continuous power supply in drive of the electric locomotives.

It appears that the United States lost an average annual about 6104160 ⋅ Nm3 through interstices uncontrolled of natural gas in transmission pipelines for industrial productive/unproductive systems, supplemented with 6102325 ⋅ Nm 3 of leaks in compressor installations, and about 610770 ⋅ Nm 3 from other devices specific of infrastructure.

The main infrastructure systems that give rise to losses in question are found in transport equipment (compressors, natural gas production plants, industrial entities of consuming gas, pipeline junctions, the points of measurement and regulation of flows and pressures, on the segments of the underground pipes, etc.)

In comparable terms, in our assessment of transport–storage-distribution infrastructure in Eastern Romania, losses in this category are about 1.8-2.1% of the total volume of natural gas processed for distribution.

Possibilities for accurate measurement of volumes referred losses are limited procedural and methodological and infrastructural.

The most common formula is the evaluation of the method of traceability. In principle, is performed calculation of pressure differences or differences in the volume of natural gas input and output (final consumer).

Obtained value is useful as the images to be found on the areas/sub-areas related to system storage and transportation of natural gas.

In some cases the physical subsystem equipment is indicated in question (eg, landfill of natural gas as a whole, compressor station, regulator, etc.) devices for measuring and recording the differences in pressure and gas volume between outputs inputs.

Next values are formed sequentially and can get an overview of the situations losses/ emissions controlled/uncontrolled.

The literature shows that in industrial productive US entities that use in processing natural gas /methane losses reach the average 610492 ⋅ Nm 3 /year. In natural gas processing plants emissions/of fugitive losses reach 610691⋅ Nm 3 /year and regularization stations in

610900 ⋅ Nm 3 /year. On the other hand, end-users of natural gas volumes recorded and these losses total

incoming (purchased). In the USA, losses in this category reach about 610164 ⋅ Nm 3 /year. The analysis in this paper we consider the losses /leakages of methane is found to be

the most significant complexity and consequences for underground pipes damaged/disturbed fall under operational disruption. In the United States contribution to of fugitive losses in this category records 6101370 ⋅ Nm 3 /year.

Corrosion, damage of material used in the construction of pipes, connections and joints pipe disturbed/defective between sections are the main physical causes of the


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dysfunction supporting of fugitive loss of the natural gas transmission and underground distribution networks.

Shall be recorded the oxidation of land and in the atmosphere covering the perimeters affected. The statistics of specific research shows that, in fact, about 5% of the total loss of methane from underground pipes has a remaining character in soil affected.

Compressor stations, purging and cleaning operations pipes are also contributory to the total loss of gas.

Equally, glycol dehydration pumps, dehydration through aeration chemical injection pumps are included in the set of subsystems which rise the loss of natural gas/fugitive emissions.

The issues stated above express forms of states/anthropogenic processes. In the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report to Congress (2009) shows that the

total anthropogenic sources of methane (natural gas excluding production of which has losses of about 6108892 ⋅ Nm 3 /year) marks the loss/fugitive emissions amounting to about

610800.37700.33 ⋅− Nm 3 /year. Finally, the total emissions/of fugitive methane losses in the USA, about 31% come

from the segment of storage, transport, 9% of organic waste, 15% from coal mines and 15% from various other sources.

Such a situation representation is useful, as suggested for extrapolation and comparison with specific situations recorded in the storage and transportation of natural gas in eastern Romania and national level.

6. Conclusions Examining the overall network of natural gas transport infrastructure in Eastern

Romania (with conclusive alternatives for The National Transport System) it can be observed that the fugitive gas loss contributes to an irreversible damage of the environment.

In comparable terms, in our appreciation, the infrastructure for transport-storage-distribution in Eastern Romania registers approximate losses of 1.8-2.1% from the total volume of processed natural gas for distribution.

Possibilities for accurate measurement of losses mentioned above are procedural - methodological and infrastructural limited.

The most common evaluation formula is the method of traceability. In principle, there are performed calculations for differences of pressure and differences between volume of natural gas input and output (final consumer).

Emissions include also the methane gas/natural gas losses and all these are the realities of common industrial systems.

25-30 years ago the primary objective for the assessment of global gas emissions was to determine the flow of various gases changes in general atmospheric balance.

Currently (2013), the approach is no longer strictly subordinated to highlighting quantitative emissions/losses. Mainly, there are evaluated the consequences of the flows dynamics in climate changes occurred on globe.

References 1. * * * - HGR nr. 2199/2004 about the modification and completion of HGR nr.1043/2004 on the

approval of Regulations for access on The National Transport System of Natural Gas and Regulations for access on The Distribution System of Natural Gas

2. Goedecke H., - Corrosion Surveys with the Ultra Scan, Pipe Line Industry and Pipes, Pipelines International, 1990

3. Gornitz V., Fung I., - Potential distribution of methane hydrates, In the World’s Oceans, N.Y. Press, 1994


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4. Harvez L.D., Huang, Z., - Evaluations of the potential impact of methane destabilization on future global warming, Environment Journal, no.1/1995

5. Honegger D. G., - Manual for the Seismic Design and Assessment of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines, P.Press, December 1998

6. Jonson B. W., - Design and Analysis of Fault Tolerant Digital Systems, Addison-Wesley Series in Electrical Land Computer Engineering, New York, 1989

7. Kiefner J.F., (col), - Pipeline In-Service Repair Manual, Catalog No. L 51716, PR-218-9307, December 1994

8. Harvez L.D., - Evaluations of the potential impact of methane destabilization on future global warming, Environmental Journal, no.1/1995 „This paper is suported by the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD), financed from the European Social Fund and by the Romanian Government under the contract number SOP HRD/159/1.5/S/136077”


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THE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH ENDOGEN STATUS OF THE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES

Ioan I. GÂF-DEAC1, Nicolae ȚÂU2, Iuliana DRĂGĂLIN3, Maria GÂF–DEAC4,

Mihai Marius NEDELEA5, Ileana PASCAL6

Abstract In contemporary period the changes of economic structures are made by technological development. This article deals with new problems related to the endogen status of the technical and technological changes in productive-economic systems in order to shape the economic climate. The endogenous economic growth through self-knowledge and the hexogen economic growth through technologies internationalization are those shaping the new economic climate. The article is the result of considered discussions by authors and contain synthetic selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the book entitled "New economy between knowledge and risk", author: Ioan I. Gâf-Deac (Infomin Publishing House, Deva, 2010), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations. Key words and expressions: endogen status, technological development, change, knowledge, new economy.

1. Introduction In the new economy it is required a new vision that implies merging the efforts in

order to formalize a new type of relational content, “input - output”, which will allow the fork, differentiation, as well as the almost permanent adjustment of “fixed“ coefficients for “input–output”, so that the technological changes should be entrapped, assumed in order to serve the general evolution of economic structures.

That`s why the endogen technical change is used within shaping to show the technical modifications, but also the technological ones within the pattern as far as these show themselves in massive doses of neutrality.

The technological change represents the application of new scientific knowledge and principles on the production techniques, triggering effects on the economic activity.

2. Transformations of the economic structures through technological development The technological progress interferes with long-term changes of the economic

structures. On its common sense, on economic and social system is complex and its structure

remains on short or medium terms. The human social system is currently under the incidence of sustainable development

and global transformations. The binary sustainability concept presented above is difficult to predict for the

operational, pragmatic future in the human groups. In fact the post-industrial conditions glide on the new areal of informational society,

in connection with the passing to “non- carbonic world” (without disrupting burnings that affect the environment).

1 Senior Lecturer, PhD., SH University of Bucharest, National Institute of Economic Research "Costin C.

Kiriţescu" (INCE), Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 Professor, PhD., ULIM Chișinău, Republic of Moldova, [email protected] 3 Senior Lecturer, PhD., ULIM Chișinău, Republic of Moldova , [email protected] 4 Senior Lecturer, PhD., SH University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 5 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 6 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected]


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It is possible to appreciate that if in near, perceptible, recent historic past, the technological transformations were seen at their own potential of predictable, measurable influence, (ex post), nowadays, within the economic structures it is presented the incapacity to remove the non-determinations regarding the given long-term effects by the new technologies structurally/systematically held in the productive/reproductive field and that of distinction/consumption.

In neo-classical perspective, the economical transformations happen through static or dynamic balancing processes based Newton’s ideas related to mechanics.

Therefore, an economical structure might be seen in businesslike and determinist regime that may be controlled, homogenous, and reversible, in a permanent move towards balance.

From the evolutionist perspective (Van den Bergh, Y. and Growdy, J. 2000) [7] it appears that the advance of the economic structures is connected to the inputs in the productive system (primary inputs, including the intermediate ones), and continues with the consumption chain and in the causal phase with investments triggering technological and structural progress.

This thesis must be understood as the participation of the technological progress to formalize the evolution and not in Darwinian evolutionary context, which is mainly used in biological systems.

Consequently, in the new economy the economic structures, as well as the businesslike state may be seen as non-determinative, incontrollable, non-reversible, in a permanent move towards imbalance.

There are two types of technological investments that may have consequences or influence the economic structures:

a) Investments for research-development (C-D), and b) Investments used to apply the research-development results in production

processes. The a-type investments are mainly supported by the public sector, whereas the b-type

are helped both by the private and public sectors. It is estimated that nowadays the economic structures transformations are owed

mainly to the input-output relation in endogen condition, using the Schumpeterian evolution mechanism of “creative destruction”.

When a production field is described, in the above-mentioned apprehension, it follows that for a stage and a state of the economic structures development that the very sector is part of, there are fixed clarified input coefficients, which are conventionally programmed, therefore accepted.

The changes/transformations may appear when there is technological progress, which applied shows the economic structures progress (Haoran P., 2004) [5].

In this situation, the outputs are, as a consequence, modified. It is concluded that this kind of vision implies the reunion of efforts to formalize this

new input-output type of relational content, which allows the differentiation, and almost permanent adjustment of “fixed: coefficients for “input-output”, so that the technological changes should be intercepted, assumed to serve the general evolution of the economic structures.

This way the premises for structural transformation are created. Between the ex-ante and the ex post methods which shape the economic structures

evolution, operationalizing and practical proportionality will be instituted for “continuity in change”.


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The new technologies are in deployment, because of the production expressions formalized by the transformation coefficients afferent to input-output in any productive field of the economic structure.

However, the description of the economic structure is pertinent only on long term. Freeman C. and Louca F. (2001) show that long term transformations could be

explained by Kondratiev flows influenced by radical technological changes of Schumpeterian concept.

Solow R. (1956), by the exogenous growth theory identifies the evolution by external technological progress (exogenous) in the productive field.

The extension of such idea is formulated by Romer P. (1986) [6] and shows that on long term the C-D investments make positive externalities of knowledge cumulating and those trigger growth on endogenous basis, thus modifying the evolution in economic structures.

As a conclusion, we might say that technological progress produces actual effects, essential for the economic structures which develop from one condition or stage to another.

3. Endogen technical and technological transformations in productive-economic

systems The technological transformations become relevant elements in the politics that have

as purpose the long term improvement of the environment changes, especially those connected to climate.

For example, the anthropogenic gas emissions (carbon dioxide emission) are produced by human population from economical activities or the use of energy.

Therefore, different strategies are necessary for a) economical increase and b) abatement in the relative value of the economic activities (economy dematerializing) in order to achieve “clean sustainable increase”.

From an economical point of view, the technological changes have a key role in physical and material change (namely the decrease) of the economic activities, as far as the performances (economic growth) are equal or higher than the conventional ones.

The innovation, the development based on innovation, presenting the novelty, obtaining new products, machine parts, equipment and running new processes contribute to the orientation towards sustainability. Developing new, clean and advanced technologies requires efforts in research - development, investments and knowledge acquiring.

Therefore it is necessary to have a) a good opening for the commercial interest and internationalizing the influences on the national systems for clean technologies and b) the technologies orientation towards their formalization in order to have distribution potential on operational alignments which impose sustainability. [3]

Nowadays, worldwide research-development is mostly focused as quality in OECD countries, which shows differences about the opening to technological progress for all countries. Consequently, we consider useful the presentation of international technology concept, suitable and attractive to modern concern about marketing or broadcast medium.

The economic climate modellers show interest for the parameterization in technological changes, but they have to deal with their articulation formulas with the endogenous mechanism of economic growth of the organizational and state activities, to the extent to which a certain local technologic progress serves to formalize enough autarkic sustainability, which does not contribute to global sustainability.

Multi-sectorial patterns must be confirmed in multi-countries/multi-national/or zonal/regional patterns, in order to find them applied in the global ones.


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From an econometrical point of view, it is necessary to show the type of connections, their significance, role and their inter-shaping “power”.

4. Technical and technological changes. Relational involvement The technical change refers to the production technique modification on entity level

(company, sector, industrial branch, etc.), based on research-development results and on knowledge (learning “about”...) from innovation.

The technical change has been introduced in productive economic systems to define the distribution and development of new technology which could determine earlier programmed changes (“aimed”) on the “relative price” factor.

The endogenous technical change is used in shaping to indicate technical transformations, and technological ones inside the pattern, when those are visibly neutral.

The technological change represents the application of new scientific knowledge and principles about production techniques, having effects on the economic activities.

Between the technical and technological change there are no strict boundaries, on the contrary, a certain inter-change is determined.

The Schumpeterian vision on technological progress is found in three progressive stages 1) invention 2) innovation and 3) knowledge proliferation.

The technological change becomes known if it is registered au economy (Δe) on an input (i) which triggers the decrease (Δe) of the constant price factor (p) [2]:

[(Δe) * (i)] min (p) (1)

The technological progress may be shaped using endogenous factors as well as those

exogenous to technology. 5. The endogenous economic growth by self-knowledge The new theory on the economic growth can be based, in assuring its applied

continuity, on a neutral technological progress. The neutrality does not mean learning/knowledge autarky, so the external information influences the endogenous growth process.

When the investment for research-development are oriented towards gaining profit from the new technological activities, the theory of technological changes starts from assuming the employment on competitive markets, with a visible trend on initiating a monopolistic concept.

If we witness an almost permanent growth of quality, or upon request of the quantity of existing products, as a performance, it appears that external technologies have played an important part in production, triggering a droop-off in recovering, for the investments (invested capital). In other words, it is given a longer life to the existing products, and this is why of this it needs a longer period of time for recovering the capital expenses.

6. The exogenous economic growth by technologies internationalization In essence, the research represents an economic activity, requested by the new

productive-economic performance criteria. It is determined that the interlinks determined by technological progress elements,

the endogen type, and by technological progress elements, the exogenous type, determine a quartering of productive-economic entities in an area of varied and multiple intermediate products which are semi-innovative (Figure 1), and the practical productivity is accepted reality in pre-feasibility and feasibility state.

(δp)


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Fig. 1. Quartering of productive-economic entities in the areal of multiple diversity semi-innovative products [2]

wt = theoretical

productivity; wp = practical productivity; ws = sub-productivity.

The commerce, as much as possible internationalized, triggers influences on local

productivity, by: - Submitting technological information, together with commercialized products and

services (pure knowledge leads to global knowledge); - Various types of opportunities are communicated and imitated; - Competition between innovators removes multiplying research efforts on the same

subject; - There is an increase of the market dimensions; - The varieties of intermediate, semi-innovative products are multiplied; - The premises for structural transformations are created, as far as the resource

relocation processes take place in ever extended networks. 7. The new economic climate The modelling of endogenous technical changes takes place with the help of certain

mechanisms which aim at: a) investments for research-development and b) externalizing in research-development which come from learning.

In other words, the economic climate becomes connected to the learning process and its reflections in the economic activities.

It is possible that the knowledge cumulating acquire in such a vision, unintentional process character.

The knowledge should be seen in the gains (recoveries) and the productive-economic results. The private knowledge will be mostly found in private companies, while the public knowledge may be expressed “everywhere”.

There will always be coexistence between the two types of knowledge (private/public).

Together, the private and public cumulating of private and public knowledge may determine the modification of un-intentionality, the premises for the manifestation of the intentionality being created.

The undervaluing suffered by research-development may express the quantitative or the qualitative level of knowledge cumulating, depending on time. The responsiveness organizational learning is formalized by the so-called instalment learning, which may define,


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as a percent for example, the cumulative capacity of attainment, storage and processing the productive-economic knowledge.

Some research (Soderholm and Sundquist, 2003) [8] show that a 0.2 lost rate (correction scale 0-1) of knowledge cumulating trigger a 20% finicality of the cumulative knowledge capacity integrated in a technology.

It is easy to express the cost depending on the cumulative knowledge capacity and thus we could describe an organizational learning curve or a characterization by knowledge of the economic climate. The economical experience may be considered a cumulative variable, while n time knowing cannot be visibly estimated in overall experience.

The inter-temporal optimizing is used to solve the economical balance affected by the self-knowledge growth. The inter-temporal dynamics is sustained by research-development investments and the endogenous technological transformations.

In essence, the above elements may be attached to neo-classical patterns of the economic growth, but the inter-temporal optimization is more suitable to the general calculated balance patterns.

8. Conclusions The modern economic climate is frequentative between the performance limits

conventionally imposed with the general calculated balance by maximizing utility and profit. All these happen under minimized expenses conditions, therefore the targets should

be made on the entire time horizon. The immediate practical conclusion, for Romania for example, in the above context, is

that our country needs explicit shaping of the technologies providing in the more integrated economic climate.

It is also necessary to formalize the specific learning curve (knowledge cumulating), which should allow by applying a more and more emphasized endogen status of the technical changes in productive-economic systems from the extended international networks.

References 1. Freeman C., Louca F., - As Time Goes By, OUP Oxford, 2001 2. Gâf-Deac I.I., -New economy between knowledge and risk, Infomin Publishing House, Deva,

2010, (ISBN 978-973-7646-11-8) 3. Gâf-Deac I.I., - Macro-economy,- Ed.FMP Bucharest, 2013, ISBN 978-606-93432-5-8, 4. Solow R., - Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, - Q Journal of Economics, No. 70

(1)/1956 5. Haoran P.,- The Evolution of Economic Structure under Technological Development – DAE,

University of Cambridge, 2004 6. Romer P.,- Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth – Journal of Political Economy, No.

98/1986 7. Van den Bergh A., Growdy J.,-Evolutionary Theories in Environmental and Resource Economics:

Approaches and Application; Environmental and Resource Economics, No. 17/2000 8. * * * MacMillan Dictionary of modern economy, Codecs Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999

„This paper is suported by the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD), financed from the European Social Fund and by the Romanian Government under the contract number SOP HRD/159/1.5/S/136077”


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ALTERNATIVES OF RE-USING THE INDUSTRIAL POST- OPERATED PERIMETERS

Adrian-Bogdan BĂDĂU1, Alexandrina MERUTĂ2,

Ana-Codruța MOLDOVAN3, Adrian BĂRBULESCU4

Abstract

The research aims to establish a rapport between the General societal surfaces owned by the Jiu Valley-Romania towns and areas of coal mining perimeters, leading to the identification of viable economic development of the micro-region. As a result of the "activity cessation plan 2018", of the 7 mining perimeters of Petrosani Coal Basin, 3 of them are to be closed and to enter a greening process. It is estimated that the remaining post – exploitation industrial infrastructure can be revalue economically by setting up a Mining Techno-Tourist Complex. This article is the result of considered discussions by authors and contain synthesized selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the doctoral thesis entitled "Techno-touristic reconstruction of post-mining operating structures in Jiu Valley", author: Adrian-Bogdan Bădău (UP, 2015), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations. Key words and expressions: mining infrastructure, general societal surface, proportionality, mining perimeter, industrial touristic complex.

1. Introduction Petrosani Coal Basin has suffered over time various changes regarding the number of

mining units. The culmination point of the Jiu Valley, regarding the number of mining units, was

achieved during the years 1919-1920 when there were 18 units: Lupeni-Carolina, Lupeni- Victoria, Lupeni- Ileana, Lupeni-Stefan, Lupeni–East, Upper Jiu Valley, Vulcan-Dr. Chorin, Vulcan-West, Vulcan–East, Aninoasa, Sălătruc, Dâlja, Petrosani-West, Petrosani–East, Petrila, Lonea I, Lonea II and Lonea III, and the number of employees was 14.250.

Currently, in Petrosani Coal Basin we can find extractive in 14 mining perimeters, with an overall surface of 47 km2.

Out of these only: Uricani, Lupeni, Paroseni, Vulcan, Livezeni, Lonea, and Petrila are still running, and 3 of these (Uricani, Paroseni and Petrila) are included in "the cessation activity plan 2018".

2. Alternatives of making some techno-tourist industrial systems The technological restructuring of coalmines, that form the Petrosani Coal Basin, was

made due to the decision of the National Agency for Mineral Resources and the Ministry of Education and Research, which was approved by the decision of the Romanian Government.

The shutdown and preservation of the Jiu Valley mining units will be achieved in accordance with the "cessation activity plan 2018".

Petrosani Coal Basin is composed of 6 towns, from West to East: Uricani, Lupeni, Vulcan, Aninoasa, Petrosani and Petrila.

The consequences of such a reorganizing approach in this area are social, economic, environmental, and technological ones.

1 Professor, PhD. Student, Retezat Technological High School, Uricani, Romania, [email protected] 2 Lecturer PhD., SH University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 3 Asisst., PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 4 PhD. Student, E.M. Lupeni, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected]


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In the survey area, it was made in time, the specific systemic conceptual process of extraction and recovery of causto-biolite fossil fuels coal pit type, along with the formalization of the improved technology for their preparing-exploitation in energy industry and metallurgy.

In this context, it is proposed the usage of the combined processes for increasing the recovery extent of local infrastructure along with restructuring.

In a new contributory meaning, it is advanced the idea that it is useful to study the societal areas considering precedence in the area investigated and subsequently to proceed with the examination of alternatives for achieving some techno-industrial tourist systems.

Based on the research conducted, it was deduced that the classic and innovative touristic potential in the area has sufficient reserves to be of interest.

Thus, it is suggested that in the area under study it should be followed the alignment extension of exploitation to "complex" and "complete” under “clean”, environmentally friendly conditions of all active or latent resources.

It is apprehended the proposal that provisory optimal can be considered defining for achieving a level of process improvement in mining reconstruction in the area.

Therefore, it is advanced the recommendation of explaining the geometric image of mining perimeters, with application for formalizing at least one techno-industrial tourism complex.

It could be, in fact, a distributive compression of the geo-mining data, the project relying on a certain positive technological permissiveness, is generated by local contextual conditions.

In this context, it is passed to the possible generalization of productive environmental

results, by formulating a comprehensive criterion of "mining exploitation and clean preparation" (mining greening) up to the restructuring and sustainable post-exploitation.

It is thus attained the insertive technological alternative to mining, with dual technological structures, structured technology fund and inserted technological sub-fund that contributes to defining the conceptual structure of the dual, technological, tourism industry ".

Petrosani carboniferous basin is composed of 6 towns, from West to East: Uricani, Lupeni, Vulcan, Aninoasa, Petrosani and Petrila.

The occupied area by each mining perimeter within the respective localities related to the micro-region is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The overall societal surface of the towns in Jiu Valley Coal Basin and the surface of the functional mining infrastructures

No. The towns of Petrosani Coal Basin

General societal surface (km2)

Mining exploitation units

Mining perimeters surface (km2)

1. Uricani 251,41 Uricani Mine 1,54

2. Lupeni 77,73 Lupeni Mine 5,46

3. Vulcan 87,31 Paroşeni Mine 2,15

Vulcan Mine 2,96 4. Aninoasa 33,61 - - 5. Petroşani 195,56 Livezeni Mine 2,37

6. Petrila 308,68 Petrila Mine 1,63 Lonea Mine 0,97

Total 6 954,3 7 17,08


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It has been appealed to establish the ratio between the general societal areas and those of mining perimeters, areas that form the starting point for the design of alternatives associated with the re-use of post-operated mining facilities.

The surface of the Jiu Valley micro-region is 954.3 km2, and the societal infrastructure that takes up the most extensive area is Petrila, as it can be seen in Table 1.

Petrosani Coal Basin focused its economic and infrastructural development policy in particular on mining activity, so that mining infrastructures hold a significant proportion within each town that make up the coal basin.

3. Delimitation of the composes societal area in the Jiu Valley micro-region In order to establish a general societal areas ratio, it is proposed the calculation of the

share held by these surfaces composing the Coal Basin in Petrosani, in order to highlight the percentage held by each component town of the total area.

We note with Sgs-General societal area, with St-total area, and PSgs - the balance of the general societal area.

PSgsUricani = (SgsUricani*100)/St = 26,35% PSgsLupeni = (SgsLupeni*100)/St = 8,15% PSgsVulcan = (SgsVulcan*100)/St = 9,15% PSgsAninoasa = (SgsAninoasa*100)/St = 3,52% PSgsPetroşani = (SgsPetroşani*100)/St = 20,49% PSgsPetrila = (SgsPetrila*100)/St = 32,34%

In order to establish the percentage of area owned by the mining perimeter in each total General societal area, we will use the notation PSim, and the surface owned by the mining units will be marked by the Sim.

PSimUricani = (SimUricani*100)/ SgsUricani = 0,61% PSimLupeni = (SimLupeni*100)/SgsLupeni = 7,02% PSimParoşeni = (SiimParoşeni*100)/SgsVulcan = 2,46% PSimVulcan = (SimVulcan*100)/SgsVulcan = 3,39% PSimLivezeni = (SimLivezeni*100)/SgsPetroşani =1,21% PSimPetrila = (SimPetrila*100)/SgsPetrila = 0,52% PSimLonea = (SimLonea*100)/SgsPetrila = 0,31%

Due to the fact that the town of Vulcan and the town of Petrila currently hold two

mining units each it is proposed to be taken into account the sum of the percentages held by the two mining units, so that the occupied area is 5,85% of the overall societal area of the town of Vulcan, respectively 0,83% of the overall societal area of the town of Petrila.

The town of Aninoasa is not taken into account due to the fact that it doesn't hold any mining perimeter in operation.

The mining units included in the shutting-down programme have the following areas:

- Uricani Mine 154,211 m2; - Paroşeni Mine 215,619 m2; - Petrila Mine 163,854 m2. Out of these three mines, we notice that Paroseni Mine holds the largest area,

detaching itself from the other units.

(2)

(1)


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From the percentage analysis of societal surfaces that make up the micro-region of the Jiu Valley, it is proposed that these surfaces are classified into four size classes, as follows:

- Very large societal surfaces that hold a share that exceeds 30% of the basin surface

(Petrila); - Large societal surfaces that hold a share between 25% and 30% of the basin surface

(Uricani); - Medium-sized societal surfaces that hold a share between 15% and 25% of the basin

surface (Petroşani); - Small societal surfaces that hold a share between 5% and 15% of the basin surface

(Vulcan şi Lupeni); The areas occupied by the mining perimeters, reported to the societal surface can be

classified into four size classes, as follows: - Surfaces of very large mining perimeters that hold a share that exceeds 6% of the

afferent societal surface (Lupeni Mine Perimeter); - Surfaces of large mining perimeters that hold a share between 3% and 6% of the

afferent societal surface (Vulcan Mine Perimeter); - Surfaces of medium-sized mining perimeters that hold a share between 1% and 3%

of the afferent societal surface (Petroşani Mine Perimeter); - Surfaces of small mining perimeters that hold a share between 0,5% and 1% of the

afferent societal surface (Petrila and Uricani Mines Perimeters); To underline the obvious relationship between the general societal areas and mining

perimeters of the Jiu Valley it is used the date in Table 2. According to the data presented in Table 2, it is noticed an inverse proportionality

ratio between general societal areas of the Jiu Valley micro-region and occupied areas by the mining perimeters, the unique constant is represented by the societal area of Petroşani and the mining perimeter related to it.

Table 2. The ratio of the general societal areas and mining perimeters

in the micro-region of the Jiu Valley Size class Societal surface Surface held by the mining perimeters

within the general societal surfaces Very large Town of Petrila

– 32,34% Lupeni Mine

– 7,02% Large Town of Uricani

– 26,35% Vulcan Mine and Paroşeni Mine

– 5,85% Medium-sized Municipality of Petroşani

– 20,49% Livezeni Mine

– 1,21% Small Municipality of Vulcan

– 9,15% Petrila Mine and Lonea Mine

– 0,83% Municipality of Lupeni

– 8,15% Uricani Mine

– 0,61% In this regard, it is proposed that after the cessation of activity in 2018, one of the

three mines should be reused as tourist industry attraction, and for the other two there should be adopted the solutions shown in Figure 1.

If from the point of view of the societal area Petrila and Uricani are located on the top two positions in terms of the surface mining perimeters, they fall into the small size class.

The societal areas of the municipality of Lupeni and Vulcan occupy the last, penultimate place respectively, but from the point of view of the mining perimeters surface owned, they fall into the very large size class, and large class.


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Fig. 1. Solutions for reusing the mining perimeters in the micro-region of the Jiu Valley

Optimization of the activity of the studied micro-region offers the opportunity to

decision-making for choosing a productive-economic variant/alternative that should express in comparable terms, the improvement of restructuring process innovatively based on techno-tourism.

As such, it is necessary that out of many variants/alternatives to choose consciously, one considered to be “better" or "the best" solution.

The information is “deprived of personality” it is namely expressed in tangible figures.

To be able to build an economic role of a techno-tourist complex, it is attained the expression of pre-feasibility and then the feasibility of the project in question.

Ultimately, the essential indication with regard to improving the restructuring emerges from the expression of the benefit, based on an optimal area activity, established through a volume and cost criteria.

Optimization can follow two alignments: a) according to technical criteria and b) according to purely economic criteria.

In the present paper we express our conception according to which the optimization must go through the alignments {a) * b)} combined.

We consider that it is useful to express “dimensional economy of a restructuring unit"(Economies of Scale).

Through such an approach, the economic restructuring of the unit depends on the “scale” and the size of the techno-tourist complex.

The cost price function admits a minimum, which is prerequisite for maximizing the benefit.

However, we note that in the researched area, total maximum benefit is got at a cost price higher than the minimum.

This situation, apparently non-linear in the logic of analytical economic assessments is expressed by the fact that the minimum cost price shall be recorded when you consider the classical technological variant/ alternative (cheaper), namely the shutting down of the mines, but adding a new, modern, more advanced system of techno-tourist infrastructure, in fact, although this requires new expenses (and therefore a cost price over the classical minimum) bigger advantages are obtained.

In fact, in the absolute value, higher maximized benefit is obtained.


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4. Conclusion The type of proposed restructuring is a challenge of relevancy, because the theme

subject of the research is of great importance, directly useful for Romania, regionally and globally.

It is about the fact that it is staked on the demonstration of the higher valences that the clean exploitation has, as well as the post-exploitation innovative capitalization of the natural resources.

In order to ensure further growth of the Jiu Valley micro-region it is necessary the development of industries complementary to extractive activities.

Due to the areas occupied by Uricani Mine and Petrila Mine, it is proposed that these two be re-used by changing them into industrial parks, shopping areas, or recreation areas.

For Paroseni Mine, it is recommended the re-use through the industrial tourism, so that this mining unit should be turned into a landmark.

Basically, it is formalized a contributory original plan thematically and practically speaking, which generates proposals and recommendations useful for the creators of strategies and doers for eco-technologizing in the field of exploitation and recovery of pit coal with an expression of economic, productive and/or reproduction interest in the natural resources sector, relying on sustainable post-exploitation capitalization.

References

1. Lungu I., Radu V., Valea M., Poporogu I., -Jiu Valley – History Pages. Petroşani, Editura Muzeul Mineritului Petroşani., 1968, 125 p.

2. Kelly I., Dixon W., - Sideline Tourism, Journal of Tourism Studies, 2 (1), 1991, pp. 21-28 3. Romanian Government Report,– Activity Ceasing Plan for E.M. Paroşeni, Volume II.

Technical Shutting-down Programme. 2011, 6959/2011-5-S0019404-P3 4. Marinescu I.A., - Exploitation and Eco-technologic Capitalization of the Natural Resources,

Editura Infomin, Deva, 2010, ISBN 978-973-7646-10-1


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MODERNIZATION OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE IN SALT CAVERNS

Aurel BUCUR 1, Elena Maria OPRIŞ2, Ioan Petru SCUTELNICU3, Andrei MINCIUNESCU4, Cezar CIOATĂ5, Cristian TOMESCU6, Bogdan RĂILEANU7

Abstract

Natural gas stored in salt caverns is clearly more advantageous in terms of quantity of fuel drawn compared to other types of deposits, and compared to the tank volume. The article presents new aspects related to the underground storage of natural gas, as well as characteristic elements of the underground natural gas deposits in Romania. At the same time, projective technological concepts for natural gas storage in salt mines are approached. The article is the result of considered discussions by authors and contains synthesized selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the doctoral thesis entitled "Preventing and combating environmental impact given to storage systems, transportation and distribution of natural gas in Eastern Romania", author: Elena Maria Opriș (UP, 2012), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations.

Key words and expressions: natural gas, storage infrastructure, salt mine, saline, underground cavities, modernization

1. Introduction The underground storage of natural gas in a salt deposit consists of creating a cavity

to a depth of hundreds of meters, in which a large volume of gas under pressure can be injected.

The underground deposits for the storage of natural gas are designed to provide a surplus of this type of fuel for a high seasonal consumption, in peak periods (winter), when the market demand exceeds the production capacity of the gas fields being recovered.

The recovery of natural gas from a cavern artificially created in salt is analogous to a giant tank with compressed gas.

Such a tank is large and has tens, hundreds of thousands of m3 (height of hundreds of meters and width diameter of approx. 100 m).

The mechanical strength of such a tank must ”withstand” the pressure of the stored gas, by a "back pressure" resulting from the composition of the rocks surrounding the deposit of natural gas.

The salt deposits favour the creation of giant caverns inside them, because the salt is soluble in water and is sealed in during the usage of the deposit.

A deposit created on a saline has clearly superior advantages compared to other rocks (depleted gas reservoirs or aquifers).

Natural gas stored in salines present superior advantages in terms of the quality of fuel extracted compared to other types of deposits, as well as in terms of volume of the reservoir.

For example, in France there are three saline locations, with approx. 40 caverns (dissolution rooms), in which natural gas is stored.

1 Engineer, PhD Student, General Manager of National Salt Company, Bucharest Romania,

[email protected] 2PhD. Eng., Trade Processing Lines, Distrigaz Ploiesti, Romania, [email protected] 3 Eng., Romanian Geological Institute, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 4 Engineer, Team Responsible of National Salt Company, Bucharest Romania, [email protected] 5 PhD Student, University of Petrosani, Romania , [email protected] 6 PhD Student, Eng, National Institute for Research and Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion – INSEMEX Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 7 PhD Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected]


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2. Underground storage of natural gas. Specific aspects of underground storage of natural gas in Romania

The storage of gas in transport pipes (pipelines) formalizes a so-called transient storage.

A direct method used to take over the extents of the consumption of natural gas is turned operational using the storage capacity of these pipelines.

Pipelines provide additional quantities of gas when the takeover gets close to the maximum level. As a result, the pressure is reduced to a minimum level when the input flow rate is kept constant.

It should be noted that the transitory accumulation of natural gas takes place in the pipeline networks when the takeover for consumption in the system tends to reach a minimum, then the input flow rate remains constant and the corresponding inlet pressure tends to reach a maximum value.

The graphical representation of the pressure variation along a pipe/pipe section of the natural gas transportation network shows the dependence of the pressure (P) on the length (L) [1](Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Chart of the pressure variation along the pipeline in the complex natural gas transportation network

If Pref and Tref are the reference conditions considered, and δrel and zmed are the

relative density in relation to the air and the gas deviation coefficient respectively then the Weymouth formula for the flow rate transported through a pipeline with the length L in all conditions of flow [1] is:

in which: D – the pipeline diameter [cm]; L – the pipeline length [km]; qh – hourly flow rate [m3/h]; T şi Tref - gas temperature in the pipeline and the reference one [K]; P, Pref and p2 - the input, output and reference pressures [bar].

(1)


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According to [19] the volume of gas in the pipeline at a given moment is given by the formula:

or, by the formula:

The stored volume is obtained from the difference between the volumes of gas

contained in the pipeline in two given moments. The storage capacity of a pipeline is greater as the inlet pressure in the pipeline is

higher. The capacity also increases if the pipeline volume is larger. The maximum efficiency is found in the interconnected transportation systems

such as that existing in the East of Romania. In the section in which storage is used, the pipeline transportation capacity

decreases when the pressure increases at the end of the pipeline. Mainly in Romania underground natural gas deposits are found in the Moesian

platform in the south/south east of the country and in the Transylvanian Basin. They are functional for depleted gas reservoirs.

Worldwide it can be noticed that natural gas deposits are located in underground reservoirs in depleted fields at a rate of approximately 76.8%, 14.8% areas in aquifers, salt caverns 7.9% and underground mines (0.5%).[3]

The first deposit of natural gas in Romania was built/arranged in 1978 and currently (2013) a number of 8 such units are also functioning.

The area with the most significant natural gas consumption demands in winter is Bucharest, and in its perimeter there are three main deposits at Urziceni, Bilciureşti and Bălăceanca-Postăvari.

An important deposit for southern Romania is Simnic-Gherceşti, near Craiova. A number of 4 medium-to-low capacity deposits are located in Transylvania (at

Târgu Mureş, Sărmăşel, Nadeş-Praid and Cetatea de Baltă). The Eastern area of Romania requires the establishment of underground deposits of

natural gas, which leads to the design, pre-feasibility and feasibility calculation for the necessary units.

It appears that worldwide the natural gas deposits location has the highest density in North America (USA and Canada), followed by the Russian Federation and Western Europe in Italy, France and Germany.

The location of the deposits of Romania has general/overall characteristics but also particular and specific ones.

The deposits in southern Romania, found on/in the Moesian Platform are considered reservoirs on mono-climate geological alignments except the Simnic-Gherceşti deposit located on an anticlinal structure.

Various facies delimit deposits in relation to the local lithological conditions. The reservoirs thus established in the southern part of the country are found in

formations containing frequently weak or unconsolidated sands.


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The depths of the location of the deposits are between 300 and 2000 m. The average net thickness of such a reservoir/deposit is approx. 32 m. The porosity of the rocks varies between 25-30%, and the permeability between 20-

1000 mD. It appears that, in general, conventional storage conditions are favourable in terms

comparable to those found for deposits internationally (good porosity, easy flow of inputting gas into the deposit, a good distribution of pressure, easy removal/ recovery of the gas from the deposit).

The geological situations in the perimeters where deposits are located, in fact, allow the extension of each reservoir depending to the demand and to the required storage capacity.

It appears that the dewatering measures in the area is controllable in conjunction with the injection pressures so that the inflow and outflow of water in reservoirs may not become radically affected.

In Transylvania, natural gas deposits are found in Miocene geological formations characterized by variations in facies and lithologic compositions. The depth of the reservoirs in this area is between 450 and 1300m.

The size/average thickness of the deposit is about 25 m. The porosity ranges from 17 to 22%, and permeability is between 10-70 mD. The injection pressures are not oversized. It is estimated that the properties of the deposits in Transylvania are not as favourable

in comparable terms as those in the southern part of Romania, due to the fact that, primarily, the permeability of the host geological formations is on average low.

In relation to the potential environmental disruptions, having as a source the operations in the above mentioned storage units, in our opinion further investigations are needed on the seismicity of the areas concerned, as well as petrophysical, geophysical and fluidity data analyses.

Halite is a mineral that is formed by sedimentation following the evaporation of sea water in different geological ages.

Halite accumulations of Miocene age in Romania have a large development in the Pre-Carpathian in Moldavia, the Transylvanian and the Maramures, presenting economic importance.

The evaporite deposits present a varied lithology represented by gypsum, anhydrites, rock salt, potassium salt and Celestine.

The saline facies, designated as 'salt formation', belong to two stratigraphic levels: a lower one, of Aquitanian age in the Carpathian Foredeep, and an upper one of Badenian age (previously considered Tortonian) both in the Carpathian Foredeep and in the Transylvanian and the Maramures.

The geological analysis of the evolution of diapirism in Romania, conclusively shows the intermittent nature of the salt mass flow both for the halotectonic and halokinetic structures.

In the platform regions, salt, initially layered, took the form of waves, and then the form of convex lens (pillows), vaulting the roof layers, and eventually rose to the surface penetrating the upper layers, forming cones, cylinder-shaped pillars or mushroom-shaped vertical sections, or blades (for example the perimeters Ocna Mures, Sovata, Praid, Războieni).

The salt formations in Romania, in their stratigraphic and location sequence, occupy large areas in three major geographical depressions: the pre-Carpathian Depression, the Transylvanian Depression and the Maramures Depression.


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The storage cavities are made of salt deposits at considerable depths, so as to ensure maximum stability to the void created by the stored gas without any pollution hazard or the hazard of causing human or ecological disasters.

For this reason, the deposit is made: at a clearly-determined depth, with a high volume. the cavity is made by dissolving the salt in water. the law porosity of the salt ensures tightness (up to 1x10'17 milidarcy) compressive breaking strength high enough to ensure stability in the stages of

filling and emptying the gas stored in the salt cavities In general, the caverns formed in the salt massifs for the storage of natural gas have

the following characteristics: • depth: 300 - 2000 m; • thickness: tens to hundreds of meters; • volume: 30,000 to 500,000 m3; • pressure gradient at the casing shoe: 1.5 - 2.5 bar/10 m; • pressure gradient at the average depth of the cavern: 2 bar/10 m; • pressure: up to 25 bar; • other substances that can be stored: LPG, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene,

butane, butylene, crude oil. 3. Technological concepts designed for natural gas storage in salt mines The development of a cavity is achieved by probes located at big depths, by means of

the fresh water circulation. The probes are equipped with two drill columns, concentric, formed of casing (the

outside protection one and the inside injection or exhaust one). In order to dissolve the salt by means of the circulation of fresh water, two methods

are used: the direct circulation and reverse circulation, both known from the specialized literature.

The deposit life is closely related to their stability in time and implicitly to the mechanics of the salt rocks.

In order to assess the stability and uptime of an underground methane gas deposit it is important to determine how the salt massif slowly moves at different mechanical stress methods.

Making a cavity in the salt massif causes the redistribution of stress in time and space and also generates a displacement field that is dependent on time and space.

The sizes of the stress and displacements are influenced by several factors, so that in each area of interest studied, the behaviour of the salt is different.

The stability of the cavities is assessed by quantifying these tensions and deformations generated during the dissolution of the salt and during their operation as a deposit.

There are two main important phases in the redistribution of stresses around the cavity:

• Phase I - is generated during the execution of the cavity, by the pressure of the brine. Here the pressure generated by the brine limits the pressures exercised from the salt massif, but there can be damages of the cavity by the displacement of blocks that are detached and deposited at the base of the cavity and lead to change in its shape and size.

• Phase II - is generated by the operation of the cavity as gas deposit, when there are cyclic changes the pressure in the cavity, the pressure reaching maximum values during the extraction of natural methane gas (approx. 200 atm), until it reaches the pressure of the gas cushion (60-80 atm).


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The tension condition changes during the gas injection in the sense of exercising pressure on the cavity walls due to increasing methane pressure.

During the extraction large stress concentrations appear (stress relief) thus decreasing the gas pressure.

The gas extraction can be performed at constant volume or at constant pressure, in which cases there may occur geo-mechanical phenomena specific to each method, that overlap with the overall effect of each process, amplifying the damage around the cavern.

If the effect of the change of tension can be considered constant for each cycle, the side effect that accompanies it can have an increasingly higher intensity.

The lower the minimum gas pressure value in the cavern that is maintained at this level for a long time, is the more pronounced the development of cracks and fracture zones will be.

The cumulated effect leading to the structural weakening of the salt massif around the cavity is the loss of tightness, in which case it would compromise its quality of the deposit.

The first filling of the salt dissolution room (gas deposit) proves to have a crucial importance in the field.

The dissolution room is made by dissolving the salt in water, which is carried out by the traditional drilling in the oil industry.

The actual filling of the newly created deposit is made by the introduction (injection) of the gas between the production casing and the central casing.

Due to the fact that the pressure of the gas is high, the brine is pushed out of the central casing (the gas pressure overcomes the hydrostatic pressure of the brine from the central casing; 12 MPa at a depth of 1000m)

The first filling with gas of the deposit is deemed completed when the gas-brine interface is located at the end of the central casing.

Now, the gas enters the central casing - evacuating the remaining brine-and output gas pressure is (almost) equal to the injection pressure.

When the brine has left the central casing, this casing is extracted ("snubbing"), and a safety valve is installed (wire-line).

The thermodynamics of the gas when the deposit is filled/emptied shows that the gas pressure and temperature increase when the deposit is filled and decrease when the gas is evacuated.

Their evolution is between an adiabatic behaviour (no change in the outside temperature) and an isothermal (with change of temperature with the outside) in strict compliance with the temperature exchange between the gas and salt massif.

The amount of gas stored in dissolution rooms (S) is calculated using the notations: • Maximal stock: SM=PmaxxV • Minimum stock: Sm=PminxV • Useful stock: Su=Smax-Smin= V(Pmax-Pmin) For example, in the deposits in Romania, the following values of the dissolution room

made in a saline are considered: • Dissolution chamber volume (deposit) V= 300 000 m3, dug at 1500m depth; • Pmax = 230 bar, Pmin = 80 bar • Maximum stock Smax = 230x 300 000 = 69x106 Nm3 • Minimal stock Smin =80x300 000 = 24x106 Nm3 • Useful stock Su = (69-24)x106 = 45 x 106 Nm The great advantage of the deposit in a saline consists in the fact that large amounts

of gas can be released into the network within a given time, compared to the volume of the deposit.


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During the extraction of the gas from the deposit, this gas passes through a central station which is equipped with various machinery, filters, dryers, pumping and metering ramps, gas heating systems, expansion vessels etc.

The gas dehydration is required due to the fact that during its storage, the gas has a humidity content of 200-500 mg/Nm3, while in the national network, the gas has a humidity of 50 mg/Nm3.

4. Caverns for the operation with LPG The development of a salt cavity consists in injecting through the freshwater wells in

a cavern in course of formation and extracting saturated brine through a concentric pipe lining through which fresh water is inserted.

For the construction of the caverns in salt the following stages are performed: - selecting the location; - drilling and equipping wells; - insulation of the works performed in the salt; - brine discharge; - cleaning and filling of LPG cavern; - final testing; - operation with LPG. The selection of the location for the use of the saline cavity begins with the exploration

of the salt resources. This requires geophysical research, seismic surveys in order to determine the depth

and the underground geometry of the stratigraphic sequence, the thickness, horizontal extent and structure of rocks.

The underground storage can be achieved in the following ways: • storage in salt cavities made through the dry exploitation of the salts, • storage caverns created by dissolution. Propane and butane are stored as liquids because at temperatures of 15° C a relative

pressure of 1.1 bar and 2.2 bar respectively is required, in order to obtain their liquefaction. These pressures are easily reached undergrounds at depths of several hundred meters.

The solution presented consists in making a dry hole in a salt deposit of 10, 000- 300,000 m3, -at the investor’s request - where 8,000-240,000 metric tons of LPG can be stored, at a much lower specific expense, compared to other rocks, or steel containers.

The deposit building consists of: - Digging the well at a depth of 200-250 m in salt. - The marginal salt pillar will be at least 40 m. - Calculating the size of the gap resistance elements (inter-room marginal pillars and

floor) depending on the physical and mechanical parameters of the salt analyzed in the respective deposit.

- The sizing of the gaps of the future deposit depends on the shape, extent and physical and mechanical properties of the salt in the deposit in question, using mining methods in the specialized literature, to the legislation in force.

- Excavation and removal of the salt from underground by conventional drilling and blasting operations, or by using the combination machine (without using explosives);

- Isolating the well –especially in the (concreted) area between salt and concrete - which takes horizontal and vertical stresses in the deposit, and is resistant to LPG;

- Insulating the hole level; - The salt is compact and ensures perfect tightness of the hole made; - After making the hole with the required dimensions (tens-hundreds of thousands

m3), pipelines for the LPG pumps are positioned, together with the sump water (condensate


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or LPG water) and the necessary equipment for loading and unloading the LPG (pressure gauges, thermometers, monitoring the hole convergence, loading and unloading system automation, etc.). Two pieces of each pipe and pump are mounted as a minimum.

- The concrete plug at the base of the well is built; - The final level of the hole created will be a slope of 1% from the edge to the well,

where a 10-20 m3 sump is dug for water collection and disposal; - LPG has lower specific gravity than water, it is above water (floats on water) at any

time. The commissioning of the deposit refers to: • After fitting the underground deposit with the pipes and pumps required for the

supply and exhaust of LPG (minimum two for the liquid and gas phase) and the pipes and draining pumps, the created hole is subjected to the pressure test, by increasing the pressure of the air in the hole, up to 20 atm- at the same time the well is flooded (the part above the concrete plug up to the well collar,-in order to equalize the pressure exercised on both sides of the concrete plug, - and its maintenance for 10 days is monitored (air is pumped from the atmosphere), after which the underground pressure is reduced, to the atmospheric pressure, and at the same time the water is evacuated from the well, in such a way as to equalize pressures on both sides of the concrete plug.

• A last verification of the equipment and machines installed underground is made. • Inert gas is inserted into the deposit with a specific gravity higher, than gravity of

the air (for ex. C02) up to the concrete plug, thus the air is eliminated from the deposit. • The filling with inert gas is over when inert gas appears into the venting pipeline

installed at the basis of the concrete plug. • The evacuation of the inert gas from underground is started, and at the same time

LPG is inserted into the deposit created. • The well is gradually flooded with water up to the surface, providing equal

pressure on both sides of the concrete plug. • The deposit filling is completed when LPG was inserted in a proportion of 80-85 %

of the deposit volume. • The pressure inside the deposit during its use should not exceed 15 atm. The main advantages are: - The specific investment amounts to 60- 100 USD/m3 per drilling. - The underground deposit in salt does not need overhauls or repairs for a long time. - LPG has multiple energy, industrial uses (for ex. SNG mixed with air at the user) - The machines and equipment required for the deposit occupy a small surface. - The salt deposits, adequate for an LPG deposit, are outside residential areas. - At least 2 deposit loading-unloading cycles can be performed in one year. - The deposit created in a saline is non-polluting. The disadvantages are as follows: - The completion time is 1-3 years. - Filling the deposit with LPG requires a high investment. - The return on the investment is achieved in maximum 3-4 years. 5. Conclusions The advantages of the natural gas deposits in salt caverns consists in the salt properties

to store gas, i.e.: • the wide area salt is present, the fact that it is impermeable and soluble in water; • the process of storing gas in salt caverns takes place by compression and expansion

and is governed by the equations of the state of the gas and by the equations of the flow through the (recovery, collection and transportation) pipelines;


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• in the injection phase it is necessary to use compression, and in the extraction phase, compression is no longer necessary;

• the recovery debits can exceed 1 million m3/day/saline cavern; • the injection/extraction process lasts a few weeks; thus several cycles can be

performed in one year; (depending on the necessities) • investments are recovered faster than those made in the case of deposits in depleted

reservoirs or aquifers; (where tightness is made by means of “water curtains”) The disadvantages are as follows: • an important factor that poses a major risk is the salt ductility (the creep resulting in

loss of volume in the cavity over time); this depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the salt and of the adjacent rocks, the distribution of impurities, the technical operation parameters of the cavern;

• a serious problem is related to the adequate tightness of the cement ring, which decreases after some time in contact with the brine and with the salt in the reservoir roof,;

• one of the major problems in the case of saline caverns is posed by the evacuation of the brine; (when the reservoir is filled for the first time)

• the extracted brine is capitalized, which reduces the cost required for the completion of the deposit.

Compared to other rocks, the natural gas deposit made in a salt deposit has the flowing advantages:

• short completion time; • perfect tightness; • gas can be stored at high pressure (200-250 atm); • the stored gas does not change its chemical composition; • in a deposit made into the salt, a quantity 5-7 times bigger can be recovered at a time

compared to other deposits; • in order to prevent technical accidents the gas rate in the pipeline should not exceed

the sonic threshold.

References 1. Dumitru G., - Sisteme Informatice geografice, Blue Publishing House, Bucharest, 2001 2. Esparaza E.D., - Sisteme geografice, B.P. House, Bucharest, 2002 3. Gâf-Deac I., - Dezvoltarea structurală a tehnologiilor moderne, All Beck Publishing House,

Bucharest, 2001


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EUROPEAN AND ROMANIAN GENERAL SETTING OF HEALTH INSURANCE AND HEALTH SUSTAINABILITY

Ioana Andreea MARINESCU1, Cicerone Nicolae MARINESCU2, Daian Mihai CEAUȘU3,

Mihaela Odi ZĂRNESCU4, Ciprian COANDREȘ5, Adrian COJOCARU6

Abstract This paper presents issues related to the requirements made by managers, decision makers, planners and evaluators in health system to select and compose rating-metric ways to measure sustainability of health situations and human health. Analyzing the experience of developed countries on health sustainability, we can identify the best practices for ensuring feasible health conditions, from a conceptual and methodological point of view, with a block diagram of the rating-metric components, which shows the approach for assembling the structural conceptual components in this area. The article is the result of considered discussions by the authors and contain synthesized selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the doctoral thesis entitled "Economic and management organization of Biochemistry and Biophysics control to ensure the health sustainability", author: Ioana Andreea Marinescu (ULIM, 2015), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations. Key words and expressions: public health, rating-metric, rating-metric technologies, management, the European Union.

1. Introduction The topic of public health and health sustainability is considered as being given

increasing attention in Romania by the European institutions [1]. (eur-lex.europa.eu/oj/direct-access).

Beyond the debate on the problems regarding favorable health conditions in the EU strategy for sustainable development, it is important to note that health is a distinct international pursuit, under the authority of the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission (formerly known as Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection). (http://science.yourdictionary.com/pollution).

The most of the jurisdiction for health actions must be implemented by EU member states, including Romania, applying the "Open Method of Coordination".

Still, we note that the European Union has the responsibility, by the Treaty (article 129 of the Maastricht Treaty, currently Art. 152 of the Treaty of Amsterdam) [7], to undertake actions and measures that complement the activities of Member States, for example, in relation to cross-border health threats, mobility of patients or reducing inequality in health.

2. Cases and trends in EU countries regarding the concept of Europe of Health A highlight in 2002 was the launch of the new concept of Europe of Health, which

focused on the issue of health threats and creating an European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control-ECDC, focused on the development of cross-border cooperation between national health systems and the problem of determinatives of health.

1 Lecturer PhD. fiz-chim., SH University of Bucharest, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Bucharest, Romania,

[email protected] 2 Lecturer PhD., University of Pitesti, Romania, [email protected] 3 PhD. Student, Valahia University of Targoviste, National Institute of Economic Research "Costin C. Kiriţescu"

(INCE), Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 4 Senior Lecturer PhD., SH University of Bucharest, Câmpulung Muscel, Romania, [email protected] 5 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 6 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected]


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Ensuring a sustainable public health is an extremely difficult task for any country in the context of globalization, including Romania [2].

Health system in Eastern Europe is currently considered "sick", located in a permanent go forth from the centralized model, privatization and back. It's a must for the health system in Eastern Europe to be reformed.

These are just some of the conclusions pictured by Austrian authors in the analysis made in the daily Wirtschaftsblatt (Source: Kaiser Permanente International and data from OECD, 2010) regarding health systems in Eastern European countries, also based on strategies and international relations.

Slovenia allocates 9.4% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) for health and it's an example country in this aspect, while in other countries the percentage is not exceeding 7%. Health system show that the average life expectancy remained unchanged at around 74.1 years, lower than in many countries around.

Between health systems in Eastern Europe, Slovakia is considered avant-garde model. The Slovak government allocates 8.5% of GDP on health. On the other hand, infrastructure is totally neglected. Hospitals are on average 34.5 years old, and since 2003 there were no significant investments in infrastructure.

For years, Romania is closing the top of European health systems, especially regarding the amount that is allocated per capita. In Europe, countries spend on average 1,800 Euros per capita, while Romania allocate only 600 Euros. Only 5.4% of GDP is spent on health care. Not even the half of the amount allocated in Austria [5].

The French health system financing is dominated by social contributions by employers and employees, and the French people have their unconditional freedom of choosing the type of medical service, but cannot freely choose the insurer, membership being made automatically based on professional affiliation. The national office is complemented by funding through taxes and voluntary health insurance. It provides services to 99.9% of the population and supports 78.4% of health expenditures.

About 87% of the population of Germany is covered by standard health insurance, financed by social insurance. Employees and employers each pay about 7.1% of the salary, the latter paying the extra 0.9% to cover dentures and medical/sick leaves.

In the Netherlands, the system is based on health insurance (covering 63% of the population) and private health insurance (31% of the population). Everyone pays 12.55% of the revenue to fund these programs. Primary care is provided generally by family physicians, who have the role to filter the patients to specialists and hospitalization.

Health insurance in the United Kingdom includes all legal residents, additional insurance is not common. Private system is almost absent, about 11% of the population being covered with private insurance. National Health Service is mainly financed from general taxation (95%), the rest from other contributions. [8].

Based on taxation, the Spanish system covers 99.8% of the population, including immigrants. Access to health care is free, since 1986.

In Austria, the system is mainly (45%) financed from health insurance. Employees and employers pay equally, between 7.1 to 9.1% of earnings. About 19% of hospital beds are owned by social institutions, 16% of private non-profit organizations and only 6% are private or non-profit. However, only 2.4% of the population is not insured.

Health insurance in Belgium is covering services for 99% of the population, which is financed by contributions from employees /employers and the binding contributions of the privates.


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The Czech system is funded 80.5% of compulsory insurance, 10.2% tax and 8.3% of direct payments. Private providers of outpatient care (95%) and public hospitals (90% of beds) are working on contract with health insurance funds. Few clinics and small hospitals were privatized.

Universal health insurance in Denmark is available to all residents, and it is financed by taxes. The number of private insurance for private clinics is growing to shorten the waiting time of patients. Family doctors are the contacts to specialists and hospitals psychotherapist.

Irish residents are eligible for any medical service. In fact, 75.2% of health expenditures are financed by taxes. Family doctors are self-employed and act as a filter.

Universal coverage through the National Health Service in Italy is funded through general taxation. Local health units control and accredit public hospitals (61%) and private, nonprofit.

Based predominantly on tax, the health system in Sweden is covering the entire resident population. Public expenditures vary around 86% being funded mainly by regional taxes.

Health insurance is mandatory in Switzerland since 1996 and includes a pack of benefits with subsidies for those with low earnings. Each resident must purchase an insurance from one of the 90 existing companies in the country. The health system is financed from different sources, the largest contribution being around 38% through private payments.

Therefore, the experience of European countries in terms of management actions, activities and measures for the development and implementation of solutions, alternatives and solutions underlying the health insurance system, prove that in Romania there is a serious lagging on issues.

To mention is that this improper posture is not random, but the result of poor political interest towards health from the political class and government key factors.

Since 2010, the draft of new Law on Health in Romania does not meet managerial consensus for discussion, completion, update and harmonization with provisions that could ensure competitiveness and efficiency.

3. Defining a metric-rating technology for assessing and measuring health

sustainability In June 2011 the European Commission launched a Smart Specialization Platform (web:

http//ipts.jrc.eceuropa) bringing together experts, research centers, government and entities providing services, including health, to discuss and devise solutions to accelerate work, in order to achieve sustainability of European regional health plan.

In fact, there was constituted a health social entrepreneurship on innovative European research space.

As such, the researchers, the scientific knowledge and technologies, or bio-eco-health technologies circulate freely, what generates good sanitary practices in laboratories and hospitals, helping to characterize the sustainability of integrated health pursued in Europe, including in Romania, and the transactions on international field [3].

Technological condition of the existence of health status, conventionally considered sustainable, is not self-sufficient in laboratories and hospitals.

To note that success in biochemical and biophysical control structures of the health and medical system in Romania is getting real when the use of technology is actually going on, in conditions where health of living organisms is not affected.


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In this context, there are needed tools to measure health status and the sustainability in health area, for people working or treated in laboratories and hospitals. In fact, there is a need for a metric-rating, to measure the sustainability of health situations and human health [4].

We found out that the use of the so-called key-evaluation metrics-rating is needed for health sustainability in laboratories and hospitals across national territory.

This means that duplicating metric-rating methods for measuring health status and any of its sustainability or sustainability sanitary in laboratories and hospitals in Romania is a contribution to defining a metric-rating technology, for assessing and measuring.

Metric-rating notion of technology is introduced for the first time in the scientific literature, as a personal contribution, an advanced field.

What to measure, how to measure and who measures the sustainability of health, are currently management questions, in the metric-rating selection of health situations fact from Romanian laboratories and hospitals.

In context of this study, we consider the sustainability of health to be an organic part of sustainable development.

A model of sustainable development in Romania and also locally, requires the consideration of the theme "health", at least with the sub-themes "access to health services", "access to drinkable water" and "sanitation".

The themes and the sub-themes mentioned above, are part of a set of dimensions related of sustainable development in Romania.

Further, we found out that the environmental dimension, of sustainable development denoted in Figure 1 with (DM), includes a number of five topics, with related subtopics, which contribute to the accomplishment of sustainable development.

Fig. 1. Management scheme: the general setting of sustainable development (ATSS) in order to implement the concept of sustainable health (ATSS) in Romania


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We consider that the dimensions of sustainable development setting covers topics and subtopics, that should be combined in a matrix of indicators, which should ultimately provide an aggregate indicator, regarding the sustainability of economic and social development into Romania, which includes health sustainability, along with the aggressive biochemical and biophysical processes. [6].

According to the Commission for Sustainable Development, main dimensions of sustainable development setting are: I) the social, denoted by (DS); II) the environment, denoted by (DM); III) economic, denoted by (DE) and IV) the institutional dimension, in laboratories and hospitals in the country, denoted by (DI), shown in Figure 1.

In fact, on the basis of the drawing of Figure 1, we made a mathematical equation

system, relating to the concept described above, through symbolic description, with given notation in the figure, getting the following relations:

(1)

Equally, we believe that the economic dimension, denoted by (DE) is constituted by

significant topics, with related subtopics. However, the institutional dimension, denoted by (DI) has some main topics with sub-

topics, for general sustainable development specifically related to the setting and the institutional capacity, as shown in the diagram shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Health management of sustainable development in Romania, regarding the issues of health sustainability amongst health topics and sub-topics related to the social dimension, denoted (DS)


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Proceeding to in-depth study of each dimension, we concluded that health, including health services and the issues of health sustainability is found among the topics and sub-topics, related to the social dimension of sustainable development, as shown in Figure 2.

In fact, we believe that the above-mentioned measure, in terms of management, refers to the evaluation of the process of movement or advance of health status, from a specific situation, clearly defined, to another top situation, set as target to be achieved in the future, in any laboratory or hospital in the country.

Therefore, we notice that a continuous innovation process is passing, from old medical skill system, into another system, rated at a time as containing new sanitary elements, combined with the old ones, or old ones improved, redefined system of laboratories and hospitals.

In conclusion, we can state that the entire course of management in the field is consists of continuous inputs.

Using transformations and changes, developments, elimination, etc. it provides continuous outputs, able to define the planned sustainability of health laboratories and hospitals.

4. Conclusions A first conclusion, from the above, is that only the existence of a "health condition" in

laboratories or hospitals is not enough or sufficient, and does not guarantee that its use will support a complex practice, such as health.

To know a method or technique, generated by a metric-rating technical evaluation and

measuring of health situations, found on the way to sustainability, involves the decision to commit of those people with skills and competencies in the field, professionals and managers of the health system, where biochemical and biophysical aggression takes place.

A second important resulting conclusion is that, potential users of health sustainability

situation are deciders. Also people in communities from biochemical and biophysical control structures in health and medical system in Romania, but they can't separate the sustainability found in ordinary human condition.

A third conclusion is that the entire managerial concern on achieving sustainable

health is based on the permanent need to activate the struggle for survival. Thus, based on the above, the metric-rating performance of health sustainability in the

laboratories and hospitals in Romania can be evaluated. Thinking this stated above, is new in the field and it contributes to sustainable

growth of social integrated systems, such as the general public health system in Romania. Otherwise, in the biochemical and biophysical control structures of the health system

in Romania, often it is found a managerial gap between the concepts from above and health situations applications.

Metrics-rating, in this setting, is the measurement applied for one unit of health status,

measured in any laboratory or hospital in the country. A final conclusion is that in the healthcare field, dominated by biochemical and

biophysical structures developed in laboratories and hospitals, there are several occurrences, innovation and continuous reinvention of states, situations, etc., short-term acting (utmost medium-term), but with complex effects on the health of the people on the national territory.


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References 1. * * * Directive 98/24/EC - Risks related to chemical agents at work (eur-lex.europa.eu/oj/direct-access). 2. Gâf-Deac I.,- Econometrics, Publishing FRM, Bucharest, 2007 3. Gâf-Deac I.,- Introduction in the Management Philosophy and Praxis, Universitas Publishing

House, UP, 2004, (coauthors: L. Tovazhnyansky, et.al.) 4. Popescu Al.,- Healthcare Management and Marketing. Bucharest, Medical Publishing, 1994.

p. 234 5. * * * Romania – Health sector. Sectorial Policy Study ECSHD. World Bank; Bucharest: 2011 6. Roşca P., Marinescu I.A.,- The Management of Macro Balances in the Transition to the

Knowledge-Based Economy; Scientific Journal: Annals of Free International University of Moldova. Economy Series. Chişinău: ULIM, 2012, vol.12, pp. 58-66.

7. * * * Maastricht Treaty, art. 129, later art. 152 of Amsterdam Treaty. (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/treaties_founding.htm)

8. * * * The World Health Report 2012 – Health systems: Improving performance. WHO, 2012 „This work was done within the project Romanian culture and European cultural models: research, timing, sustainability, co-financed by the European Union and the Romanian Government through the European Social Fund Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, the financing contract no. POSDRU / 159 / 1.5 / S / 136077.”


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PRIVACY DATA UNDER EROSION OF COMPUTATIONAL SECURITY IN COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURES

Maria GÂF-DEAC1, Măriuţa TUDOR ŞERBAN2, Ioan I. GÂF-DEAC3, Mihai GABRIEL4, Elena BURTEA5, Florin DIACONESCU6, Mihai Liviu ENACHE7

Abstract

The study of methods and techniques for database security proves the importance of contemporary knowledge, as in the economic, social, productive, creative etc. in the area. Therefore, sized data sets with exceptional density are circulated. The article shows that intelligence information is articulated with economic intelligence, and on this basis enterprises, organizations, entities, generally become more competitive. Any organization seeks to achieve competitive advantage in relation to strategy/ classic function of making comparative advantage. Therefore, the erosion of computational data security in computer systems must be known, and knowledge is the theoretical and methodological contribution to the database security of computerized knowledge complexes. The article is the result of considered discussions by authors and contain synthesized selected, interpreted and processed elements in the new vision of the book entitled „New legal horizons and globalization”, author: Ioan I. Gâf-Deac (Ed. Infomin, Deva, 2002) and of the doctoral thesis entitled "Database Security Methods", author: Măriuța Tudor Șerban (U. Pitești, 2015), by adding new scientific conclusions and updated recommendations.

Key words and expressions: database security, competitive advantage, comparative advantage, computer systems.

1. Introduction Database security is on the agenda of the strategic, tactical, and operational policies

makers in the global world. In the research of database security, the methods have different levels of explanatory

location, extent and feasibility of deriving paths, routes and different moments in the process of scientific investigation.

We consider that a method to formalize security/security database involves looking for its instrumental character and how to act and for the principles of knowledge (theoretical) starting from research approach.

A method approach, like a found methodology in database security, involves the use of a set of the ordered chaining techniques.

As such, it is necessary to define an operational path for database security. The variety of methods and techniques for database security can be systematically

refined by the criteria of classification. For databases that record in modernity dimensional extension with exceptional

quality and density, the security methods/security are related to explanations and become means of discovery for some aspects of protective reality, insurers, answering the question "how to exist and function in their integrity”.

1 Senior Lecturer, PhD., SH University, M.F.A. Faculty Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 2 PhD. Student, USH Bucharest, University of Pitesti, Romania, [email protected] 3 Senior Lecturer, Ph.D., SH University of Bucharest, National Institute of Economic Research "Costin C.

Kiriţescu" (INCE), Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 4 Assist., PhD. Student, SH University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 5 Assist., PhD. Student, SH University of Bucharest, Romania, [email protected] 6 PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected] 7 Assist. R-D, Romanian Academy, PhD. Student, University of Petrosani, Romania, [email protected]


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As such, it is necessary to define an operational path of database security. The variety of methods and techniques for database security can be systematically

refined by the criteria of classification. Studying methods and techniques for database security proves the importance in the

area of contemporary knowledge, as in the economic, social, productive, creative, etc. and they are circulated sized data sets with exceptional density.

On the other hand, intelligence, economic intelligence, information intelligence, are hinged on this basis by enterprises, organizations, entities, and generally becoming more competitive.

Currently, any entity seeks to achieve competitive advantage in relation to strategy/ classic function of making comparative advantage.

Therefore, knowledge is a theoretical and methodological contribution to the security database of computerized knowledge complexes.

2. Erosion of security computational data in computer systems Computers (especially networking) and effective networks are target-secure data/

databases. Toughening mechanisms used for the already-complex, due to progress and reach

new levels of highly complex information systems and information operation data/ information from databases.

On the other hand, the particular mechanisms/specific data security/databases can not be imagined/designed without algorithms or using algorithms.

It is always essential to identify potential attacks on virtually databases. Always appear new different ways of showing interest to formalizing new

mechanisms to ensure the security of data /databases. The procedures for operational security data through various mechanisms, must in

our opinion become counter-intuitive in relation to the expressed intentions by the attacker [70].

Any member of ensuring safety data/databases must make sense (sense). In this context, the need arises intrinsic from the complementarily decision when, how

and where to use one or another mechanism (existing or projected, validated) for securing data/ databases.

Networks need frequent applications for security data in their essential nodes. On a proactive computer, the protocols TCP/IP of security mechanisms are

recognized as data /databases. At the same time, it turns stringent security mechanisms for securing data/databases. For example, such a type of security encryption mechanisms proves to be using

encryption keys. In fact, happening targeting/formalization of secret information, which is traded/

handled/manipulated strictly at authorized security levels. Computer security can never be perfect, as there are noticeable sized inputs and

operating times, making them hold a certain level of vulnerability. Equally, processing data and outputs reflects the same kind of contamination with

intrinsic vulnerability. Perfect security of data/ database is always probable, but never reached. Operators/managers of human and operating centers are scheduled cyber security

institutions beneficiaries/securing data/databases. Safety/security of data/database are not appropriate short-term opportunities.


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Usually, security mechanisms/security must be built on hardware and software systems as components of constructive - functional and informational systems.

Essentially, computer operators/informational should not see the security/data security as impediment, but rather it must become a friendly interface formula in the field.

The above is fully described as an expression of interest to the security of beneficiaries/securing data/databases when they meet safety sub-lines of security such as:

a) Security attacks (do not accept compromise on organized data); b) Security mechanisms (done designing reliable /feasible mechanisms for security

data); c) Safety transaction of services, transmission and use of data/databases. 3. Mathematical bases ensuring confidentiality of information Ensuring the confidentiality of a message containing a lot of data attempt to convey

information so that only the recipient can get them. Any opponent who intends to intercept communication must not be potential to

obtain transmitted information. The transmitter has a message to deliver, called plaintext, and will generate, through

an algorithm, a ciphertext. Authorized receiver is able to recover the plaintext then applying an algorithm to the

encrypted text recognizes as "complete". Even if the opponent has the ciphertext, he has not read the algorithm applied to the

transmitter (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Networking from the clear text to the decryption cipher


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Essentially, the opponent should not be able to reconstruct the plaintext. The operation by which the transmitter converts the plaintext into ciphertext is called

encryption, and the one in which the receiver ultimately holds the plaintext is called decryption of ciphertext.

Encryption and decryption algorithms typically hinged, are a compound key (Figure 1).

Mathematics and information perspective of cryptography starts explanatory to the formalization of notation in the field.

Thus, we find the notation T = set of possible sent messages (Figure 2).

Fig. 2. Mathematical formalization of encryption - decryption (c, d)

It is noted that each plaintext possible is an element t Є T. Encryption represents, in context, function c: T → M, where M is the set of possible

encrypted texts. Next, m = c (t) is the ciphertext corresponding clear text. Ciphertext is transmitted on the insecure channel, is assumed and is accessible to

opponent. Decryption is denoted by d, and d: M → T. In this framework of mathematical symbolism, (c,d) forms an encryption-decryption

pair if it meets the following conditions: a) Any ciphertext can be decrypted correctly by d, (ie d*c =1T); b) An opponent who knows the ciphertext m = c(t), but doesn’t know c or d, can not

deduce t, and can not learn about t. Such symbolic mathematization of cryptography process is a conceptual contribution

to privacy data. Within privacy data process presented above, it is useful to formalize a pair of

functions (c,d) easy to be implemented. The pair (c,d) used for two communicating entities is located, or is suspected to have

been located by the adversary and in such a situation it must change rapidly. As such, encryption and decryption algorithms have the potential to receive, in

addition to plain text and cipher text, the arguments called keys. Any value generates a key pair (c,d) to distinct encryption-decryption. The set of possible keys are keys space, that still mark K.


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The encryption and decryption functions are the form c: T x K → M, respectively d: M × K → T.

If there is a fixed key value k ЄK, encryption becomes ck : T→ M, and decryption dk: M → T, with dk* ck = 1T.

As such, for each k Є K, (ck,dk), is formed an encryption - decryption pair (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. Mathematical formalizing keys space for encryption-decryption (ck,dk)

If the algorithms functions c: T x K → M and d: M × K → T, are assumed to be known at opponent, then you can change the key. [9] For an application, a public algorithm is rather an uncertain algorithm than "secret", as it’s unknown to the public, but possibly known to opponent. Typically, T = M and, in this case, ck is a bijection (i.e. a permutation on T). In this situation the roles of functions c and d can be interchanged (ie the function dk used for encryption and ck for decryption). For instance, mono- alphabetic substitution is based on an alphabet (finite) S with n letter (n =|S|): S = {a, b, c, ..., z}; [9] (1)

The alphabetical case is usually n = 26. Clear text strings are given letters of the alphabet: T =S*. In such a situation, the set of clear text is M = T. Therefore, the possible keys are permutations term S; |K| = n!. Then, for a plaintext p = (s1, s2,..., sl), the ciphertext is: ck(p) = {k(s1), k(s2), ... , k(s1)} (2) In the context, decryption is calculated from the following equation:

dk{(m1, m2, ... , ml)} = {k-1(m1), k-1(m2), ... , k-1(ml)}; [8] (3)


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Confidentiality is, therefore, a result of a level of encryption-decryption operationalized to "clear", using encryption keys.

4. Conclusions Mainly, based on the review of theoretical and methodological statements relating to the security of databases, such conclusions were obtained: ● For databases, which exhibit contemporary dimensional of growth, of both quantity and density, security methods and techniques are dependent of explanations for the discovery of protective elements of reality, insurers insider to formalize how the information in their integrity exist and function. ● The argument is felt as necessary to define an operational path of database security. ● It takes in consideration the contribution of "temporal", "function" and "credibility" criteria, among other methods, with techniques for database security. ● Methodological study of database security is an original concept, developed first in this article. ● It was concluded that toughening mechanisms used for the already-complex, due to the progress and new high level of complexity and reach of information systems occur by operational/transaction data/information from databases. ● Key performance transmission, trading and use of data/databases in secure mode proved to be marked by key security elements attached at computational infrastructure and communication/communication. This article formalized a general circuit of secured design stages of databases and offer submit proposals to preserve database consistency through secure replication. ● It was concluded that the experiment of associative information means implementation of the proposed innovative relational security of databases model. Methods, techniques, software, tools, information and informatics, offer occasion to sub-summarizing theoretical methodological progression on database security. By extension, it is concluded that the autonomy issue of sequences/sub-projects in the field is relative and as such is required by suitability. The databases domain achieves sustainable security arrangements. ● In essence, it states that computer operators/informational must perceive security/data security as a formula for user in interface field. ● Feasibility of sub-lines may relate to security attacks and squally security mechanisms, plus trading service security. ● It is alleged that perfect security of data/database is always probabilistic, but never reached. ● A concluding sentence refers to the fact that it identifies a probabilistic bi-level sense in terms of the range of the data protection methods. ● In the context, synthesized and conclusive or motivational, theoretical and methodological implementation of data security, was drawn after the most common grading criteria.


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References

1. Fusaru D., Tudor M., Pană E., - Semnătura electronică, Volumul Sesiunii de comunicări cu participare internaţională: Economie, Integrare, Eficienţă, 28.05.08/ FRM/ Bucureşti, ISBN 978-973-163-230-8, C, pp. 488-493, 2008

2. Fusaru D., - Arhitectura bazelor de date. Mediul SQL, Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, Bucureşti, 2002

3. Fusaru D., Şerban M., - Algoritmi de criptare a bazelor de date/ Encryption algorithms to computer databases, Annals of Spiru Haret University, Economic Series, Volumul 1(nr. 10), Issuse 2, B+, pp. 207-215, ISSN 2068-6900, 2010

4. Fusaru D., Şerban M,. - Security Analysis of Micro-Payment Systems, Conferinţa cu titlul "Dezvoltare durabilă şi energii neconvenţionale" , 27.11.09/ FRM/ Bucureşti, B, ISBN 978-973-163-510-1, pp. 97-102, 2009

5. Gâf-Deac I.I., – Criminalitatea informatică; elemente moderne de investigaţie ştiinţifică, Simpozionul Armonizarea legislaţiei române cu legislaţia europeană, USH, Bucureşti, 5-6 aprilie 2006

6. Gâf-Deac I.I., – Noile orizonturi juridice şi globalizarea, Ed. Infomin, Deva, 2002 7. Gâf-Deac I.I., – Protejarea juridică a bazei de date stocate în computere, Interdisciplinaery Scientific

Simposion, Universitaria Simpro 2005, Ed. Universitară, Petroşani, pp. 33-36, 2005 8. Gâf-Deac M., – Tehnologii moderne, Ed. FRM, Bucureşti, 2005 9. Şerban M., - Methods To Increase Search Performance For Encrypted Databases, International

Conference Emerging Markets Queries in Finance and Business, Tg. Mureş, 24-27 October 2012, ISI Proceedings, publicat în Procedia Economics and Finance Elsevier, ISSN 2212-5671, index ISI Web of Knowledge, Volume 3, pp. 1063-1068, 2012

10. Şerban M., - Frequently Used Methods for Securing Databases, International Journal Of Education And Research, Published by Contemporary Research Center (CRC), Australia, Vol. 1, No. 4 April 2013, pp. 201-208, ISSN 2201-6333 Print, 2201-6740 Online, 2013

11. Şerban M., Ştefan R.M., - Security Solutions for Data at Rest, 19th International Economic Conference – IECS 2012, The Persistence of the Global Economic Crisis: Causes, Implications, Solutions, Universitatea Lucian Blaga, Sibiu, Revista Economică Supplement No. 5/2012 - Journal of economic-financial theory and practice, Issue 6, pp. 174-179, ISSN 1582-6260, 2012.

12. Hurloiu L., Şerban M., Ştefan R.M., - Security of Data Used in Financial Management and Control, MAMIS 2014, International Conference Management, Accounting and Management Information Systems, 2014

„This paper is suported by the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD), financed from the European Social Fund and by the Romanian Government under the contract number SOP HRD/159/1.5/S/136077”


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CONFERENCE ALERTS − SCIENTIFIC EVENTS There are many scientific events and conferences which, we think, will interest the academic people, the scientific and technology community. Below is a short list of conferences of fellow collaborators of the JETK that we recommend.

Knowledge based Development Foundation (KbDF), Free Mind Publishing,

The Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge University of Petrosani, Romania,

Doctoral School of the University of Petrosani Organize the

Research and Development Scientific Conference with international participation

"Knowledge and Sustainable Development" 1st Edition, Petrosani, Romania, 6 to 7 March 2015

Online: www.jetk.ro

• Knowledge based Development Foundation (KbDF), (www.fdbc.eu) initiates, supports and organizes doctoral and experimental research, informational, educational, productive, economic, industrial and social, scientific, societal debates on major issues, R-D with participation of specialists from universities, students, postgraduate, PhD students, representatives of social organizations and professional associations and members of the national and international government bodies, using knowledge as a basic resource for development.


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Contextual situations

Focus on economic, technological and managerial knowledge resources

Identifying the main economic and technological events that have already occurred in an organized and led entity, serves to highlight the foreseeable effects of other evolutionary events for a determinate period of time.

The business world, for example, falls together with the stock market in developed countries, while the planet is over-populated (Peter Drucker, 1998).

It’s noticed phenomenon that economic growth can be obtained neither by only putting more people to work, that means increasing the allocation of resources, including human, nor by the continuous increase on consumer demand.

In essence, the new growth can be achieved through higher growth and continued labour productivity, based on economic and technological knowledge.

It is estimated that growth productivity based on physical, material or tangible, growth can achieve self-saturation limit.

The remoteness of the area's physical productive operation (without excluding it) is possible as far as a "new substance" as a factor that determines the usefulness and effectiveness in the physical consumption.

This substance, new entrant in of inventory operation is "information", which consists in turn of structural and content knowledge.

Peter Drucker (1991) speaks about "knowledge work productivity and knowledge-based workers."

Labour resources and growing imbalances as such long-term competitive advantage, but financial support or technology itself can not compensate lack of concentration that effects the labour in a country and even more so in a branch or a company.

Knowledge self-old as a resource is subject to rapid and deep changes in increasingly short life cycles.

In this context, increased labor productivity based on knowledge, and thus economic actions, technological and managerial intangible, can be decisive in ensuring real competitiveness.

Knowledge within the firm is no longer sufficient. It is estimated that currently, the set of information and data that the management firm

collect still refers, in a proportion of about 90% to the entity / organization. We believe that this imbalance should be mitigated by directing attention or

concentrating efforts and general knowledge, in particular knowledge of economic, technological and managerial ideas outside the company.

Thus is explained and legitimized trends shift from "hierarchy" to "network", marking the intermediate phase phenomenon of "clustering".

The above assessments lead to a new kind of attitude toward economic, technological and managerial issues, aimed "to focus on knowledge resources" and the functionality of intangible assets.


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• Conference Program and Sections

Friday, March 6, 2015

11.00 h / Amphitheatre A4 / Senate Hall • Opening event. Official Statements. • Information: Doctorate from UP began to date. Perspective in the field. Synthesis Report from the Doctoral School Council of the University of Petrosani. • Debate. Theme: Doctorate - its contributory role in changing innovative science through advanced theoretical and practical knowledge for the establishment of a sustainable society. Case Study / Report of the Director of the Doctoral School of the University of Petrosani. • Methodological debate – PhD Students: How to realize in 3-year PhD in an thorough preparation, own doctoral research, writing and public presentation of the doctoral thesis on innovative and original expression of interest for application?

17.00 h / Club University of Petrosani • Book Launch: Doxastic Management (Author: Professor PhD. Ioan Gâf-Deac) • Launch Welcome: The Journal of Economics and Knowledge Technologies (Free Mind Publishing, Knowledge based Development Foundation) • Social Program. Participants: national and foreign academics, postgraduates, students, officials scientists and culture, business people at home and abroad.

Saturday, March 7, 2015

10.00 h / Amphitheatre A4 / Senate Hall • Conference Summary of authors and works Conference / Generally poster prepared and submitted by the Doctoral School Council of UP. • Statistics, synthesis, results of the Conference. • Information to the Ministry of National Education on the results and proposals arising from the Conference. • The next 2st edition of the Conference.

• PARTICIPANTS. All those interested in knowing the economic, technological and scientific management of all alignments in various fields are invited to submit papers (articles, communications).


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It is expected systemic inter, pluri, multi-disciplinary vision treating any topic theme. In a quite significant papers is appreciated originality, innovativeness, the novelty of rupture, advanced ideas and results of theoretical and fundamental research, methodological and practical experiments with generalization potential. Also, at the Conference these are invited to participate academics, research and development people, developers of strategies and tactics of economic, technological, managerial ideas, students and graduates, officials, scientists and culture people, business practitioners from companies, institutions, organizations from Romania and abroad. • PAPERS (articles, communications). Each PhD student at the University of Petrosani is invited to develop and participate in this event with at least 1-2 paperwork. It is recommended / preferred them to be part of the doctoral thesis, to be carried through the Doctoral School. Doctoral scientific coordinators have an opportunity to raise PhD students for their active involvement in attending this event useful instructional methodology. PhD students from various fields from all Doctoral schools in Romania and PhD students from other countries are also warmly invited to attend the Conference. Papers (articles, communications) will have the following structure: Title, name and surname of the author /authors, scientific professional title, the affiliated institution, e-mail, Abstract (max. 200 words), Key words and phrases, Introduction, treatment of the subject / title theme, originality and scientific contribution, own elements conclusions / recommendations, References. The paper size is preferable to have more than 10 pages, written Book Antique, font at 1.15 times.

• Items will be sent exclusively online at: [email protected]. Each article must be written in English. The authors from Romania will transmit the work written in Romanian version. Deadline for submission of paper / papers: February 15, 2015 • Articles /communications to meet higher quality level and demonstrate originality and innovation will be published in The Journal of Economics and Knowledge Technologies, the subject attempt indexing databases of national and international recognition. However, the final volume is printed on classified ISBN crowd with a selection of works presented. The authors are legally and total liable for the copyright content of published articles in JETK. • There is no fee charge to participate. This edition of the Conference the adapted typing, scientific review and publication is task to Knowledge based Development Foundation (KbDF), Free Mind Publishing Inc. and The Journal of Economics and Knowledge Technologies. Finally, each author, participants and all those interested can obtain printed copies from organizers/Publishing of The Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge and volumes of works published under ISBN classification.

Website: www.e-editura.ro/jetk;

www.fdbc.eu; www.upet.ro

E-mail: [email protected]


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The International Balkanmine Congress Coordination Committee and the Romanian Organizing Committee of the 6th Balkan Mining Congress, are invite all the scientists, researchers, managers, engineers and students working in the field of mining, from the Balkan region and from all over the word as well, to give their scientific contribution to the success of the „Mining for the Word’s Sustainable Development”. The event will be held during 20-23 September 2015 at the Gerom building (Center) in Petroşani, Romania, under the auspices of the: Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences, Ministry of Economy- Department of Energy Ministry of Education, National Romanian Committee of The World’s Energy Council, National Committee of Geodesy And Geophysics of Romanian Academy. The Congress topics: mining safety and survey, geophysics in mining, mineral resources and mine geology, mining exploitation methods and technologies, exploitation of solid mineral resources, exploitation of oil and gas, mineral processing, rock mechanics, massif control and slope stability, mining installations and machines, environmental engineering, renewable and unconventional energy, computer integrated systems, restructuring and reengineering, legislation and norms, workforce in mining activity, management and mining economics, history, education and other subjects related to the mining activity. Congress Secretariat: E-mail: [email protected], Web Site: www.balkanmine2015.ro

The International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConferences SGEM. The 15th edition of SGEM GeoConferences will be held in the period 16-25 June, 2015 at Albena Resort, Bulgaria. Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining (Sections: Geology, Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Geotechnics, Exploration and Mining, Mineral Processing, Applied and Environmental Geophysics, Oil and Gas Exploration) Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing (Sections: Informatics, Geoinformatics, Geodesy and Mine Surveying, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Cartography and GIS). Water Resources. Forest, Marine and Ocean Ecosystems (Sections: Hydrology and Water Resources, Soils, Forest Ecosystems, Marine and Ocean Ecosystems). Energy and Clean Technologies (Sections: Nuclear Technologies, Renewable Energy Sources and Clean Technologies, Recycling, Air Pollution and Climate Chan). Ecology, Economics, Education and Legislation (Sections: Ecology and Environmental Protection, Environmental Economics, Education and Accreditation in GeoSciences, Environmental Legislation, Multilateral Relations and Funding Opportunities).


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Nano, Bio and Green: Technologies for Sustainable Future (Sections: Micro and Nano Technologies, Section Advances in Biotechnology, Green Buildings Technologies and Materials, Green Design and Sustainable architecture).

International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://sgem.org/

Aachen International Mining Symposia Aims 2015, Mineral Resources and Mine Development, From 27-28 May 2015. Consequently the Symposium on Mineral Resources and Mine Development focuses on two interacting thematic areas – mining processes and technology as well as sustainable development and supply of mineral resources. Topics: Mineral Resources: focuses on sustainable development and supply of mineral resources and related topics, Mining Policies, Strategies and Concepts, Mineral Resources Management & Supply Situation, Business Process Management & Resource Efficiency, Sustainability & Safety in Mining, Environmental & Social Issues, Resource Evaluation. Mine Development: focuses on the physical development of mining projects, Mine, Planning- Exploration to Operation, Mining Method Selection, Machine Technology & Equipment, Operational Experiences, Simulation of Mining Processes, Improved Prediction of Roadway Support Behavior, Geotechnical Analysis & Rock Classification. RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Mining Engineering, Aachen, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.bbk1.rwth-aachen.de

32nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining, Connected to the Future, June 15-18 2015 Oulu, Finland. Topics in regard to the Construction and Mining Industries: Advanced Computing, Advanced Planning Tools, Advanced Surveying and Positioning, Augmented and Virtual Reality, Automated Haulage, Automation and Robotics Building Information Modeling (BIM), BIM Integration with Automation and, Robotics Systems, Collaborative Design and Construction, Computational Mechanics, Computing and Conceptual Design, Decision Support Systems, Distributed Computing and Information Management, Dredging Automation, Dynamic Work Process and Site Control, Environmental Monitoring, Experimentation with Future Technologies, Fault Analysis and Control Field, Robotics, Fleet Management and Dispatching, GIS and Spatial Databases, Hoist Control, Human-Machine Interfaces, Human Robotics, Instrumentation and Sensors, Intelligent Information Transfer and, Management, Interoperability, Linked Data and Information Models, Logistics Systems, Machine Control Systems, Management Systems, Materials Handling Systems,


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Mechatronics, Multi-Vehicle Coordination, Networking and Communications, Novel Mining and Construction, Methods, Open and Intelligent Information, Transfer, Operator-Assist Guidance, Systems, Positioning Methods and Systems, Project Information Management, Process Control and Optimization, Real-Time Systems, Reliability and Availability, Remote Mining, Robotic Excavation, Robotized Factories, Safety Improvement Systems, Semantic Methods and Systems, Sensing Technology, Service Robots, Site Control Systems, Space and Extreme Engineering, Applications, Supervisory Control, Telerobotics, Unmanned Measurement and, Production Systems, Web-based BIM, Working in Extreme Conditions. Symposium secretariat: Finnish Association of Civil Engineers RIL E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.isarc2015.org

24th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management

(CIKM 2015) Oct 19-23, 2015 in Melbourne, Australia. The topics of interest to the CIKM community include, but are not limited to the following areas: Application of knowledge representation techniques to semantic modeling; Development and management of heterogeneous knowledge bases; Automatic acquisition of data and knowledge bases (especially raw text); Object-oriented DBMS ;Optimization techniques; Transaction management; High performance OLTP systems; Security techniques; Performance evaluation; Hypermedia; Unconventional applications; Parallel database systems; Physical and logical database design; Data and knowledge sharing; Interchange and interoperability; Cooperation in heterogeneous systems; Domain modeling and ontology-building; Knowledge discovery in databases; Information storage and retrieval and interface technology; Concurrent engineering and computer integrated manufacturing; Digital Libraries; Multimedia Databases. Conference Secretariat ICMS Australasia Melbourne: E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.cikm-2015.org/contact-us.php


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NEWS & INFORMATION

Doctoral studies, - University of Petroşani

(Information: Address: 20, Universității Str., Petroşani, Bucuresti, Romania, Head of Institution: Professor PhD. Aron Poantă, Phone: 0040-254-542580, Fax: 0040-254-543491). The University of Petroşani, Romania, is an academic educational institution whose beginnings date back in 1948, as a result of the publication of Decree no. 175/1948 regarding the education reform. At present, as by Law no. 288/2004, short term higher education such as the one developing within the Academic College was gradually removed, the University of Petroşani consists of three faculties: 1. The Faculty of Mining Engineering, 2. The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, 3.The Faculty of Sciences. The mission of the University of Petroşani is education and research within the European context. The University of Petroşani takes on a fundamental role in the creation and treasuring the cultural and civilization values, the promotion of scientific research, the participation of Romanian culture and civilization to the world circulation of material and spiritual values, the assertion of our national cultural identity and the development of the Romanian society within a free and democratic state. Further training by doctoral studies represents the third advanced academic training cycle. The University of Petroşani is validated as an organizer of doctoral studies and ensures, through the Doctoral and Continual Training Center, doctoral studies in the field of Engineering, with the following specializations: Mines, Oil and Gases; Industrial Engineering; Electrical Engineering; Systems Engineering. Scholarships website section: http://www.upet.ro/contact.html Web Site: http://www.upet.ro


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Looking to the future, - Spiru Haret University of Bucharest

(Information: Address: 13, Ion Ghica, Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania, Head of Institution: Professor PhD. Aurelian A. Bondrea, Phone: 0040 21-312.21.46, Fax: 0040 21- 312.21.46). The Act nr. 443 of July 5, 2002, published in the Official Gazette of Romania nr. 491 on July 9, 2002, ratified the fact that Spiru Haret University, upon accreditation, is a ‘higher education institution, a legal person of private law and public utility, a part of the national system of education’. Spiru Haret University has adopted the ideals and principles set forth by the Magna Charta Universitatum, ratified in Bologna in 1988, advocating for the transposition, in higher education and scientific research, of the regulations, standards and values voted during the Bologna Process. The University President and Rector signed the Magna Charta Universitatum in Bologna in 2005 and pledged, in the name of University, to observe and promote the academic autonomy, the fundamental university values and rights, to effectively react to the challenges entailed by the transition to the knowledge-based society, by the globalization process. The efforts constantly made by Spiru Haret University in order to secure its integration into the national and European area of scientific research have been steered to building its own strategy of research-development. The University has always carried out various activities to promote its image, to make its performance more visible. The list of such activities includes, but it is not limited to, participation in important national and international events, establishing partnerships, agreements, relations of cooperation in various areas. The above-described brilliantly prove the wide openness of Spiru Haret University to the world, its desire to cooperate at various levels, in the European and international sphere of education and research. Likewise, it represents the expression of the prestige already acquired by our institution, an indisputable proof of its mission of promoting the values of Romanian education, science and culture worldwide. Faculties (2015) is in Bucharest (Architecture, Arts, Law and Public Administration, Physical Education and Sport, Finance and Banking, Geography, Journalism and Communication Sciences, Letters, Financial-Accounting Management, Marketing and International Business, Mathematics and Computer Science, Veterinary Medicine, International Relations, History and Philosophy, Sociology-Psychology); Brașov (Legal and Administrative Sciences, Management, Psychology and Pedagogy); Câmpulung-Muscel (Accounting and Finance); Constanța (Law and Public Administration, Financial and Accounting Management); Craiova (Law and Public Administration, Accounting and Financial Management); Râmnicu-Vâlcea (Accounting and Finance, Law and Public Administration). E-mail : [email protected] Web Site: http://www.spiruharet.ro


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World prestige in energy, - Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieşti

(Information: Address: 39, Bucureşti Bd., Ploieşti, Romania, Head of Institution: Professor PhD. Mihai Pascu Coloja, Phone:+40-244.573 171, Fax:+40-244.575 847). Founded in 1948, the Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieşti, Romania, is the natural outcome of the exceptional experience and prestige acquired by the Romanian petroleum and gas specialists over the years, qualities which have become internationally acknowledged. Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieşti offers different education programs: university training (for high school graduates, attending the University faculties), advanced study (for the graduates having obtained their Master degree), open and distance courses (for some of the faculties’ specializations), postgraduate courses (for higher education graduates and for specialists in production, design and research), training for high school teaching degrees (for specialized high school teachers), doctor’s degree stages (for specialists in education, research, design and production) and scientific research and micro-production. The present academic structure of the Petroleum-Gas University includes five faculties: The Faculty of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, The Faculty of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemistry, The Faculty of Economic Sciences, The Faculty of Letters and Sciences. The University offers Doctoral Studies, full-time and part-time, courses, with a 3 (5) years duration, which granted the Doctor (Ph.D.) Diploma in a Fundamental Domain “Engineering Sciences”, Doctoral Fields Mines, Oil and Gas, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, System Engineering and Chemical Engineering respectively Fundamental Field “Exactly Sciences” Doctoral Field Chemistry. The campus includes: 80 lecture and seminar rooms, out of which 9 are amphitheaters with more than 100 seats and one with 500 seats; 140 laboratories equipped with modern appliances and installations both for teaching activity and for basic applied research activity; Library with over 455,000 volumes, with reading rooms, book storehouse, a department of bibliographical information and an university publishing house; Computer network, Internet, which involves over 600 computers, 10 Novell servers, Unix servers for E-mail, 1 Linux server used for University website. The degrees granted by the technical faculties have been accepted all over the world. The graduate can be registered in the FEANI register getting the title of European Master of Science EURING, according to the conditions imposed by FEANI. Web Site: http://www.upg-ploiesti.ro

KBDF, Knowledge-based Development Foundation

Documents

Journal of Economics and Technologies Knowledge