1

(Joseph Esherick)

¡A

, (Peyrifitte)

ªk

¾\

)

1

1

2

¹Î

®Æ

1793 8 23-28

Dinwiddie

147 ³\

,

)

¨î ( )

24)

2 , Jon Rothschild The Immobile Empire ( ). Knopf 1992 xxvi

2

ªº ³\

( 543 " "

³\

1793 1978

¡A

" 550)

Â\

3

( 552)

§P

1949

( 548

- (Joanna Waley-Cohen) 1993

1793

¤£

4

¤ß

( ) ( )

1793

( )

1839 ( ) 1793

--

-

³\

¥\

5

( )

¤£

ªí

1793

)

63

)

ªv

6

1793

°¨

³\

³\

( )

³\

¤j

¥\ ( )

7

¥\

³\

1793

1972 «Ò

´Â

8

¥\ "

( 540)

¾\

" "

" ' ',

-- -- '

'

( 17) "

³\

, "

9

"

"

" "

"

"

" "

" " 15)"¡C

³\

¡A

¥\

226

¦ó

10

¤Ñ

(

) 18

11

¯Ê

20

³\

³\

positions

,

¤@

³\

-Ó

(Rupert Murdoch)

¤F

12

(alternative)

)

* * * *

À³

13

( ) < >

171

6 3.5 %

( )

A.

123 (Centering) ' '

(pivotal center and plural human agency

124 )

B. squaring with proper

circumstances ( ) squaring with

C. "Our Imperial Order"

143 12 "system"

"structure" Immamuel Hsu

14

(Hsu 111) 3

( J. R. Bickers ) 4 ' ' (imperial

order) (imperial will) ³\

(the emperor's intentions)

( ). 1793 9 23

A.

:

³\

( )

(wuyan)

³\ ³\

nonsense wuyan

wuwei

3 Hsu, Immanuel. 1960. China's Entrance into the Family of Nations. Cambridge Mass: Harvard Universtiy Press, p. 111. 4 Bickers, J. Robert. Editor 1993. Ritual and Diplomacy: The Macartney Mission to China, 1792-1794. London: The British Association of Chinese Studies and Wellsweep Press.

15

wuwei wuyan ( )

wuyan

-^

«Þ ) (Loitering,

skulking about, Matthews' 6482

B.

( )

( discontinuity )

16

¨Æ ......

C.

(The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late

Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) 189

' ' '

' '

" ( 189 )

(

, 1980) 318 ,

¡§

( 38

18)

,

17

5

5 , ¤¤ 1960 12 108-126 ,

, " 48 (1969): 144-65" " ("Criticism as Philosophy:

Conceptual Change in Ch'ing Dynasty Evidential Research") ( ) 17 (1985)165-198

18