Journal Multidisciplinary SOE UTde Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip Code: 38400, last updated June 30, 2015. The opinions expressed by the authors do not RODRIGUEZ A Directory

Journal

Multidisciplinary

Science UTSO

E

Volume II – Issue IV

July – December 2015

ISSN: 2395-860X

Databases.

Google Scholar.

Latindex

Directory

ROSILES-Luis Ignacio, MsC. Universidad Tecnólogica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Co-Editors

MARÍN SÁNCHEZ- Juan, BsC.

Design

RODRIGUEZ ANGELES- Mario, cPhD.

ACOSTA NAVARRETE- María, cPhD.

ESPINOZA ZAMORA- Jesús,MsC.

CRISTOBAL CASTAÑEDA- José,MsC.

MORALES FELIX- Verónica,MsC.

RAMIREZ BARAJAS- Alejandro,MsC.

LEDESMA JAIME- Reynaldo,MsC.

AVILES FERRERA- José,MsC.

Style

Rector

RIVAS García-Olimpia Liliana, MsC.

Journal Director

GORDILLO SOSA- Jose, cPhD.

Editor in Chief

BARRON ADAME- Jose, PhD.

RODRIGUEZ MUÑOZ- Jose, cPhD. QUINTANILLA DOMINGUEZ –Joel, PhD.

UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science,

Volume 2, Issue 4, July-December-2015, is a

journal edited semiannual by UTSOE. Valle-

Huanímaro highway Km. 1.2, Valle de

Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip code: 38400. WEB:

www.utsoe-journal.mx, journal@utsoe-

journal.mx . Editor in Chief: Gordillo Sosa-

José. Reservations for Exclusive Use Rights

No: 04-2014-090914385900-203. ISSN-

ISSN-On line:2395-860X. Responsible for the

latest update of this number UTSOE Computer

Unit. Barron Adame- Jose, Rodríguez Muñóz-

Jose, and Quintanilla Dominguez –

Joel.Valle Huanimaro Km. 1.2 highway, Valle

de Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip Code: 38400,

last updated June 30, 2015.

The opinions expressed by the authors do not

necessarily reflect the views of the editor of the

publication.

It is strictly forbidden to reproduce any part of

the contents and images of the publication

without permission of the National Institute of

Copyright.

mailto:[email protected]

III

Editorial Board

OJEDA MAGAÑA- Benjamin, PhD. (CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

VEGA CORONA- Antonio, PhD.

(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

ANDINA DE LA FUENTE- Diego, PhD.

(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

CORTINA JANUCHS- Maria, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

GARCIA MENDOZA- Ruben, PhD.

(Universidad Tecnologica Corregidora),

Mexico.

MINA ROSALES- Alejandra, cPhD.


ROSTRO GONZALES- Horacio, PhD.

(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD.


RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD.


RUELAS LEPE- Ruben, PhD.

(CUCEI Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

TARQUIS- Ana, PhD.


GOMEZ ROMERO– Jose, PhD. (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana), Mexico.

GIRET-Adriana ,PhD

(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

BOTTI –Vicente, PhD

(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

Arbitration Committee

IV

RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Business Development - Marketing Area

ROSALES GARCIA-Juan, PhD

Universidad de Guanajuato

Electrical Engineering

THOMSON LOPEZ-Reynaldo, PhD


Management

GOMEZ AGUILAR- Jose, PhD

Universidad Autonoma de Mexico

Materials

CORDOVA FRAGA- Teodoro, PhD


Medical Physicist

RUIZ PINALES- Jose, PhD


Eletronic

GONZALEZ PARADA- Adrian, PhD



GUZMAN CABRERA- Rafael, PhD



IRETA MORENO- Fernando, PhD



ARROYO FIGUEROA- Gabriela, PhD


Agroindustrial processes

MERCADO FLORES- Juan, PhD


Food Biochemistry

LOPEZ OROZCO- Melva, PhD


Food Biochemistry

AGUILAR MORENO-Antonio, cPhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical - Industrial Area

AGUIRRE PUENTE- Jose Alfredo, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Information Technology and Communication

HUERTA MASCOTE- Eduardo, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


RICO MORENO- Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


CANO CONTRERAS-Martin, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


FERRER ALMARAZ-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical -Industrial Area

ARREGUIN CERVANTES-Antonio, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical- Industrial Area

MENDOZA GARCIA- Patricia, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


ALMANZA SERRANO-Leticia, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


URIBE PLAZA- Guadalupe, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Business Engineering and Management

SILVA CONTRERAS-Juan, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Accounting

ANDRADE OSEGUERA-Miguel, MsC

V Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Accounting

AMBRIZ COLIN-Fernando, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial -Maintenance Area

CANO RAMIREZ-Jaime, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial- Maintenance Area

CASTAÑEDA RAMIREZ-Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Food Processes

LOPEZ RAMIREZ-Maria, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Sustainable Agriculture and Protected

GUZMAN SEPULVEDA-Jose, MsC

Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas

Mechatronics

TAPIA ORTEGA- Jose, MsC



HERNANDEZ FUSILIER- Donato, MsC



MOSQUEDA SERRANO- Fatima, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato

Gastronomy

RODRIGUEZ VARGAS- Maria, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


CARMONA GARCIA-Nelida, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


NUÑEZ LEDESMA- Marcela, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial Design and Fashion- Production Area

RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ-Marcos, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial -Maintenance Area

MACIEL BARAJAS-Gloria, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Food Processes

VI

Presentation

In this issue there are six sections: Agricultural Sciences, with the article Crop establishment in vitro of

chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum) by CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe,

LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice, BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA,

Israel affiliated to Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa. in the Section of Natural Sciences the article

Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type

2 Diabetes by ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel*†, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-

CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo, affiliated to Facultad de Enfermería

de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. In the Section of Exact Sciences the article.The

effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules by

VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario affiliated to Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec. In the section

of Engineering Sciences the article Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings

deposited on carbon steel by SOLIS, José*†, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES,

Miguel affiliated to IT de Tlalnepantla. In the Section of Technology Sciences the article Modbus

networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers by LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto affiliated to

Universidad Tecnológica de León. In the section of Social Sciences, the article Reality Education and

Science Teaching by De La RIVA, María*†, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente

affiliated to Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. In the Section of Administrative Sciences the article

Successors of family business and generational transition process by QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román

Alberto*†, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Universidad

Autónoma de Campeche

Content

Article

Page

Crop establishment in vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum)

CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,

BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel

Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa

62-66

Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging

Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-

CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo

Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

67-77

The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding simulations

of RNA molecules

VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario

Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec

78-83

Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on

carbon steel

SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel

IT de Tlalnepantla, Tlalnepantla

84-95

Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers

LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto

Universidad Tecnológica de León

96-105

Reality Education and Science Teaching

De La RIVA, María, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente

106-119

Successors of family business and generational transition process

QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-

MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón

Universidad Autónoma de Campeche

120-132

Instructions for Authors

Originality Format

Authorization Form

62

Article Agricultural Sciences

July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 62-66


CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice, BOJORQUEZ-

SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel*†`

Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa. Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3, 82199 Mazatlán, Sin., México

Received July 3, 2015; Accepted August 17, 2015

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The in vitro culture gives the micropropagation of wild plants so that it has attempt the micropropagation of

Chiltepin. Therefore, this study aimed to define a protocol for disinfestation of different source of Chiltepín explant

for in vitro culture establishment. The explants were tested with ethanol at 70 and 96% at 30 and 60s respectively,

and 2% of NaClO for 30s showed the best method found, acording to low contamination (30%), Oxidation (25%)

and higher dedifferentiation (32%) of explants for in vitro establishment. This procedure being efficient and

making it possible to be used routinely.

Objectives, methodology

Obtention an efficient protocol for disinfestation of explants of chiltepin

The disinfestations were tested with: T1: ethanol at 70 % (30 s) and 90% (60 s); T2: same condition of l T1

and NaClO at 2% (30 s) finally T3: ethanol at 70% (1 min), 96% (5 min) and NaClO at 2% (15 min). The explant

was placed on the MS medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA)

Contribution

The disinfestations of explants formed a possible proembriogenic structures important for micropropagation.

Chiltepín, disinfestations, in vitro culture ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice, BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ,

Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel. Crop establishment in vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum).

UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4: 202-206

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

* Correspondence to Author ([email protected])

† Researcher contributing first author.

© UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

63



ISSN-On line: 2395-860X

UTSOE® All rights reserved. CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,

BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel. Crop establishment in

vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum). UTSOE-Journal

Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

Chili chiltepín (Capsicum annuum var.

Glabriusculum), it belongs to the genus

Capsicum annuum, and reaches a market price

of up to $ 260 pesos per kg in different states of

Mexico (Sonora to Chiapas on the Pacific and

Tamaulipas to Yucatan and Quintana Roo)

(Villalón Mendoza et al., 2013). However, there

is a big problem, the raw material is sold either

fresh, dried and pickled state, comes from

collections that are made on Mount seasonally,

making it difficult to obtain the fruits, coupled

with this, climatic conditions and anthropogenic

factors have reduced populations in collection

areas reducing the possibility of obtaining

biomass for extraction of metabolites with

therapeutic properties (Araiza-Lizarde et al.,

2011).

Wild species as Chiltepín, are difficult to

tame, however techniques plant tissue culture,

are a viable tool for generating in vitro explants

organisms from any part of the plant, to induce

the formation of embryos which they can be

propagated and multiplied in a culture medium

rich in nutrients and under aseptic conditions to

maturity and acclimatization seedling formation.

Despite the above, to achieve this it is necessary

to studies regarding the type of plant growth

regulators needed to induce the formation of

somatic embryos.

The Chiltepín has tried to tame in response

to one of the most common problems that have

generally wild species, the low percentage of

germination, poor performance in growth and

development, which has prevented generate

disease resistant varieties and micropropagation

clonal and obtaining of secondary metabolites

with therapeutic properties (col Rodriguez-

Mathurin and 2011;. Gonzales, 2013).

In terms of improvement for

micropropagation of Chiltepín, they have done

studies on processes of germination, propagation

by cuttings and selection of high-yielding

genotypes (Araiza-Lizarde et al., 2011), with the

aim of establishing varieties with fruits of good

quality and resistance to various biotic and

abiotic factors, however, these studies have not

been able to cover international demand (Report

of the Ministry of Economy 2005 on the market

study of C. annuum var. glabriusculum), so it has

been suggested to carry out further research

leading to the in vitro micropropagation of the

plant, as well as studies aimed at obtaining

metabolites from plant cells, as is done for other

species of the genus as chili Habanero (C.

chinense ) (Santana-Buzzy et al., 2005), green

(C. frutescens) (Ashwani et al., 2008) and

Pepper (C. annuum) (Shreya et al., 2014) Chile.

The in vitro plant cultivation means

cultivating fragments of plants inside a glass jar

in an artificial environment. This type of culture

has two fundamental caracterisias: asepsis

(absence of microorganisms), and controlling

the factors affecting the crcimiento.

Micropropagation or clonal propagation is one

of the most widespread applications of in vitro

culture, from a fragment (explant) from the

mother plant, a uniform offspring genetically

identical plants, called clones (Calva Calva and

Perez Vargas is obtained, 2005). In addition to

this, during the induction process clones,

specialized plant cells may dedifferentiate until

undifferentiation, and secondary metabolite

biosynthesis capacity with the same

concentration or greater with respect to the

specialized plant tissues. In the literature,

various methods have been reported

disinfestation explants for the establishment of

in vitro culture, each looking sencilles

refinement and technique that will achieve

higher rates of establishment of plant material in

vitro conditions.

Among the substances used in the

disinfestation of plant material are: sodium

hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite

64








(Caclo), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), mercury

dichloride (HgCl2), antibiotics, fungicides and

surfactants (Borgues, 2009).

To achieve the in vitro culture Chiltepin

chili, it is necessary to obtain simple protocol

disinfestation, inexpensive and to allow the

tissue response to the culture medium and plant

hormones. So the aim of this study was to obtain

a protocol disinfestation Chiltepín explants for

the establishment of in vitro culture, which leads

to a plant regeneration system in vitro, which can

meet the demand and solve the problem of

declining of their populations in the wild and

also have a crop that does not depend on the

germination of the seed for the production of

plants.

Materials and methods

Protocol disinfestation

Leaf explants from plants grown under

greenhouse conditions used, the explants were

subjected to three disinfestation treatments (T).

T1: alcohol 70 and 96% with times of 30 and 60

seconds respectively; T2: T1 conditions more

chlorine was tested at 2% for 30 seconds and T3:

alcohol 70 and 96% for 1 and 5 minutes

respectively chlorine and 2% for 15 minutes.

Between each step with disinfectants, abundant

washes were performed with sterile distilled

water.

Seeding explants disinfested

Following disinfestation explants, leaf segments

0.5 to 1.0 cm, which are sown on MS medium

(Murashige and Skoog) 50% added sucrose,

indoleacetic acid (IAA) and adjusting the pH of

the medium was used 5.8. The explants were

kept under dark conditions at a temperature of 25

° C ± 2 ° C

Statistic analysis

Following the protocol disinfestation variables

were evaluated: the response of the explant

(dedifferentiation proembrionarias forming

structures and organogenesis) and contamination

of the explants in the middle. Statistical analysis

was ANOVA followed by Tukey test for

determining how the significant differences

between treatments.

Results and discussion

The effect of different treatments disinfestation

with ethanol and sodium hypochlorite, on the

percentage of contaminated eplantes, oxidized

and dedifferentiated during the establishment of

in vitro culture are seen in Table 1. It is seen that

the highest values for the establishment of crop

for the Treatment 2 (ethanol 70 and 96% by 30

and 60s respectively and sodium hypochlorite

(NaClO) 2% by 30s), which differ significantly

from other treatments evaluated for p <0.5. You

can also observe that the presence of NaClO

decreased the percentage of contamination,

however prolonged immersion in the time

disinfestant agent which increases the necrosis is

related to the presence of oxidation in tissue.

The latter is due to the effect produced

fitotótoxico NaClO on the explants, which

becomes more intense after the immersion of the

explants over 30 seconds. This coinide with

those reported by Azofeifa (2009), who reported

the phytotoxic effect of NaClOaplicado in

difente type of plant explant

Table 1. Effect of disinfectants on the response of the

explant during crop establishment in vitro treatments CContamination

(%)

Oxidation

(%)

Desdifferentiation

(%)

1 100 0 0

2 30 25 32

3 30 12 2

In addition the results showed a significant

effect on tissue dedifferentiation between

treatments, demonstrating that the two

65








treatments allows desdifferentiation of tissue

(Figure 1) reaching the establishment of in vitro

culture, coupled with this, explants generated

pro embryonic structures (Figure 2), the

aggregates observed in dedifferentiated explants

were observed cell masses as opaque yellow

brown embryogenic abundant cells in the

periphery.

Proembriogenic structures were also

observed in globular state. The observed

aggregates agree with the repotado Ramirez-

Villaobos and De Garcia (2012), who reported

cellares added embryogenic banana Williams,

These aggregates are characterized by small

cells, round, ovoid, cytoplasmically dense, with

thick wall and prominent nucleus, while non

embryogenic cells exhibited large, variably,

predominantly elongated shape, little

cytoplasmic contents, thin cell wall, nucleus

large peueño (Ramirez, 2012) vacuole.

Figure 1 Formation of proembrionarias structures. Arrows

indicate the formation of globular structures

Figure 2 Formation of globular structures (proembryos).

A) Possible proembriogenic cells, B) no different cellular

forms embryogenic cells

Conclusions

Under our experimental conditions oxidation

was observed in explants subjected to prolonged

treatment with ethanol and chlorine. Explants

under treatment two responders to the culture

medium, and observed dedifferentiation

proembrionarias likely formation structures.

References

Álvaro, A. (2009). Problemas de oxidación y

oscurecimiento de explantes cultivados in vitro.

Agronomía mesoaméricana, 153-175.

BORGES Misterbino, E. E. (2009). Uso de

distintos tratamientos de desinfección en el

cultivo in vitro de Dioscorea alata L. clon

caraqueño. Revista colombiana de

Biotecnología, 127-135.

BRITO H., R. A. (2013). Antioxidant activity

and total carotenoids of selected capsicum

species from Tabasco, México.Villahermosa

Tabasco.

CALVA CALVA-Graciano, PÉREZ VARGAS-

Josefina. Cultivo de células y tejidos vegetales:

fuente de alimento para el futuro. Revista Digital

Universitaria. 2005, 6-11:1067-6079

GONZÁLEZ Alberto, S. E. (2013).

Characterization of different Capsicum varieties

by evaluation of their capsaicinoids content by

high performance liquid chromatography,

determination of pungency and effect of high

temperature. Molecules.

KUMAR Ranaji, R. S. (2013). Bioactive

compounds in chilli peppers (Capsicum annum

L.) at various ripening (green, yellow and red)

stages. Annals of Biological Research, 27-34.

LIZARDE Nidia, L. E. (2011). Evalución de

germinación y crecimiento de la plántula de

Chíltepin (Capsicum annum L variedad

66








glabriusculum.) en invernadero. Revista

colombiana de Biotecnología.

RAMÍREZ Maribel, D. G. (2012).

Características marcadoras en suspensiones

celulares embriogénicas de Banano cien BTA-

03 (AAAA) y su parental Williams (AAA).

REYNERO Adrián, Z. B. (2012).

Caracterización morfólogica y molecular de la

variabilidad genética del timpinchile (Capsicum

annum L. var. glabriusculum sin. aviculare) en

Chiapas. Quehacer científico, 4-18.

RODRÍGUEZ Alfonso, V. A. (2012).

Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of

Chiltepin (Capsicum annum var. glabriusculum)

and Habanero (Capsicum chinese): A

comparative study. Journal of medicinal plants,

1758-1763.

SANTANA Nancy, C. A. (2005). Regeneration

of Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinese jacq.)

via organogenesis. Hort Science.

Secretaría de Economía. 2005. Estudio de

mercado para identificar la potencialidad de

exportación del Chile piquín en escabeche en el

mercado hispano del medio Oeste de los Estado

Unidos de Norteamérica. Aporcede A. C.

México, D.F. México. 113p.

SHARMA Ashwani, K. V. (2008). Induction of

in vitro flowering in Capsicum frutescens under

the influence of silver nitrate and cobalt chloride

and pollen transformation. Electronic Journal of

Biotechnology.

SWAMY Shreya, K. A. (2014). Direct

regeneration protocols of five Capsicum annuum

L. varieties. African Journal of Biotechnology,

307-312.

67

Article Natural Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 67-77

Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs

Aging Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel*†, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-CHAGOYA, María

de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo

Facultad de Enfermería de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México. Dirección postal: Privada B oriente de

la 16 de Septiembre #9505, Colonia Arboledas de Loma Bella, Puebla, Puebla, México.,


___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Faced with the challenges, changes and demands currently living family, health care of the person with

type 2 diabetes, can be affected by poor family functioning (FF) and nonadherence to therapy, evidenced

in glycemic control. Purpose: Know as family functioning, therapeutic treatment adherence and glycemic

control of type 2 diabetes in adults vs. elderly from Health Institution First Level of Care. Methodology:

descriptive, comparative , cross-sectional study in 170 adults and seniors selected by convenience

sampling, the effectiveness scale was applied in the Family Functioning, Scale for Treatment Adherence

in Diabetes Mellitus II, version III and measured the basal capillary glucose with Accutrend Plus and

Correlation Table A1C portable device Results: The mean age of the study was 57. 56 years and 60.6%

were women. No statistically significant difference was found FF and adherence regarding sex

therapeutic treatment (t = -.79, p = 0.429) and age (t = 1,116, p = 0.266) and compared with regard to

glycemic control sex (t = -.495, p = .621) and age (t = 1.675, p = .096). Discussion: Sex and age are not

factors that determine adherence to therapeutic treatment of T2D and glycemic control, at least in this

study. Conclusion: The results of the study contribute to the care of family health in the study population

in relation to therapeutic treatment adherence and glycemic control.

Glucemic control, theraphy, Diabetes Type 2

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-CHAGOYA, María de los

Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging

Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:207-217

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Correspondence to Author ([email protected])


UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Sciences www.utsoe-journal.mx

68



UTSOE® All rights reserved. .


CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,

Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2

Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

The family is a social system with its own

structure and organization that interacts with its

environment. System composed of subsystems

interpersonal dyads, triads, and larger units; its

members may or may not be related biologically,

or live in the same household, or have different

relationships defined by emotional ties and

common responsibilities to contribute to the

functioning of the family system. (Friedemann,

1995)

Family functioning is understood as the

ability of the family to maintain consistency /

stability to stressful situations or changing; result

of the balance of achieving your goals and

strategies of conduct implemented in the

dimensions of the life process of the family

system (Friedemann, 1995).

Currently the family has many challenges,

changes and demands which are predecessors of

anxiety or stress in the family system, health is

one of the most important issues, specifically the

presence of chronic degenerative diseases such

as type 2 diabetes (T2D), which You can alter

family functioning while the function of integral

patient care, (Latin American and Caribbean

Demographic [CELADE], 2013; Friedemann

1995).

Diabetes is a serious worldwide public

health problem under which increases costs for

individuals, families and the health sector;

worldwide affects more than 387 million people

and is estimated to increase to 592 million by

2035 if timely and effective preventive measures

(International Diabetes Federation [FID], 2014

do not apply; World Health Organization

[WHO] , 2014). Mexico is no exception, as

currently ranks first in mortality with 84.445

deaths a year in people over 30 years of age due

to its complications (National Population

Council [CONAPO], 2012)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), starting in

adulthood represents 90% of global cases and

12.63% in Mexico; the condition is due to

inefficient use of insulin due to metabolism of

carbohydrates, proteins and inadequate fat,

resulting from factors such as hereditary

predisposition, high blood pressure, gestational

diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity and

lifestyle unhealthy ( WHO, 2014).

Hyperglycemia is the main symptom of

the poor controll of T2D that eventually cause

severely damage of vital organs and body

systems causing complications such as heart

disease, cerebrovascular disease, nephropathy,

diabetic foot, retinopathy among others. (IDF,

2014). For WHO (2013) and the Ministry of

Health (SS, 2013) adherence to therapeutic

treatment of T2D it implies that the person

complies properly with the recommendations

given by a health professional regarding

medication intake, following a regimen food,

physical exercise, modify inappropriate

lifestyles and take adequate glycemic control.

Elements that limit the person as diabetic foot

complications, retinopathy, kidney failure

among others (Salinas & Nava, 2012).

For Villalobos, Quiros, Leon and Brenes

(2007) adherence to therapeutic treatment

including delivery of psychological and socio-

environmental factors such as family support,

organization and community support, exercise,

medical management, hygiene and self-care ,

diet and fitness assessment. Variables whose

fulfillment according to Garcia, Bittner, Brahm

and Pusche (2010) relate to family functioning

and glycemic control. Family support is the aid

relationship established by the family to the

person with T2D in relation to therapeutic

treatment. The organization and community

support is the degree of support that the

community gives the person with T2D and his

family, and their participation in the activities

organized by the community.

69








Physical exercise, are all actions related to

physical activity: type of exercise, and schedules

for doing perception people have of the body to

develop the exercise as well as their relationship

with the therapeutic treatment.

The medical supervision, represents

behaviors related checkup, home monitoring of

blood glucose or urine, intake of hypoglycemic

medications, insulin etc. Hygiene and self-care,

symbolizes the care that gives the person with

DT2 your body in order to avoid situations that

might affect their health and reduce the

likelihood of complications. It involves specific

actions self-feet, dental care, use of appropriate

clothing etc. The diet comprises adjusting

carbohydrates and other foods that should be

consumed people with T2D, to meet the daily

needs and match available insulin. Finally, the

assessment of physical condition, is the

perception that the patient can develop their

daily work with energy efficiency without notice

tiredness (Villalobos, Quiroz, Leon & Brenes,

2007).

The American Diabetes Association

(ADA, 2013), at the international level and the

Ministry of Health (2013) in Mexico, indicate

that a key indicator of adherence to treatment is

therapeutic glycemic control through the blood

glucose test whose ideal is glycosylated

hemoglobin (HbA1c). Today glycosylated

hemoglobin tests can be inferred by basal

glucose limiting complications from

hyperglycemia. (Hernandez Gutierrez &

Reynoso, 2013).

Research such as Huerta (2011) and

Gonzalez (2010) mention that family

functioning is an important factor in adherence

to the therapeutic treatment of T2D; while

Concha y Rodríguez (2010) point out that family

dysfunction limits treatment compliance and

leads to adult DT2 to poor metabolic control.

On the other Mayberry and Osborn (2012)

side, Keogh et al. (2011), Watanabe et al. (2010)

and Choi (2009), reveal that elements of

adherence to therapeutic treatment and the

support of family, nutrition and monitoring of

medical indications for the patient, aimed at

adequate glycemic control. Not so for Kang et al.

(2010) who despite having found that family

functioning is crucial for glucose control, the

values found were not statistically significant,

since the study subjects showed higher values;

however none of the previous studies made the

comparison between men and women and / or

the difference between adults and seniors.

Why was raised to know whether family

functioning predicted therapeutic treatment

adherence and glycemic control in adults and

older adults with T2D, from the perspective of

MOS, family nursing theory allows studying

family functioning and its relationship or

association with other variables.

Evidence that in a future plans will

contribute to strengthening health programs and

care for adults and seniors, their families and the

implementation of specific interventions aimed

at family health care. It is, concern arises from

the professional life with this type of population.

Theoretical framework

This research was based on the theoretical

framework of systemic organization (MOS), "A

Conceptual Approach to Families and Nursing"

(Friedemann, 1995). Which defines family

functioning as the ability of the family to

dampen anxiety in stressful situations, result of

balance in achieving their goals: stability,

control, growth and spirituality and their

behavioral strategies in the four dimensions of

your life process: system maintenance, system

changes, individuation and consistency

(Friedemann, 1995).

The four goals of the family interact with

each other around the family and are

70








continuously adjusted to find congruence

between their own order and your environment

and maintain a dynamic balance through which

the system is healthy. The author of this theory

is that each family emphasizes these goals and

strategies of behavior in a unique and proprietary

processes used learned and acquired over time

for this purpose.

The goal of stability is to keep your family

traditions, behavior patterns, values and beliefs

rooted in the culture in which it is inserted

through behavioral strategies implemented in

consistency and size maintenance. The control

target is oriented to reject or reduce threats to the

environment and channel energy adequately to

restore the consistency of the family system

through behaviors performed in the dimensions

of the system maintenance and system change.

Growth targets takes shape in the process of

transformation of culture, through the

performance of roles of its members in other

systems: schools, workplaces, church and others,

where family members receive new ideas,

accomplishments and skills that influence them

and they can change the culture of the family

system. Therefore it is based on behavioral

strategies of the size change of the system and

individuation and finally the goal of spirituality

is directed to unite family members emotionally,

encouraging them to seek personal growth

outside the family system, it uses individuation

of dimensions and consistency

Achieving the goals of the family it is

given by behaviors or actions on the four

dimensions of the process of life: system

maintenance, system change, individualization

and consistency.

The system maintenance, dimension

includes behavioral strategies based on tradition,

dealing with the organization and operation of

the family system, decision making, problem

solving, rules and norms, sexual behavior,

breeding patterns, care for the sick, habits and

routines.

System Change the dimension refers to the

transmission of the family culture that represents

the preservation of traditional patterns

(homeostasis), or incorporation of new

knowledge or not and the assumption of new

behaviors, values and family structures. What

represents the transformation of culture in the

family (morphogenesis).

Individuation dimension encourages

members to learn new skills, develop new roles

inside and outside the system, achieve personal

goals and experience personal growth, according

to his earthly conditions of space, time, energy,

and mass.

Coherence dimension refers to the

relationship established members of the family,

the result of a sense of unity, belonging and

mutual commitment and by blending patterns

and rhythms lead to spirituality and the

congruence of the family system, (Figure 1).

For the study of family functioning MOS

arises assumptions, which guide the work

express 1. "The crucial determinant of a health

deficiency is the result of anxiety incongruity of

the family system, individual welfare is a sign of

a high level of family "health; 2.”Family Health

is a dynamic process that, in response to

changing situations is continuously trying new

ways to restore consistency within the system

and the environment."

Which is why the following hypotheses

were raised to work, 1. The higher family

functioning, greater adherence to therapeutic

treatment and glycemic control in adults and

71








older adults with T2D of a health institution of

primary care and 2. The dimensions of the life

processes of family functioning at least explains

the variation of therapeutic treatment adherence

and glycemic control in adults and older adults

with T2D of a health institution of primary care.

Figure 1 Framework of Systemic Organization: A

Conceptual Approach to Families and Nursing.

Friedemann (1995)

Family Life Process System

Methodology

The study was descriptive, correlational,

predictive, and transversal (Polit & Beck, 2012).

The study population was adults and older adults

with T2D attending outpatient "Urban Health

Center of the People" of the Ministry of Health

of the State of Puebla, as well as the family who

accompanied them. The sample size was

determined by power analysis, with a

significance level of .05, a confidence level of

95%, a power of .80 and .30 effect size plus a

10% attrition. It is comprised of 170 people ≥ 30

years. The sample was not probabilistic for

convenience by the nominal census of patients

with T2D with a minimum year of medical

diagnosis and accompanied by family

caregivers, undiagnosed visual, hearing loss and

severe language; Mental deficiency, senile

dementia or Alzheimer's.

1. Schedule of personal and family socio-

demographic factors (CFSDPF) consists of two

sections was applied, the first general data

speaking adults and seniors and the second

specifically data on type 2 diabetes.

2. Scale effectiveness in family functioning

(EE-FF) Chavez, Friedemann and Alcorta

(2000) readapted by Garcia (2005), consisting of

24 items on Likert (1 = type scale never, 2 =

sometimes, 3 = always), which values the system

maintenance (2,6,9,11,14,16,19), change the

system (4,8,13,17,20), individuation (3,7,12)

and coherence (1,5,10,15,18). The overall score

is 72 points, to 56-72 corresponds to families

with higher family functioning, 40 to 55 families

with an average of 39 family functioning and

fewer families with dysfunctional families. The

scale Cronbach alphas obtained from .73 to .84

(Garcia et al 2007;. Rodriguez et al 2009;.

Zavala, et al. 2009). This scale as the certificate

accompanying the family caregiver of the person

applied with T2D

3. Scale for Treatment Adherence in

Diabetes Mellitus II Version III (EATDM-III ©)

structured and validated by Villalobos, Quiroz,

Leon and Brenes (2007) evaluated seven

psychological factors and socio-environmental.

Family support (33, 44), social or community

organization and support (31, 32, 45, 51, 54),

exercise (13, 17, 20, 23), medical monitoring

(24, 30), hygiene and self-care (9, 11, 12, 52, 53,

55), diet (1, 8.10), and assessment of physical

condition (18-19). The scale consists of 55

reagents, with five Likert response options,

where 0 corresponds: I never do and the situation

does not occur; 1 almost never do, and the

situation occurs approximately between 1% and

33% of the time; 2 I do it regularly, and the

situation occurs between 34% and

approximately 66% of occasions; 3 almost

always do, and the situation occurs

approximately between 67% and 99% of the

time, 4 I always do, and the situation always

happen.

The total scale score is 220 points.

However, measuring the adhesion is made in

relation to each of the factors by which no

cutting figures indicating globally the level of

adherence of T2D, whereby the index of each is

estimated factor to consider the score from 0%

to 33% lower adherence to treatment, 34% to

72








66% average adherence to treatment and 67% to

99% high treatment adherence. The scale has

been applied in different contexts in Latin

America and Mexico with a Cronbach's alpha of

0.89 (Huerta, 2011; Villalobos Quirós, Leon &

Brenes, 2007).

Making capillary basal glycemic also to

measure glycemic control performed using test

strips with Accutrend Plus portable apparatus

Roche Diagnostics (2007) with a measuring time

of 12 seconds, using a drop of blood equivalent

to 0.02 ml (20 .mu.l) with a range of 20-600 mg

/ dl and finally the results were estimated to

determine the percentage of glycated

hemoglobin by the mapping table A1C Average

Glucose document Standards of Medical Care of

the American Diabetes Association (2014). So

determined whether glycemic control when the

HbA1c is inside the 6% to 7% interval; at risk of

slippage when it is between 7% to 8% and

slippage when> 8%.

One prior to application of the final pilot

test was conducted. The authorization of the

Ethics Committee of the educational institution

with the official authorization FE / SIEP /

3249/2014 and government health agency with

official authorization SEI / DIS / 4005/2014 was

requested. Data were obtained on a doctor's

health center, through face to face with the

participants, where they explained to everyone,

the goal of this research after signing informed

(Ministry of Health, 2014) consent interview.

The data analysis was performed using SPSS

statistical package Statics 21 with license

number 11241, according to the characteristics

of the variables and objectives are made using

descriptive statistics:

Frequency and percentages, measures of

central tendency (mean, median and mode) and

dispersion (standard deviation). To answer the

hypotheses inferential statistics were used, after

conversion of data indices score 0-100,

obtaining confidence level of the instruments

through Cronbach's alpha and the normal curve

data through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. As

there is a normal distribution of the data it was

decided to use parametric tests.

Results

The sample comprises a total of 170 adults and

older adults with type 2 diabetes, mean age was

57.56 years (SD = 13.57), the predominant

gender was female (60.6%, f = 103). As

education level prevailed being illiterate and

incomplete primary (39.9%, f = 68); most are

married (50%, f = 85). 74.1% (f = 126) is

employed. 47.1% (f = 61) was formed by

extended families with children on stage of

emancipation (41.2%, f = 70), made up of 4-5

members (39.4%, f = 67), mostly with a level

middle socioeconomic (64.1%, f = 109).

In relation to T2D it was found that a large

portion of adults and older adults are of 1-5 years

with the disease (37.1%, f = 63). Most use

metformin and glyburide (44.1%, f = 75) and the

most prevalent disease found apart from T2D

was hypertension (32.4%, f = 55). Reliability

analysis of the instruments was obtained by

Cronbach's alpha coefficient, with a value of .80

for the Effectiveness Scale and .86 Family

Functioning Scale for Treatment Adherence in

DT2. A high percentage of families with average

family functioning (81%, f = 138) was found.

Regarding the goals of family functioning goal

spirituality (X = 82.50, SD = 14.73) won the

largest media, followed by meta stability (X =

75.90, SD = 14.15) and the dimensions of family

functioning consistency ( X = 87.06, SD =

17.27) and individuation ( X = 79.76, SD =

17.67) had the highest average.

Glycemic control compared to an average

for the basal blood glucose levels of 170.6 mg /

dl (SD = 80.67) was found and a large

percentage glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 7%

(49.5%, f = 84) was found.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed

normal distribution (p> .05) from the data

73








obtained in the overall scale of both instruments,

therefore the use of parametric tests were

decided.

To respond to the finding of family

functioning, therapeutic treatment adherence

and glycemic control in adults and older adults

with T2D of a health institution of primary care

by gender and age, use was made of the

statistical t Student for independent samples,

previously determining the principles of equal

variance and equivalent groups.

Table 1 Comparison Matrix Student t age and sex of the

adult and older adult and family functioning.

Table 2 Student t matrix comparison of the age and sex of

adherence to therapeutic treatment in adults and elderly

Table 3 Student t matrix comparison of the age and sex of

the adult and elderly with respect to glycemic control.

According to the data shown in Tables 1, 2

and 3, no statistically significant differences in

family functioning were found, adherence to

therapeutic treatment and glycemic control in

relation to sex and age, so the hypothesis is not

supported raised.

Discussion

The purpose of this study sought to determine

whether family functioning predicts adherence

to therapeutic treatment of psychological, socio

- environmental and glycemic control of type 2

diabetes in adults and elderly in a health

institution of primary care level.

The main findings according to the lower

average age to 60 years, agrees with studies of

Avila et al. (2013), Gonzalez and Martinez

(2012), Mayberry and Osborn (2012), Concha y

Rodríguez (2010) to find that his subjects did not

exceed 60 years. All together these works are

similar to reports of WHO (2013) and CONAPO

(2012) to refer to the DT2 is submitted before 60

years, a situation that contributes to the

development of micro and macro-vascular

complications in Mexico are the leading cause of

death in adults aged 30 and older.

By characterizing the families of the

patients in this study, the type of family of adults

and older adults with T2D are extensive. Reason

that could explain the presence of a high

percentage of families with children on stage

with members of emancipation and aging in this

study, which differs with populations Huerta

(2011), Zavala et al. (2009) and Rodriguez et al.

(2009), who found mostly nuclear families in

their studies. Which may be due to time and

context where studies were applied in relation to

socio-demographic changes in the family today

as: low birth rates, increased life expectancy and

stepfamilies according to CELADE (2013).

Regarding the high percentage of families

with average family functioning is deferred

found with studies by Gonzalez and Martinez

(2012), Concha y Rodríguez (2010), Rodriguez

et al. (2009), finding high family functioning and

Huerta (2011) and Zavala et al. (2009) to find

family functioning under. Which can

theoretically be because most of the families in

this study makes use mainly of the dimensions

Coherence and individuation and minority

System Maintenance and System Change

(Friedemann, 1995). Therefore, it could discuss

Caracteristics Family Functioning

𝑋 DE F t p

Gender Masculine 77.21 13.23

.06 -1.830 .069 Femenine 73.42 13.09

Age < 59 years 74.58 13.40

.01 -.338 .699 > 60 years 75.38 13.16

Note: E - EFF24, EATDM-III. Puebla, 2014

n = 170

Caracteristics Therapeutic Treatment Adherence

𝑋 DE F t p

Gender Masculine 56.96 12.04

.02 -.792 .429 Femenine 55.47 11.86

Age < 59 years 55.19 13.00

3.60 -1.116 .266 > 60 years 57.27 10.29


n = 170

Caracteristics Glycemia

𝑋 DE F t p

Masculine 174.43 84.99 .82 -.495 .621

Femenine 168.15 74.00

< 59 Years 179.35 83.80 4.62 1.675 .096

> 60 years 158.45 74.99


n = 170

74








the way how the family faces not be as effective

problems concerning T2D however remain

attached to demonstrate the means of Spirituality

and stability goals as the highest.

Regarding the findings of poor adherence

to therapeutic treatment of the organization and

community support, medium adherence to

therapeutic treatment of family support and high

physical exercise and adherence to therapeutic

treatment of medical control, hygiene and self-

care, diet and physical examination are

consistent with the Gonzalez and Martinez

(2012) to find the medical control, hygiene and

self-care with the highest rates of adherence to

therapy. This could be because the samples were

collected in health institutions, where people

take control of DT2. It differs with Gonzalez and

Martinez (2012) to find the family support high

factor, which could be because the elderly needs

more support from the family according to the

Ministry of Health (2012). It also differs, with

Huerta (2011) finding in his study all the factors

of adherence to therapeutic treatment with low,

possibly due to limited access to health services

that have people living in rural areas compared

with the urban population where the sample of

this study was applied.

Regarding the high glycemic control found

in just over half of the population is consistent

with Avila et al. (2013) Mayberry and Osborn

(2012) and Watanabe et al. (2010)

In their studies to find that most of the

subjects in the study populations had good

glycemic control. This could be because the

study sample was taken in a clinical setting,

where adults and older adults with T2D regularly

attend their consultation disease control. In

contrast to Keogh et al. (2011) and Choi (2009)

to find that most of the study population was out

of control and risk of control. This could be due

according to Villalobos et al. (2007) the

existence of factors of adherence to therapeutic

treatment contemplated moderately or not

medical consultation for control of T2D and / or

could be due according to the WHO (2013) and

the Ministry of Health (SS, 2013 ) to the person

with DT2 comply with the recommendations

given by a health professional. Al buscar

conocer si había diferencias del funcionamiento

familiar, la adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico

y el control glucémico de adultos y adultos

mayores con DT2 en función del generó y edad;

los hallazgos mostraron que no existe diferencia

alguna, por lo tanto se puede deducir que el sexo

y la edad no son factores que determinen la

adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico de la DT2

y el control glucémico, al menos en este estudio.

In another vein, the study had some

methodological limitations. First, the study

design was cross-sectional, and therefore could

not follow up study phenomena over time, which

may have limited understanding of the study

variables according to the theory used; however

the objective set according to literature suggests

that design is ideal for addressing the proposed

study. Second, the sample used in the study is

not large enough mind, however, the calculation

of the sample was used to understand the

behavior of the variables in this group of people.

Third, the sample was chosen for convenience

which limited the randomness of the population,

so the results can not be generalized to adults and

older adults with T2D.

However it can be considered an approach

to describing health phenomena raised in this

study.

Conclusions

According to the assumptions made in this study

we conclude the following. There are no

differences of family functioning, therapeutic

treatment adherence and glycemic control in

adults and older adults with T2D according to

sex and age in a health institution of primary

care.

Finally, this study contributes to the

promotion and development of alternative care

75








involving family health to improve adherence to

therapeutic and glycemic control of adults and

older adults with T2D.

Recommendations

According to the findings in this dissertation, the

following recommendations are made. The study

of the family as a system widely known concepts

of study is considered necessary. You should

consider studying the family over time,

repeatedly measuring the variables of interest to

see how it behaves adherence to therapeutic

treatment in relation to family functioning and

glycemic control. Consider intervention studies

such multidisciplinary way to effectively check

the behavior of the variables studied in this

population. It also considers studies with a

qualitative approach to help meet depth study

variables.

References

Asociación Americana de Diabetes (2013)

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2013.

Diabetes Care (37)1 S14–S80. DOI:

10.2337/dc13-S011

Ávila, Cerón, Ramos & Velázquez (2013)

Asociación del control glicémico con el apoyo

familiar y el nivel de conocimientos en pacientes

con diabetes tipo 2. Revista Médica de Chile.

(141) 173-180.

Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de

Demografía (2013). Estrategia regional de

implementación para América Latina y el Caribe

del plan de acción internacional de Madrid.

Recuperado de http://www.eclac.org/cgi

bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/8/196

08/P19608.xml&xsl=/celade/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/

celade/tpl/top-bottom.xsl 2013

Consejo Nacional de Población (2014).

Envejecimiento: Índices demográficos para

adultos mayores Recuperado de

http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Envej

ecimiento

Consejo Nacional de Población (2014).

Proyecciones de la Población 2010-2050

Recuperado de

http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Proye

cciones

Concha M. C. & Rodríguez C. R. (2010).

Funcionalidad familiar en pacientes diabéticos e

hipertensos compensados y descompensados.

Revista Theoria. 19(1), 41–50.

Consejo Nacional de Población (2013). Consulta

interactiva de ganancias en la esperanza de vida

1990-2012 y principales causas de muerte 2012

en México y las Entidades Federativas.

Consultado en

http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Morta

lidad

Chávez, A. M. L., Friedemann, M. L. & Alcorta,

G. A. (2000). Evaluación de la Escala de

Efectividad en el Funcionamiento Familiar.

Revista Desarrollo Científico de Enfermería,

8(1), 12-18.

Choi S. E. (2009) Diet-specific Family Support

and Glucose Control among Korean Immigrants

with Type 2. Diabetes Education. 35(6) 978–

985. DOI: 10.1177/0145721709349220.

Friedemann M. L. (1995). The Framework of

Systemic Organization: A Conceptual Approach

to families and nursing. Thousand Oask: Sage

Publications.

Garrison, M. & Loredo, O. (2002). Teoría del

Ciclo Vital Humano: Jean Piaget. Psicología

México: 2 da. Ed. McGraw Hill, 164-173.

González, A. R & Martínez M. D. (2012).

Funcionalidad Familiar y Adherencia al

Tratamiento de Adultos con Diabetes Mellitus

76








Tipo 2. Revista Desarrollo Científico de

Enfermería. 20(10), 331-335.

Gómez D., Sesma S., Becerril V., Knaul F.,

Arreola H., & Frenk J. (2011). Sistema de Salud

de México. Revista Salud Pública de México.

53(2), 220-232.

Hernández M., Gutiérrez J. P. & Reynoso N.

(2013) Diabetes mellitus en México. El estado

de la epidemia. Revista Salud Pública Mexicana.

(55)2, 129-136.

Huerta M. V. (2011) Funcionamiento Familiar y

Adherencia al Tratamiento Terapéutico de la

Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 en Adultos Mayores.

(Tesis de maestría inédita). Benemérita

Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Facultad de

Enfermería.

International Diabetes Federation (2014).

Diabetes Atlas. Data Visualisation. Recuperado

de http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas

International Diabetes Federation (2014). Risk

Factors. Recuperado de

http://www.idf.org/about-diabetes/risk-factors

International Diabetes Federation (2013).

Diabetes: facts and figures. Recuperado de

http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática (2011). Mortalidad, Recuperado de

http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/poblacion/defunci

ones.aspx

Jodar, V. (2004). Funciones Cognitivas del

Lóbulo Frontal. Rev Neurol, 2004; 39 (2): 178-

182

.www.neurologia.com/pdf/web/3902/r020178.p

df

Keogh K., Smith S., Withe P., McGilloway S.,

Kelly A., Gibney J. & O´dowd T. (2011)

Psychological Family Intervention for Poorly

Controlled Type 2 Diabetes. The American

Journal of Managed Care. 17(2) 105-113

Kang Ch. M., Changc S. Ch., Chend P. L., Liue

P. F., Liue W Ch., Changf Ch. Ch. & Changd W.

Y. (2010) Comparison of family partnership

intervention care vs. conventional care in adult

patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in

a community hospital: A randomized controlled

trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies.

(47) 1363-1373.

doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.03.009.

López, M. M. (2005). Percepción de la

Funcionalidad Familiar en el Paciente con

Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Tesis no publicada.

Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León,

Facultad de Enfermería. Monterrey, Nuevo

León, México.

Mayberry & Osborn (2012) Family Support,

Medication Adherence, and Glycemic Control

Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes

Care. (35) 1239-1245. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-2103

Organización Mundial de la Salud (2014).

Diabetes. Recuperado de

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs31

2/es/

Organización Mundial de la Salud, (2004).

Adherencia a los Tratamientos a Largo Plazo.

Pruebas para la Acción. Traducido al castellano

e impreso por la Organización Panamericana de

la Salud (Unidad de Enfermedades no

Transmisibles) Washington, D. C.

Pólit & Beck, (2012). Nursing Research.

Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing

Practice. 9na Ed. thePoint.

Rodríguez, H. C., García, M. G. & Arrioja M. G.

(2009). La Funcionalidad Familiar y la

Autoestima del Adulto Mayor en su Esfera

Social. Rev. Paraninfo Digital (3)6 1-7.

77








Recuperado de http://www.index-

f.com/para/n6/sumario.php

Rolland, J. (2000). Familias, Enfermedad y

Discapacidad. Una propuesta desde la Terapia

Sistémica. Barcelona: Gedisa.

Salinas, E. & Nava, M. G. (2012) Adherencia

terapéutica. Revista Enfermería Neurológica

(11)2 102-104.

Secretaría de Salud (2014). Ley General de

Salud en Materia de Investigación para la Salud.

Titulo segundo, de los Aspectos Éticos de la

Investigación en Seres Humanos. Recuperado de

http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/co

mpi/rlgsmis.html

Secretaría de Salud (2010). Norma Oficial

Mexicana NOM-015-SSA2-2010, para la

prevención, tratamiento y control de la diabetes.

Recuperado de

http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle_popup.php?codi

go=5168074

Secretaría de Salud (2010). Norma Oficial

Mexicana NOM-030-SSA2-2009. Para la

prevención, detección, diagnóstico, tratamiento

y control de la hipertensión arterial sistémica.

Recuperado de

http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=514

4642&fecha=31/05/2010

Secretaría de Salud (2012) Norma Oficial

Mexicana NOM-031-SSA3-2012, Asistencia

social. Prestación de servicios de asistencia

social a adultos y adultos mayores en situación

de riesgo y vulnerabilidad. Recuperado de

http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=526

7965&fecha=13/09/2012

Sheikh J. I. & Yesavage J. A. (1986). Geriatric

depression scale (GDS): Recent evidence and

development of a shorter version. Clinical

Gerontologist. 5, 165-173.

Villalobos, A., Quirós, D., León G. & Brenes J.

C. (2007). Factores involucrados en la adhesión

al tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo II en

una muestra de pacientes diabéticos de la zona

norte de Costa Rica: un estudio psicométrico.

Revista Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología

3(1) 25-36.

Watanabe K., Kurose T., Kitatani N., Yabe D.,

Hishizawa M., Hyo T., & Sein Y. (2010) The

Role of Family Nutritional Support in Japanese

Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal

Internal Medicine. (49) 983-989, DOI:

10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3230

Zavala M. R., Ríos M. C., García G., Rodríguez,

C.P. (2009) Funcionalidad familiar y ansiedad

en pacientes adultos con enfermedad crónica.

Revista Aquichan. 9(3), 257–270.

78

Article Exact Sciences


The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding

simulations of RNA molecules

VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario*†`

Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec, Libramiento Universidad 106, San Bartolo el llano, Santa María del monte,

Zinacantepec, C.P. 51366, Estado de México México.

Received July 10, 2015; Accepted 21 August 21, 2015

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Mechanical unfolding of ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been studied by means of numerical simulations

using the self-organized polymer (SOP) model, introduced by Thirumalai’s group. This model includes

bonding and excluded volume terms, and a Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential that takes into account the

interactions that stabilize the native topology of the molecules. The parameters in the SOP model and the

terms included in it have been empirically selected, with the limitation to obtain realistic values of forces.

Through Brownian Dynamics simulations, the effects of the softness of the L-J potential in the SOP

model are studied using two values for the exponent of the repulsive term. Force-ramp simulations were

performed using the L-J potentials 9-6 and 12-6. For each potential, we obtain the force exerted on the

molecule as a function of the end-to-end distance and analyse the variations.

RNA, Lennard-Jones, Brownian Dynamics ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding

simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:218-223

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])


©UTSOEJournal Multidsciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

http://www.utsoe-journal.mx/

79




UTSOE® All rights reserved.

VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones

potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal


Introduction

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is one of the three major

macromolecules essential for all known forms of

life. It plays roles in coding, decoding,

regulation, and expression of genes. Despite its

importance, we have limited information about

the structure, given by a few high-resolution

RNA structures obtained from X-ray

crystallographic studies. Also, it is not possible

to crystallize some states and regions.

On the other hand, we have less

information about its dynamics. RNA folding is

one of the central problems in Biophysics.

Mechanical unfolding of RNA structures using

laser optical tweezers has been studied by

several groups, for example, Steven Block at

Stanford University, Tinoco Jr. and Bustamente

at University of California, Berkeley. These

experiments have shown the complexity of the

potential energy surface and the theoretical

limitations of considering one reaction

coordinate. To study the dynamics of RNA,

some tools have been used, such as numerical

simulations. The difficulty of using this tool lies

in the complexity of modeling the elements of

the real system. The most detailed techniques are

quantum mechanics based methods, like Ab-

initio and Density Functional Theory, but these

methods require large computing power even for

small systems. Classical methods, such as

Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Brownian

Dynamics (BD) need less computing power and

allow us to study bigger systems. In these

methods we have different approaches,

depending on their degree of sophistication,

from all-atom, which considers an atom with its

electrons as a single particle, united-atom, which

groups several atoms in a single pseudoatom,

and coarse-grained (CG) models, which takes a

large group of atoms or molecules and associates

them a single pseudoparticle.

We used the CG approximation and

associate a pseudoparticle to a single nucleotide

(nt). The nucleotides are composed of a

nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose)

and at leats one phosphate group. The

pseudoparticle that represents the nt is centered

in the nt center of mass.

Several research groups around the world

have used different approaches for studying the

RNA folding and RNA mechanical unfolding-

refolding problem. Some of them have proposed

their own model to study various phenomena.

One of the most remarkable models to study the

mechanical unfolding of RNA molecules is the

self organized polymer (SOP) model

(Thirumalai, 2007). This model propose a series

of potential energy terms which includes

bonding, excluded volume and interactions that

stabilize the native structure. One of the terms

simulates the hydrogen bonds in the RNA

molecules and uses the Lennard-Jones (L-J) pair

potential. This interaction model is modified to

study its effects on the mechanical unfolding.

This work is organized as follows: In section

Methodology we explain the BD simulation

technique and we introduce the computational

model to simulate the mechanical unfolding of

RNA molecules. Also, we describe SOP model

and the modification to the L-J potential. In

section Results we present the results from the

BD simulations for different loading rates, and

the comparison between the curves force vs.

end-to-end distance. Finally, in section

Conclusions we discuss the differences between

the curves obtained for the different potential

energies used in this study and conclude which

one agrees with experimental data.

Methodology

Brownian Dynamics simulations

80








The BD simulations technique is a mesoscopic

method in which explicit colvent molecules are

replaced instead by a stochastic force (M. P.

Allen, 1991).This technique takes advantage of

the fact that there is a large separation in time

scales between the rapid motin of solvent

molecules and the slow motion of polymers or

colloids. The ability of using coarse-grained

models allows us to simulate much larger time

scales than in MD simulations. BD is used to

simulate the dynamics of particles that undergo

Brownian motion. The total force on a particle is

composed of a drag force Fid from the particle

moving through a viscous solvent, a Brownian

Force FiB due to the random collisions of the

solvent with the particle, and all non-

hydrodynamic forces Finh; these non-

hydrodynamics forces include any external body

forces, spring forces, excluded volume

interactions. The differential equation governing

the motion of the particle is

𝑑𝒓𝑖

𝑑𝑡= 𝒖∞(𝒓𝑖) +

1

𝜁(𝑭𝑖

𝑛ℎ({𝒓𝑗}) + 𝑭𝑖𝐵(𝑡)), (1)

Where ζ is the drag coefficient and u∞ (ri)

is the unperturbed velocity of the solvent

evaluated at the position of the particle. This

equation is known as the Langevin equation. In

order for the dynamics to satisfy the fluctuation-

dissipation theorem, the expected values of the

Brownian force are

< 𝑭𝑖𝐵(𝑡) > = 𝟎, (2)

< 𝑭𝑖𝐵(𝑡)𝑭𝑗

𝐵(𝑡′) > = 2𝑘𝐵𝑇𝜁𝛿𝑖𝑗𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡′)𝜹, (3)

Where kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is

the absolute temperatire, δij is the Kronecker

delta, δ(t - t’) is the Dirac delta, and δ is the unit

second-order tensor. The most used algorithm

for BD simulation is that proposed by Ermak and

McCammon.

Considering a constant self-diffusion

coefficient, the Ermak-McCammon algorithm is

(Donald L. Ermak, 1978)

𝒓𝑖 = 𝒓𝑖0 +

𝛿𝑡

𝑘𝐵𝑇𝛴𝑗(𝐷 · 𝑭𝑗) + 𝑹𝑖(𝛿𝑡), (4)

Where ri is the final position, ri0 is the

initial position, δt is the time step, D is the

diffusion coefficient, Fj is the force on the j-th

particle, and Ri is a Gaussian distributed random

vector with zero mean and covariance 2Dδt, for

each degree of freedom.

Steered Brownian Dynamics

In order to reproduce the effects of optical

tweezers on RNA molecules in unfolding (force-

ramp) experiments, an external spring force is

applied on the extreme of the molecule by means

of an dummy particle attached to the last particle

in the molecule. The dummy particle is moved at

constant velocity and interacts with the molecule

through the potential energy

𝑈 =𝑘𝑠

2(𝒗𝑡 − (𝒓 − 𝒓0) · 𝒏)2, (5)

Where ks is the spring constant, v is the

pulling velocity, t is the time, r is the position of

the dummy particle, r0 is the initial position of

the dummy particle and n is the pulling

direction.

The masses of the nucleotides are 300-400

g/mol, the characteristic distance of these

systems is 1-10nm and the binding energy is

approximately 0.7kcal/mol. In MD simulations,

the characteristic time is (mσ2/εh)1/2=1.15ps, for

the description level used, and the integration

time step is in the order of 1.15-11.5fs. In BD

simulations, using a self-diffusion coefficient

D=4.33×10-6cm2/s, the time step is 0.23ps.

The SOP model

The SOP model has been widely used to study

the unfolding of polymers such as proteins and

81








RNA. The input information we need to use this

model is the three-dimensional configuration of

the molecule, usually obtained from the Protein

Data Bank (PDB). This information will give us

some characteristic distances. The total potential

energy in the SOP model representation is

𝑈𝑇 = UFENE + 𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 + 𝑈𝑛𝑏

𝑟𝑒𝑝 =

−∑𝑘

2𝑅0

2 log (1 −(𝑟𝑖,𝑖+1−𝑟𝑖,𝑖+1

0 )2

𝑅02 )𝑁−1

𝑖=1 +

∑ ∑ 𝜖ℎ𝑁𝑗=𝑖+3 [(

𝑟𝑖𝑗0

𝑟𝑖𝑗)12

− 2(𝑟𝑖𝑗0

𝑟𝑖𝑗)6

] ∆𝑖𝑗 +𝑁−3𝑖=1

∑ 𝜖𝑙 (𝜎∗

𝑟𝑖,𝑖+3)6

+𝑁−2𝑖=1

∑ ∑ 𝜖𝑙 (𝜎

𝑟𝑖𝑗)6

(1 − ∆𝑖𝑗)𝑁𝑗=𝑖+3

𝑁−3𝑖=1 . (6)

The first term is for the molecule

connectivity. The finite extensible nonlinear

elastic (FENE) potential is used with

k=20kcal/(mol·Å2), R0=0.2nm is the fluctuation

distance strictly restricted around ri,i+10, ri,i+1 is

the distance between neighboring beads

interaction centers i and i+1; ri,i+10 is the distance

in the native structure, rij is the distance between

particles i and j, and finally, rij0 is the distance

between the same particles in the native

structure. The L-J potential is used to account for

interactions that stabilize the native topology.

Native contact is defined for the pair of

interaction centers whose distance is < Rc <

1.4nm in the native state for |i-j|>2. If i and j sites

are in contact in the native state, Δij=1, otherwise

Δij=0. The SOP model uses εh=0.7kcal/mol for

the native pairs and εl=1.0kcal/mol for nonnative

pairs. To ensure the noncrossing of the molecule,

σ=0.7nm, and σ*=0.35nm are set to prevent the

flattening of the helical structures when the

overall repulsion is large.

The L-J forces scale as O (N2), for this

reason we use a cut-off radius of 3σ=2.1nm; after

this distance, the forces due to the L-J potential

is considered zero.

In DNA and RNA, base pairs are held

together by hydrogen bonds, which are dipole-

dipole interactions. In the SOP model, the L-J

potential describes the dipole-dipole interaction.

This attractive interaction depends on the

distance as 1/r6. Also, this potential includes a

repulsive term, which usually is written as 1/r12

to describe the exclusion principle. That is the

reason why this potential is known as LJ 12-6.

Nevertheless, the exclusion term is not unique,

so we can use a different exponent. To increase

the softness of the potential barrier we use a

smaller exponent in the repulsion term and

change the energy coefficient and the coefficient

of the attraction term in order to obtain the same

depth. This is the L-J 9-6 potential

𝑈𝐿−𝐽 = ∑ ∑ 𝜖′ℎ𝑁𝑗=𝑖+3 [(

𝑟𝑖𝑗0

𝑟𝑖𝑗)9

−3

2(𝑟𝑖𝑗0

𝑟𝑖𝑗)6

]𝑁−3𝑖=1 . (7)

The coefficient ε’h=2εh is used in this

potential. In Figure 1 we show a comparison

between L-J 12-6 and L-J 9-6 potential energy.

The 9-6 potential has a softer barrier, but also has

a wider well. Both potentials have the same

minimum value at the same distance. At long

distances both tend to zero.

Figure 1 Comparison between L-J 12-6 (continuous line)

and L-J 9-6 potential (dashed line).

In mechanical unfolding experiments, a

measured quantity is the loading rate rs, which in

molecular simulations can be estimated as

rs=ks·v, where ks is the spring constant between

the dummy particle and the nt, and v is the

pulling velocity. Experimental loading rate

82








varies from 1-1000 pN/s. unfortunately, this

range is not fully accessible computationally.

We performed unfolding BD simulations

employing L-J 12-6 and L-J 9-6 potentials on a

small 22-nt RNA hairpin, P5GA (PDB id: 1F9L)

at different loading rates. Figure 2 shows

molecule P5GA in a simplified representation.

Each vertex of the figure corresponds to a

centroid.

Figure 2 Simplified representation of RNA molecule

P5GA.

Results

Unfolding BD simulations were carried out at

three different loading rates, rs=540mN/s,

54mN/s, 5.4mN/s.

For the first two loading rates, we used 107

time steps that correspond to 2.31μs, and for the

smallest we used 108 time steps, which

corresponds to 23.1 μs. Figure 3 shows the force

exerted on the RNA molecule and the change in

the end-to-end distance using the L-J 9-6

potential. The light gray dotted line corresponds

to rs=540mN/s, the dark gray dashed line

corresponds to rs=54mN/s and the black

continuous line corresponds to rs=5.4mN/s. We

can observe from this figure that at large loading

rate, the step shown in unfolding experiments

disappear.

Figure 3 Force vs. End-to-end distance for different

loading rates using the L-J 9-6 potential

Figure 4 shows the force exerted on the

RNA molecule and the change in the end-to-end

distance using the L-J 12-6 potential. The light

gray dotted line corresponds to rs=540mN/s, the

dark gray dashed line corresponds to rs=54mN/s

and the black continuous line corresponds to

rs=5.4mN/s. The behavior at big loading rate is

similar to the behavior observed in the L-J 9-6

potential. This suggests that such behavior is

independent of the change in the interaction

potential. In figures 3 and 4, the data points are

recorded every 0.231ns.

Figure 5 shows a comparison between

unfolding simulations performed with L-J 9-6

(gray dashed line) and L-J 12-6 (black

continuous line) potentials at rs=5.4mN/s. Data

points are recorded every 0.231ns. For better

illustration, figure 6 shows the same data,

averaged every 23.1ns. In this figure, we can

83








observe the difference in the trajectories.

Figure 4 Force vs. End-to-end distance for different

loading rates using the L-J 12-6 potential

The change of the repulsive term in the L-

J potential affects the dynamics of the system.

As shown in figure 6, at small forces, the

fluctuations in the end-to-end distance are

smaller for the L-J 9-6 potential. But, in the

transition state that is presented at 5-10 pN the

fluctuations in the force are smaller for the L-J

12-6 potential, and the RNA molecule tend to be

more extended. At forces > 15pN, both systems

have the same behavior.

Figure 5 Force vs. End-to-end distance for the smallest

loading rate using the L-J 9-6 (gray dashed line) and 12-6

(black continuos line) potential

Figure 6 Force vs. End-to-end distance for the smallest

loading rate using the L-J 9-6 (gray dashed line) and 12-6

(black continuos line) potential

Conclusions

SOP model allows us to perform molecular

simulations in small amounts of time and using

small computing power. We performed

unfolding BD simulations of a small RNA

molecule represented in the SOP model. We

changed the repulsive term in the Lennard-Jones

interaction potential to study the difference in

the molecule dynamics. At large loading rates,

the system does not behave as the experimental

system. This behavior could be caused because

the velocity of the dummy particle is big enough

to not allow the system to relax. At smaller

loading rates, the systems behave in accordance

with the experiment. At the smallest loading

rate, the molecule cohesion changes and the

molecule tends to be more elongated for the

original potential. For forces >15pN, the

dynamics of the molecule remains unchanged. It

is necessary to continue exploring the SOP

model to improve it.

References

Donald L. Ermak, J. A. (1978). Brownian dynamics

with hydrodynamic interactions. J. Chem. Phys.,

1352-1360.

M. P. Allen, D. J. (1991). Numerical Simulation of

Liquids. New York: Oxford University Press.

Thirumalai, C. H. (2007, February). Mechanical

Unfolding of RNA: From Hairpins to Structures with

internal multiloops. Biophys. J., 731-743.

84

Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95


carbon steel

SOLIS, José*†, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel

SEP/SES/TecNM, IT de Tlalnepantla, Tlalnepantla (DEPI-Depto. de Ing. Mecánica) Edo. de Méx. 54070. México.


___________________________________________________________________________________________________

In oil and gas companies many components are subjected to wear and corrosive environments. The

development of protective coatings on these parts is of high interest to preserve its structural integrity.

The chemical stability of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings seems to be good candidates for corrosion

protection in addition to their wear resistance for using in pipelines equipment, such as subsea check

valves, pistons and pumps. The aim of this study is to evaluate the tribological performance of

hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings. The coatings were deposited on API X65 carbon steel using

plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technology. Characterization of the films was carried out

by means of nano-indentation, surface roughness, calotest, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force and

scanning electron microscopy. The tribological analysis were done in terms of wear tests under

continuous sliding with maximum initial Hertzian stress of 150 and 400 MPa under dry and wet

conditions. The silicon DLC presented total delamination for both contact pressures, showing that this

coating does not have good performance in relation to tribology endurance.

Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), Tribology, API X65 carbon steel ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES Miguel. Tribological behaviour of the

hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:224-

235 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________



© UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

Introduction

85


ISSN 2395-860X


SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.


carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

The recent interest and great challenges of the oil

and gas companies are to improve the efficiency

and viability of crude oil recovery. However,

there are some obstacles related to the viability

for commercial extraction, such as the water/oil

that contains high salinity, and sand particles

(Hu, Barker, Neville, & Gnanavelu, 2011).

Therefore, the DLC film can be a good candidate

for protection of carbon steel used in critical

equipment of oil transportation that need to

preserve its structural integrity, such as subsea

check valves, pistons and pumps. The DLC

coatings could improve the oil carriage by

reducing friction, wear and corrosion inside the

pipelines and their components.

Currently, the main method used to avoid

the internal scale corrosion are the inhibitors due

to the fact that promote the adsorption of film on

the surface, and as a result, enhance the

corrosion resistance by forming a compact

protective layer (Hu et al., 2011; Jenkins, Mok,

Gamble, & Dicken, 2004). However, there are a

number of conditions that can affect the

efficiency of these inhibitors, such as fluid

(composition, temperature, flow velocities,

pressure of CO2 gas, wettability of the fluid,

fluid density and types of crude oil), solid

particles (sand contents, size, attack angle of the

particles, density and velocity) and steel

(hardness, microstructure, strength, ductility and

toughness). Seamless steels coated with resin are

used to improve the wear and corrosion

resistance in pipeline and drill (Bahadori, 2015).

However, polymeric coatings lack of a hard

surface, low coefficient friction, high corrosion

resistance and high electrical resistivity. Because

of this, DLC coatings could be applied on

internal parts of pipelines providing good

corrosion resistance for oil and gas applications

(Vetter, 2014).

The DLC coatings are designed to have a

combined resistance of wear and corrosion in

automotive and biomedical áreas (Choi, Nakao,

Kim, Ikeyama, & Kato, 2007; Nam, Lee, Kim,

Yi, & Lee, 2009). However, the DLC has not

been widely studied and used in some parts of

the crude oil exploration. With all the above in

mind, the study to evaluate the feasibility of

using this coating for surface modification of

carbon steel is very interesting and promissory

for the oil and gas corporations.

In this regard, plasma enhanced chemical

vapour deposition (PECVD) could be a good

option to create an internal scale corrosion

barrier for a carbon steel to avoiding the

precipitation of salt scales (Lusk et al., 2008).

This latter would be possible since the particular

properties of the DLC’s films, such as

amorphous and inertness structure, hydrophobic,

low coefficient of friction (CoF), high corrosion

resistance, high hardness, high Young`s

modulus and good wear/abrasion resistance

(Dorner-Reisel, Schürer, Irmer, & Müller, 2004;

Jellesen, Christiansen, Hilbert, & Møller, 2009;

Sharma, Barhai, & Kumari, 2008). In addition,

the DLC could improve the efficiency for the

transport of oil by reducing the friction, wear and

corrosion inside the equipment (Costa,

Marciano, Lima-Oliveira, Corat, & Trava-

Airoldi, 2011). However, the main results in the

literature are associated with defects and

microstructure and only few papers have been

postulated to wear resistance for this kind of

coatings (Jellesen et al., 2009; Wang et al.,

2014).

In (Manhabosco, Barboza, Batista, Neves,

& Müller, 2013) the authors report that the main

problem of the DLC coatings is associated with

some failures and delamination of the film.

These defects are related to poor adhesion

of the film, plastic deformation of the bulk

86


ISSN 2395-860X





material and cracking on the surface coating,

which could be linked to the chemical and

mechanical properties between the film and

substrate. As a consequence, the adhesion layer

and surface treatments are being studied in order

to improve the mechanical properties, like load

bearing capacity, hardness and tension

distribution between the film and bulk material.

According to (Hadinata et al., 2013), there

is an extremely high resistivity in the DLC’s

mainly associated to wear/corrosion resistance,

however, some involved electrochemical

parameters were not completely explained.

Hence, the interface film/substrate, the

deposition method and the applied conditions to

produce the film can affect the properties of the

DLC films directly influencing the corrosion

behaviour of the coating.

There are several studies related to

tribocorrosion of stainless steel coated with a-

C:H films (Sharma et al., 2008), however,

literature reporting the combined effect of the

tribological conditions in a corrosive medium for

a-C:H and a-C:H:Si using carbon steel as a

substrate is scarce (Hadinata et al., 2013; Wang

et al., 2014). The behaviour of these materials

subjected to tribocorrosion is very complex

owing to many parameters involved in the

process but sliding testing simultaneously with

the use of electrochemical techniques could

contribute to better understand the deterioration

effect that takes place.

In this work, the tribological performance

of two different bond layers were studied,

namely, amorphous hydrogenated DLC and

silicon DLC.

Experimental

Materials

The H-DLC and Si-DLC coatings were

deposited on API X65 carbon steel discs of

dimensions 60 mm in diameter and 30 mm in

thickness with the chemical composition (wt,

%): C 0.04, Si 0.2, Mn 1.5, P 0.011, S 0.003, Mo

0.02 and Fe balance. The substrates were

mechanically polished using 1 μm diamond

paste with a maximum roughness of Ra = 0.08

μm. After polishing, the specimens were

ultrasonically cleaned in acetone (10 min)

followed by rinsing in deionized water and dried

in air jet. The substrates were first cleaned inside

the chamber with sputter-etch in argon prior to

any deposition. The coatings were produced

using the PECVD technology, and the C2H2 gas

was selected for the reaction gases at a pressure

of 0.3 Pa. The substrate was maintained at the

temperature of less than 200 °C, the pulsed bias

was a voltage of 780 V with a frequency of

40kHz for the plasma. The deposition rate was

about 0.8 µm min-1 for hydrogenated DLC and

0.6 µm min-1 for Si-DLC. The deposition time is

about 2,1 hours for the interlayer and 2,3 hours

for the DLC films. The deposition procedure

included an adherent Cr interlayer (by DC

magnetron sputtering) followed by the DLC

coating, namely, Cr/WC/a-C: H, with 20-40 at.

% of H content and Si-DLC.

Characterization of the coatings

The roughness of surfaces was evaluated using

two dimensional contacting profilometry

(Talysurf5, Taylor-Hobson, UK). Surface

roughness data of 8mm trace was analysed to the

least square line, with Gaussian filter, 0.25 mm

upper cut-off and bandwidth 100 ÷ 1.

The hardness and elastic modules were

measured by depth-sensing Nano indentation

(MicroMaterials, Wrexham UK), an enclosed

box platform with temperature regulated,

software suite and micro capture camera. The

87


ISSN 2395-860X





diamond indenter was a Berkovich tip. The load

was incremental with depth from 1 to 100 mN

and a matrix of 50 indents was used. A

maximum penetration of 10 % of the film

thickness to avoid the substrate effect was the

criteria to take the measurements.

The thickness of the coating was

determined by means of the abrasion ball

cratering technique utilizing a calotester

apparatus (tribotechnic, France).

The Atomic force Microscopy (AFM,

Bruker, ICON dimension with scan asyst) was

used to analyse the surface topography before

and after tribology tests (outside and inside the

wear scar). The surfaces were cleaned with

acetone before analyses. The scan images were

obtained using a silicon tip (cantilever stiffness

~0.4 N/m and tip radius of ~10 nm) in contact

mode and a scan area of 10 μm x 10 μm.

The Renishaw Raman spectrometer was

used to characterise the bonding structure of the

DLC films. The extended and static modes were

used to detect chemical compound formation

and the carbon peaks (disorder D and amorphous

graphitic G peaks), both for the coating structure

before and after wear tests. All measurements

were carried out in air at room temperature (20

±2 °C), 35-50% RH and with a wavelength of

488 nm and 2 mW power. Data were fitted with

a Gaussian Line shape in order to show the G and

D peaks positions and the ratio of peak

intensities. The ratio ID/IG was considered as an

indicator of the carbon sp2/sp3 structure. Curve

fitting was done considering full-width at half-

maximum (FWMH) as constraint.

Assessment of the surface chemical

composition and cross section of the coating as

well as the silicon nitride ball used at the

tribology tests was carried out with the energy

dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and also with

glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy

(GDOES). It should be specified that the

quantitative EDS and GDOES analysis had the

limitation of light elements (Z < 11) and could

not be routinely analysed. Thus, hydrogen (Z =

1) did not have characteristic X-rays and

therefore it is not shown both in the

corresponding EDX analysis and the

composition profiles. Light white interferometry

(NPFLEX Bruker) was employed after tribology

test in order to determine the volume and area of

the worn track. Optical microscopy (LEICA DM

6000M) was utilised to analyse the diameter of

wear scars on the balls after tribology tests.

Mechanical characterization

The scratch test is an effective method to obtain

the critical load and to identify the initiation of

failure along the film. The tests were carried out

using progressive loads from 0.1 to 80 N with a

load rate of 100 N/min and for a transverse

scratch length of 8 mm in dry condition. The

scratch tester was equipped with an acoustic

emission monitoring sensor.

The Tribological tests of the H-DLC and

Si-DLC under dry and wet conditions were

carried out with a ball-on-plate tribometer

Biceri. Due to its high hardness and good

chemical stability, Si3N4 ceramic (62.0 wt. % Si

and 37.5 wt. % N) balls with a diameter of 5 mm,

surface roughness of 0.02 µm and hardness of

HV50g 1600 were chosen as counter bodies

having a reciprocating movement against

stationary coated steel.

Wear tests were carried out to maximum

contact pressure (Pmax) of 150 MPa and 400

MPa, during for 6 h, frequency of 1 Hz, sliding

velocity of 0.02 ms-1 and 10 mm sliding stroke.

These contact pressures were defined in order to

simulate real conditions where equipment for oil

or gas can be subjected. The tests were carried

out at room temperature of 18-23 °C in dry

condition with relative humidity approximately

88


ISSN 2395-860X





of 25% RH; and in wet condition with the

solution of 3.5% NaCl and pH: 6.5.

Results and discussion

Coating characterization

The roughness of the H-DLC, Si-DLC and the

carbon steel substrate were 0.02 ± 0.005 µm,

0.002 ± 0.0005 µm and 0.02 ± 0.007µm,

respectively. The elastic modulus and hardness

of the H-DLC was 181.2 ± 7 and 20.4 ± 3 GPa,

respectively and for the Si-DLC 132.6 ± 9 and

14.1 ± 4 GPa, respectively. All the above

mechanical properties were in line with some

reported works (Dorner-Reisel et al., 2004;

Hadinata et al., 2013; Jellesen et al., 2009).

Coating thicknesses were 2.69 ± 0.2 and 1.59 ±

0.15 µm for the H-DLC and Si-DLC,

respectively.

The Raman technique was used to identify

the diamond and graphite materials in order to

specify the chemical structure of the DLC films.

According to some studies (Jellesen et al., 2009;

Wang et al., 2014) the spectrum of the coating

has two types of C-C bonding structure, being

diamond-like (sp3 – D band) around 1200-1450

cm-1 and graphite-like structure (sp2 – G band)

around 1500–1700 cm-1. The spectrum of H-

DLC film presented two bands, namely, the D

and G bands with peaks (Raman shifts) of 1365

cm-1 and 1549 cm-1, respectively.

Hence, the ratio of D and G peaks (ID/IG)

was 0.42. In the spectrum of the Si-DLC film it

can be seen the D and G bands with peaks of

1376 cm-1 and 1496 cm-1, respectively and with

the ratio of D and G peaks as ID/IG = 0.61. The

two of the DLC coatings under study showed the

peak of G higher than D indicating that the films

have more graphite-like as shown in Fig. 1. The

meta-stable form of the DLC film is an

amorphous carbon with crystalline phases and

fractions of sp3 and sp2 bonds. The

characteristics of the sp3 bonds are associated

with mechanical (hardness, rigidity, fracture

toughness, wear and friction), chemical and

electrochemical properties (corrosion

resistance). In addition, the sp2 controls the

electronic properties (Dorner-Reisel et al.,

2004).

Figure 1 Raman spectra before the wear test: (a) H-DLC

and (b) Si-DLC coatings

Surface topography was analysed with

AFM. The H-DLC film (Fig. 2a) illustrates a

surface with a roughness containing large and

small grains and also compact and

homogeneous. It was observed a distribution of

grains with the maximum roughness of 63.7 nm

calculated from an area of 10 x 10 μm. Although

the Si-DLC had a smoother surface than the H-

DLC, it also hold large and small grains with

compact and homogeneous characteristics. The

maximum size for these grains-like was 1.9 nm

as it is shown in Fig. 2b.

According to (H. Liu, Xu, Wang, Zhang,

& Tang, 2013), the formation of sp3 bonds

occurs when the bulk surface received the

carbon ions in higher kinetic energy, which can

be produced by increasing the pulse bias during

the deposition process of the DLC film.

Therefore, the kinetic energy of the carbon ion

tends to increase when there is a high voltage

applied on DLC film deposition process, causing

the formation of diamond-like (sp3 – D band) by

the bombardment of ion carbon on the bulk

surface. However, when there is a high value of

bulk bias, a high energy of carbon ions, applied

89


ISSN 2395-860X





by a pulse bias above 500V, promotes the

graphitization by the formation of a DLC film

with graphitic clusters spread, causing a

roughness on the surface of the DLC coating.

This explains the results obtained in this work,

i.e. since the DLC films was deposited at 780V,

it presented high roughness (observations

through AFM) and high concentration of

graphite-like structures (sp2 – G band).

Figure 2 AFM images of the as deposited coatings: (a) H-

DLC film and (b) Si-DLC

The SEM was utilised to measure the

thickness of the adhesion layers of Cr/WC for

the H-DLC and Cr/WSi for the Si-DLC. Figs. 3

and 4 depict SEM images and GDOES

spectrums of the DLC coating cross sections. It

can also be seen that adhesion of the coating and

the bulk are acceptable since the structures are

without visible defects and the interface with the

carbon steel appears to be of high quality.

The H-DLC film presented a surface layer

composed of iron (carbon steel), the adhesion

layers of Cr (2,2 μm) and W (1,4 μm); and a final

layer of H-DLC (2.7 μm). It is stated in the

literature (Wänstrand, Larsson, & Hedenqvist,

1999) that the interlayer WC and H forms a non-

stoichiometric hydrogenated tungsten carbide

WC:H, also known as W-C:H or as W-DLC. The

Si-DLC is composed by the adhesion layers of

Cr (2.25 μm), W (2.25 μm) and a final layer of

Si-DLC (3.75 μm).

Figure 3 SEM images: cross section of the H-DLC film

and linear EDS scan

Figure 4 SEM images: cross section of the Si-DLC film

and linear EDS scan

Mechanical behaviour

The results of DLC films related to the variation

of CoF in dry and wet conditions are shown in

Fig. 5. The H-DLC coating exhibited lower

levels of CoF than the Si-DLC coating for both

of the contact pressures after completion of the

sliding.

Figure 5. Coefficient of friction curves for (a) WC-DLC

and (b) Si-DLC coatings under dry and wet conditions

The Si-DLC exhibited insufficient

adherence, detachment of the coating occurred

90


ISSN 2395-860X





along the worn track after sliding under both dry

and wet conditions at the lower contact pressure.

Unlike the Si-DLC, a better adhesive strength

was observed on the H-DLC, i.e. its surface did

not undergo adhesive failure after the wear test

under wet conditions and at the lower contact

pressures.

In (X. Liu, Wang, Pu, & Xue, 2012) it is

reported that some lubricants are used to

diminish the wear and friction on the DLC film,

such as ionic liquids, which enables the

reduction in friction and increase the load

carrying capacity. Therefore, it is possible to

infer that NaCl solution can also reduce the

friction. Furthermore, this solution is rather

aggressive and capable to attack the metal

substrate at the localised defects in the coating,

however, the H-DLC coating proved reasonable

adhesion against the development of corrosion

between the film and substrate even after the

wear test and anodic polarization (note that

corrosión results are not presented in this paper).

It appears the H-DLC coating to be a good

candidate to have application in oil and gas

equipment.

The marginal difference between these

results in dry and wet conditions is associated to

the solution. The H-DLC coating undergoes a

reduction in friction under wet conditions.

According to (Hadinata et al., 2013) such

reduction is linked to the roughness and hardness

of the H-DLC coating. The contact pressure is

mostly concentrated at the top of the material

crests when the sliding commences, and this

small contact area induces higher shear stress. In

this regard, it has been reported (Hadinata et al.,

2013) wear tracks of 3700 times larger on bare

materials than on coated materials.

In addition, the variation of CoF with

sliding distance with respect to loading in H-

DLC tested under both conditions, clearly shows

a decrease in the steady state values of CoF when

the contact pressure is augmented. In general,

this reduction occurs when the contact pressure

of some carbon layers of the H-DLC film are

transferred to the ball creating a lubricious

graphite-like or amorphised transfer layer at the

interface of coating and counterpart. This is the

well-known graphitization process that develops

on the H-DLC surface. These results are also in

agreement with (Hadinata et al., 2013) where the

lowness in the CoF of the H-DLC is attributed to

the high coating hardness. It was also put

forward in (Samyn, Schoukens, Quintelier, & De

Baets, 2006) that the CoF of the DLC in 3%

NaCl was µ = 0.11 after 1000 cycles owing to

the sand particles in the solution, which

promoted the erosion of the DLC film.

SEM and EDS observations of the wear

scars on the silicon nitride balls after sliding on

the H-DLC coating with contact pressure of 400

MPa were also studied (Fig. 6). The occurrence

of a carbon transfer almost covered the whole

worn surface. The EDS detected some Nano-

particles of graphite on the wear scar of the ball.

Furthermore, the wear track of the coating

evinced some Nano-particles of graphite in the

DLC structure, caused by the graphitization

process associated with the tension imposed by

the rubbing. Therefore, the graphitised layer

formed between the H-DLC film and the ball

promoted the formation of low shear strength

and consequently, a low wear rate of the H-DLC

film (Zhou, Li, Bello, Lee, & Lee, 2005).

91


ISSN 2395-860X





Figure 6 Wear scar of the counterparts (Si3N4) at contact

pressure of 150 MPa. (a) H-DLC dry condition, (b) H-

DLC wet condition, (c) Si-DLC dry condition and (d) Si-

DLC wet condition.

It is evident from optical white light

interferometry that wear tracks for both

conditions inscribed in 150 MPa are

considerably less wide compared to those

recorded in 400 MPa as depicted in Fig. 7-8. In

both conditions and for the two contact pressures

there is a mass loss of the DLC surfaces, but is

rather less for the contact pressures of 150 MPa.

A comparison between the wear rates of the

coatings tested at different conditions and

contact pressures is shown in Table 1. As

mentioned, dry condition (high friction) with

higher contact pressures was the most severe

test.

As expected, the Si-DLC showed the

widest worn tracks and highest wear rates due to

its adhesive failures.

This result could be likely attributed to the

resistance to wear in terms of the hardness and

stiffness of the coatings. As previously

determined, the hardness and elastic modulus of

the Si-DLC coating were 30% and 26 %

respectively; noticeably inferior to the H-DLC

coating.

In this study, two types of DLCs have been

investigated and it is clear that H-DLC shows

consistently lower wear compared to the Si-DLC

as shown in the SEM micrographs and chemical

profiles (GDOES). However, in spite of

knowing that higher stresses in the contact

promoted graphitisation of the H-DLC,

particularly under dry condition, it should be

noted that the carbon transfer weakens the

coating structure and above some critical point

when coating cannot withstand higher loads and

failures arose from the detachment of the coating

by interfacial fractures with the consequent

increase of wear. This is also in agreement with

the substantial variations of the CoF depicted in

Fig. 5. Conversely, in the H-DLC under wet

conditions it appears to be that graphitisation

promoted by the impinged stresses in the contact

is not completely suppressed since the carbon

contents remain. Analogously, it is also in

agreement with behaviour of the CoF, where it

can be seen that the variations of the CoF are

scarce (Fig. 5).

As for the Si-DLC coating, the insufficient

adherence for the overall assessment ruled out

the corresponding surface analysis. SEM and

chemical contents through the EDS and GDOES

provide enough evidence of the delamination

failures.

92


ISSN 2395-860X





Figure 7 Dry condition and contact pressure of 150 MPa.

(a) H-DLC and (b) Si-DLC.

Figure 8 Dry condition and contact pressure of 400 MPa.

(a) H-DLC and (b) Si-DLC.

Table 1 Wear rates for different environments and contact

pressures

In Fig. 9, both conditions of the two

different loads a reduction in the surface

roughness was identified, although, as expected

in minor level for the lowest load. Again, no

measurable features are given for the Si-DLC

coating because of the delamination failures

throughout the tests.

(a) Dry and (b) wet conditions at contact pressure of 150

MPa.

(a) Dry and (b) wet conditions at contact pressure of 400

MPa.

Figure 9 AFM of the H-DLC coating at different loads

and under (a) dry and (b) wet conditions.

Coating

Contact

Pressure

(Mpa)

Test

condition

Wear rate

(mm3/Nm)

Dry 55,68

Wet 4,60

Dry 58,32

Wet 55,41

Dry 1299,83

Wet 1718,47

Dry 10258,68

Wet 32907,24

H-DLC

150

400

Si-DLC

150

400

93


ISSN 2395-860X





As illustrated in the Fig. 2, the roughness

values of the H-DLC before wear test exhibited

a compact and homogeneous distribution of

small grains with a maximum crest of 67.3 nm.

After wearing of the H-DLC surfaces, a

reduction of roughness was generally observed

(Fig. 9). This indicates that when the contact

pressure increased, the plastic deformation of the

surface asperities increased too. The samples

under dry environment at 400 MPa were the

worst condition due to film delamination and

total roughness reduction. In that case, the tips of

asperities were practically polished by the

loaded ball resulting a very smooth surface.

A closer examination of Fig. 9 (400MPa,

dry and wet), an incidence of micro-holes on the

direction of sliding was formed, which had a

depth of 10 nm and a diameter of approximately

1 μm. According to (Zhou et al., 2005) it is a

demonstration of the development of fatigue on

the H-DLC surface originated by high loading in

the wear performance.

The Si-DLC had the biggest wear track

and wear rate than H-DLC because this coating

presented total delamination. Analyzing the

Nano indentation results, the hardness of the H-

DLC was 20,4GPa and the Si-DLC was 14,1

GPa. Thus, it probably occurred because the Si-

DLC presented lower hardness than the H-DLC,

promoting less resistance to wear. In addition,

the quantities of sp3 bondings and hydrogen are

central to improve the hardness and wear

properties.

This is an important information because it

was shown that H-DLC film (higher hardness)

had an excellent adhesion and wear resistance on

the carbon steel.

Conclusions

The Silicon DLC presented total delamination in

both contact pressure (150 and 400 MPa),

showing that this DLC film does not have good

performance in relation to tribology test.

The SEM analyses showed that the

incidence of coating damage by the wear test

with H- DLC occurred with contact pressure of

400 MPa (dry and wet condition) and 150 MPA

(dry condition) but not for 150 MPa (wet

condition). Therefore, the wear tests with load of

150 MPa (wet condition) showed that the H-

DLC film presented excellent adhesion.

The H-DLC coating could improve the oil

carriage by reducing friction, wear and corrosion

inside the equipment. The H-DLC provides a

good improvement on the integrity against

corrosion in carbon steel, because it had good

results in relation to wear tests. In addition, the

results showed that the resistance of the film,

applied over carbon steel, had excellent

performance in situations where the equipment

is subjected to conditions of wear and corrosion

acting together in saline environments.

References

Bahadori, A. (2015). Chapter 6 - Engineering

Guidelines for Protective Coatings in Buried and

Submerged Steel Structures. In A. Bahadori

(Ed.), Essentials of Coating, Painting, and

Lining for the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical

Industries (pp. 411-439). Boston: Gulf

Professional Publishing.

Costa, R. P. C., Marciano, F. R., Lima-Oliveira,

D. A., Corat, E. J., & Trava-Airoldi, V. J. (2011).

Tribological effect of iron oxide residual on the

DLC film surface under seawater and saline

solutions. Surface Science, 605(7–8), 783-787.

Choi, J., Nakao, S., Kim, J., Ikeyama, M., &

Kato, T. (2007). Corrosion protection of DLC

94


ISSN 2395-860X





coatings on magnesium alloy. Diamond and

Related Materials, 16(4–7), 1361-1364.

Dorner-Reisel, A., Schürer, C., Irmer, G., &

Müller, E. (2004). Electrochemical corrosion

behaviour of uncoated and DLC coated medical

grade Co28Cr6Mo. Surface and Coatings

Technology, 177–178, 830-837.

Hadinata, S.-S., Lee, M.-T., Pan, S.-J., Tsai, W.-

T., Tai, C.-Y., & Shih, C.-F. (2013).

Electrochemical performances of diamond-like

carbon coatings on carbon steel, stainless steel,

and brass. Thin Solid Films, 529, 412-416.

Hu, X., Barker, R., Neville, A., & Gnanavelu, A.

(2011). Case study on erosion–corrosion

degradation of pipework located on an offshore

oil and gas facility. Wear, 271(9–10), 1295-

1301.

Jellesen, M. S., Christiansen, T. L., Hilbert, L.

R., & Møller, P. (2009). Erosion–corrosion and

corrosion properties of DLC coated low

temperature gas-nitrided austenitic stainless

steel. Wear, 267(9–10), 1709-1714.

Jenkins, A. E., Mok, W. Y., Gamble, C. G., &

Dicken, G. E. (2004). Development of green

corrosion inhibitors for preventing under

deposit and weld corrosion. Paper presented at

the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield

Corrosion, Aberdeen, U.K.

Liu, H., Xu, Q., Wang, C., Zhang, X., & Tang,

B. (2013). Investigating the microstructure and

mechanical behaviors of DLC films on

AISI52100 bearing steel surface fabricated by

plasma immersion ion implantation and

deposition. Surface and Coatings Technology,

228, Supplement 1, S159-S163.

Liu, X., Wang, L., Pu, J., & Xue, Q. (2012).

Surface composition variation and high-vacuum

performance of DLC/ILs solid–liquid

lubricating coatings: Influence of space

irradiation. Applied Surface Science, 258(20),

8289-8297.

Lusk, D., Gore, M., Boardman, W., Casserly, T.,

Boinapally, K., Oppus, M., . . . Lapp, S. (2008).

Thick DLC films deposited by PECVD on the

internal surface of cylindrical substrates.

Diamond and Related Materials, 17(7–10),

1613-1621.

Manhabosco, T. M., Barboza, A. P. M., Batista,

R. J. C., Neves, B. R. A., & Müller, I. L. (2013).

Corrosion, wear and wear–corrosion behavior of

graphite-like a-C:H films deposited on bare and

nitrided titanium alloy. Diamond and Related

Materials, 31, 58-64.

Nam, N. D., Lee, S. H., Kim, J. G., Yi, J. W., &

Lee, K. R. (2009). Effect of stress on the

passivation of Si-DLC coating as stent materials

in simulated body environment. Diamond and

Related Materials, 18(9), 1145-1151.

Samyn, P., Schoukens, G., Quintelier, J., & De

Baets, P. (2006). Friction, wear and material

transfer of sintered polyimides sliding against

various steel and diamond-like carbon coated

surfaces. Tribology International, 39(6), 575-

589.

Sharma, R., Barhai, P. K., & Kumari, N. (2008).

Corrosion resistant behaviour of DLC films.

Thin Solid Films, 516(16), 5397-5403.

Vetter, J. (2014). 60 years of DLC coatings:

Historical highlights and technical review of

cathodic arc processes to synthesize various

DLC types, and their evolution for industrial

applications. Surface and Coatings Technology,

257, 213-240.

Wang, Z. M., Zhang, J., Han, X., Li, Q. F.,

Wang, Z. L., & Wei, R. (2014). Corrosion and

salt scale resistance of multilayered diamond-

95


ISSN 2395-860X





like carbon film in CO2 saturated solutions.

Corrosion Science, 86, 261-267.

Wänstrand, O., Larsson, M., & Hedenqvist, P.

(1999). Mechanical and tribological evaluation

of PVD WC/C coatings. Surface and Coatings

Technology, 111(2–3), 247-254.

Zhou, Z. F., Li, K. Y., Bello, I., Lee, C. S., &

Lee, S. T. (2005). Study of tribological

performance of ECR–CVD diamond-like carbon

coatings on steel substrates: Part 2. The analysis

of wear mechanism. Wear, 258(10), 1589-1599.

.

96

Article Technology Sciences



LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto*†`

Universidad Tecnológica de León. Blvd. Universidad Tecnológica #225 Col. San Carlos CP. 37670. León, Gto. Mex.


___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Modbus protocol over serial line is used, despite being considered "legacy", for most companies

producing SCADA systems.

Due to the fact of an incipient phase on Modbus developing solutions for the MSP430G

microcontroller family from Texas Instruments, this paper outlines the process of implementation for the

MSP340G2553 in compliance with the Modbus Organization specification; having as objectives the

reasoned justification for use of such microcontroller and implementation of the Modbus functions 03

and 06 therein.

A brief but no detail-lacking description of Modbus protocol has been included that can help one

easily understand how the protocol Modbus over serial line works.

Pieces of code in C language are reflected in this document that can be used as a starting point for

creating a library for Modbus unprecedented Energia framework support or porting of Modbus Arduino

library to the framework mentioned before.

At the end of this document it is concluded that the MSP340G2553 is a plausible option to compete

with the ATmega328P to produce small, low-cost and ultra low power prototypes for use in SCADA

systems.

Modbus, networks, low cost, microcontrollers

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal

Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:236-246

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________



©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

97





LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power

microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

This work comes as the forced continuation of a

project begun in 2010 that aims the free

development of SCADA systems. This project

explores the proposal of Daneels and Salter from

CERN to find development alternatives that can

be implemented independently and parallel to

the commercial proposals that hold the market in

few hands and tend to be, for obvious reasons,

extremely expensive to be considered by small

business and home as options for control

monitoring and data acquisition of intelligent

facilities, which is called Domotics.

The Modbus communication protocol was

developed in 1979 by the company Modicon to

allow communication between electronic

devices such as PLCs used in automation

systems. The Modbus organization has defined a

standard placed at the application layer of the

OSI model to provide client/server architecture

for communications between devices on

different buses or networks. The Modbus

standard also provides communication between

devices via a protocol located in layers one and

two of the OSI model using a serial line

communication. This definition of serial line

protocol is considered by the Modbus

organization as legacy; however, despite its time

having appeared on stage of control industry,

this legacy specification is still widely used and

most, if not all, of the OPC servers for SCADA

and control devices continue supporting this

variant of the protocol. The idea behind the use

of a serial line in this document is the fact that

microcontrollers, including ultra-low power

consumption ones as the G series of popular

Texas Instruments MSP430, can use the serial

protocol to produce a network of

microcontrollers with which to share data

between similar devices, using a master device

as coordinator with the Modbus protocol serial

line built in it.

A network of microcontrollers is itself an

idea that can be applied in various scenarios and

control stages of a plant; but for this particular

case, the protocol implementation is intended to

provide the means for slave microcontrollers in

the network to be polled and produce data that

can be used in SCADA systems of free

development.

It is important to point out that while

industrial high performance and cost devices

implement the Modbus protocol as part of their

basic features, it is very difficult to find

implementations of this protocol for the

inexpensive and ultra-low power MSP430 G

series microcontrollers from Texas Instruments.

The challenge is that the memory amounts,

master clock frequency and restrictions imposed

by free usage development environments, limit

the size of programs that can be loaded on these

devices and others produced by other

companies. You can find implementations for

PICs but these seem to suffer from the same

limitations, with the addition of requiring

external circuitry to complete additional

features; not only for the implementation of the

Modbus stack itself, but for the Modbus registers

tables that require an external flash memory to

be placed in, such as the Microchip PIC Modbus

RTU 16F87X Projects developed by modbus.pl

on its website "Modbus in embedded systems",

for instance.

Use of, in this case, MSP430G2553

microcontroller means a plausible choice for the

job given the good reputation of the product and

its increasing use among developers of control

systems, supported largely by the introduction

by Texas Instruments of the MSP-EXP430G2

Launchpad and support for the Energia

framework, to compete against the Arduino

evaluation board and the Arduino Wiring.

98







Modbus overview

The Modbus protocol over serial line is a

master/slave protocol that is positioned at layer

two of the OSI model, the data link layer; and is

based on EIA/TIA-485 and EIA/TIA-232

physical layer standards.

It is a master/slave protocol consisting of

two nodes, one for the master issuing specific

commands for which receives response from one

or more slaves that are on the opposite node;

slaves do not transmit any data if they are not

required to do so by the master and do not

communicate with other slaves.

The version 1.02 of the Implementation

Guide indicates that communication can be

established from one master to many slaves if

they are interconnected using the 2-wire

EIA/TIA-485 standard, although it is also

possible to use 3-wire EIA/TIA-232 as long as

device communications are point to point.

Data link layer

In connections made from one master to multiple

slaves, only one master is connected to the serial

bus in which one or more slave devices, as many

as 247, are also connected.

Transactions between devices are

performed according to the following rules:

- The communication is always initiated by the

master.

- Under no circumstances a slave would send

data without a master node request.

- The slaves must not communicate with each

other.

- The master takes only one transaction at a

time.

According to the way the messages are

sent and response is generated, messages are

classified as:

- Unicast, which is the request made by the

master to a single slave device. The

requested functions are read or write, these

are directed to a device that has a unique

identifier on the network, an address that can

be a number between 1 and 247. Then the

slave device issues a response which acts as

notification that the message has been

received, but not necessarily report the

success of the operation requested.

- Broadcast is a request that the master makes

to all devices on the network using the

address 0; it is a write request that must be

accepted by all slaves in the network, but

slaves should not issue response to such

request. It is obvious that no slave on the

network can take address 0.

The Modbus frame

For serial line a standard Protocol Data Unit

(PDU) is defined and consists of four fields that

are shown below:

Bit transmission

For RTU mode, each bit has to be

transmitted in ascending order starting with the

LSB and ending with the MSB. A Byte

transmitted must be preceded by a start bit,

followed by one parity bit and one stop bit. To

meet the standard, even parity should be used;

but support for odd parity and no parity is

required for compatibility. If parity is not used,

then an extra stop bit should be sent to

compensate the missing parity bit.

99







Each frame in RTU mode must be sent

separately, 3.5 characters at least, from

following. If the device detects a silence of more

than 3.5 characters, it must consider that frame

is complete and message must be processed.

Similarly, bits should not have a gap

therebetween bigger than 1.5 characters over

frames to be considered as correct. If a silence

between bits received is more than 1.5 characters

big, the frame should be dismissed as

incomplete.

Functions

24 funtions are defined for the Modbus protocol:

- 01 Read Coil Status

- 02 Read Input Status

- 03 Read Holding Registers

- 04 Read Input Registers

- 05 Force Single Coil

- 06 Preset Single Register

- 07 Read Exception Status

- 11 (0B Hex) Fetch Comm Event Ctr

- 12 (0C Hex) Fetch Comm Event Log

- 15 (0F Hex) Force Multiple Coils

- 16 (10 Hex) Preset Multiple Regs

- 17 (11 Hex) Report Slave ID

- 20 (14Hex) Read General Reference

- 21 (15Hex) Write General Reference

- 22 (16Hex) Mask Write 4X Register

- 23 (17Hex) Read/Write 4X Registers

- 24 (18Hex) Read FIFO Queue

Holding Registers table

The Modbus data addresses are referenced to

zero, the Holding Registers table has an offset of

40001 points; so register 40001 is addressed as

0000 in the data address field in a Modbus

message. The registers in this table are 16 bits

long; and transmitted they decompose into upper

byte, Hi, and bottom byte, Lo.

Function 03

Read Holding Registers function is defined as a

request for 8 bytes as follows:

Slave Address

Function

Starting Address Hi

Starting Address Lo

No. of Points Hi

No. of Points Lo

Error Check (LRC or CRC)

The response is a frame which length depends on

N points requested by the master:

Slave Address

Function

Byte Count

Data1 Hi

Data1 Lo

…

DataN Hi

DataN Lo


Función 06

The Preset Single Register function is a request

for 8 bytes which is structured as follows:

Slave Address

Function

Address Hi

Address Lo

Preset data Hi

Preset data Lo


The response is an eco of the request made by

the master.

Exception response

100







One of four events is possible after a request

from the master:

- The slave processes the request correctly and

returns the normal response.

- The slave does not receive the request and

remains unresponsive.

- The slave receives the request, but detects a

communication error and issues no response.

- The slave receives the request without a

communication error but can not process it,

so it responds reporting the error.

In a normal response, the slave sends a

message with an echo of the function in the

function field; but if there is an exception it sets

an HEX 80 flag in function field, the MSB set to

1 plus the function number and sends the

exception code in the data field. Exception codes

can be any of the following:

01 ILLEGAL FUNCTION

02 ILLEGAL DATA ADDRESS

03 ILLEGAL DATA VALUE

04 SLAVE DEVICE FAILURE

05 ACKNOWLEDGE

06 SLAVE DEVICE BUSY

Methodology

This applied research project starts from the

premise that the microcontroller MSP430G2553

is a viable option, given its performance and

cost, to be used as data acquisition and

monitoring device of a plant already having a

control system; which is better compared to

other, commercial and open source, with higher

costs and higher power consumption options.

Based on the above, the objectives are:

1. Justify the use of MSP430G2553.

2. Implement the Modbus protocol in the

microcontroller MSP430G2553 with

support for functions 03 and 06.

To justify the use of MSP430G2553 is first

proposed to identify I/O features required for a

generic microcontroller needed to be used in a

SCADA system and compare them with those

provided by the microcontroller in question to

determine their suitability.

For the second objective it is necessary to

test the feasibility of microcontroller by

implementing state machines defined in

document MODBUS over serial line

specification and Implementation Guide V1.02

issued by Modbus organization and that these

are pieces of code in C language.

The code should be small and efficient so

that they do not exceeded the performance of

MSP430G2553. It is assumed that if the code

size limitations of development environment

IAR Workbench which TI distributes toll free

are not exceeded, then the above about code size

is met. The boundary of the kickstart version is

32KB of code. Code efficiency is evaluated

using commercial Modbus RTU/master

applications; so if these get incomplete frames,

CRC errors or discarded frames due to

exceeding timeout, the objective will not be met.

The reason for the code to be written in C

is that the resulting code can be ported to other

platforms.

Results

Justification for the use of MSP430G2553

101







The MSP430G2553 is a 16-bit, ultra-low power

consumption and low cost microcontroller that

has an UART serial communication unit, 0.5 KB

of SRAM, 16 KB of flash memory, 2 I/O ports:

8-bit P1 and 6-bit P2, two 16-bit timers, 10-bit

8-channel ADC, 8 comparators, temperature

sensor and 2 PWM channels, all for a cost about

90 US cents. Regarding to energy consumption

it consumes 230μA in active mode with a

frequency of 1 MHz for master clock, in standby

mode reaches .5μA and in shutdown mode with

RAM retention, .1μA.

In contrast, Amtel’s ATmega328P is an 8-

bit high performance and low power

consumption microcontroller that has a USART

unit, 2K SRAM, 32KB of flash memory, 23

programmable I/O lines, 2 timers 8 bits each and

one 16-bit more, 10-bit ADC and 6-channel

PWM. Its power consumption in active mode is

0.2μA at a frequency of 1MHz, 0.1 μA in low

power mode and 0.75 μ A in power saving mode.

It seems that variation in the price of the two

microcontrollers is basically a confirmation of

Lipasti and Shen (2006) saying that the price of

a chip depends heavily on the amount of memory

that is built with; as comparing the specifications

of both, the most notable difference that can be

seen is that the microcontroller Amtel has a

greater number of both flash and SRAM

memory. Now, compared to ATMEGA328P the

one used by Arduino UNO, the MSP430G2553

is US $1 cheaper, which may seem insignificant,

but when comparing evaluation boards for one

and another microcontroller, then the difference

in price becomes quite evident as the Arduino

UNO is $23 more expensive on average than the

Launchpad MSP-EXP430G2.

These prices were budgeted directly on the

websites of manufacturers.

Recently, efforts to incorporate the

Modbus protocol into the Arduino wiring have

resulted in the launch of the V2rev2 libraries for

masterRTU and slaveRTU V10, however the

process to port code for the Energia framework

has not advanced and coordination of work to

achieve it is still in incipient stages.

Hence, it becomes necessary the protocol

to be available for both largest low power

industry platforms and this paper presents some

proposals that can guide either to port Arduino

wiring libraries to Energia, or the generation of

new Energia native libraries to implement the

protocol in the MSP340G family processors.

Implementing Modbus protocol in

MSP430G2553

Let serial communication be the starting of this

work. In this regard; along with the release of

Launchpad MSP-EXP430G2 by Texas

Instruments, a package of code illustrations

called MSP430G2xx1 Code Examples was also

released. There is an example called

msp430g2xx1_ta_uart9600.c Timer_A, Ultra-

Low Pwr Full-duplex UART 9600, 32 kHz ACLK

provided as a reference to the "…proper use of

[timer_A CCR0] output modes and SCCI data

latch “. The code was developed by D.Dang and

although the name suggests the use of an

external 32 KHz clock, the truth is that it makes

use of the internal DCO clock set to a frequency

of 1MHz. This code was implemented by

placing it in the physical layer of the OSI model

for a serial communication of 8 data bits, one

start bit, one stop bit and no parity. Programming

this layer as event handling oriented, an event for

reception and other for transmission were

developed.

The microcontroller is always in the low

power mode LPM0 and exits when receiving bits

on UART_RXD pin. After reception of a byte,

which is stored in a buffer, the microcontroller

returns to LPM0 mode.

102







Having the serial communication layer, a

library was programmed for the modeled data

link layer state machine by Modbus.org (2006).

Frame validation

To validate the master request the following C

functions are implemented:

void validarPoll() {if(rxByteCount>7)

{if(modbusReadBuffer[0]==ID)

{char CRC[2];

GetCRC(modbusReadBuffer, 8, CRC);

if (CRC[0] == modbusReadBuffer[8 - 2] &&

CRC[1] == modbusReadBuffer[8 - 1])

responder=YES;}}}

Where rxByteCount is a counter for a

Modbus read buffer, modbusReadBuffer is

the 64-bit read buffer and respond is a flag

indicating successful validation of a message;

the three are global variables.

In the above function a CRC check is done,

this routine is the adaptation of one published by

the user Distancity in the

http://www.codeproject.com/ code blog,

originally coded in C #. The advantage of this

feature compared to that published by

Modbus.org is that it does not use large

predefined tables that could increase code size.

void GetCRC(char *message, char

message_len, char *CRC) {int CRCFull = 0xFFFF;

int CRCLSB;

for (int i = 0; i < (message_len) - 2; i++)

{CRCFull = CRCFull ^ message[i];

for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)

{CRCLSB = CRCFull & 0x0001;

CRCFull = (CRCFull >> 1) & 0x7FFF;

if (CRCLSB == 1)

CRCFull = CRCFull ^ 0xA001;}}

CRC[1] = (CRCFull >> 8) & 0xFF;

CRC[0] = CRCFull & 0xFF;}

Action processing

Whether for read or write requests, pointers

tables of P1 and P2 records of the MSP430 ports

were generated.

This is the writing table when ports are set

as output:

unsigned char volatile

*holdingRegWritable[]= {&P1OUT

&P2OUT};

And this is the reading table when the ports

are set as inputs:

unsigned char const volatile

*holdingRegReadable[]= {&P1IN,

&P2IN,

&P1DIR,

&P2DIR};

While P1DIR and P2DIR are writable, it is

not advisable to change the ports I/O by this

method since for a SCADA system, the goal is

not to control but control monitoring. Altering

I/O of a control system on the fly can be risky

when the system response must be very fast; a

SCADA system is not intended to do so.

Building responses

Response building involves generating CRC

values that are put in the last two fields of the

Modbus frame.

If the answer is processed without errors,

then either an echo of the request is returned or a

response in which the data requested in the

corresponding field of the message being sent is

built, but if there are errors when processing the

message it is necessary to raise an error flag in

103







the function field, this being adding an HEX 80

to the function and reporting the exception code

(comments are interspersed in the style of the C

language, with a larger print).

void modbusBuildResponse(char responseLength,

char error)

{

char CRC[2];

char

*modbusSlaveResponse=malloc(responseLength);

/ * Dynamic creation of the response buffer, the

answer is always an echo of the first 2 bytes

unless an error is reported. */

modbusSlaveResponse[0]=modbusReadBuffer[0];

if (!error)

modbusSlaveResponse[1]=modbusReadBuffer[1];

else

{

modbusSlaveResponse[1]=modbusReadBuffer[1]|0x80;

/ * Notify error to master, if any sends the

exception code * /

modbusSlaveResponse[2]=error;}

/ *Bulding of response for the supported

functions. modbusReadBuffer[5] is the number

of requested records, modbusReadBuffer[3]

contains the requested start register. The

response frame is always built putting zeros in

the upper Modbus register and data port on the

bottom of the Modbus register * /

switch (modbusReadBuffer[1])

{

case 3:

modbusSlaveResponse[2]=modbusReadBuffer[5]*2;

for (int i=0;i<modbusReadBuffer[5];i++)

{

modbusSlaveResponse[3+(i*2)]=0;

if (modbusReadBuffer[3]<128)

modbusSlaveResponse[4+(i*2)]=*holdingRegWritable

[modbusReadBuffer[3]+i];

else

modbusSlaveResponse[4+(i*2)]=*holdingRegReadable

[modbusReadBuffer[3]+i-128];}

break;

case 6:

*holdingRegWritable[modbusReadBuffer[3]]=modbusR

eadBuffer[5];

for (int i=2;i<6;i++)

modbusSlaveResponse[i]=modbusReadBuffer[i];

break;}

/*End of the frame*/

GetCRC(modbusSlaveResponse, responseLength,

CRC);

modbusSlaveResponse[responseLength-2]=CRC[0];

modbusSlaveResponse[responseLength-1]=CRC[1];

/ * The frame is transmitted using the serial

communication layer and the dynamic array is

freed * /

for (char i=0; i<responseLength; i++)

TimerA_UART_tx(modbusSlaveResponse[i]);

free(modbusSlaveResponse);}

Reception timeout

Managing timeout is done with a DataReceived

type event manager. For this the second timerA

of MSP430G2553 and a 64-bit size read buffer

(such as that used in the Arduino wiring) was

used.

void modbusMasterPoll() {

//char CRC[2];

start_TimerA1_ReadTimeout();

modbusReadBuffer[rxByteCount]=rxBuffer;

/ * Is rxByteCount counter that determines the

size of the message received but also functions

as a witness when the buffer overflows * /

if(rxByteCount<BUFFER_SIZE)

rxByteCount++;

validarPoll();}

The timer is started each time a bit is heard

by the UART_RXD pin, provided with counter

initialized to zero, count up and interrupts

enabled; timeout is set to 3.5 characters, which

is the maximum gap between frames.

void start_TimerA1_ReadTimeout()

{

TA1CCR0 = 3.5*1000000/9600;

TA1CCTL0 = CCIE;

TA1CTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_1 + TACLR;}

The readings time are monitored on a

different interrupt vector from the one of serial

communication layer and the buffer is forced to

be filled up to the buffer size or till no more bytes

are received in an infinite loop, reseting

rxByteCount only when timeout occurs. The

timeout timer stops at the service routine for the

corresponding interrupt vector.

104







#pragma vector=TIMER1_A0_VECTOR

__interrupt void readTimeOut (void){

TA1CTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_0;

rxByteCount=0;}

As Modbus specification determines that

the silences between frames should not be larger

than 3.5 characters, the timeout throw an

exception that would be the condition to exit the

endless cycle of reception, processing the

request and respond with a valid message of

success or, failing that, of error.

Code size

The size of the resulting code to implement

functions 03 and 06 on compliance with the

Modbus standard was 18.8KB, leaving a margin

of 13.2KB to implement more features,

especially seeking to implement function 16.

Tests with commercial Modbus masters

It is hard to find commercial versions of RTU

masters without having to spend large amounts

of money, but resorted to limited trial or number

of queries versions that left see that the prototype

made with MSP430G2553 is able to interact in

industrial areas that are implemented using

commercial generic solutions, including

National Instruments’ LabView.

One of these masters used is Simply

Modbus Master 6.4.1 encoded in LabView, with

which requests for functions 03, 06 and 16 were

performed, obtaining successful responses to the

first 2 and a valid exception response for the last.

The sequence of images seen below depict

the original state of the output ports P1 and P2

by a function 03 request; values are 0,0,

respectively. It then writes a 255 in the P1 port

using function 06 and re-checks the status of the

outputs of the ports, returning a value of 190; this

because that the prototype does not process

writes to P1.1 and P1.2 due to their use for serial

communication, neither writes to P1.0 and P16

because they are used as indicators of the state

machine. The latter is an exception response by

the application since function 16 is not

implemented.

105







Conclusions

In this research were presented arguments to

favor the development of solutions for the

Modbus protocol using the MSP430G

microcontroller, lack of development for the

evaluation board Launchpad MSP-EXP430G2

represents a niche opportunity that should be

explored as growth in popularity of device so

demands.

The contribution made here can definitely

serve to port code from the Arduino wiring to

Energia framework, to help understand and

implement pursuing existing proposal of

Arduino, or to include new Energia libraries.

The results indicate that the

MSP430G2553 is an option to consider seriously

given the conditions of reduced cost and

performance, virtually identical to that used in

the Arduino UNO board.

Management of serial communication

mode used in the prototype as events, represents

an advantage over traditional sequential Arduino

approach on serial communication, by reducing

the power consumption of the slave devices;

these can be used battery powered and thought

as energy independent for a long time.

It should be clarified that the initial

motivation for this research is that, firstly

traditional Arduino libraries for serial

communication are not geared to events and

keep the microcontroller continuously in active

state without saving energy and, secondly, by

not having a Modbus library for Energia, making

the porting of the library from the wiring

Arduino was the easy way but somehow it felt it

would be easier to start from scratch. Having this

in mind, it is ignored if Modbus serial layer of

Arduino handles communication as events.

References

A. Daneels, & W.Salter. (1999). WHAT IS

SCADA? International Conference on

Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics

Control Systems, 1999, (págs. 339-343). Trieste,

Italy.

Amtel. (2009). 8-bit Microcontroller with

4/8/16/32K Bytes In-System Programmable

Flash ATmega48PA ATmega88PA

ATmega168PA ATmega328P. Recuperado el 04

de 2015, de www.amtel.com:

http://www.atmel.com/images/doc8161.pdf

Modbus. (12 de 2006). MODBUS over serial

line specification and implementation guide

V1.02. Recuperado el 04 de 2015, de

www.modbus.org:

http://www.modbus.org/docs/Modbus_over_ser

ial_line_V1_02.pdf

Modicon, Inc. (1996). Modicon Modbus

Protocol Reference Guide PI–MBUS–300 Rev.

J. Recuperado el 04 de 2015, de

www.modbus.org:

http://www.modbus.org/docs/PI_MBUS_300.p

df

Shen, J. P., & Lipasti, M. H. (2006).

Arquitectura de computadores. Madrid:

McGraw-Hill.

Texas Instruments. (2015). MSP430G2x53,

MSP430G2x13 Mixed Signal Microcontroller.

Recuperado el 04 de 2015, de www.ti.com:

http://www.ti.com/product/msp430g2553

106

Article Social Sciences



De La RIVA, María*†, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente


___________________________________________________________________________________________________

This document shows the first approaches and results of an investigation to clarify the characteristics and

needs of the beneficiaries of the Masters program in Basic Education with a specialty in Reality, Science,

Technology and Society (MEB-RCTS) offered by the National Pedagogical University in the Mexico

City; in order to recognize whether the program meets the characteristics of the beneficiaries (primary

school teachers), promoting knowledge, practices and reflections relevant to their needs.

Knowledge of educational reality contributes curricular adjustments. The beneficiaries are

teachers-students directly MEB-RCTS, and indirectly to their students.

The research uses the diverse backgrounds of the members of the Academic Body offered by the

MEB-RCTS and the possibility of empirical work in situ within schools. Through the case study, mixed

methods and interpretive analysis will be possible to generate operating improvements in seminars,

tutorials and program committees.

Science Teaching, Teacher Education, Educative Reality ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: De La RIVA, María, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente. Reality Education and Science Teaching.

UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:247-259

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________




107




UTSOE® All rights reserved. De La RIVA, María, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente. Reality

Education and Science Teaching. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

Science, object of study and teaching.

The appreciation of science in modernity

involves a whole historical process that authors

such as Popper (1934; 1963), Lakatos (1978),

Feyerabend (1970, 1978) Bunge (1960, 1969)

and Chalmers (1976) have discussed from the

perspective philosophical; or thinkers like

Bernal (1954), Kuhn (1962, 1970) or Koyré

(1968; 1973) exposed from a historical and

sociological perspective. Jürgen Habermas

(1968) is incorporated in this discussion

explaining how the theory of knowledge was

replaced by a theory of science, driven by

positivism, rational justifications found to be

introduced as the hegemonic form of thought in

Western culture. The purpose of Habermas in

Knowledge and interest was to rebuild the

prehistory of modern positivism. Later, with his

book The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity

(1985), the German thinker attempt to warn

about the crisis of "grand narratives" of

knowledge that Lyotard (1979) was revealing in

modernity. Thus, Habermas located to science,

from a historical perspective, as part of the

project of the Enlightenment; and this, among

other consequences; update the philosophical

debate on science, framed historically in the

transition modernity / postmodernity. In recent

form, it can be seen that the discussion about the

nature of science, its scope and limitated,

considered both a philosophical perspective as

well as a socio-historical approach. In this

context, talking about science is to recognize the

over-determination of multiple social, economic,

political, educational and cultural processes that

condense in the institution of science and, from

the Renaissance through the Enlightenment and

the late nineteenth century, it was emerging as a

dominant mode of representing reality (Bernal,

1957; Meixueiro and Ramirez, 2010), without

denying that prevailed and other worldviews

prevail.

Thus, the adoption of a scientific thought

in modern societies became imperative to spur

the birth, growth and maturity of nation states.

Thus in many countries consolidated or unborn

is attributed and it is spreading this worldview

that apparently meets adaptive best conditions.

The new company then required to train

their people in the new perspective of thinking

and interpreting reality. Hence the formation of

a scientific culture becomes indispensable. In

modern societies the formation of a scientific

culture is a commitment that has fallen primarily

on schools. Teachers have to take that

assignment despite the enormous difficulties and

obstacles that means starting school contents

established in educational programs in contexts

in which their opinions and criticisms are and

have been considered marginally. Most school

contents are information extracted from

scientific knowledge so we can say that science

in schools more or less systematically taught: In

restricted groups concepts, products of different

scientific disciplines are transmitted, and it will

certify formal learning through (preschool,

primary, secondary, etc.) levels and time cycles

(quarters, semesters, years, etc.). One precaution

is that after some tough battles from the

nineteenth and twentieth century the relationship

between educational content and scientific

concepts has been increasingly close; primarily

in schools science is taught. The popularization

of science is another way of promoting a

scientific culture that is done informally. While

in school a formal science learning is

encouraged, scientific instruments disclosure

raises informal learning, which bypasses

accreditation processes. Thus, the teaching of

science in school and scientific media are the

cornerstones for the formation of a scientific and

technological culture, both for students and for

civil society as a whole.

108






Public Education and Science Policy

According to the European Community (1995),

the traditional model of teaching science is not

responding to the challenges of the three

civilizational clashes that arose in the 1995

White Paper, namely the advent of the

information society, the rapid evolution of

scientific and technological civilization and

economic globalization. From the three shocks,

accelerated by the use of information and

communications technology, one of the

approaches of the Community is that in future

individuals should understand ever more

"complex situations" evolve unexpectedly

Community and warned that "the control of the

individual should be higher," thanks to advances

in science.

Based on the above, the initiatives

proposed in the White Paper were divided into

five objectives: promoting the acquisition of new

knowledge, bringing schools to the company,

combat exclusion, speak three Community

languages, and give equal importance to

investment in equipment that investment in

training. And the Community obligations arose

were: social inclusion, skills development for

employment and personal fulfillment; in order to

develop the autonomy of the individual and

professional capacity. The profiled answer was

twofold: general knowledge and the

development of employability and activity. The

first was intended to be a tool for understanding

the world outside the framework of education,

and proposed the development of the following

capabilities: grasp the meaning of things,

understanding and creativity, and judgment and

decision.

The first, ability to challenge young people

to find answers based on human values is aimed

at the formation of citizenship and a European

society open to multiculturalism and democracy.

Second, ability to analyze the way are built

and destroy things, it proposes to introduce the

teaching of history of science and technology in

school education, to strengthen the links

between research and basic education; and third,

suggests that the ability to judge and make

decisions are essential for understanding the

world, based on historical culture for the future,

but not as built built (involves the integration of

selection criteria, the memory of the past and

intuition of the future).

In line with the strategic approach of the

European Community in public policy for the

teaching of science in Mexico and in line with

the country's participation in the Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD), an articulation of the contents arises

from kindergarten to secondary education (from

age 3 to 15 years old, approximately). In this

sense, the science standards are designed to meet

the level 3 of the International Program for

Student Assessment (PISA, for its acronym in

English) (OECD, 2012):

The recommendation I remain raised in the

Agreement 592, which establishes the

articulation of basic education: The entire

curriculum should provide in their vision

towards 2021 generalize average in Mexican

society, the powers that currently shows the level

3 PISA; eliminate the gap of Mexican children

now located below the level 2 and decisively

support those who are at level 2 and above it. The

reason for this policy must be understood from

the need to promote with determination, from the

education sector, the country towards a

knowledge society (SEP, 2011, p.95).

As you can read, the government of

Mexico integrates into its public policy

(understood as government decision) in basic

education for the teaching of science, the

strategic guidelines for the European

Community above.

In that agreement also defines the

curriculum standards as part of the pedagogical

principles that underpin the curriculum of Basic

109






Education 2011 and for each of the subjects

included in the curriculum of science, defining

them as:

Descriptors achievement and define what

students will demonstrate at the end of a school

period; synthesize the expected learning that in

the curricula of primary and secondary

education, are organized by subject-degree-

block, and preschool education for training-

camp appearance. The curriculum standards are

comparable to international standards and,

together with the expected learning, are related

to national and international assessments that

serve to know the progress of students during

their transit through basic education, assuming

the complexity and progression of learning.

(SEP, 2011, p. 65).

In this sense, for the specific area of

science, the National Institute of Educational

Evaluation (INEE), in accordance with the

points made by the OECD, has issued scientific

competence defined in PISA, which proposed

standard educational work from the curriculum

programs to each of the subjects that make up the

area of knowledge in basic education.

The PISA Science Competition

Scientific literacy is a complex of elements

articulated together; ideally make an inquisitive

and skeptical, capable of appealing to reality in

an informed, systematic and reasoned person.

The training Camp III, Exploration and

understanding of the natural and social

environment of the curriculum for Basic

Education 2011, in Science Education has such

guidance, is governed by science curriculum

standards whose primary purpose is; "[...]

Achieve populations using knowledge

associated with science that provide a basic

scientific training [...]" (SEP, 2011b, p. 85).

In the classroom PISA document,

published by the National Institute for

Educational Evaluation (INEE). The definition

of scientific literacy that occurs there is:

... The ability of an individual who has

scientific knowledge and uses it to acquire new

knowledge, identify scientific issues, explain

phenomena and draw conclusions based on

evidence in order to understand and take related

to the natural world and the changes produced by

the decisions human activity. It also includes the

ability to understand the main characteristics of

science, understood as a form of human

knowledge and research; to perceive the way up

the material, intellectual and cultural

environment; as well as the willingness to

engage in thoughtful citizen issues and ideas

related to science. (INEE, 2008, p. 31)

In the above it can be seen that the

definition of scientific literacy in PISA has three

dimensions:

1. The procedural (the method)

2. The conceptual

3. The contexts and application areas.

The first dimension, the procedural refers

to tasks or activities that should be encouraged,

depending on the types of situations that students

will encounter in real life. It seeks to develop the

scientific, critical, integrative thinking and

design processes that provide evidence to create

arguments that contribute to understanding of

phenomena. It consists of three steps: Identify

topics as scientists, explaining phenomena

scientifically and using scientific evidence.

The second dimension, conceptual,

realizes the kind of knowledge that is divided

into two: First, the knowledge of science, which

is the study of their products (concepts and

theories), grouped into four systems:

1. Physical, 2. - Living, 3. From the land

and space, 4. Technology. The second,

knowledge about science, is regarding its nature

and importance as a social activity.

110






The third dimension, the contexts and

application areas, runs from the personal to the

global, it is divided into two: First, the context in

1.- Personal fragment, 2. Social 3. Global.

Second, the application areas are parceled into;

1. Health, 2. Natural Resources, 3. Environment,

4. Risk Frontiers of science and technology

(INEE, 2008, pp. 32-33).

In the competency-based approach, to

appreciate the achievement of students based on

their performance, are taken as reference

descriptors, called "levels of performance in

scientific competition," made from the potential

abilities of students. In the ensuing section, the

levels of student achievement, which winds

through six levels and three items are located, he

described the achievements on Science

Education for all Basic Education. For example,

in the case of primary education, ideally,

students should get to level three. The structure

of the item corresponds to the steps of the

procedural dimension of scientific literacy PISA

ie identifying scientific issues, explaining

phenomena scientifically and using scientific

evidence (INEE, 2008, p. 35).

In the rubric of scientific literacy PISA, the

upper levels (4-6) mention "significant levels of

abstraction" (INEE, 2008, p. 35) that are beyond

the stage of development of the child in Primary.

In contrast, the basics, the development of

causality (level 1) corresponding to Preschool.

Recognition of concepts applicable to simple

contexts (level 2), is part of the first three grades

of primary school. The ambition to homogenize

these achievements, is what is called

standardization.

Basic education in Mexico a joint to the

achievement of the purposes of the Teaching of

Science that focuses its design to the supposed

scientific competence, defined in a first

approach as:

Understand and raise initial explanations

of natural phenomena and processes and at the

same time, implement skills associated with

school science exploration and experimentation,

attitudes related to disease prevention, risk and

environmental care. (SEP, 2011, p. 99)

The dimension that is emphasized in

school work is more than procedural contexts

and proposes that the work promotes integration,

that is, display more than one discipline in the

development of a project, in line with the phase

syncretic student, who relate the issues naturally.

Therefore, the methodology is promoted in the

design and development of science projects that

encourage processes of inquiry, from questions

and hypotheses to communicate results (cfr.

Peace and Martinez, 2008).

Form to teach science

In Mexico, the National Pedagogic University

(UPN) is created as a public institution of higher

education, in order to provide, develop and

direct educational institutions above type to the

training of education professionals according to

the needs of country. In the decree of creation, it

is established that this will take place through the

ongoing relationship with the goals and

objectives of national educational planning,

through three main functions: teaching, research,

dissemination and extension. Currently, the

University has the fundamental purpose lifelong

learning, improvement and updating of

education professionals, particularly in what

concerns to Basic Education, which includes the

same pre-school, primary and secondary. At

present the national education system promotes

schools, where:

Students have to find the right for the full

development of their capabilities and potential

conditions; his reason and his artistic sensibility,

his body and mind; of value-related and social

training; its citizens and environmental

awareness. There must therefore learn to

111






exercise their freedom and their responsibility in

every way; like, to live and relate to others;

essential to feel part of their community and their

country; to care for and enrich our natural,

historical and cultural heritage; contemporary

feel and followers of those who have contributed

to the free and democratic Mexico we live (SEP,

2007, p. 10)

In this context, in 2008 initiated the

curriculum of the Master Teacher of Basic

Education; which it sees information regarding

problems arising at that level and take into

account the results of standardized tests like the

National Assessment of Academic Achievement

in Schools (LINK) which is applied annually in

all primary schools and high schools throughout

the country; and the results of PISA, displaying

those countries seeking an equitable distribution

of learning opportunities.

The Masters program in Basic Education

(MEB) intends to contribute to the training of

education professionals in its continuing need

for learning, focusing directly on the reflection

of their teaching. This objective directly

influences the solid training of students of basic

level, without implying, neglecting other aspects

that address training or authorization to perform

specific functions such as administration and

educational management, in addition to

evaluation in its various spheres, dimensions,

and the same training of trainers (UPN, 2008, p.

8; V. UPN, 2009).

Although the Reform of Basic Education

was fragmented into small reforms, one for each

level of education, all these share a common

vision, are based on competencies (cfr. Selection

and definition of core competencies for Life

(dried). These changes the educational context

produced new needs and expectations in

education and, therefore, a change in vision

training and updating of teachers with theoretical

and conceptual elements consistent with the

social, local, regional, national and international

involving focus. Thus, an education that

promotes greater learning opportunities, ie,

requires teachers with a reflexive and

transformative educational intervention is

promoted.

The design of the MEB-Reality, Science,

Technology and Society responded to the

educational reform focusing on competencies,

which proposes a way of working that is

consistent to the respective changes in the plans

and programs for preschool (2004), primary

(2009) and secondary (2006). Its essence is to

see aspects of daily life to reinterpret them from

a rational look in the same direction and the daily

work in the classroom is to resignifying from a

reflexive and transformational look at each

module. So usually the teaching work and the

articulation of the Comprehensive Reform of

Basic Education (2011) which links the three

levels of basic education, will be how to

approach everyday life from a scientific-

technological rationality (UPN, 2010, p .4).

The starting point in this curriculum is the

reality, this brings us to an epistemological

principle that tells us that it is constructed and

transformed by man, the philosophical basis,

agrees to its active form to question the reality

that develops constructivism. The latter

harmonizes with a form of collective work

where each participant gives a set of ideas,

brings his.

Group discussion that there is intended by

definition leaves out the magiscentrismo, ie the

teacher must leave the Ptolemaic model to

understand educational practice. Hence lines

with a problem-based (UPN, 2010, p.5)

approach is proposed.

From reality, with the intention not only to

meet but to transform it, or Haking (1996) to

112






represent it and participate in it say, what shore

problematize us to understand and transform.

Each new look that is achieved build on this

principle will own achievement, denial of

conceptual copy of the prescribed ideas, tells us

that we can understand our reason to reality, not

the other.

It aims instead to develop the master a

course of action in the classroom, with a modular

work focused on addressing problems of reality,

a process of conceptual change based on

knowledge from experience (and theory) that

employees during the process to resolve an issue

give us a practical knowledge, an interpellation

to reality following a process of personal

reflection and group discussion enrichment,

socio cultural event, to see education as a socio -

educational process.

Also, another fundamental conceptual

elements for this specialty is focus on the

teaching of science, now has been understood as

Science Education, an approach that aims to

make science a part of the culture of society, that

is close to the individuals, as something that

exists and is reflected in the attitude, in thinking,

in the influence it has on everyday life in the

form of rational knowledge and technology.

With these two elements, the specialty

provides the ability to understand that you can

change reality and that this is likely to be

explained by science in a technological

environment.

It is the way in which the specialty is

articulated taking reality as substrate, science as

how to explain it, to technology as the

embodiment of scientific knowledge, and

society as the environment in which individuals

interact creating a way of behaving and thinking

rationally.

Working towards the teacher in front

group is vital, therefore it takes into

consideration design aspects of the socio

historical, epistemological and educational,

articulating this in an empirical work in the

classroom that benefits your group. The pillars

of a social dynamic, work and health are seen

from its constant change wrought by technology,

integrating it into the teaching work that

becomes the focus of the proposal for each

module (UPN, 2010, pp. 4-5):

Module I: Philosophy of science and educational

psychology perspectives that have influenced

the teaching of scientific knowledge.

Module II: The impact of educational

psychology research in the curriculum of science

education in basic education.

Module III: Articulation of basic education

levels and educational intervention in teaching

science.

The specialty is centered teachers in

service, recognizing it as an adult who has an

opinion and own thought, which is responsible,

in order to reach assertiveness in their work.

Having critical thinking as one of the purposes

of these lines is a necessity that anyone who

engages in the teaching of science should

develop. The thought of this type has a

requirement that mindset needed to make a

decision, that is, critical thinking we responsible

for our opinions and thus makes us inclined to

take own positions. (UPN, 2010, p. 6)

The structuring axis of the SEM is the

constant reflection of teaching practice in order

to transform traditional teaching practices of

science and open the possibility that the new

generations of Mexicans integrate related to

scientific professions. The inclusive labor within

six postgraduate modules, where teachers

attending the three levels of basic education

enables experiences that each place in the

educational level at which works are shared.

This avoids the solo work that usually prevails in

basic education school groups.

113






The operation of the SEM-RCTS requires

data that allow us a better relationship between

the philosophy of science, educational

psychology teaching trends and how they are

specified in the curriculum design of study plans

and programs, and practices specific education.

Hence I arise the following:

Research Questions

What is the profile of our beneficiaries?

What knowledge of beneficiaries on the teaching

of natural SCIENCES in the context of the

reform?

How do the practices of the beneficiaries from

their journey by the Master?

How it is reflected in academic writings

beneficiaries their reflection on the practice of

science education?

Methodology

The authors of this document belong to a group

constituted as the Academicians UPN-CA-92,

whose line of generation and application of

knowledge are interdisciplinary studies on the

relationship between the educational reality and

scientific culture. CA profile is interdisciplinary

experience in teacher training and research

methodologies mixed.

The type of research to be developed is a

case study. The meanings of Robert Stake (1999)

and Robert Yin (1994) are those that define it

formally. The first characterizes it as a study of

the particularity and complexity of a particular

case, to get to understand their activity in

important circumstances; and second, as a

research method that allows a holistic and

significant study of an event or contemporary

phenomenon within the actual context in which

it occurs comprises all methods with the logic of

incorporation in the design of specific

approaches to data collection and analysis

thereof.

Case study of a limited context and is

regarded as an investigation during which

knowledge is acquired under study as a

theoretical framework, which in our research

would be conducted within the mixed

methodology approach interpretive, based on

ethnographic procedures, since it provides the

necessary to describe, interpret and understand

what happens in the classroom with students and

master elements. In this sense Erickson (1986, p.

199) argues that the interpretive field research

demands to be especially careful and thoughtful

to warn and describe everyday events on stage

work and identify the meaning of the actions of

these events from the various views of the actors

(V. De la Riva, 2013), in this case the teacher-

Student Local Trade of expertise and their

students. Hammersley and Atkinson (2001,

p.13) argue "that the main characteristic of

ethnography is open or covertly participation in

the daily life of the people for a period of time

watching what happens, listening to what they

say, doing questions; in fact summoning any

available data that serves to shed light on the

issue in research centers ". This response to the

above, as teachers of MEB-RCTS have the

ability to observe and analyze in detail what

happens in the training of teachers-students and

the impact it has on their daily teaching

practices.

While analyzing the content of the

documents produced by the study subjects and

the use of instruments are important to collect

data, the use of video as a resource is critical

analysis of school practice, where our

beneficiaries interact. The video gives evidence

of the type of educational mediation for the

teaching and learning of science teachers in

basic education conducted in their respective

school spaces.

Results on beneficiaries Profiles

114






On the specific objective 1, meet the needs and

characteristics of the beneficiaries, it can be said

that are teacher-students attending the MEB-

RCTS, working in schools of basic and

secondary education, preschool, elementary, of

the City of Mexico and metropolitan area. Also

beneficiaries are students, children, adolescents

and young people attending these schools. For

teachers looking for the academic and

professional development, and their students to

develop pedagogical practices that promote

better learning.

According to the Census of Schools,

Teachers and Students of Basic Education and

Special 2013, in the Federal District there are a

total of 101.444 teachers, of which 62.3% are

against group and 5.5% are managers of basic

and special education (INEGI, 2013). The

percentages reflect the number of potential

candidates to enter this graduate program.

2011 to date has had a total income of 37

teachers-students. There are four generations of

students. In the first of these five teachers

entered in the second five, the third 8, while the

fourth (that is being imparted) can have 9

participants. Two generations coursed b-

learning mode, with a total of 10 teachers. More

than half of teachers in training (Figure 1) comes

from high school campuses. Although there is a

growing interest in training in the area of science

education from preschool.

Figure 1 Educational attainment of origin of the teacher-

students (Source Gomez Rodriguez and Ruiz, 2015)

The location of schools where teachers-

students work involves marginalized urban

populations; however the specific characteristics

of children and adolescents who would benefit

from improved teaching practices, ie in their

learning, partially known. It is therefore

necessary to investigate the socioeconomic and

cultural characteristics of teachers and students

within the "zone of influence". For it is currently

developing a questionnaire from Indicators:

Diversity of family origin, socioeconomic and

cultural level of the teachers and the children and

youth they serve. Problem Type in the personal

and community health, environmental

protection, use of natural resources risk, and use

of technology, with reference to the application

areas contextosy PISA (INEE, 2008).

Results on the Champs, skills and knowledge of

beneficiaries.

Specific Objective 2 To assess the impact of the

program on knowledge of the beneficiaries. It is

known that treated in the research / thematic

intervention not only depend on the needs of

beneficiaries, but also the educational level of

initial training, sense of taste or problems

regarding a particular content. Among those

selected by the teacher-student themes it leads us

to recognize at least four areas (Figure 2).

115






Figure 2 Guidelines educational proposals of teachers-

students (Source: Gomez Rodriguez and Ruiz, 2015).

The topics are grouped as follows:

Mathematics, Químic, Physics, Health and

Environment. The facts of having a greater

number of teachers-students who work at the

high school level, results in the subjects who

want to work are rather cutting discipline. So

that 25.71% of them raise educational proposals

mainly oriented curriculum linked to improving

student health or the environment, while a

22.86% prefers develop teaching strategies for

teaching mathematical content first order, and

chemistry and physics in the background.

Among the projects that belong to this group you

can be located as follows:

- The concept of proportionality: how to make

the second graders of secondary understand

it and apply it to other areas of science.

- Why avoid frequent consumption of acidic

foods: teaching strategy for high school

students.

- The teaching of chemistry in high school,

attending learning styles model VAK;

Knowing and nature interactions with

humans by APB students from 4th grade.

Experimentation: The 14.28% are

teachers-school students considering testing as

an alternative to foster interest in science among

students, both in preschool education, as primary

and secondary. Note that in this postgraduate

reflects the experimental activity at school,

beyond looking at it as an application of a

"recipe" that the student must follow, it is a way

of providing explanations, arguments and

submissions of scientific fact, by student,

through collaborative work and group

discussion. Examples of this group are:

- Workshop: Experiencing natural sciences in

primary school.

- Experimentation in the classroom to develop

student’s argumentative competition in 6th

grade.

Digital Skills: There are three sets of

teachers, each consisting of the 8.57% of

teacher-student analyzed. A first set focuses its

educational intervention to develop general or

the scope of the disclosure of science scientific

skills. Another considers the mediation of digital

tools for addressing contents related to the

training field: exploration and understanding of

the natural and social world. Those teacher-

students identified in the third set whose main

focus is on developing collegial work or

workshops for other teachers, by which

competencies to improve their educational

practices that affect the development of content

in science work. Again, these features are found

in the three levels that make basic education.

Only a few examples:

116






- Projects classroom and instrumental

mediation of HDT to develop scientific

literacy, aimed at students from 6th grade

education.

- The development of creative competition in

the 2-year-old as a tool that promotes

scientific thinking.

Art, motivation and leadership: Finally,

this whole 5.72% of teachers-students

considering art as a mediator to make learning

science attractive content, establishing a creative

link between these areas is identified. Another

equal percentage of primary school teachers

(5.72%) shows his interest and motivation and

leadership aspects to boost scientific disciplines

attractive cut. In this group are located projects

such as:

- Art and science as significant mediators of

the challenges of classroom learning.

- Dance as art that enables the construction of

mathematical concepts in preschool

population.

In the training that is conducive to

profesoress-students it has placed special

emphasis on the use of a mixed qualitative

methodology or an interpretive approach,

making use of some ethnographic techniques.

This in the interest of providing them with

analytical tools in their teaching, expand their

conceptual and explanatory horizon regarding

their actions in the classroom, to manage

knowledge on the training field exploration and

understanding of the natural and social world.

From this viewpoint, it is intended to approach

them elements to describe, interpret and

understand what happens in the classroom

interaction between students, faculty and

students, and self-reflection to describe, analyze

and transform the educational interactions to

best practices.

Discussion

The topics that teachers-students develop in the

MEB-RCTS stem from Articulated field training

program (SEP, 2011, p. 49) that "integrates

various disciplinary approaches to biological,

historical, social, political, economic, cultural,

geographic and scientific ". It is formulated from

the perspective of exploring and understanding

the environment through systematic and gradual

approach to social processes and natural

phenomena, specialized curriculum areas as

advances in grades, without prejudice to the

multidimensional view of the curriculum.

However, integrating this

multidimensional contexts, skills, content, and

ethical disciplines, more complex construction

of the objects of study and intervention in a

graduate thesis. Therefore, in our research, in

parallel with the investigation of his practice,

through survey procedures and self-report

instruments they arise for the analysis of

planning and classroom practice, with following

indicators: Knowledge, learning outcomes and

competences greater importance within the

plenificación. Dedication and type related to the

dimensions of scientific literacy (content,

procedures and contexts) activities.

Mainstreaming of scientific competence,

articulation of the subjects, sequences of

activities undertaken in the classroom teacher,

and preferably contents worked problems

(physical, alive, earth and space, technology).

Materials, methods, times and ways of use of

experimentation. Time devoted to discussion of

results of experiments or data processing.

Features teacher, what pleases or not students,

problems, fears and concerns from teachers and

from students. Expectations, success stories, best

practices, authentic practices. For it is also

proposed as research objectives:

To assess the impact of the program on

improving practices. And assess the impact of

117






proposed teaching in academic texts and

discourses that produce teachers-students.

References

Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CCE).

Libro Blanco, sobre la educación y la

formación. Hacia una sociedad cognitiva, 1995.

Bruselas, Bélgica.

De la Riva, M. (2013). Comparación de los

procesos de movilización corporal de los

alumnos en dos niveles escolares. Revista de

Trabajo sobre Cultura, Educación y Desarrollo

Humano 9 (2):1-22. Universidad de Madrid.

Recuperado de

http://www.uam.es/otros/2013v9_pdf/v9n2esp.

pdf

Erickson, F. (1986). Métodos cualitativos de

investigación sobre la enseñanza. En Wittrock,

M.C. (Comp). La investigación de la enseñanza,

II. Métodos cualitativos y de observación (195-

301). España: Paidós Educador.

Gómez, Macrina; Rodríguez, Karina y Ruiz

Juana (2015) Maestría en Educación Básica:

Profesionalización de docentes en la enseñanza

de la ciencia, Unidad UPN095 D.F. México. VIII

Congreso Iberoamericano de Educación

Científica y II Congreso Internacional de

Pedagogía Didáctica y TIC aplicadas a la

Educación, 20-21 mayo 2015, Bogotá,

Colombia. Y en: Educación Científica y

ciudadanía en el siglo XXI. Colección España:

Obras colectivas Ciencias de la Educación. y

Colombia: Rodolfo Llinás. ISBN Colombia 978-

958-8433-56-1 (e-book.pdf). ISBN España:

978-84-16133-67-3 (CD ROM) PONENCIA

Hacking, I. (1998). Representar e Intervenir.

México: Paidós.

Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la

Educación (INEE) (2005). PISA para docentes.

La evaluación como oportunidad de

aprendizaje. México: Autor.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía

(INEGI) (2013). Censo de Escuelas, Maestros y

Alumnos de Educación Básica y Especial 2013.

Atlas Educativo. Recuperado de

http://cemabe.inegi.org.mx/Reporte.aspx

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1962) La estructura de las

revoluciones científicas. 8ª. reimpr. México:

FCE, 2004

Kuhn, Thomas (1970) Segundos pensamientos

sobre paradigmas. México: FCE

Meixueiro, Armando y Tonatiuh Ramírez (2010)

El cine como divulgador de contenidos

científicos: la historicidad y las ficciones de la

ciencia. Revista Caminos Abiertos, Num. 31.

México: UPN095.

http://caminosabiertos2010.blogspot.mx/2010/1

0/el-cine-como-divulgador-de-contenidos.html

Organización para la Cooperación y el

Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) (s/f).

Programa Internacional de Evaluación de los

Alumnos (PISA). Recuperado de

http://www.oecd.org/centrodemexico/medios/pr

ogramainternacionaldeevaluaciondelosalumnos

pisa.htm

Paz, Vicente y Luz Martínez (2008). La

enseñanza de la biología en los textos de

primaria, 1960-2000. En: Mares, G. (coor.)

(2008). Diseño Psicopedagógico de textos,

diversos enfoques. UNAM. FES Iztacala.

Popper, Karl R. (1934) La lógica de la

investigación científica. Madrid: Paidós

Popper, Karl R. (1963) Conjeturas y

refutaciones. Madrid: Paidós, 1984

Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) (2007).

Programa Sectorial de Educación 2007-2012.

México: Autor.

118






Secretaría de Educación Pública (2011). Plan de

estudios 2011. Educación Básica. México:

Autor.

SEP (2011) Plan de estudios para la educación

básica 2011. México: SEP.

SEP (2011a) Programas de estudio 2011 guía

para el maestro. Educación básica primaria.

Segundo grado. México: SEP.

SEP (2011b) Programas de estudio 2011 guía

para el maestro. Educación básica primaria.

Quinto grado. México: SEP.

Universidad Pedagógica Nacional (2008).

Documento Base de la Maestría en Educación

Básica. Documento Interno. México: Autor.


Programa de Maestría en Educación Básica.

Especialidad: Competencias profesionales para

la práctica en la educación básica. Documento

Interno. México: Autor.


Especialización Realidad, Ciencia Tecnología y

Sociedad. Documento Interno. México: Autor.

120

Article Administrative Sciences



QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto*†, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-MARTÍNEZ,

Fidel Ramón

Universidad Autónoma de Campeche Av. Agustín Melgar S/N, Col. Buenavista C.P. 24039 Campeche, Campeche.


___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The research’s objective is to describe the likely successor’s perception about generational transition, the

factors that affect it, and the strategies implemented by the family businesses to achieve it. The research’s

design is non experimental descriptive transactional, and the instrument used in field work to obtain data

was the interview. The results indicate that successors know that an adequate generational transition is

part of the continuity and evolution of business life, and the influence that leadership style and family

culture have in this process; finally it was determined an index about the perception that successors have

about generational transitional and what considers as desirable characteristics in the future leaders of

family businesses in the deep-water shrimp fishing sector in the city of Campeche.

Generational transition, successor’s attributes, family business

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Successors of family business and generational transition process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:260-

271

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________




121




UTSOE® All rights reserved. QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-

MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Successors of family business and generational transition

process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

The issues that family businesses face is

transcendental and has developed an extensive

research literature (Brockhaus, 2004; Poza,

2005; Barbeito Guillen Martinez and

Dominguez, 2006; Chittor and Das, 2007;

Kajihara, 2007) to describe causes that prevent

family businesses transcend to the next

generation. Some research has focused on the

characteristics attributable to the founding

partner (Garcia, Lopez and Saldaña, 2002), the

attitude of the other family members to the

succession process (De Massis, Chrisman and

Chua, 2008), family relationships (Lee 2006;

Lozano, 2006), personality or attributes of

successors who will have the responsibility to

preserve and innovate the family business

(Chrisman, Chua, and Sharma, 1998) and the

participation of shareholders in the process of

succession (Vilaseca, 2002 ).

The shrimp sector in height is considered a

priority for the economy of Mexico, and

retention and development is essential for the

federal government and the states where it is

developed, and that through this activity is

provided revenue of the population more

vulnerable by the economic job creation. In this

sector participating family businesses that invest

large amounts of financial, human and

technological resources but its permanence and

development is threatened by economic factors

and public policy as restrictions imposed by state

oil company Pemex to prevent the incursion of

vessels in the designated as protected areas and

national security (Mexican Chamber of Fishing

and Aquaculture Industry Delegation

Campeche, 2012).

This study aims to achieve the following

objectives:

To. Evaluate the perception of the

successors of family businesses shrimp sector

height Campeche regarding the generational

transition.

b. Identify the factors that may affect the

succession process in family businesses shrimp

sector height Campeche

c. Identify how they design, implement and

evaluate strategies succession of family

businesses height shrimp sector Campeche.

Theoretical framework

To evaluate some of the differences between

family businesses and those that are not,

Gudmundson, Hartman and Tower (1999)

develop a study on the structure of ownership of

the family business and conflicts obtained as a

result of their strategies, they analyze how they

compete family businesses in the market, the

different strategies they use and how designs;

suggest that the selection of strategies is

influenced by factors such as gender of the

leader of the organization, the degree of

professionalism of the executive body and the

number of generation in power.

Regarding the establishment of goals,

attitudes and conflicts that occur in the family,

Lee and Rogoff (1996) believe that family

businesses have to deal with the conflicts that

arise, but also depend on the ability of the leader

of the same shape and that they are resolved

quickly, so plan to make the transition from one

generation to another it is a difficult process and

is considered the most important in the

management of family businesses commitment

and it shows sooner or later will be for different

reasons ( Sorenson, 2000), his lack of foresight

as we know can lead to family division and as a

result the disappearance of the organization.

123



ISSN-On line:2395-860X




And this is where the contribution of

leadership style is given to the success of the

family and the company, as indicated Vilaseca

(2002).

Recent studies show that strategies can not

be standardized even in cases of recovery by

organizational crisis, as to changes in senior

management does not just include management

experts outside the company or downsizing as

proven in other solutions organizations. Cater

and Schwab (2008), using a case study argue that

the development and implementation of

strategies for family firms are influenced eight

characteristics are: strong family ties,

replacement candidates for senior management,

internal guidance systems informal

management, altruistic motives, integration of

professional managers, consensus orientation

and guidance of long-term goals.

On the issue of succession, the right design

strategy allows planning, set the time to happen,

considering the interests of the next generation

and who will be responsible for carrying it out.

Shu-hui and Shing-yang (2007) developed a

study where they question who should lead a

family business, does a family member? Or a

professional manager? and the impact of this

decision on the performance of the organization.

They applied an empirical method that includes

variables such as the degree of risk and

development, firm size, expandability, cash flow

and ownership structure.

The study was conducted with a sample of

Thai companies and observed that they mostly

prefer to hire a CEO (Chief Executive Officer,

translated from its acronym in English)

professional and turn the analysis of professional

and personal characteristics that should have it

done by a professional agency conducting the

initial choice.

This situation arises when the same

companies recognized to have a high need for

efficient administration and require improve the

overall performance of it not risking their

requirements for cash flow experimenting with

CEOs family.

The succession process for a generational

transition is defined by Sharma, Chrisman, Paul,

and Chua, (2001), cited by Vera and Dean

(2005) and the actions and events that lead to the

transition of leadership of a family member

another family member, in family businesses.

The two members may be part of the household

or another degree, not necessarily from the same

generation.

Factors impeding the succession

Massis, Chrisman and Chua (2008), indicate that

these factors do not appear until it is felt within

the organization need to choose a potential

successor for identification, theory and case of

studies were evaluated and found Not all firms

are unique to and can be not decisive, but no

grounds for the succession in family firms. The

authors developed a model which identifies three

direct causes and exhaustive but not mutually

exclusive: 1) all potential successors of the firm

declined the leading Business Administration, 2)

the ruling coalition rejects any potential family

successor and 3) the ruling coalition decides

against family succession but acceptable, and

although there are potential successors and

willing to it. The third cause includes those

situations where the family business is not

sufficiently strong ideals or financial conditions.

Individual, relational, contextual, financial and

process: five separate categories also

background knowledge of these factors were

identified. Massis, et al. (2008) conclude that

there has been little attention to the modeling of

the factors preventing the succession, and this

may facilitate forecasting the occurrence of such

elements and cause it does not happen.

In another study by Barbeito, et al (2004)

on factors impeding the succession, extend the

geographical scope of European research and

124







point like other researchers who regardless of

geographic region a key issue in the field of

study the family business is its continuity and

that the death of the employer often result in

extinction of the company when the succession

has not been planned, prevented the generational

transcendence. The researchers classified the

problems into two basic groups: 1. Problems

arising from the operation of the company

mainly due to confusion between business and

family interests’ flows and 2. Issues of

succession which is subdivided into two

subgroups: a) fiscal problems: these arise from

the lack of adequate fiscal strategy at the annual

operation of the company as well as the lack of

estate planning to cover the removal founding

partner b) family conflicts: caused by the lack of

a succession plan defined in these cases the

support of non-family managers is essential.

Attributes of successor

Chrisman, et al (1998) evaluated some of the

desirable attributes of the successor that are: the

level of cooperation of the predecessor and

successor, the age of the successor and the

compatibility of goals between the successor and

the CEO; respect of family members actively

involved, respect for family members not

involved, trusted family members and ability to

get along with: and on the level of relations it

should have with other family members four

aspects are evaluated members of the family.

These authors point out that traditionally the

eldest son who is seen as the first choice to be

the successor, but current results demonstrate

that several organizations are for a younger son

or a daughter directed, as studied Vera and Dean

(2005).

Who conclude that the likely successors

also face many challenges but have a capacity

that distinguishes them and makes them worthy

to be the ones who carry on the business

tradition; even when the predecessors are not

entirely agree with this trend, which added as

attribute birth order and gender. It is clear that

thinking is different in-law for succession and

are usually not displayed on the short list of

candidates, therefore another desirable attribute

is the blood relationship.

Regarding attribute competition seeks the

successor traditionally their level of education,

experience in and out of the company and its

performance in the past in terms of desirable

personality characteristics literature refers traits

such as aggressiveness, creativity and integrity,

independence and intelligence as desirable

attributes. On his involvement with the family

business Agency theory suggests that those with

higher shareholding engage more with the

problems and their solution, those with a

minority stake; therefore a desirable attribute

most, is the degree of shareholding successor

within the organization.

Chrisman, et al. (1998) obtained at the

conclusion of their study, the desirable attributes

suggested by the literature and were identified as

most important by respondents are integrity and

commitment to the business and conversely birth

order and gender were classified as less

important. These findings suggest that the

decision of who should be the successor relies

more on natural but very personal characteristics

such as gender and age or bloodline; another

attribute that received a lot of weight is the

experience in the family business to ensure their

involvement to meet and collaborate in solving

problems.

The family policy in the protocol as

succession planning.

Having a governance structure allows

family firms evolve into new models of

organization where it continues with the turn

taken since the establishment of the company or

contributes to the initiation of processes of

diversification by taking appropriate decisions

125







of top management (Jaffe and Lane, 2004).

Meanwhile strategic management seeks to

identify and minimize the impact of the

problems that arise in organizations and

elements that contribute to forecast them. A

good strategic plan within their policies

welcomes the development of the family

protocol and succession plan. But what is a

family?, protocol is a written document that sets

out clearly the values and the relationship

between families and their policies regarding the

company (Lozano, 2000). It is a document

prepared family but intentionally toward

establishing a business mission that will guide

family relationships and business. Usually, at the

beginning not all members agree but show its

advantages allows full acceptance should not be

developed in times of conflict can and should

take advantage of periods of family and business

unit, as it does not seek disappear but prevent

conflicts from occurring. Lozano (2000)

identified high value tools to treat these

situations as strategic management, succession

planning, implementation of the family council,

knowledge of business trends in the market and

the manifest or family protocol.

Overall, the structure of the protocol will

depend on the same family, their beliefs, their

values, their culture, when it is done and what

they want about the company and themselves. It

should include an implementation plan, training,

succession planning and retirement aspects of

socialization among family members, schedule,

budget, financing and supervision.

Economic importance of the sector

The contribution to GDP fishing industry

in the third quarter of 2012 is 1.7%, which only

increased the contribution of professional and

technical services (1.0%) and educational

services (0.7%); even though its contribution to

economic development is not ideal, it is a basic

sector for the country as it is generating direct

employment in the neediest social strata,

occupying the 13.6% of the economically active

population (EAP) as part of the sector primary,

the end of 2008, falling below the commercial

sector that requires at 19.7%, with

manufacturing contributing 15.5% according to

data from the National Survey of Occupation

and Employment (ENOE) (INEGI, 2009).

In the state of Campeche, according to the 2009

Economic Census (INEGI) sector provided

employment to 18.6% of the economically

active population according to information

provided by INEGI through the National Survey

of Occupation and Employment (ENOE)

(INEGI, 2009). Campeche fleet currently

includes 104 vessels engaged in fishing for

shrimp in height, companies whose owners

currently face the challenges posed profitability

and stay in the market.

Methodology

The design of this research is to identify the

perception of possible successors to family

businesses height of shrimp sector in the city of

Campeche, about the generational transition and

its problems. This study is descriptive because it

is intended to measure or collect information

about the variables involved in the problem

under study. The experimental design was not

cross because data were collected at one time in

their natural context, by interviewing the

children who form the executive body of the

company, with the purpose the variables

describing and analyzing their impact and

interaction.

The method used to collect qualitative

information is through fieldwork and interview

technique used (Hernández, Fernández and

Baptista, 2010).

The study population was developed using

as family businesses shrimp sector height

Campeche and agreed to participate in it.

126







Companies of this sector to consider two aspects

that were chosen as population: a) generate

employment for individuals who mostly do not

have levels of study, allowing them access to

other activities, and b) for his contribution to the

state's economy. The companies identified by

this specialty were 44, according to the

membership directory System Product offshore

shrimp AC state of Campeche day October 31,

2014, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Shrimp fishing companies height 2014 Campeche

City.

The aforementioned universe was

identified and eliminated 14 companies, being

built under the regime of Individuals with

business activity, and they were not organized as

corporations (entities) which reduced the

population to 30 companies. Additionally, when

conducting interviews at 30 companies

considered in the population, those that do not

meet the requirements to be considered as family

businesses are discriminated, and then have fully

defined the population. This situation could not

be foreseen at the time of the interview the

director of each company and meet the

shareholding subsidiary and integration and

employment of the members who compose it. Of

the 30 family companies identified, 24 agreed to

participate, representing 80% of the early

universe; in the same working 60 managers, of

which 12 are family, 43 are children and 5 are

unfamiliar managers.

Tools

The instrument used was the semi-structured

interview designed by Vera and Dean (2005) and

administered to a total of 43 children managers

with the aim of investigating the firm history,

history of the children, joining the company,

family relationships, relationships business,

work-family conflict and succession. This tool

was used by the authors with 10 managers of

family businesses were contacted through

associations of women entrepreneurs and

companies who run many laps as wholesale and

retail, manufacturing, construction, and services;

all located in the western United States, who

relate their experience leading organizations and

subsidiaries conflicts as a result of his election as

successor.

This instrument (Table 2) contributes to

the study in question when evaluating children

as fundamental elements in succession and

conflicts that they point at the moment of

generational transition.

Business Relations

It is the manager's experience and perception son in his working relationships with other participants of the organization and who are not family members.

1 – 2 9%

Sector

Companies

natural

persons

Business

entities Total

Shrimp

companies

height

14 30 44

Dimens io nOpera tio nal

Definitio nReactive P ro po rtio n

Firm Background

Knowledge of

probable

successor o f the

origin and

evolution of the

organization.

1 – 3 13%

Background of

the children

Determines the

subsidiary

position,

educational level

and experience of

the children.

1 – 6 26%

Joined the Firm

It is the

assessment o f

the reasons for

the current

participation of

children within the

firm.

1 – 3 13%

Family

relationships

It refers to the

state of the

subsidiary

employment

relationship

between owner

and children.

1 – 5 21%

Co nceptua l definitio n: It is reached by the children as like ly s ucces s o rs within

the o rganiza tio n and the perceptio n o f them may have the predeces s o r and

the executive bo dy acco rding to the ir pro fes s io nal and pers o nal qua lities

po s itio n.

127







Work-family conflicts

It refers to how staff can affect balance successor conflicts binomial family enterprise.

1 – 1 5%

succession

Determine the view that has the son succession process and likely conflicts arising from the election.

1 – 3 13%

Table 2 Guide Specifications. Dimensions under study

Procedure for Data Collection and Analysis

Interviews were conducted with manager’s

children that make up the governing body of

each company and lasted twenty minutes each.

Completed interviews qualitative data were

evaluated, and an analysis of the general content

of the answers of all interviews were conducted,

we proceeded to classify the data from the

questionnaires into categories and subcategories,

operationally defined and calculated the

frequencies of the phenomena involved in them

(Goetz and Le Compte, 1988) using the

frequencies for dichotomous or numeric

questions and string variables interpretation

according to each of the elements of each

category (Rodriguez, Gil and García 1999).

The content analysis of the interviews

responses to identify the frequency of ideas and

key words to express the same thing, let become

"sentences testimony" (Savall, 2003). The

frequency of mention of each sentence testimony

on each of the companies were identified, they

were grouped according to the assigned

question, category, responses, the key of the

participating company, the total responses and

frequency agree key as the Likert scale.

Results

43 questionnaires to children working in the

family firm of total 24 companies where applied

who agreed to participate, or meet the minimum

requirements to be considered family businesses

and be subjects of study were applied; as it is

delimited in the methodology section of this

research.

In assessing the size of the firm

background, all children who work in the same

line with the owner on the age of the

organization as well as the number of workers

they had in 2013. Of those interviewed

mentioned the 79.06% a generation that has been

involved in the firm and 20.94% mentioned that

it is now the second generation who runs the

organization and everyone, without exception,

say that the owner is the father, regarding the

dimension on the background of the children

63% said having siblings and 55.8% said the

firstborn as shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Birth order of children managers

By questioning the marital status of the

participants 81.6% say being married and 13.2%

reported 30 years representing the majority of

participants. Grouped into age ranges shows that

the workforce at the management level is still

young, Table 4.

Table 4 Age range of children managers

60.5% ansewered that they haven´t

worked outside the family business, 11.8% had

no previous working experience and 20% of

respondents previously worked part-time as

shown in Table 5.

Order Frequency %

first 24 55.8

second 8 18.6

Third 6 13.9

Fourth 5 11.7

Age Frequency %

26 a 30 14 32.55

31 a 35 18 41.86

36 a 40 8 18.60

41 a 45 3 6.99

128







Table 5 Work experience

Regarding the dimension that assesses

their age and managers to decide joining the

firm, respondents reported having at that time 27

years mostly as shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Age range of children managers to joining the

firm

All children managers have discussed

studies being professional degree in business

administration which had the highest percentage

(53.5%). See Table 7.

Table 7 Profession managers’ children of the family firm

The results of the decision of managers

working in the firm, or it is always assumed as a

fact shown in Table 8. The frequencies

mentioned the fact that the children work in the

company was somewhat taken forever by

family.

Table 8 Range on the decision of the children working in

the family business

The results of the analysis of the familial

relationship throw that 84.2% of managers

believe that if children will be difficult for his

father to leave the company and expect to elapse

between 5 and 10 years for the predecessor

assume this. Also they state that the parent-child

relationship has not changed the fact of working

in the family firm.

Regarding the relationship with his

brothers most reported that those working in the

company are themselves involved with the same

and 7% if they have problems including the

takeover. See Table 9.

Table 9 Involvement and conflict managers takeover of

children in the family firm

In the dimension of business

relationships, respondents report feeling

discriminated on occasion regarding succession

and a high percentage think that gender is a

difference when evaluating the future successor.

See Table 10

Table 10 Discrimination and gender in succession.

Answ

er

Working out

of the

company Experience Total work

Freque

ncy %

Freque

ncy %

Frecue

ncy %

Si 17 39.

5 15

88.

2 12

80.

0

No 26 60.

5 2

11.

8 3

20.

0

Age Frequency %

15 a 19 1 2.3

20 a 24 6 13.95

25 a 29 29 67.4

30 a 34 5 11.6

35 a 39 2 4.75

Profession Frequency %

Civil engineer 6 13.9

Lic. In Business

Administration 23 53.5

Certified Public

Accountant 10 23.25

architect 3 7.0

others 1 2.3

Reactive Frequency %

Did you decide

to work in the

family business? 17 39.5

Did he assumed

that should

work in the

company?

26 60.5

Answer Involvement of

Children

Conflicts

between

brothers

Frequency % Frequency %

yes 37 86 3 7

No 6 14 40 93

Answer

Have you ever

felt discriminated

against?

Is gender a

differentiator in

succession?

Frequency % Frequency %

yes 7 16.3 24 63.15

No 36 83.7 14 36.85

129







Content analysis

In the interview questions they were raised with

qualitative responses the frequency and content

led to a set of phrases that are grouped according

to the assigned question, category, responses, the

key of the participating company, the total

responses and key rate achieved by the Likert

scale.

In order to have a clearer idea about the

perception of the company and the succession

children who work in the administration of

family firms, qualitative information was an

analyzed instrument, assigning a score to obtain

Index Perception of Succession (IPS). With the

semi-structured interview section the most

representative comments from all the answers,

regarded as "witness statements" by the steps

which are reflected in Table 11 were selected: a)

the frequency of mention of each sentence

testimony on each of the responses of children

managers working in companies was identified.

Scores for it according to the following

parameters are assigned:

Table 11 Parameters used for the classification of witness

statements

b) The sum of the frequency of each of the

testimony phrases, business was obtained.

c) The maximum score that could have any

business was 120 (6 points maximum 20 items).

d) The number obtained in paragraph "b"

between 120 and the result is multiplied by 100

to obtain an index of perception of individual

succession by each participant in each company

was divided.

e) The individual indices of all participants of

each company were added and divided by the

total of individuals of each firm to obtain an

average rate that represents the overall

perception of succession of each organization

(IPS).

The construction of this index shows us

that most IPS, mean that children who work in

family firms have greater knowledge of the

company, its business and family relationships

as well as the importance of succession. (Table

12)

Table 12 Perceptions Index succession (IPS) = Score /

Total Points x 100

130







Table 13 Perceptions Index succession (IPS) = Score /

Total Points x 100 (Continued)

Discussion of Results

Regarding the dimension of knowledge,

managers children know the origin of the

organization and its contribution to job creation.

They mostly reported working within the

company because we always had preconceived

by the family and few entered on its own

initiative. This is consistent with reports by

Garcia et al. (2002).

Regarding the background of the children

in the case of only children, they are the

undisputed successor if a parent opts for a family

member to lead the organization; recent studies

indicate that by choosing a successor,

primogeniture is not the main feature to

designate the successor (Vera and Dean 2005),

but the degree of integrity and commitment,

discarding the concept of junior or gender as

determinants to favor as the study by Chirsman

et al. (1998). In analyzing the reasons that took

the child to join the company almost all

respondents stated that the main reason is his

family and heritage and that his greatest

commitment is to the family and not with the

company, which is evaluated positively in the

choice of successor as referred Chrisman et al.

(1998).

Manager’s children expressed a set of

advantages and disadvantages that have to be

part of a family business, emphasizing primarily

values the support they receive from family,

trust, understanding and family support,

followed by individual effort that children

performing managers affects their benefit and

that of the organization. However, also referred

to as main drawback the fact that the company

issues affecting the family, followed by the

problems that children have with other family

couples mainly with his brothers. This hints and

conclude that the children who work in the

companies under study, give greater priority to

the emotional and domestic relations of the

organization to the problems of the firm, as a

profit or remain and expand into new markets

within of the company-family relationship,

which it is corroborated by the studies referred

to in Garcia et al. (2002), De Massis et al. (2008)

and Brockhaus (2004).

In describing the relationship father-son-

owner, the latter comment that has always been

good, although with different opinions, that

working with him as the head is excellent for

learning much of its predecessor's experience

and consider itself it will be difficult for his

father leaving the company with a term of

between 5 and 10 years to really be separated

from the operation thereof, which would be

reflected in the important decisions to conduct

the business as stated García et al. (2002). With

regard to business relationships always the

children reported that entered to work to the

company was considered. With regard to

customers, suppliers and employees interviewed

say they have a cordial relationship, except in the

case of the daughters reported feeling

discriminated against because of their gender

because they believe it's a male-dominated

sector (within the cultural context of the city of

Campeche and economic activity), therefore it is

unlikely that the successor belongs to the female

gender regardless of whether family or

131







professional administrator. (Lee 2006, Chittoor

and Das 2007 and Vera and Dean 2005).

Conclusions

In assessing the first objective of this research

with the view of the participants regarding the

succession, it was found that the main problem,

according to their perception, is precisely the

ideal successor to choose according to their

personal characteristics and professional

capacity.

Those involved in the administration are

aware that the succession is a latent problem;

they know they will manifest at some point, but

have not been prepared for it by any

methodology or tool as they claimed not to have

or know of a written succession plan or family

protocol, as suggested by Lozano (2000).

Factors that may affect the succession

process, children managers recommend that

when this generational transition should always

keep the family together through good

communication, it must be planned to avoid

conflicts in the company-family, and that this

joint decision should be both the outgoing

generation as new officers for the benefit and

permanence of the family organization, which is

consistent with those reported by Lambrecht

(2005). Implicitly assume that the successor

belong to the male gender, for the risks of the

activity which reinforces the idea that corporate

culture has been transmitted by the father

basically coinciding with reports by Vera and

Dean (2005 ). No evidence that these

organizations have specific strategies for the

issue of generational transition, it is a fact known

latent was obtained, but not perhaps addressed

by the presence of the founding members still

working and taking key decisions in most cases,

which is confirmed by the low values obtained

in the IPS designed.

Future research could contribute regarding

the problem under study, since the corporate

culture and leadership styles are factors that

influence the long-term planning of such

organizations.

References

Barbeito S., Guillén E. Martínez M., y

Domínguez G. (2004). Visión Europea del

proceso de sucesión en la empresa familiar.

Boletín Económico de ICE. 2821. pp. 27-37.

Brockhaus R. (2004). Family businnes

succession: suggestions for future research.

Family Business Review. 12, 2. pp165-177.

Cater J. y Schwab A. (2008). Turnaround

strategies in stablished small family firms.

Family Business Review. 21,1 pp. 31- 50

Cámara Nacional de la Industria Pesquera y

Acuícola (2012). Estadísticas. Recuperado el 9

de enero de 2012 de: www.canaipesca.org.mx

Chittoor R. y Das R. (2007). Professionalization

of management and succession performance. A

vital linkage. Family Business Review. 20,1

pp.65-79

Chrisman J., Chua J. y Sharma P. (1998).

Important attributes of successors in family

businesses: an exploratory study. Family

Business Review. 11, 1 pp. 19 – 34.

De Massis A., Chua J. y Chrisman J. (2008).

Factors preventing intra-family succession.

Family Business Review. 21, 2. pp. 183 – 199.

García E., López J. y Saldaña P. (2002).

Socialization patterns of successors in first- to

second- generation family businesses. Family

Business Review. 15. 3 pp. 189 – 204.

Goetz, J.P. y LeCompte, M.D. (1988).

Etnografía y diseño cualitativo en investigación

educativa. Madrid, España, Ediciones Morata,

S.A.

Gudmundson, Hartman y Tower (1999).

Strategic orientation: differences between family

http://www.canaipesca.org.mx/

132







and nonfamily firms. Family Business Review.

12, 1. pp. 27-39.

Hernández R., Fernández C. y Baptista P.

(2010). Metodología de la investigación.

México: Mc Graw Hill.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e

Informática (2009). Información económica.

Recuperado el 8 de enero de 2012.

www.inegi.gob.mx

Jaffe D., y Lane S. (2004). Sustaining a family

dynasty: key issues facing complex

multigenerational business- and investment-

owning families. Family Business Review. 17, 1.

pp. 81- 98.

Kajihara K. (2007). Las empresas familiares: la

realidad empresarial mexicana. Revista

Dirección Estratégica ITAM. 1, 1.

Lambrecht J. (2005). Multigenerational

transition in family business: a new explanatory

model. Family Business Review. 18, 4, pp. 267-

282

Lee J. (2006). Impact of family relationships on

attitudes of the second generation in family

business. Family Business Review.19, 3. pp. 175

- 191.

Lee M. y Rogoff E. (1996). Research note:

comparison of small businesses with family

participation versus small businesses without

family participation: an investigation of

differences in goals, attitudes, and

family/business conflict. Family Business

Review. 9, 4 pp. 423-437.

Lozano M. (2000). El protocolo en las empresas

de propiedad familiar. Estudios Gerenciales

Revista Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y

Económicas Universidad ICESI, 074, pp. 49-67.

Poza E. (2005). Empresas familiares. México:

Thomson.

Rodríguez G., Gil J. y García E. (1999).

Metodología de la investigación cualitativa.

Málaga: Aljibe 2ª. edición.

Romero L. (2006). Competitividad y

productividad en empresas familiares pymes.

Escuela de Administración de Negocios. 57

pp.131-141

Savall H. (2003). An updated presentation of the

socio-economic management model. Journal of

Organizational Change Management, 16, 1 pp.

33-48.

Sharma P., Chrisman J. y Chua J. (1997).

Strategic management of the family business:

past research and future challenges. Family

Business Review. 10, 1. pp. 1-35.

Shu-hui L.y Shing-yang H. (2007). A family

member or professional management? The

choice of a CEO and its impact on performance.

Journal Compilation Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

15, 6. pp. 1348-1362

Sorenson, R. (2000). The contribution of

leadership style and practices to family and

business success. Family Business Review.

13(3), 183 - 200

Vera C. y Dean M. (2005). An examination of

the challenges daughters face in family bussiness

sucesion. Family Business Review. 18, 4. pp.

321- 345

Vilaseca A. (2002). The shareholder role in the

family business: conflict of interests and

objectives between nonemployed shareholders

and top management team. Family Business

Review. 15,4. pp 299-320

http://www.inegi.gob.mx/

Instructions for authors

A. Submission of papers to the areas of analysis and modeling problems in the areas of:

-Agricultural Sciences

-Natural Sciences

-Exact Sciences

-Engineering Sciences

-Technology Sciences

-Social Sciences

-Administrative Sciences

B. The edition of the paper should meet the following characteristics:

- Written in English. It is mandatory to submit the title and abstract as well as keywords. Indicating the

institution of affiliation of each author, email and full postal address and identify the researcher and the

first author is responsible for communication to the editor

- Print text in Times New Roman # 12 (shares-Bold) and italic (subtitles-Bold) # 12 (text) and # 9 (in

quotes footnotes), justified in Word format. With margins 2cm by 2cm left-right and 2cm by 2cm Top-

Bottom. With 2-column format.

- Use Calibre Math typography (in equations), with subsequent numbering and alignment right: Example;

𝑃𝑖𝑗(𝑡) = ∑𝑎𝑖𝑚1𝑤𝑖𝑚1

𝑠𝑖𝑚1,…𝑚𝑡−1

𝑥𝑎𝑖𝑚1𝑤𝑖𝑚1

𝑠𝑚1

(1)

- Start with an introduction that explains the issue and end with a concluding section.

- Items are reviewed by members of the Editorial Committee and two anonymous. The ruling is final in

all cases. After notification of the acceptance or rejection of a job, final acceptance will be subject to

compliance with changes in style, form and content that the publisher has informed the authors. The

authors are responsible for the content of the work and the correct use of the references cited in them.

The journal reserves the right to make editorial changes required to adapt the text to our editorial policy.

C. Items can be prepared by self or sponsored by educational institutions and business. The manuscript

assessment process will comprise no more than twenty days from the date of receipt.

D. The identification of authorship should appear in a first page only removable in order to ensure that

the selection process is anonymous.

E. Charts, graphs and figures support must meet the following:

- Should be self-explanatory (without resorting to text for understanding), not including abbreviations,

clearly indicating the title and reference source with reference down with left alignment number 9 with

bold typography.

- All materials will support grayscale and maximum size of 8cm wide by 23cm tall or less size, and

contain all content editable.

- Tables should be simple and present relevant information. Prototype;

Figure 1 Perception of Corruption in Italy

F. References are included at the end of the document, all its components will be separated by a comma

and must the following order:

- Articles: Kejun, Z. (2012). Feedback Control Methods for a New Hyperchaotic System. Journal of

Information & Computational Science, No.9. Pp :231-237.

- Books: Barnsley, M. (1993). Fractals Everywhere. Academic Press. San Diego.

- WEB Resources: http://www.worldfederationofexchanges.com, see: (August, 16-2012)

The list of references should correspond to the citations in the document.

G. The notes to footnotes, which should be used and only to provide essential information.

H. Upon acceptance of the article in its final version, the magazine tests sent to the author for review.

UTSOE only accept the correction of typos and errors or omissions from the process of editing the journal

fully reserving copyright and dissemination of content. Not acceptable deletions, substitutions or

additions which alter the formation of the article. The author will have a maximum of 10 calendar days

for the review. Otherwise, it is considered that the author (s) is (are) in accordance with the changes

made.

I. Append formats Originality and Authorization, identifying the article, author (s) and the signature, so

it is understood that this article is not running for simultaneous publication in other journals or publishing

organs.

Mexico, D.F ____ , ____ 20_____

UTSOE®

Originality Format

I understand and agree that the results are final dictamination so authors must sign before starting the

peer review process to claim originality of the next work.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Article

_____________________

Signature

_____________________

Name

Mexico, D.F ____ , ____ 20_____

UTSOE®

Authorization form

I understand and accept that the results of evaluation are inappealable. If my article is accepted for

publication, I authorize ECORFAN to reproduce it in electronic data bases, reprints, anthologies or any

other media in order to reach a wider audience.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Article

_____________________

Signature

_____________________

Name

UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science


CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,

BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel

Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa

Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging

Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-CHAGOYA,

María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo

Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding simulations of

RNA molecules

VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario

Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec

Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on carbon

steel

SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel

IT de Tlalnepantla, Tlalnepantla


LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto

Universidad Tecnológica de León


De La RIVA, María, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente


QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-

MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón

Universidad Autónoma de Campeche

Documents

Journal Multidisciplinary SOE UTde Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip Code: 38400, last updated June 30, 2015. The opinions expressed by the authors do not RODRIGUEZ A Directory