Journal #5• Tributary – a smaller stream that flows into a larger stream

• Estuary – where a river meets an inlet of the sea

• Wetlands – areas covered by water for at least part of the year

• Industrialization – the process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area (this is one major difference between rich countries and poor countries)

The Hydrosphere

Bonus Questions• Why does the Upper Peninsula in Michigan get a lot of snow?

• What type of climate does Florida have?

• What is the tallest mountain in the United States?

• What is the tallest mountain in Wyoming?

Surface Water• Is water located above the ground in a river, lake, or ocean• The smallest streams are called headwaters• Any smaller stream or river that flows into a larger stream or

river is called a tributary• An entire region drained by a river and its tributaries is called a

watershed or drainage basin• Surface water is also found in estuaries, where a river meets

an inlet of the sea and wetlands which are areas covered by water for at least part of the year

Estuary Wetland

Drainage Basin

The Mississippi River Watershed

The Mississippi River Watershed

• Is the largest watershed in the United States• Water from 31 states and 2 Canadian provinces drains into the

Mississippi Watershed• It drains 41 percent of the lower 48 states• The water from the N. Platte River would end up in the Mississippi

River and eventually the Gulf of Mexico – BUT most of the water is used for irrigation in Nebraska and Wyoming

Groundwater• Water that is found beneath the ground

• The level to which the underground water fills all of the available spaces is called the water table

• When too much water is taken from a water table, it can cause the ground to settle or collapse, damaging buildings, roads, and other structures

Groundwater

Groundwater in the United States

The Ogallala Aquifer• AKA the High Plains Aquifer• One of the world’s largest underground

aquifers • It covers 174,000 square miles and parts

of 8 states• South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming,

Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas

• It provides 30% of the nations irrigation water

• Problem: how do we preserve this resource?• Recharge of this aquifer is only 10% of

what is used annually

Ogallala Aquifer

• Some people think that this will be gone within 25 years

Edwards Aquifer• One of the most prolific aquifers

in the world

• Naturally recharges due to the many rivers that flow into a fault in the area

• San Antonio was made possible by this resource and still gets most of its water from this aquifer

• Texas Blind Salamander ->

Economic Geography

What Makes Up an Economy?• Primary Activities use natural resources directly• Location: at the site of the natural resource• Examples include wheat farming and iron mining

• Secondary Activities use raw materials to produce or manufacture something new• Location: close to the resource or close to the market for the

finished product• There are labor, energy, and land costs that affect the location• Examples include processing wheat into flour and manufacturing

steel

Types of Economic Activities• Tertiary Activities provide services to people and businesses• Location: near customers• Examples include bakeries and car dealerships

• Quaternary Activities process and distribute information• Location: anywhere• Access to skilled workers, good transportation and

communication systems, and places with a high quality of life affect location

• Examples include plant genetics research and automotive engineering

Quaternary Activities

Primary Activities

Secondary Activities

Tertiary Activities

Economic Systems

• There are 3 basic types of economic systems

• Traditional or subsistence economy • The most basic type of economic system• People make goods for themselves and for their families• Little surplus or exchange of goods

• Market economy• People freely choose what to buy and sell• Guided by the free enterprise system which lets competition among businesses determine the

price of products• Supply and demand• Capitalism – businesses and resources are privately owned

Economic Systems• Command Economy• The government decides what to produce, where to make it, and

what price to charge• Prices are not based upon the market forces of supply and

demand• Communism – government owns or controls almost all the means

of production• Examples include Cuba and North Korea

Level of Development• Development refers to improvements in a country’s economy

and in its citizen’s quality of life

• We measure development by looking at a country’s GNP, GDP, level of industrialization, and standard of living

Gross National Product• GNP is the total value of goods and services that a country

produces in a year. It includes goods and services made by businesses owned by the country’s citizens but located in foreign lands.

Gross Domestic Product• GDP includes only the goods and services created within the

country. GDP can be divided by the number of people living in the country in order to compare the income levels of different countries.

Industrialization• Is the process by which

manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area.

• In industrialized countries, many people work in manufacturing, service, and information industries.

• In other countries, most people work in primary economic activities such as farming.

Standard of Living• Measured by factors such as the amount of personal

income, levels of education, food consumption, literacy rate, quality of health care, technology level, and life expectancy

Developed vs. Developing Countries• Developed countries are the richest countries and have high

levels of industrialization and a high standard of living. Less than 25% of the world’s people live in developed countries

• Developing countries are the world’s poorer countries and have less productive economies and a lower standard of living. These countries have lower GDP’s, fewer schools, and often lack electricity