jordanian international mining conference

مؤتمر التعدین األردني الدولي السادس

THE 6th JORDANIAN INTERNATIONAL MINING CONFERENCE

Utilization of Natural Resources - Present Status & Future Prospects

1-3 November 2011

Book of Abstracts

Organized by

Jordan Engineers Association/

Mining, Geological and Petroleum Engineering Branch

Amman – Jordan

JORDAN ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION

Mining, Geological and Petroleum Engineering Branch

The 6th Jordanian International Mining Conference November 1-3, 2011

I

Preface

On behalf of my colleagues “the Organizing Committee” and of great pleasure, I am honored to welcome all participants and guests of the 6th Jordanian International Mining conference (JIMC6) orgsnized by Jordan Engineers Association/ Mining, Geological and Petroleum Engineering Branch to offer an opportunity and to set up platform for experts, engineers and scientists to exchange, interact and discuss their experience, knowledge and views. At this occasion, I would like to thank and to express my gratitude to every one of the participants especially who travelled long distances to bring this conference to reality.

The goal of the sixth round of the conference is to highlight the importance of exploitation of natural resources for better future of mankind in a proper way with no adverse impact on environment.

Mining, conventional energy resources and water issues are the main themes of the conference. 48 paper and presentations from 12 countries were carefully selected by the scientific and organizing committees. The conference has been organized into 10 sessions running for three days. Three keynote speakers have been invited from USA, Australia and Jordan to talk about oil shale, mining and water status challenges. In addition to this Book of Abstracts, the abstracts, full papers and the conference program were included in the conference CD.

A specialized exhibition will be held concurrently with the conference sessions to give the opportunity for mining companies to present their activities, technologies, products and topics related to mining and earth sciences.

Since holiday of Eid Al-Adha will start on Saturday Nov. 5th , one day visit was arranged to the Dead Sea or Umm Qais (depends on number of participants)at the north of Jordan. However, it is a chance for overseas participants to explore Jordan where there are many unique places to visit such as Petra, Wadi Rum, Jerash and Aqaba.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee and Mining, Geological and Petroleum Engineering Branch of JEA, I am most grateful and thankful to the major sponsors of this conference and to the companies which donate and support generously.

I would like to express my deep appreciation and thanks to my colleagues in the organizing and the scientific committees for their hard work and continuous follow up and to whom who have made a lot of efforts in evaluation of submitted abstracts and papers in order to make this conference a reality.

Sincere thanks and gratitude to members of the Conferences Division of JEA for their support and hard work and for all other people who also have worked hard and complete


II

other activities. I wish to our distinguished guests a pleasant stay in Jordan and a safe return to their countries.

Chairman, Organizing Committee Dr. Jamal Alali


III

Organizing Committee Chairman: Dr Jamal Alali Vice-Chairman: Dr Abdelfattah Abu Hassan Members: Prof. Dr. Yousef Masannat Eng Ahmad Mubaideen Dr. Abdelruhman Qteishat Eng Ali Nasser Dr. Abdulaziz Weshah Eng Iead El Hajebi Dr. Feras Fraige Eng Jalal Khreisat Dr. Hani Alnawafleh Eng Osama Nofal Dr. Issa Oweis Eng Saleh Al-Qawasmeh Dr. Khaled Tarawneh Eng Sulaiman Al Khateeb Dr. Mohammad Nawasreh Dr. Muwafaq Al-Zoubi

Scientific Committee

Prof. Dr. Yousef Masannat – Chairman Dr. Muwafaq Al-Zoubi – Vice Chairman Dr. Jamal Alali Dr. Abdulaziz Weshah Dr. Abdelruhman Qteishat Dr. Abdelfattah Abu Hassan Dr. Issa Oweis Dr. Mohammad Nawasreh

Conference Secretary

Eng. Ala’a Aljayeh Eng. Ashraf Wahdan Eng. Reema Alhyari


IV

Keynote Speakers

Keynote Speech 1:

Dr Jeremy Boak, Director, Center for Oil Shale Technology and Research, Colorado School of Mines, USA

The Place Of Jordanian Oil Shale Development In The Global Progress Of The Oil Shale Industry.

Keynote Speech 2:

Mr Phil Naughton, Major Projects Director, Leighton Mining, Australia

Professional Relationship Mining

Keynote Speech 2:

Dr Abdelaziz Weshah, Water and Environment Expert, Al Shamil Engineering Office

Water of the Arab world and its challenges وتحدیاتھا العربي الوطن میاه


V

Sponsors

Diamond Sponsorship

Site Group for Services and Well drilling

Site Group was founded with the vision of serving the natural resources industry in the Arab World and beyond. Site Group is specialized in well drilling in addition to coring and exploration mining works Site Group is committed to providing turnkey solutions and fully integrated services which meet clients and markets demands. Contacts: Naeb Al Maitah St. No.19, P.O. Box 1872 Amman 11118 Jordan Tel: +962 6-586-1314 Fax: +962 6-586-1315 Email: [email protected]

Sliver Sponsorship

Jordan Phosphate Mines Co. PLC

Contacts: Al Sharif Al Radi st. No. 5, P.O.Box 30 Amman - 11118 - Jordan Tel: + 962-6- 5607141 Fax: + 962-6- 5606714 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.jordanphosphate.com

Sliver Sponsorship

Al Awn Advanced for Contracting

Contacts: Al Rabeia Circle. No. 4 B, P.O.Box 4942 Amman - 11963 - Jordan Tel: + 962-6- 5518466 Fax: + 962-6- 5518467 E-mail: [email protected]


VI

Other Sponsors

Northern Cement Co. Contacts: Tel: + 962-6- 5659468 Fax: + 962-6- 5662638

British Petroleum Contacts: Tel: + 962-6-5804080 Fax: + 962-6-5829728

F.A. Kittaneh Contacts: Tel: + 962-6- 4398642,4391697 Fax: + 962-6- 4392582

Chemicals and Mining Industries Co. Contacts: Tel: + 962-6- 5336111 Fax: + 962-6- 5336110

Aqaba Petroleum for Oil Shale Co. Contacts: Tel: + 962-6- 4641665 Fax: + 962-6- 4641147

Arab Potash Co. Contacts: Tel: + 962-6-5200520 Fax: + 962-6-5200080

Jordan Carbonate Co. Contacts: Tel: + 962-6- 4460125 Fax: + 962-6- 4460322


VII

Contents

Oil Shale.............................................................................................................. 1

Geochemistry and Environmental Impacts of Retorted Oil Shale from Jordan ............................ 2

Enefit’s Oil Shale Development Projects in Jordan ........................................................................ 3

Investigation on Bituminous Dolomitic Limestone (Oil Shale) Horizon from Wadi Al-Bustan, Southern Jordan ................................................................................................................................. 4

New Oil Shale Occurrences in Jibal Ghuzayma Area Central of Jordan....................................... 5

Oil and Gas......................................................................................................... 6

Synergetic CO2 Storage and Gas/Oil Production from Tight Reservoirs ...................................... 7

Taking up Unconventional Challenge is a Game Changer in Oil and Gas Industry ..................... 8

Production History of Risha Field .................................................................................................... 9

Oil Opportunities in Jordan ............................................................................................................. 10

األوسط الشرق في وتحدیاتھ النفط مستقبل: الطاقة إحصائیات ............................................................................ 11

Mining ...............................................................................................................12

Determination of Trace Elements Concentration in Mine Water and Trace Elements Index (TEI) in Some Coal Mines of Jharia Coalfield .............................................................................. 13

Project Planning and Scheduling Using Pronet ............................................................................. 14

Why Do Oil and Mineral Resources continue to be Mixed Blessings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region? ...................................................................................................... 15

التطبــــــیق وأســس التــعدیــن صــناعة في الثــالث الالءات ............................................................................ 16

Mining Geology and Exploration .................................................................17

Shocked Minerals and Lithics from Jebel Waqf as Suwwan Impact Structure ........................... 18

Characterization of the Ferruginous Sandstone in Batn Al Ghul Area/South Jordan ................. 19

Bentonite Deposits of Omm Ali Area (River Nile State), Sudan ................................................. 20

Geochemical Exploration For Gold & Associated Elements, In The J. Moya Area, Sennar State, South Sudan. .......................................................................................................................... 21


VIII

Influence of Geological Information Density on the Training Quality of Neural Networks as Forecast Models ............................................................................................................................... 22

Exploration of Zircon Minerals in South Jordan ........................................................................... 23

Ed El Fursan Banded Iron Formation (BIF), Its Relation With KASS Massive Sulphides, And The Regional Hydrothermal Budget, South Darfur State, Sudan ................................................ 24

Metallogeny Of The Cratonized Terranes Adjacent To Green Stone Belts, Examples; Alaikalib, Mazroub, Sodari And Um Badir..................................................................................................... 25

Exploration, Evaluation and Investment Opportunities of Feldspar Ore Deposits in Jordan ..... 26

27 ........................... .المختلفة الصناعیة لالستخدامات األردن جنوب/الحسا غرب مناطق في الجیري الحجر خامات تقییم

السودان في الرخام خام وأستغالل تقییم ........................................................................................................ 28

المرشحة والمواد الزجاجیة الصناعات في استغاللھا امكانیة و االردنیة النقب رأس منطقة رمال ............................... 29

Mineral Processing .........................................................................................30

Hydro Tropes as Promoters in Soap Flotation ............................................................................... 31

E-Waste Separation Using Mechanical Vibration ......................................................................... 32

Development of Flotation Scheme for Fine Jordanian Phosphate: Physical and Chemical Evaluation and Froth Flotation ....................................................................................................... 33

Solvent Extraction Properties of New Thiophene Based Trifluoromethyl-Substituted -Diketones for Uranium (VI) and Thorium (IV) Ions .................................................................... 34

Deposits of Uranium in Serbia and Possibility of “In-situ” Leaching ......................................... 35

Surface Modification and Characterization of Jordanian Kaolinite: Application for Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions.................................................................................................. 36

والرطب الجاف والمغناطیسي الفیزیائي الفصل بواسطة الحدید من الكاولین تنقیة ................................................... 37

صناعیا الستخدامھ الفلدسبار خامات وتركیز معالجة ....................................................................................... 38

Water ................................................................................................................39

Eye on Niche Modern Technology of Wastewater and Recycling Systems for (LS3) Life Supporting, Sustaining and Saving for Scarce Water Countries .................................................. 40

Climate Change Effect on Water Resources in Amman Zarqa Basin.......................................... 41

Water Resources Protection Plan for Zara – Maèen – Mujib Project Watershed ...................... 42


IX

Water Situation in Jordan ................................................................................................................ 43

ونوعا كما الجوفیة المیاه مصادر على االردن في المختلفة والتنمویة الصناعیة المشاریع تاثیرات .............................. 45

والتطبیق النظریة بین االردن في المائیة للموارد المتكاملة االدارة ...................................................................... 46

Environment ....................................................................................................47

Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion in Northern Greece: Environmental Problems and Utilization Potential ......................................................................................................................... 48

Environmental Effects of Limestone Quarrying Activities Near to Sammad Urban Areas ....... 49

التعدین لمشاریع البیئي األثر تقییم ............................................................................................................... 50

Engineering Geology ......................................................................................51

Site Investigation for the Salt Dikes and on shoreline Stability Study (Safi Solar Pond) .......... 52

Quality Control and Failure of Some Concrete Structures Related to Soil Problems in Jordan 53

Geotechnical Evaluation of Limestone Occurrences in the Jonggrangan Area - Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta Province - Indonesia ................................................................................................... 54

الھاشمیة األردنیة المملكة في الكرنب لرمل وھندسیة جیولوجیة دراسة ................................................................ 55

Keynote Speeches ............................................................................................56


1

Oil Shale


2

Geochemistry and Environmental Impacts of Retorted Oil Shale from Jordan

Khalil M. Ibrahim1 and Jamal O. Jaber 2 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource and

Environment, Hashemite University, Zerqa, Jordan, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa’

Applied University, Amman, Jordan Abstract

Physical and chemical characterization of spent oil shale from El- Lajjun area was carried out and compared with the original oil shale. The spent shale was subjected to leaching tests to detect possibilities of heavy metals release from the spent shale to the environment. Standard column leaching experiments reveal that no detectable release of heavy metals to the percolating water. The effectiveness of the spent shale in removing Pb2+ from wastewater has been investigated. The spent shale is very efficient to remove most of Pb2+, where 1 m3 of spent shale has an efficiency to remove from 94% to 64% of Pb2+ from about 1300 m3 wastewater containing 50 ppm Pb2+. The efficiency decreases substantially with increasing Pb2+ concentration in the wastewater. In real situations, where Pb2+ concentration is very low (i.e. less than 5 ppm), the efficiency of the spent shale is expected to be 100%.


3

Enefit’s Oil Shale Development Projects in Jordan Erkki Kaisla

Mining Development Manager, Enefit, Laki24, Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected]

Abstract

Enefit (known as Eesti Energia in Estonia) is the world leader in oil shale processing. Estonian oil shale industrial mining started in 1918, and today the oil shale is the most important energy source in Estonia, contributing to more than 95% of the country’s electric power generation. Altogether more than 200 million barrels of shale oil have been produced to date. Enefit owns and operates all key steps in the Estonian oil shale industry, including mining, power production, oil production and end sales to customers. With the involvement of Enefit, oil shale has become important energy source for the country’s energy independence.

Enefit has started investigating economically potential oil shale deposits all around the world. The most advanced project in Enefit´s international oil shale development portfolio is the Jordan oil shale fired power plant development. The project is close to step from the pre-development phase to the development phase.

The first phase of the geological study of the Attarat um Ghudran oil shale concession area is in its final stage. The study began by re-examination of the available cores from the previous drillings. Also, a new drilling campaign was started for the South East (SE) area of the deposit, which oil shale is dedicated to the direct firing in the future power plant. As a result of the drilling campaign, a more detailed stratigraphic model of the deposit is created in order to have a more accurate description of the oil shale properties. Based on the geological survey and analytical program information, a 3D model of the SE area will be calculated. The optimal mineable layer of the oil shale will be defined according to the properties of the fuel required in the power plant.

The presentation will describe the pre-development stage of establishing a commercial oil shale industry in Jordan. The presentation will also describe the development of the Attarat um Ghudran deposit which will supply Jordan’s first oil shale direct feed power plant.


4

Investigation on Bituminous Dolomitic Limestone (Oil Shale) Horizon from Wadi Al-Bustan, Southern Jordan

Hani Alnawafleh* and Khalid Tarawneh Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Faculty of Engineering, Mining Department, P.O. Box

20, Ma’an, Jordan, email: [email protected], [email protected]. *Corresponding author.

Abstract

The investigated oil shale horizon is related to Amman Formation from Upper Campanian. More than five meters of oil shale have been recorded. Using the geochemistry and petrography, this paper aims to focus on such none-conventional types of oil shale rocks in Jordan and to shed some light on their composition and formational environment. Unlike oil shale from Maastrichtian to early Tertiary, this horizon is highly dolomitized. Preliminary investigation indicates that the rate of calcium carbonate dissolution is quite high and the formation appears to be limited by the rate of organic matter oxidation.

Keywords: Jordan, oil shale, dolomite, organic carbon, geochemistry, petrography, Amman Formation.


5

New Oil Shale Occurrences in Jibal Ghuzayma Area Central of Jordan Geol. Ali Ghannam

Natural Resources Authority, Amman-Jordan, e- mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In its continued efforts to explore and exploit oil shale resources in Jordan, the Natural Resources Authority “NRA” had initiated an exploration program to locate and asses these resources in Jordan, whereas, this study is part of these efforts. The results of Twelve “12” oil shale boreholes drilled in Jibal Ghuzayma area were evaluated and assessed. A total of 1387.5 meters were drilled by which 390 m were cored. The total depth of the boreholes ranged from 79 to 147 m. The oil shale thicknesses in the penetrated sections ranged from 5.5 to 119 m and the overburden thicknesses of 28 to 89.5 m. The oil content values determined by Fischer Assay analysis were in the range of 3.5 -8.4% with an average of 6.4%. Calorific values were in the range of 1026-8750 J/g. The average of sulfur content for the whole area is 1.52%, while the average of bulk density at all samples was 1.48 g/cm3.

The mineralogical composition of the oil shale deposits of the area was characterized by homogeneity and mainly of calcite and quartz with moderate amounts of fluorapatite and smectite. The geological reserves determined in the area are about 10.6 billion tons.


6

Oil and Gas


7

Synergetic CO2 Storage and Gas/Oil Production from Tight Reservoirs M. Amro, F. Haefner and M. Mueller

Institute of Drilling and Fluid Mining, Reservoir Engineering, Production and Underground Storage of Oil and Gas, Technical University of Bergakademie Freiberg -

Germany *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

Tight reservoirs are currently not economically exploitable. This is due to the low permeability of the rock and consequently low values of production rate. Such reservoirs are good candidates for fracturing. The productivity of fractured tight-gas wells often does not reach its predicted value. Furthermore, this deficit in production often proves to be greater than expected, despite the existence of sufficient gas-filled porosity. The reasons for this lie in the configuration of the pore space and the negative impacts of the production process and production fluids.

At such sites CO2 can be used as stimulation and fracture fluid. The advantages of this method will be discussed. However, wettability effects on the shale and displacement efficiency of CO2 are some of the advantages.

For this application, the relative permeability of supercritical CO2 and brine/liquid CO2 has been determined. The main aim of the investigations is to evaluate the creation of fractures by pressure and cold fluids, and the fracture porosity and fracture permeability.

Additionally, the main target of this study was to investigate and develop an appropriate technology for the coupling of hydraulic and CO2-Coldfrac. Software has been developed to simulate the multiphase flow. In this software the thermodynamic behavior of CO2 evaporation has been conducted. Moreover, the technical and energetic evaluation of the field applications will be presented.


8

Taking up Unconventional Challenge is a Game Changer in Oil and Gas Industry

Abdelaziz Khlaifat1,*, Hani Qutob1, Naiem Barakat2, Hocine Harhad3, El Mahdi Yettou3 and Amine Mazouzi3

1Weatherford Oil Tool Middle East Ltd., Dubai, UAE 2Weatherford, Kuwait

3Sonatrach, PED, Algiers, Algeria *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

With the increased global demands on oil and gas, operators strive to maximize production by conducting more advanced drilling operations, such as extended reach, horizontal and high-pressure/high-temperature (HP-HT) drilling and are expanding globally into drilling unconventional resources. Unconventional gas resources offer significant gas production growth potential in the coming years, currently accounting for 43% of the US gas production. Tight Gas Sands (TGS) represents approximately 70% of the unconventional production and significant reserves are yet to be developed.

However, economical production of TGS is very challenging as it exists in reservoirs with micro-Darcy range permeability and low porosity but has a huge potential for production in the future. Poor permeability results in lower gas production rates from TGS reservoirs. In order to economically develop TGS resources an advanced technology has to be developed and implemented. Most of the TGS reservoirs are characterized by being thick (hundreds to thousands of feet thick) and multilayered where their gas production rates can be enhanced by hydraulic fracturing. Although service companies have large capabilities for conventional/unconventional reservoirs but the used technology to drill, complete and stimulate tight gas reservoir is quite complex and the results are often unexpected and unforeseen. The appropriate completion methods and stimulation techniques in these reservoirs are dependent on many parameters and variables, such as depth, pressure, temperature, capillary and overburden pressures and the number of sand layers.

This paper takes a multidisciplinary approach to better understand how gas can be produced from tight gas sand and shale gas reservoirs. Two real case histories will be presented; Travis Peak formation in eastern Texas, USA; and Risha gas field in eastern Jordan.


9

Production History of Risha Field Mohammad Seaideen

National Petroleum Company, Jordan, [email protected]

Abstract

Jordan started producing gas from Risha field in 1989. This field lies in the northern eastern part of Jordan. The main component of natural gas is Methane (90.5%), CO2 (6.5%), N2 (1.5%) and traces of other gaseous component.

Gas production started with 20 Millions of standard cubic feet of RH-3 and RH-6 and the production increased up to 37 Millions of standard cubic feet after putting other wells on production. The produced gas was sent to CEGCO to produce electricity, The Jordanian gas cover 3-4% of the Jordanian Electricity.

The total production of this field exceeds 186 Billion of standard cubic feet. Today's production is 18 MMSCFD. This paper presents the production history of Risha field, and production of every well since 1989 until up to date production and installing two compressors to maintain the lower pressure wells to be produced to the gas treatment plant.


10

Oil Opportunities in Jordan Zuhair O. Alsadiq

Petroleum geologist & drilling consultant, Dijla Energy Services, trading as ENRAQ, email: [email protected]

Abstract

Azraq basin consists of several geological structures, the Azraq area which is under study is approximately “1500" square kilometers, and about "33" wells have been drilled in different structures in this area.

The study which prepared for the NRA with a cost of about USD (2) millions, evaluated the hydrocarbon potential in the area. The study indicated that an estimated of about (430) million barrels of oil have been generated from the WS-2 member in the Azraq area.

The Hamzeh field contains stock tank oil in place ranging between (15.2-22.5) million STB. While (NPC) produced not more than (1) million barrel of oil since 1988.

Two heavy oil wells have been drilled in the area; the data obtained about these two wells indicate the presence of a vast amount of heavy oil and asphalt which could obtain crude oil by converting it by technical methods. Some wells drilled in other structures in this area, data obtained showed the presence of (good-strong) oil shows.

The Dead Sea area is about (3750) square kilometers, many oil seeps are available in Dead Sea area, most of the oil fields in the world had been explored or discovered through the seeps around it. Dead Sea is wealthy by seeps. Significant oil seep in Wadi Asal, south of Lisan peninsula on the eastern side of the Dead Sea, another historic seep at Ain-Hummar which is (5) Km south of Wadi Mujib to the north of the Lisan Peninsula, it was described In 1939. A core-hole drilling program produced samples with an average organic carbon content (TOC) over 10%.

One of the wells which had been drilled in the Wadi Sirhan area gave us the best quality of oil (sweet oil) with a gravity of (43°) API.

Additional exploration work for oil could be carried out on the other four blocks in Jordan, namely on the following areas: East Safawi Block, West Safawi Block, North Jordan Block and Jafr-Central Jordan Block.


11

إحصائیات الطاقة: مستقبل النفط وتحدیاتھ في الشرق األوسط مازن خلیفھ

دائرة اإلحصاءات - منسق الطاقة الوطني لمشاریع الیورستات االوروبیة / رئیس الفریق الوطني للطاقة [email protected], [email protected]العامة/االردن،

ملخص

ات دول والحكوم ل ال غل الشاغل لك ي الش ا ھ ة وتوفیرھ ر الطاق ع تعتب ا تس ة منھ ة المتقدم دول وخاص ىفالوث یأتيتوفیر مصادر بدیلة للمصادر التقلیدیة للطاقة والتي سوف إلىجاھدة ن التل تخلص م ذلك لل علیھا یوم وتنفد وك

ة البیئي الناتج عن استخدام المصادر التقل د یدی ات . ولق ي توقع ة ف رن الحالي تحوالت جذری ن الق ي م د الماض شھد العقتخدام دة المدى لسوء اس لبیة بعی أثیرات الس ى الت ة، إضافة إل ي أسعار الطاق ذب الحاد ف ع التذب الم م نظام الطاقة في الع

.یدة وواقعیة لتلك األزمةالطاقة على البیئة والمناخ، وھو ما دفع كثیر من العلماء والباحثین للبحث عن حلول جدي از الطبیع نفط والغ ل ال ن98یمث و % م دالت النم د مع د أدى تزای ة. وق دول العربی ي ال ة ف تھالك الطاق اس

ت واقترانھا بزیادة في الدخل ،)2010 - 1990سنویا خالل العشرین عاما الماضیة (2.6%السكاني بنسبة القومي بلغن % إلى ارتفاع مت4.5في نفس الفترة. نفط م ن ال ل عام 7.8وسط استھالك الفرد م ى 1990برامی ل عام 9.6إل برامی

غ ، أي2010برامیل نفط عام .٩9، ثم إلى ٢٠٠٠ رد 1.4%بمعدل نمو سنوي بل تھالك الف ط اس اع متوس ع ارتف ویتوق .%٢٫١، أي بزیادة سنویة قدرھا ٢٠٢٠برمیال عام ١٢٫٨العربیة لیصل إلى من الطاقة في الدول

ي نسبةوبال عفین ف ن ض ر م تھالك أكث ث زاد االس ر، حی و اآلخ دالت استھالكھ ھ رة للغاز فقد تزایدت مع الفتى %. ومن المتوقع أن یصل الطلب على الغاز٥٫٧وبزیادة سنویة بلغت 2010 - 1990 الطبیعي في الدول العربیة إل

ادة 2010 ممالیین عا .٤.3م مقارنة ٢٠٢٠مالیین برمیل عام .٦6 غ نسبتھا ، أي بزی ذنا .سنویا 4.6% تبل ا أخ وإذا مات ار التوقع ي االعتب رة ف ر النظ ا لتقری ة (وفق ة العربی ي المنطق رول ف وب البت د نض راب موع ن اقت رات ع والمؤش

د م2009االقتصادیة اإلقلیمیة: الشرق األوسط آسیا، سبتمبر ندوق النق ن ص یكون والصادر ع ر س إن األم دولي)، ف ال .االستھالك والبحث عن مصادر طاقة بدیلة المستقبل، وھو ما یتطلب ضرورة السعي لتقنینأكثر سوءا في


12

Mining


13

Determination of Trace Elements Concentration in Mine Water and Trace Elements Index (TEI) in Some Coal Mines of Jharia Coalfield

Dr. D.P.Tripathy

Professor & Head, Department of Mining Engineering, N.I.T., Rourkela-769008, India, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Jharia coalfield is one of the most important sources of coking coal in India. Coal mining activities in this coalfield have significantly caused mineralisation of surface and ground water; there-by adversely affecting it’s quality and utility. Several trace elements may be present in mine water released from various mining and processing operations. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the trace elements concentration in mine water in monsoon, winter and summer seasons in seven collieries of Jharia coalfield. The study areas comprised up three zones namely: non-fire, intermediate fire and fire zone depending on the level of fire activity in the selected coal mines. The trace elements that were selected for analysis were Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cd etc. For analysis of trace elements; samples were filtered using Whatman filter paper No.42. Then the samples were preserved after acidifying to pH <2 with 6 N conc. HNO3 in refrigerator till analysis in GBC-902 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of the present investigations clearly reveal that mine waters of fire areas showed higher concentration levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn vis-à-vis non-fire and intermediate fire areas. Ni, Cd and Co was found to be present in mine water samples of fire areas and absent in other areas. As, Se, Hg, and Cr were BDL in all the samples in the three seasons. In general, the trace elements concentrations were observed to be minimum in monsoon season and maximum in summer season. Trace elements index determined for mine water samples for different zones indicate that, mine water was ‘very slightly polluted’ in non-fire zone, ‘slightly polluted’ in intermediate fire zone and ‘moderately to highly polluted’ in the fire zone.


14

Project Planning and Scheduling Using Pronet Dr. D.P.Tripathy

Professor & Head, Department of Mining Engineering, N.I.T., Rourkela-769008 , India, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Project network analysis techniques (CPM & PERT) help in designing, planning, co-ordination, controlling and decision making in order to accomplish the project economically in the minimum available time with the limited available resources. They can be applied to a wide range of engineering and non-engineering applications such as construction projects, manufacturing/production planning, inventory planning, project planning and scheduling, R&D activities etc. Critical Path Method (CPM) and Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) are the most common techniques used for solving network problems. This paper deals with the basic concepts of CPM & PERT techniques and their differences and applications succinctly. Further, an attempt has been made to develop a comprehensive, menu-driven, graphics software package (PRONET) in TURBO ‘C’, to solve network problems. For planning and scheduling of an opencast mining project under Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), the utility of the software was verified.


15

Why Do Oil and Mineral Resources continue to be Mixed Blessings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region?

Rami Al-Rawashdeh* and Hani Al-Nawafleh Department of Mining Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, P.O.Box 20,

Ma’an, Jordan, email: [email protected], [email protected]. *Corresponding author.

Abstract

This study revisits a topic that was widely debated in the 1980s and 1990s – the resource curse. The study not only explores why oil and mineral revenues do not lead to economic growth, but attempts to explain why this phenomenon continues to exist in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). There is empirical evidence presented on both the importance of oil and mineral exports/revenues for the MENA region as well as trends in merchandise exports. The study also demonstrates that after much emphasis on diversification during the past decade away from oil and mineral sectors the region remains dependent. The paper proffers two hypothesis of why the resource curse persists. The first hypothesis is that corruption and poor governance, that is common in oil and mineral dependent states, leads to negative growth. The second hypothesis is that oil and mineral dependent states spend a higher portion of their GDP on military expenses both for internal and external reasons leading to negative growth. The study finds that both these factors contribute to negative growth in the MENA region in spite of resource abundance. The timing of this study is important due to the internal unrest that many MENA countries are now experiencing and will continue to experience as the 65 percent of their populations under the age of 30 continue to search for meaningful employment in socio-economic systems that do not generate growth or jobs. Furthermore, the findings of this study show that diversification without good governance does not lead to better growth in spite of resource abundance.

Keywords: Oil, economic growth, MENA, Rentier State, corruption, military spending.


16

الالءات الثــالث في صــناعة التــعدیــن وأســس التطبــــــیق الدكتور المھندس عبدالفتاح أبو بكر

استشــاري / مركز تطویر اإلدارة واإلنتاجیة / دمـشق، أستاذ محاضر في جامـعة دمشــــق، سوریا، [email protected]، البرید االلكتروني: ٢٣٨٧دمشــــــق /ص، ب.

الملخص

یتصف قطاع التعدین بحساسیتھ وخطورتھ المفرطة في أشغالھ وأنشطتھ المختلفة : السطحیة وفي باطن األرض، والذي یقضي بشروط وظروف معینة تملیھا طبیعة عناصر ھذه الصناعة : البشریة والمادیة والتقنیة والبیئیة

لتعدین التي تتجلى في أن الحوادث وال على حد سواء. وتبرز الالءات الثالث كأحد أھم مقومات نجاح صناعة ا أعطال لوسائل العمل وال عیوب في العمل أو النواتج.

) تتجلى في تحقیق السالمة والصحة المھنیة، وتأتي في Zero accidentsصفر حوادث ( - فالالحوادثجلى في تحقیق ) تت Zero breakdownsصفر أعطال ( –المقام األول من متطلبات ھذه الصناعة. والالأعطال

استمراریة العمل دونما توقفات مفاجئة ناجمة عن أعطال طارئة لوسائل العمل، قد ینتج عنھا حوادث تصیب األفراد، ) Zero defectsصفر عیوب ( –كما تلحق األذى بالموجودات وبیئة العمل. أما الالعیبوب في العمل والنواتج

التشغیل ومرحلة التشغیل واألداء.والمواصفات في مرحلتي ماقبل فتتجلى بالمطابقة مع التعلیمات واإلجراءاتإن تحقیق السالمة في العمل وھو ھدف محوري في قطاع التعدین ینتج عن الوقایة من األخطار بأنواعھا

فاتھا القائمة والمتوقعة، یرفدھا العمل بالصیانة المخططة لوسائل العمل التي تؤدي إلى جاھزیة تلك الوسائل وعدم توق بمبادئ ضبط وضمان وإدارة الجودة بااللتزام ایة وتحقیق السالمة منوطة أیضاالمفاجئة،. كذلك فإن إجراءات الوق

یئتھ وأبعاده المادیة والزمنیة.لمواضیع العمل وفعالیاتھ وفي محیطھ وبمت وتنجم عن إن الحوادث الكبرى في قطاع التعدین التي أدت وتؤدي الى فواجع ومآسي وكوارث، نج

إغفال تكامل الفعالیات الثالث التي یلقي البحث الضوء علیھا من زاویة تحقیق أھداف صناعة التعدین بمجاالتھا العدیدة وخصائصھا ومتطلباتھا. في البحث عرض لخصائص تلك الفعالیات وشروط تحقیقھا وتكاملھا التي یجب

المفاجآت غیر السارة في ھذا القطاع، ویخلص البحث إلى توصیات التأكید علیھا وبحث المستجدات فیھا توخیا لتجنب مفیدة عند التطبیق العملي .

وقایة. ،عیوب ،أعطال ،حوادث ،كلمات مفتاحیة: تعدین


17

Mining Geology and Exploration


18

Shocked Minerals and Lithics from Jebel Waqf as Suwwan Impact Structure

Hani N. Khoury; and Elias Salameh.

University of Jordan, Faculty of Science, Amman 11492, Jordan, email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

A 6 km diameter, complex, and well-preserved impact structure located at 31o03’222”N/36o48’230”E was discovered by Salameh et al. (2006) at Jebel Waqf as Suwwan, in the central eastern region of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Fig. 1). The impact structure of Jabal Waqf as Suwwan is the only known large impact structure between India and the Mediterranean Sea. Only small impact craters (Wabar craters) were reported in the Rub' Al-Khali desert of the southern Arabian peninsula (Shoemaker and Wynn, 1997).

The oldest exposed rocks in the area are sandstones of Lower Cretaceous age that occur within the innermost part of the impact structure. Overlying the sandstone is a sequence of alternating marl, shale, chalk, sandstone, dolomite, and limestone with some phosphate lenses of a total thickness of 300 m. The Jebel Waqf as Suwwan rocks belong to the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, and consist of carbonates intercalated with extensive chert horizons. Findings of shatter cones and limited shock metamorphic deformations in quartz grains confirmed that the structure was formed as a result of the impact of an extraterrestrial projectile (Salameh et al. 2006, 2008, Khirfan, 2010 & Kenkmann et al. 2010). Microdeformation in chert exhibits a macroscopic dendritic and suborthogonal fracture pattern commonly associated with thin ‘‘recrystallization bands’’ that intersect the pre-existing diagenetic chert fabric. Microdeformation evidence in quartz is indicated by PFs, feather features (FFs), and mainly single sets of planar deformation feature (PDFs) (Salameh et al. 2006 and Shmieder et al. 2011). Shmieder et al. 2011 have indicated that fractures in the microcrystalline chert groundmass and recrystallization bands are likely related to impact-induced shear.


19

Characterization of the Ferruginous Sandstone in Batn Al Ghul Area/South Jordan

Khalid Tarawneh1,*, Hani Alnawafleh1, Mohamed Harahsheh1, Saeb Shreideh2, Nazem Radaideh2 , Khalid Moumani3, Bassam Tarawneh3 and Muhammad

Abdelghafoor3

1 Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Faculty of Engineering, Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 20, Ma’an, Jordan

2 Yarmouk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Environment Sciences, Irbid, Jordan

3 Natural Resources Authority, Geology Directorate, Geological Mapping Division, P.O. Box 7, Amman, Jordan

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Ferruginous Sandstone Deposits of Batn Al Ghul Area/Southern Jordan are studied in detailed for the first time in this work. These deposits occur as summit capping on residual hills or ridges which run subparallel to the main faults in the area. They represent the upper parts of a formerly continuous late weathering surface of Cretaceous Kurnub Sandstone and Batn Al Ghul groups. The ironbands are relatively up to 20 m thick and concordantly interbedded with siliciclastic rocks. Up to 15 cm thick ferribands are distributed randomly throughout the undifferentiated Kurnub/Batn Al Ghul groups. Most of the siliciclastic of these groups are dominated by reddish brown and yellowish brown colors. The ferribands are ferruginized by impregnation of iron oxides and oxihydrooxides.

Petrographic examinations revealed that the ferruginous sandstones are composed of quartz grains and iron oxides mineralization. Goethite is the main mineral constituent of the ferruginous sandstone, while hematite and limonite are amorphous. Chemical analyses of selected bulk samples of ferruginous sandstone indicate that the Fe2O3 content ranges from 4.24 to 44.46%, whereas through SEM the Fe2O3 content is up to 53.65%. The ferribands and iron crusts predominantly occur at the contact of different lithologies, e.g. sandstone/claystone contact, and are not associated with sediments of particular environmental facies types. Keywords: Jordan; Ferruginous sandstones; facies; ferribands; cement.


20

Bentonite Deposits of Omm Ali Area (River Nile State), Sudan Gizouli Ahmed Hamid

Ministry of Minerals, Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS)

Abstract

The total area of this study is 1.25 km2. Within this area, 15 boreholes were drilled with average depth about 11.3 m in semi-grid system using auguring method. 52 samples from different boreholes and depths were collected. The collected samples were subject to chemical analysis and also tested for Atterburg limits and grain-size distribution.

The bentonite resources of Omm Ali are estimated to be about 5.15 million m3. Two clay layers were defined; upper layer and lower layer. The upper one is grey colored, while the lower one is dark colored.

Grain-size distribution ranges for both clay horizons are shown in table below: Grain size Grey clay Dark clay Sand range 2 -28% 3-21% Silt range 12 – 53% 22-60% Clay range 25-78% 27-73 % Limits of dark and grey clays of Omm Ali area. Grey clay Dark clay Shrinkage limit 11-28%, 19-28%. Liquid limit 35-75% 51-78%. Plastic limit 13-27% 18-29%. Plasticity index . 21-50%, 32-54%. Clay activity 0.62-1.08 0.71-2.0 Classification ranges vary from sandy clay with low plasticity to clay with very

high plasticity. The raw material is treated by carboxyl methyl cellulose (C.M.C), the optimum

properties obtained at 2%. It is noticed that the dark clay gives better properties than the grey one. To reach

the standard values, it recommended to minimize the sand percentage, and to be grinded finer.


21

Geochemical Exploration For Gold & Associated Elements, In The J. Moya Area, Sennar State, South Sudan.

Osman Abuagla Daffalla1, EL-Sheikh Mohammed Abdrahman1 and Salih Ali Salih2

1GRAS, Ministry of Minerals ,Sudan 2Department of Mineral Wealth, Faculty of Oil & Minerals, Al-Neelain University,

Sudan.

Abstract

The study area is located around Jebel Moya in Sennar State, central Sudan. The area is an important link between northern and southern terrains of the late Proterozoic Pan African Arabian Nubian Shied, which is characterized by exhalative volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits and associated Au and Ag metals in low grade volcano-sedimentary sequences. The objective of this study is to carry out geochemical exploration for gold and associated elements using stream sediments and soil geochemical methods, for the first time in the study area.

Previous geological investigations revealed the existence of low grade metasedimentary sequences, high grade granulite facies rocks, granitoid complexes around J. Moya at the center of the study area.

An orientational geochemical survey has been conducted by the collection of 5 stream sediments samples in different grain size fractions (-63µ,-80µ,-125µ). This step is very important to select the effective fraction for further exploratory works. Sampling includes also collection of 14 chip composite samples. All samples have been analyzed for gold using wet analysis techniques with very low detection limits and ICP- ms techniques for associated elements in OMAC laboratories. Results of this work revealed that the best grain size to be used in regional geochemical survey in this area is(-63µ). This grain size yield high element values for Au, As, Ba, Cr, Th, Ti, U, V and Zn in the stream sediments samples. Chip samples also recorded high concentrations of Au, As, Ba, Fe, S, Pb, V, Zn, U, Th.

Anomalies have been followed up by chip samples from the catchment areas. Eaight gossanic bodies have been reported for the first time in the study area. Chip samples recorded up to 0.9g\t gold and 0.6% Zn in the gossans and up to 19 ppm U. Further work is recommended including covering the whole of the area with a low density stream sediment geochemical survey using (-63µ fraction) as the optimum size. Detailed exploration work including trenching and later drilling is recommended for the gossanic bodies.

Keywords: Jebel Moya, Sudan, Exploration for Gold.


22

Influence of Geological Information Density on the Training Quality of Neural Networks as Forecast Models

Veselin Hristov1 and Stanislav Topalov2 1 Computer Science Dept., University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”,

Sofia, Bulgaria e-mail: [email protected] 2 Mine Surveying and Geodesy Dept., University of Mining and Geology “St.

Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, e-mail [email protected] Abstract:

The spatial information for the values of basic geological parameter (copper grade) from the different exploration and exploitation stages of porphyry copper deposit has been used in the investigation. Neural networks have been trained with different density of training data for some production levels. The train and test errors of forecast model – neural network have been analyzed. Their values can be used for training information density evaluation with the purpose of risk reduction in geological parameter prognostication. The obtained results give us possibilities of train data optimal density determination.

Keywords: ore deposit, exploration, density of exploration data, open pit mining

method, neural networks, prognosis.


23

Exploration of Zircon Minerals in South Jordan Zain Smadi1 , Ahmad Al-Malabeh1 , Jamal Alali2 and Khitam Alzughoul1

1Hashemite University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 150459, Zarka 13115, Jordan, email: [email protected]; [email protected];

[email protected]. 2Aqaba Petroleum for Oil Shale co, Amman, Jordan, email; [email protected].

Abstract

Zircon was reported in the middle of Ordovician age in Wadi Al-Mezrab, South Jordan. This study was conducted to evaluate the zircon minerals within the zircon bearing horizon in the Middle member of Dubaydib Formation. Zircon grains were separated using standard techniques of crushing, wet sieving, magnetic and gravity separation (heavy liquid). Geochemical investigations were conducted via X-rays Fluorescence, and Inductively Coupled Plasma. The geochemical study showed that the average content of Zr in zircon is 2.4%, Ce, La and Y in monazite are 7.1%, 1.9%, and 0.04%, respectively in concentrated samples. The average TiO2 content is 6.8%. Geochemical representation of the data indicates that there is a positive relationship between the Zr, Ce, La, Y, and TiO2. The highest percentages of Zr, TiO2, and REE in non-magnetic minerals concentrate within the size fractions of -75+45 to -45μm. The calculated result of % by weight showed; the highest content of Zr was 22.82, the ZrO2 % was 32, and the ZrSiO4% was 49.14 of the -75 to +45 size fraction.

The studied zircon can be utilized in several industrial applications such as glass

making, ceramic waste form for the immobilization of high level radioactive waste and excess plutonium weapons, nuclear energy as zirconium element, Welding rod coatings, Steel metals and alloys


24

Ed El Fursan Banded Iron Formation (BIF), Its Relation With KASS Massive Sulphides, And The Regional Hydrothermal Budget, South

Darfur State, Sudan Mohmed Ali, N.W., El Sammani, Y., Abdel Rahman, E.M., Abdel Bagi, M.

and El Faki, E.M. Geological Research Authority of the Sudan, P.O.BOX, 410 Khartoum, Sudan.

Abstract

The paper discusses an origin of a variety of Banded iron formation (BIF) which mainly defined as Algoma and Lake Superior types. This one here at Ed El Fursan, at south Darfur state differs from the above mentioned categories in nature. This BIF is from geological and chemical stand points is hydrothermal, and emplaced episodically in quartzites, the host rocks. The area is generally characterized by high grade metamorphism of probably Proterozoic age. The mineralization perhaps intruded during green schist facies as favorable conditions and suffered amphibolite degree of metamorphism with the rest of the succession. Other discussed metallogeny is the Leona sulphides that are very rich in lead and associated silver (90% Pb, 2500ppm Ag) which generally considered as precious ore. The hydrothermal budget and comparison revealed that the BIF and probably SEDEX massive sulphides are probably formed from the same magma and its successive hydrothermal solutions in multiple phases that characterize the metallogeny of the area along definite structural lineaments. The comparison also between the sulphides of south Darfur and those of north Kordofan refer to the same magma chamber and its evolutionary hydrothermal phases which may hint to its immense size and impact in the two large regions. The artisanal gold is probably one of the mineral paragenesis of these processes. Finally, the magma evolution state, despite the large time span between lower Proterozoic (gneissic cratonic terrane, current study) and upper Proterozoic (Pan African, some parts of Haya terrane), similarity is preserved in mineralization genetic model as a result of multiple phase of hydrothermalism. The process is highly controlled by metamorphism, deformation, initial conditions, and mechanism of repetition. The process might started early since Archaean wherever encountered.


25

Metallogeny Of The Cratonized Terranes Adjacent To Green Stone Belts, Examples; Alaikalib, Mazroub, Sodari And Um Badir

Mohmed Ali, N.W., El Sammani,Y., Abdel Rahman, E.M., Sulieman, M., Ibrahim, A., Abdel Bagi, M. and Moustafa, E.

Geological Research Authority of the Sudan, P.O.Box 410, Khartoum, Sudan.

Abstract

Comparative studies, especially those built on general geology, and geochemistry carried out on North Kordofan, strictly on Mazroub, Sodari, and Um Badir, strongly indicate similar genetic relations between gossans, massive sulphides, and associated quartz veins. The gossans and VHMS, despite slight differences between them, however they show formation from the same magma. As this kind of mineralization proved episodic emplacement, probably they are not formed in the same time. Silicification is one of the phases that implicated in the emplacement of both mineralization they came later in the evolutionary path. In a former study, the manganese rich mineralization emplaced in the green schist (Hamot at the Arabian Nubian Shield) and those in the adjacent cratonized terrane of tranitionally gneisses (Alaikalib and Abu samr), were treated separately, as actually they are found from the same magma. The study proves that the mineralizations found at cratonized terranes are derived from the same magma chamber as those emplaced later in the late Pan African orogeny. This would indicate that the magma chamber that formed these mineralization is much larger than have been thought. So the same processes that form the sulphides and associated quartz veins keep repetition in time from the lower Proterozoic to the upper Proterozoic. Probably, also since the Achaean wherever found.


26

Exploration, Evaluation and Investment Opportunities of Feldspar Ore Deposits in Jordan

Osama Shakkour1 , Khalid Tarawneh2 , Jamal Dana1

1Natural Resources Authority, Exploration Studies Division Amman-JordanP. O. Box 7, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected].

2Al Hussein Bin Talal University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining, Ma’an, P. O. Box 20, Fax: +962 3 2179050, [email protected]

Abstract

Feldspar is the most important single group of rock forming silicate minerals on the earth crust. The feldspar deposits in Jordan are belong to the alkali granite rocks type as leucogranite, feldspar pegmatites, and alkali-rich granite, which occurring as medium to coarse-grained, light colored igneous rocks such as aplite and alaskite, respectively. They characterized by granite composition and are characterized by low content of iron-bearing mafic minerals.

This paper aims to evaluate the feldspar of the plutonic rocks in southwest Jordan, particularly in Wadi Sadir Al-Mulghan and adjacent areas, and to shed light on investment opportunities of this ore with aim to be used in building tiles, ceramic, glass and other applications.

The studies carried out by the Exploration Studies Division in the Natural Resources Authority indicate that the feldspar ore deposits in Wadi Sadir Al-Mulgan and adjacent areas has a lower contents in mafic minerals and a higher contents of alkalis (K2O+Na2O), comparing with the other localities of feldspar ore deposits in southwestern Jordan. Discussion and interpretation of geology, mineralogy, petrography and chemical composition of the feldspar ore in these areas were discussed in detail. The results showed that, the feldspar ore deposits in Wadi Sadir Al-Mulghan and adjacent area (Wadi Sadir ash Shuqayuri) more suitable and more accessible from the extraction and mining viewpoint.

Keywords: Jordan, feldspar, plutonic, mafic, ore, mineralogy, mining.


27

الصناعیة لالستخدامات األردن جنوب/الحسا غرب مناطق في الجیري الحجر خامات تقییم .المختلفة

سعد أبو لطفي جیولوجيالغنام و علي جیولوجيال ،[email protected] ، برید الكتروني:سلطة المصادر الطبیعیة، عمان، األردن

[email protected]

ملخص

منطقة شماال وحتى سواقة منطقة من ممتدة األردن وجنوب وسط مناطق في الجیري الحجر خامات تتواجد حجرال مابین تتراوح التي درجة نقاوتھا وآذلك السماآة حیث من الخامات ھذة تتباین حیث جنوبا الدراویش جرف

نقاوتھا درجة حسب الخامات ھذه یتطلب تصنیف الذي األمر النقاوة عالي الجیري والحجر النقي الجیري .األمثل االستغالل اجل استغاللھا من وذلك المختلفة الصناعیة لالستخدامات

التي ابقةللدراسات الس استكماال الدراسة ھذه تأتي النقاوة عالي الجیري الحجر على المتزاید الطلب ولكثرة للصناعات وتصنیفھا لھا وحساب االحتیاطي الخامات ھذة نوعیة تحدید اجل من الطبیعیة المصادر سلطة بھا قامت

.المختلفة جمعت .م 34تراوحت (الكوآینا) الجیري الحجر طبقات في لبابیا حفرا بئرا 42 حفر الدراسة ھذة تضمنت

الدراسة ھذة نتائج بینت - .م 28 5 مابین أعماقھا - وقد .والفیزیائیة ئیةالكیمیا الفحوصات إجراء لغایات العینات منھا اوآسید معدل إن الكیمیائیة التحالیل نتائج بینت آما1 مابین تراوحت المنطقة في الجیري الحجر طبقات سماآة ان

درجة نسبة لمعد بینما ،% 0.20 الحدید معدل ،% 5.8 السیلكون %اوآسید ثاني معدل ،% 52 ھو الكالسیوم 322 بلغ فقد الدراسة منطقة في الجیري للحجر المثبت االحتیاطي أما .متدنیة نسبة وھي 78 حوالي للعینات البیاض .متري طن ملیون

تبین المتعددة حیث لالستخدامات العالمیة بالمواصفات المنطقة لھذه الجیري الحجر مواصفات مقارنة تمت اوآسید معدل النخفاض النقاوة وذلك عالي جیري حجر اعتبارھا یمكن وال قيالن النوع من ھي الخامات ھذة ان

العادي، االسمنت صناعة مجال في ھو الخامات األمثل لھذه االستخدام إن تبین حیث البیاض، درجة وآذلك الكالسیوم .للصھر وكمساعد الزراعة مجال


28

تقییم وأستغالل خام الرخام في السودان ارك محمد الحاجآمنة مبة لوجیوجیال

لوجیة، وزارة المعادن، السودانوالھیئة العامة لألبحاث الجی

ملخص

الرخام الحجر الرملي حجر الجرانیت كل ھذه االنواع المختلفة من األحجار تستخدم في صناعة البناء في ات البناء وتقطع السودان حیث تلعب دورا حیویا في شتي اإلستخدامات من واجھات منازل وزینة وغیرھا في متطلب

الي أشكال بابعاد ھندسیة لشتي األغراض بإختالف مكوناتھا الكیمیائیة . ففي السودان یلعب الرخام دورا خاصا في صناعة البناء كما یدخل في إستخدامات أخري مثل صناعة األسمنت.

ام في شمال وسط یذخر السودان بثروات ضخمة من الرخام إضافة الي الجرانیت وغیره حیث یتواجد الرخ وغرب السودان بكمیات كبیرة ومكوناتھ الكیمیائیة عبارة عن كربونات الكالسیوم (الكالسیت) أو كربونات الكالسیوم والمغنسیوم (الدولمیایت) ولونھ أبیض او وردي أو أسود أو أخضر قرمزي حسب األكاسید الخري المصاحبة في

لكات واحجار الزینة كما یعدن بالتفجیر حیث یتم إستغاللھ في صناعة تكوینھ ویعدن بالقطع بالمناشیر لصناعة الب األسمنت .تم اجراء دراسات جیوھندسیة في المواقع المختلفة في السودان لتقییم الخام كما تمت دراسات جیوھندسیة

وكثافة الضخر ومدي لقیاس قوة الصخر ومدي التحمل لإلھتراء ومقاومة التجویة الكیمیائیة وقیاس الكثافة النوعیة نفاذیة الصخر للمیاه كما تمت دراسات كیمیائیة وقد أكدت كل ھذه الدراسات نتائج صالحیة ھذا الخام في صناعة البناء كاحجار للزینة وغیرھا من األستخدامات بعد تحدید األحتیاطي للخام والدراسات الكیمیائیة اعطت نتائج عالیة

الحریق كما تم إستخدام الخام في بعض المناطق لشركات منحت تصاریح للعمل في من اكسید الكالسیوم والفاقد في إنتاج أحجار الزینة باإلضافة الي المحاجر بمساحات صغیرة للمالكین وكلھا مجتمعة تغزي السوق واإلستھالك

المحلي.


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اد المرشحةرمال منطقة رأس النقب االردنیة و امكانیة استغاللھا في الصناعات الزجاجیة والمو ٢.ایمان الضرابعةوالمھندسة ٢عمر الطاھاتالمھندس ، 1عصام جلھم االستاذ الدكتور [email protected] ، برید الكتروني:الجامعة االردنیة1

[email protected]، [email protected] :برید الكتروني سلطة المصادر الطبیعیة،2

ملخص

االحتیاطي الكبیر المتوفر من خامات الرمل الزجاجي المتواجدة في منطقة رأس النقب یستحق البحث و الدراسة ألستخدامھ في العدید من الصناعات.

في ھذا البحث تم دراسة الخصائص الفیزیائیة و المیكانیكیة للرمال الزجاجیة األردنیة في منطقة رأس النقب تحلیل عدة عینات من مواقع مختلفة لمعرفة نوع الشوائب المرافقة لھا ونسبھا و امكانیة التخلص منھا بطرق و تم

المعالجة و التراكیز الصحیحة و األقل تكلفة.لمعالجة و تنقیة خامات رمال السیلیكا األردنیة والتركیز على ( flow chart)حیث تم أقتراح مخطط

قد SiO2خدام طریقة التدرج الحبیبي و الغسل ،وقد أظھرت النتائج أن نسبة اكسید السیلكونالطرق الفیزیائیة باست% وبعد ٠٫٠١٣الى Fe2O3 % وانخفضت نسبة الشوائب الغیر مرغوب بھا مثل اكسید الحدید ٩٩٫٦٨ارتفعت الى

و المرشحات تبین انھ باألمكان مقارنة النتائج بالمواصفات العالمیة المستخدمھ في الصناعات المختلفة خاصة الزجاج استغالل الرمال الزجاجیة األردنیة صناعیا.


30

Mineral Processing


31

Hydro Tropes as Promoters in Soap Flotation Abubakar Hardy, Vijay Kumar.P, Yasser Dassin, Prabhulingaiah.G, and Sekhar

DMR

Jordan Phosphate Mines Co. PLC- Eshidiya Mines, Jordan, email: [email protected]

Abstract

Soaps, the salts of fatty acids are generally used as collectors in the flotation process to separate salt type minerals. Some times light diesel oil is mixed with soaps and the emulsion is used as collector. Addition of detergents to soaps not only enhances the collector efficiency but also reduces the consumption of soap. Urea a known hydro trope is found to improve the flotation efficiency of soaps. Our current testing is indicating that other hydro tropes such as tri sodium citrate and sodium salicylate are also effective in improving the flotation efficiency of soap and also the soap-LDO emulsion.

Keywords: Hydro tropes, Sodium Salicylate, soap flotation.


32

E-Waste Separation Using Mechanical Vibration Feras Fraige*, Laila Al-Khatib, Hani Alnawafleh and Mohammad Dweirj

Al-Hussein Bin Talal University/ Faculty of Engineering, Ma’an, Jordan * Corresponding author: email: [email protected] , [email protected]

Abstract

This paper highlights the use of mechanical vibration for shredded e-waste separation. It illustrates two types of e-waste mixtures and tests the separation efficiency. Different separation patterns and bed configurations are observed. Metal component is observed at the top at relatively low frequency (f = 10 Hz) which reveals Brazilian nut effect. In medium range frequency (f = 60 Hz) and high acceleration (Γ ≈ 9 – 15), sandwich configuration is observed. While at relatively high frequency (f = 120 Hz) and high acceleration (Γ ≈ 9 – 15), separation occur with reverse Brazilian Nut effect (i.e. metal component at bottom). The last configuration is considered the most suitable range as it separates quickly, and the bed configuration requires less design complication in terms of mechanisms. Keywords: e-waste, recycling, vibration, metal recovery, separation.


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Development of Flotation Scheme for Fine Jordanian Phosphate: Physical and Chemical Evaluation and Froth Flotation

Eng. Emad Momani Jordan Phosphate Mines Company, Ltd. (JPMC)

Abstract

The particle size distributions of a material can be important in understanding its physical and chemical properties. It affects the strength and load-bearing properties of rocks and soils. It affects the reactivity of solids participating in chemical reactions, and needs to be controlled in many industrial products.

Phosphate rock needs processing to reduce the content of gangue minerals such as silicates; to meet the requirements of the phosphate industry. Flotation of apatite is complicated, due to its physicochemical similarity with other minerals in phosphate ores.

The particle size distribution of phosphate is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amounts of particles present, sorted according to size.

The sample used in this study collected from A3 layer of Eshediya mine -Jordan phosphate mines company. Sieve analysis were carried out for the sample, after that the fraction of the sieve was sent to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Different weights of this fraction were made as different D50.

In spite of relatively few studies have been done on the effect of operating parameters, such as particle size and pulp conditions and collector dosage on the lab experiment flotation. In this research, the results of batch flotation tests to assess the influence of operating variables on the flotation experiment are discussed. Pulp pH, collector dosage, conditioning and feed size affected recovery significantly. For the collector dosages and the feed size are factors influenced the concentrate grade and conditioning is essential for the whole flotation process.

The test results indicated that could produce a commercial-grade phosphate product in a single stage of separation but for high-grade need for another stage.

Product quality ranged between 65-71% T.C.P (tri calcium phosphate = T.C.P%) 2.185= (29.75-32.5) %P2O5) and (6-17) % A.I.R% (acid insoluble residual). T.C.P% recoveries reached 81% as T.C.P%.


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Solvent Extraction Properties of New Thiophene Based Trifluoromethyl-Substituted -Diketones for Uranium (VI) and

Thorium (IV) Ions Samir A. Al-Taweel*, Fawwaz Khalili , Elham Al-Qudah, and Salah A. Al-

Tarawneh

Mu’tah University, Chemistry Department, Karak P.O.Box 7, Jordan. *Corresponding author, e-mail : [email protected]

Abstract

Extraction behavior of U(VI) and Th(IV) metal ions using toluene as organic solvent is investigated with new β-diketones. The effects of stripping acid concentration, stripping time, extraction time, extractant concentration, pH and temperature on the extraction processes have been studied. From distribution coefficient (Kd) values at different temperatures, the enthalpy, free energy and entropy changes associated with the extraction processes were determined. The composition of the complexes formed were established to be UO2(A)2 and Th(A)4.


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Deposits of Uranium in Serbia and Possibility of “In-situ” Leaching Prof. dr Zoran Petkovic1, Prof. dr Nadezda Calic2 and Dr Issa Owais3

1RGF Beograd, Serbia , 2RF Prijedor, BiHercegovina, 3Amman, Jordan. Abstract

In Serbia there are many uranium ore bodies for which possibilities of exploiting by in situ leach method were conducted. Below we are giving the basic data concerning some ore bodies. Mountain “Stara Planina” is a unique mountainous massif, located on a territories of Serbia and Bulgaria. It belongs to the Carpatho – Balkan arc, which from Rumania, through Eastern Serbia extends to Bulgaria. In geostructural composition of Eastern Serbia, “Stara Planina” is within a “Stara Planina” structural formative zone, which is positioned between the Moesia platform on the east, and a Kucaj-Homolje structural-formative zone in the west. Massif of “Stara Planina” consist of three geotectonic entireties: Vrska Cuka anticline with Minicevo-Kadibogaz syncline, anticlinorium of “Stara Planina” and North-West parts of Knjazevac’s syncline. “Stara Planina” as a whole represents a distinct metallogenetic district within a Porec-Stara Planina metallogenetic zone. Deposits and occurrences of uranium are, at the moment, present only within an anticlinorium of “Stara Planina”.

Exploitation of Uranium ore can be performed in situ leaching or in heap leaching on the open pit or mine pit. In the process of “In-situ” leaching solution is pumped into the deposit, where it makes contact with the ore. The solution bearing the liquefied ore content is then pumped to the layer and processed. This process permits the extraction of metals and salts from an ore body without the requirement for conventional mining, entailing drill-and-blast, open-cut or underground mining. “In-situ” leach (ISL) mining is defined as the extraction of uranium from the host sandstone biochemical solutions and the recovery of uranium at the surface. ISL extraction is conducted by injecting a suitable leach solution into the ore zone below the water table; oxidizing, complexing, and mobilizing the uranium; recovering the pregnant solutions through production wells; and, finally, pumping the uranium bearing solution to the surface for further processing. Acid leach technology employs an acid based leaching system. Dilute sulfuric acid is normally used.


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Surface Modification and Characterization of Jordanian Kaolinite: Application for Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Mohammad Al-Harahsheh 1,*, Reyad Shawabkeh 2,3, Adnan Al-Harahsheh 3, Khalid Tarawneh1 and Marwan M. Batiha 1,

1 Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Faculty of Engineering, Ma’an 7111, PO Box 20 Jordan 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,

Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Kaolinite clay was tested for removal of lead ions from aqueous solution. This clay was washed with sulphuric acid solution followed by chemical surface modification using 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane and sodium hydroxide. XRF results showed that silica to alumina ratio was 2.8:1 for the treated sample compared to 1.6:1 for the raw one. XRD analysis displayed different distinct kaolinite and quartz peaks before treatment while kaolinite peaks were diminished after the treatment. SEM morphology indicated that the raw kaolinite appears as plate structure with no local pores on the plates. However, after treatment the surface was found to have micropores. Different adsorption isotherm models were applied to the experimental data and found that Shawabkeh–Tutunji equation best fit these data adequately. It was also found that chemisorption took place at the surface of the modified kaolinite with maximum adsorption capacity of 54.35 mg/g.


37

والرطب الجاف والمغناطیسي الفیزیائي الفصل بواسطة الحدید من الكاولین تنقیة المجالي تغریـد الریـان والمھندسھ دینــا الرواشده، المھندسھ إبراھیم المھندس

والجودة األبحاث األردنیة، دائرة الفوسفات مناجم شركة

الملخص

حدید عن الكاولین في سلطة المصـادر الطبیعیة ودائرة تجربة على عملیات فصل ال 35تم إجراء حوالي األبحاث الفنیة وذلك بواسطة الفصل الفیزیائي الرطب والجاف والفصل المغناطیسي الجاف والرطب حیث أستخدم نوعین من الكاولین في ھذه التجارب وھما الكاولین األحمر من منطقة بطن الغول والذي یحتوي أصال على نسبة

. والكاولین األبیض من منطقة بطن الغول أیضا ولكن بمحتوى %27ونسبة ألمنیوم %7تفعة تصل إلى حدید مر . (%22 – 20)ونسبة األلمنیوم تصل إلى (%1.6 – 1.4)حدید منخفض حوالي


38

معالجة وتركیز خامات الفلدسبار الستخدامھ صناعیا رشا دوابشةة والمھندس عمر الطاھاتالمھندس ،محمد االبطحالمھندس

، [email protected]، برید الكتروني: سلطة المصادر الطبیعیة/ قسم تركیز الخامات والمعادن[email protected] ،[email protected]

ملخص

الطلب الكبیر و المتزاید على خامات الفلدسبار في مختلف الصناعات و خاصة صناعة الخزف و الزجاج .الصودیوم سبار و البوتاسیوم سباریعطي اھمیة الجراء الدراسات واالبحاث النتاج فلدسبار نقي بنوعیة

افي من ھذه الخامات وقد تم اختیار منطقة الراشیدیة جنوب ویتواجد باالردن كمیات كبیرة جدا و احتیاطي ك االردن الجراء دراسة المعالجة و التركیز بتكنولوجیا متطورة لتنقیة ھذه الخامات واخراجھا بمواصفات صناعیة.

وكذلك فصل الحدید و السلیكا المرافقة لھذه الخامھ واختیار افضل الطرق واقلھا تكلفة.ضوء على الخصائص الفیزیائیة و الكمیة وافضل طرق المعالجة و التركیز الخراجھا وھذا البحث یسلط ال

بمواصفات صناعیة قابلة لالستخدام،حیث تم اختیار افضل الطرق لتركیز و المعالجة و رسم مخطط لسیر العملیات یائیا لمعرفة النتائج وقد مثل التكسیر ،الطحن،التنخیل،الفصل المغناطیسي، التعویم والترسیب ومن ثم تحلیل ذلك كیم

تبین ان ھذه الخامھ تصلح لصناعة الزجاج والخزف.

الفلدسبار،الخزف،السیلیكا. :الكلمات الداللیة


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Water


40

Eye on Niche Modern Technology of Wastewater and Recycling Systems for (LS3) Life Supporting, Sustaining and Saving for Scarce

Water Countries Wahsheh, Suhail

Water and Environmental Consultant, email: [email protected]

Abstract

The Waste Water Treatment Facilities for Small Communities in Jordan, are set within a critical regional water management challenges, had launched its operation at the end of 2005 in the Central of the Jordan Rift Valley. It is common knowledge that the Mediterranean region faces a serious water shortage problem and very challenging water management issues argues that among the countries of the Middle East the challenges range from minor to severe. Most of analysis make the claim that Jordan is in fact in the worst water deficit and supply situation of any MEDA country. The demand for water is growing because of population growth, rising standards of living, and the competitiveness among the different users. Wastewater is not treated sufficiently and properly, it is impairing the fresh water resources and the water impoundments. This work explores Waste Water Facilities for Small Communities in Jordan and its sustainability. It could anticipate that the lessons learned from such experience will inform the ways forwards in which similar collaborations can be strengthened to the mutual benefit of the communities in which water projects are being implemented, of governments who look to such work to deliver clean water and augment the water budget to Small Communities, as well as fostering water management efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness. The first project, initiated in 1999 and commissioned in end of 2004 (Jordan Valley Integrated Waste Management Project (JVIWMP)) focused on the design and installation of a zero effluent Septage treatment facility where there is a growing critique of centralized sewerage systems VS decentralized in Jordan. Moreover in a very water scarce country like Jordan particular in rural areas every single drop of water is of paramount importance, where there is a change in our perception to gray water and the dissemination of this technique is still limited and insufficiently promoted. Keywords: Integrated Waste Management; Zero – Discharge; centralized vs. decentralized; Water Demand Option, Small Community Participations, water management efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness.


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Climate Change Effect on Water Resources in Amman Zarqa Basin Bassam Moh'd Al-Qaisi

Ministry of Water and Irrigation –Water Authority of Jordan Amman –P.O.Box2412, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The Amman Zarqa Basin area extends north to the Syrian boarders. It is bounded by the Azraq basin to the east, Yarmouk basin to the northwest, and Amman area to the southwest. The total area of the basin is 4120 km2, where about 95% of its area is located within Jordanian territories and only 5% is located in Syrian territories. The basin represents a transitional area between the semi arid highlands in the west to the arid desert in the east. The main populated centers are Amman followed by Zarqa, Jaresh and Russaifeh. Groundwater is the main source of water supply in the basin, which extracted from Basalt and B2/A7 aquifers through a huge number of water wells.

Unjust and wrongful groundwater extracting generates depletion of the water level and deterioration of the water quality where engendering narrowly use. Climate change causes an extra challenging squeeze on the water budget in the basin and also causes an intimidation of the water resources. Amman Zarqa Basin (AZB) has been taken as case study to demonstrate the climate change effect on precipitation distribution and water resources availability. This is observed from the variations of metrological parameters.

This study aims to analyze precipitation distribution and rainfall variability and intensity. It also aims to observe evaporation and temperature changes, gauge the runoff volume change, and explore the groundwater recharge variability. The second part of this study includes suggested methods for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

This study presumed that the mean annual areal precipitation over the area is 267.92 mm, which is defined out of 58 rainfall station and for 58 years monitoring records, and the increase in the minimum value and the potential evaporation value (2436) mm has unsystematic fluctuation. The runoff coefficients in the basin vary from 4% to 7%, where the runoff generates average volume of about 86 MCM per year. The groundwater recharge is decreasing and subsequently causing the water quality deterioration to reach critical limits.

The study suggests the water harvesting methods, artificial recharge to take as agent to mitigate climate change effects. Keywords: Climate change, rainfall, infiltration, artificial recharge, metrology, retention dams.


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Water Resources Protection Plan for Zara – Maèen – Mujib Project Watershed

Geo. Abbas Kalbouneh1, Bio. Refiat Bani Khalaf1, Eng. Ahmmad Ulaimat1 and Geo. Ahmmad Abu Hejleh2

1Water Authority of Jordan 2Camp Dresser and Mackee (CDM)

Abstract

Surface water resources are increasingly important for domestic water supply in Jordan. In order to protect the water resources in Zara- Maèen- Mujib project watershed, WAJ with cooperation with USA-CDM Co. implement a project concerning surface and ground water resources protections in this watershed.

Zara – Maèen – Mujib (ZMM) Watershed is located in the central part of Jordan, including the majority of Madaba Governorate, and limited southern parts of Amman Governorate.

In ZMM Watershed, the base flow and the flood flows are used to supply the Zara Maieen Water treatment plant with raw water that is treated and then pumped to the Capital Amman. This supply is done through The Mujib dam and the Walla dam. Other sources that includes the Wadi Zarqa Maieen springs, the hot springs and the Wadi Abu Khusheibah.

Water Resources Protection Plan for Zara-Maèen-Mujib Project Watershed is a

technical definition used to explain the restrictions (prohibitions, limitations and measures) on urban, industrial, touristic and agricultural development. For each protection zone special restrictions are developed and defined, and presents the concept of water resources protection zones and the implemented methodology for delineating the water protection zones for the Zara – Ma’een – Mujib Watershed.


43

Water Situation in Jordan Eng.Ali Subah

Secretary General Assistant Technical Affair / Ministry of water and irrigation Abstract

Jordan is considered to be one of the four poorest countries worldwide in water resources, available water resources per capita is very low at a level of 150 m3/capita/year compared to international standards of 500 m3/capita/year, competition between demands on limited fresh water quantities is ever increasing. The expanding population with growth rate of about 2.2% (2009) and the climatic and topographical conditions of the country have caused enormous pressure on the limited water resources and created a severe water supply-demand imbalance. In 2010 the total demand has exceeded 1400 MCM, where Jordan’s available water resources are around 1000 MCM per year. Water scarcity is the single most important constraint to Jordan’s economic growth and development.

Jordan’s water sector has one main problem – demand exceeds supply- arising from a number of different. Treated wastewater is considered an essential element in the Kingdom's water strategy. The treated wastewater is vital to the water resources equation, as well as a challenge to the water quality and health issues arising. Wastewater treatment and re-use coupled with the improvement of demand management, creates a new interdependence between water availability, consumption and demand management within agricultural, domestic and industrial water supply.

Water resources and water balance are expected to be facing negative impacts due to climate change-induced effects, spatially as well as temporally. Every single drop from every water resource in Jordan must be collected; the cost of replacing wasted resources is extremely high. Climate change and it effects is also an important factor which should be integrated into the forecasting of the future water resources planning.

In order to carefully plan for the future, Jordan has adopted a National Water Strategy “Water for Life 2008-2022”. The water strategy is a comprehensive set of goals tackling the six main themes of the water sector – Water Demand, Water Supply, Institutional Reform, Water for Irrigation, Wastewater and Alternative Water Resources. The Water Strategy outlines a strategic and integrated approach to the sustainable management of Jordan’s water resources, for the public water supply as well as for the provision of healthy ecosystems and the services they provide. Achieving the vision will have social, environmental and economic implications.

In the mid-long term, with a growing population and an increasing water demand, Jordan will not be able to satisfy its increasing water demands from renewable water resources. Meeting Jordan’s future water demands, including delivery to major consumption centers, will require implementation of expensive development and


44

conveyance projects. These projects will place a heavy burden on the national budget and will affect the national economy adversely. Financial constraints as well as the political difficulties of managing water demands clearly indicate that future water strategies must be selected carefully. No single action can remedy the country's water shortages; rather many actions are necessary to increase overall water availability.


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تاثیرات المشاریع الصناعیة والتنمویة المختلفة في االردن على مصادر المیاه الجوفیة كما ونوعا المھندس محمد رضوان المومني

[email protected]وزارة المیاه والري، األردن، برید الیكتروني:

ملخص

رى تفاوتا كبیرا اذ تلعب التضاریس ان معدل الھطول المطري في الوطن العربي یتفاوت من منطقھ الى اخدورا كبیرا في توزیع وانماط الھطول وان الجفاف وتذبذب ھطول االمطار یؤثر على مصادر المیاه المتاحھ وبالتالي التخطیط للمشاریع التنمویھ الستعماالت المیاه لمختلف االغراض وحسب االولویات. لقد اعتبر بعض المختصین

ات المناخیھ في المنطقھ العربیھ وانعكاساتھا على موارد المیاه تعتبر من اھم التحدیات التي تواجھ والمؤلفین ان التغیر ھذه المنطقھ.

المیاه تعتبر عصب الحیاة األول والعنصر الرئیس للتنمیة ، لذا تعتبر المیاه عالمیا" ومحلیا" سلعة اقتصادیة التلوث واتباع األطر الكفیلة االستنزاف و من جمیع أشكال واستراتیجیة یجب المحافظة علیھا وتطویرھا وحمایتھا

مالیین نسمة ، قد أصبح یعاني من نقص حاد في موارده المائیة ستة باستدامتھا واألردن الذي أصبح تعداده یزید عن مایة وحاألمر الذي تطلب إجراء دراسات مستفیضة لزیادة المخزون الجوفي ، التي تعتمد على األمطار بشكل رئیسي

استغالل كذلك ووالتغذیة االصطناعیة للمیاه الجوفیة عن طریق تشجیع مشاریع وبرامج الحصاد المائي مصادر المیاه ، ایضا برامج حمایة مصادر المیاه من خالل تفعیل المیاه العادمة المعالجة في الزراعة واللجوء لتحلیة المیاه المالحة

ع التنمویة واالنتاجیة.انظمة استعماالت االراضي لجمیع المشاریتعتبر المشاریع الصناعیھ واالنتاجیة والسیاحیھ في االردن من المشاریع التنمویھ الرائده وھي جزء اساسي من االقتصاد الوطني، لذا فان توفیر احتیاجاتھا من المیاه ضروره قصوى، متوازیا مع حمایة ھذه المصادر المائیة من

.االستنزاف وتردي نوعیة المیاهلقد تم دراسة ھذه الخزانات الجوفیھ ومصادر تغذیتھا ونوعیة میاھھا وحمایتھا خالل عملیات االستثمار، ایضا تم استعراض البدائل والحلول لتغطیة االحتیاجات المائیھ الصناعیھ للمشاریع الكبرى والمشاریع االنتاجیة في

االردن.جاتھا من المیاه على االبار الجوفیة المرخصة، فقد وحیث تعتمد معظم ھذه المشاریع في تلبیة احتیا

استعرضت ھذه الورقة جوھر السیاسات المائیة مثل سیاسة ادارة المیاه الجوفیة وسیاسة میاه الري وسیاسة استعماالت كمنظومة المیاه وسیاسة ادارة المیاه العادمة المعالجة و سیاسة ادارة الطلب على المیاه وكذلك الخطة الوطنیة للمیاه

متكاملة الستدامة موارد المیاه وحمایتھا. .لقد ادرج ضمن ھذه الورقھ ایضا مناقشة النتائج والبدائل الستمرار تزوید المشاریع االستثماریھ الصناعیھ

یضا والسیاحھ في المملكھ االردنیھ الھاشمیھ دون االخالل بالموازنھ المائیھ لمختلف استعماالت المیاه وامكانیة اللجؤ اللحصاد المائي وتغذیة المیاه الجوفیھ الستدامة عطاء الطبقات المائیھ كما ونوعا. وفي الختام فانھ یتوجب السیر بخطوط متوازیھ مع السیاسات المائیھ واالستراتیجیھ الوطنیھ للمیاه والمتعلقھ باستخدامات المیاه الغراض الصناعھ

استخدام المیاه الرمادیھ للمشاریع السیاحیھ وادارة الطلب على المیاه واعادة االستعمال وتدویر المیاه الصناعیھ و وایجاد مصادر بدیلھ قد یكون من ضمنھا تحلیة المیاه المالحھ وتحلیة میاه البحر.


46

االدارة المتكاملة للموارد المائیة في االردن بین النظریة والتطبیق الدكتور رضوان عبداهللا الوشاح

، األردنامعة االردنیةالج، خبیر مائي دولي

ملخص

رابع افقر دولة مائیا حیث یعاني من شح مائي متزاید مما جعل المیاه عامال ھاما ومحددا یعتبر االردنلخطط التنمیة االقتصادیة واالجتماعیة الطموحة والمتكاملة. ویتم استنزاف الموارد المائیة الجوفیة بطاقة استخراج

ستغلة بشكل غیر مسحب االمن لھذه االحواض اضافة الى وجود المئات من االبار التزید احیانا عن ضعف معدل ال). وقد شھد االردن تراجعا ملموسا في حیث نصیب الفرد ٢٠٠٩قانوني حسب تقاریر وزارة المیاه والري االردنیة (

نسبة الفاقد والمھدور من الموارد /الفرد سنویا شامال٣م ١٤٥من الموارد المائیة المتاحة سنویا اذا ال یتعدى ذلك حالیا % من اجمالي الطلب الكلي لمختلف ٧١% في بعض المناطق. ویستھلك قطاع الري حوالي ٥٠والتي تصل الى

االغراض. الى تحقیق التنمیة الشاملة و المستدامة، وھي تمثل المتكاملة للموارد المائیة الدارةإستراتیجیة اھدف ت

یة عمل تنفیذیة للتغلب على تحدیات المستقبل في میدان تنمیة وإدارة الموارد المائیة. ان برنامجا طویل األمد وآل) ھي مسار منھجي ألغراض التنمیة المستدیمة وتخصیص ومتابعة IWRMمفھوم اإلدارة المتكاملة للموارد المائیة (

وضع الموارد المائیة. إلحاحا ال سیما في الدول التي تواجھ حالیا نقصا حادا في المیاه تشكل ندرة المیاه أحد أكثر المواضیع البیئیة

فان اإلدارة المتكاملة للموارد المائیة ھي االسلوب الفعال لتحقیق تنمیة مائیة مستدامة في المنطقة العربیة. وقد أشار تكاملة للموارد المائیة ستبقى بأنھ في غیاب تغییر جذري السلوب اإلدارة الم ٢٠٠٦تقریر التنمیة البشریة للعام

المنطقة العربیة متأخرة بسبع وعشرین سنة عن تحقیق األھداف اإلنمائیة العالمیة لأللفیة الخاصة بالمیاه والصرف بأن ٢٠٠٧/٢٠٠٨الصحي. وسوف یزید التغیر المناخي من سوء ھذه الحالة حیث أشار تقریر التنمیة البشریة لعام

یة ھي أكثر دول المنطقة والعالم تأثرا بالتغیرات المناخیة في قطاع المیاه وتتراوح التوقعات المرتقبة ما الدول العرببین تنامي معدالت الجفاف وتدھور التربة والتصحر. فسیقدم ھذا االطار عرضا وافیا لمبادئ وادوات اإلدارة

ئیة مستدامة في المنطقة العربیة.المتكاملة للموارد المائیة للمساعدة في تحقیق تنمیة ماتستعرض ھذه المقالة مبادئ واطر تطبیق نھج وادوات االدارة المتكاملة للموارد المائیة كما یتم التطرق

لبعض قصص النجاح والقصور في تطبیق ھذا النھج على قطاع المیاه في االردن.


47

Environment


48

Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion in Northern Greece: Environmental Problems and Utilization Potential

Iordanidis Andreas Department of Geotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Technological

Educational Institute of Western Macedonia, Kila, 50100 Kozani, Greece, email: [email protected]

Abstract

This study addresses the environmental aspects and utilization of Greek fly ash, based on its compositional and morphological characteristics. Bulk fly ash samples were collected from two of the main lignite-fired power plants of northern Greece. The analytical characterization incorporated X-Ray Fluorescence, X-Ray Diffraction spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive system (EDX). Potential utilization is discussed in compliance with the National Plan for Standardization of Greek fly ash, wherein the specifications for the utilization of high-calcium, Greek fly ash are determined. Loss on ignition (LOI), sulphur and silicon contents do not lie within the limits set by the National Standardization Plan. An optimization in the processing and treatment of the fly ash is proposed to provide quality of fly ash, suitable for several applications. In addition, considering the large amounts of fine fly ash particles emitted to the atmosphere and causing local pollution problems, several filters that capture airborne particles were collected during one whole year and fly ash-airborne particles were determined. In addition, stack ash (fly ash that escaped the electrostatic precipitators and trapped at the stack’s exit) was collected from the power plants. Both stack ash and filters were analysed with the help of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) in order to determine their morphological, mineralogical and chemical characteristics. Fly ash was observed in all sampling sites (and particularly proximal to the power stations) and all sampling dates. Fine fly ash particles were found in remote areas, whereas the coarser ones were observed in the vicinity of the power plants.


49

Environmental Effects of Limestone Quarrying Activities Near to Sammad Urban Areas

Dr. Awwad Husni Titi Natural Resources Authority, Amman – Jordan, e mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Quarrying activities are a primary source of an increased level of particulate matter (PM10) which leads to a potential represents pollution to the surrounding areas. This particulate matter consists of very small liquid and solid particles floating in the air with a diameter less than 10 microns that are subject to be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lung, and subsequently cause harmful health problems for population especially for sensitive population (i.e. children, the elderly, exercising adults, and those suffering from asthma or bronchitis).

As well as other mining activities, quarrying activities especially those for limestone quarrying (e.g. drilling and blasting, excavation, and transportation) cause an increased level of dust and subsequently cause an increased level of PM10 that may affect surrounding areas. This study was carried out as result of an individual project within the SIDA International Training program “Air Pollution management 2009.

PM10 dust re-suspension factors of the surrounding areas near the limestone quarries close to Sammad area/ Irbid province were measured for different seasons at two station areas: Shatana and Rahma. The results revealed that in winter season during the workday, the concentration of PM10 is equal or below the Jordanian standard, while in summer season during workday the concentration of PM10 is over the Jordanian standard. However, forward trajectories showed that pollutants were attributed to the mining activities inside the quarries and distributed outside the mining area.


50

تقییم األثر البیئي لمشاریع التعدین د. عبد العزیز وشاح

مكتب الشامل للھندسة، األردنخبیر بیئي ومائي، ال

ملخص

إن مشاریع تعدین الموارد الطبیعیة لشتى أنواع ھذه المواد ھو إستثمار قد یشكل أحدى روافد اإلقتصاد الوطني للبلدان بما في ذلك المملكة األردنیة الھاشمیة ، و نظرا إلن تعدین الموارد الطبیعیة یتطلب مجموعة من

ارا سلبیة على عناصر البیئة في موقع و منطقة مشروع التعدین ، فأن األمر یقتضي إعداد األنشطة التي قد تترك أثدراسة تقییم أثر بیئي إلي من مشاریع تعدین الموارد الطبیعیة حیث أن دراسة تقییم األثر البیئي للمشاریع التعدینیة

یئة المختلفة و بخاصة العناصر البیئیة الھامة بشكل عام من شأنھا أن تحدد اآلثار التي یمكن أن تتعرض لھا عناصر الب(Valued Environmental Components) ذلك حتى یتم التعامل مع ھذه الآلثار بصورة صحیحة بھدف و

خفضھا أو الغائھا من أجل حمایة البیئة في منطقة المشروع. و ھذا یعني أن دراسة تقییم األثر البیئي لمشاریع التعدین لتوائم بین روافد اإلقتصاد الوطني و حمایة العناصر البیئیة من اآلثار المحتملة لمشاریع التعدین تھدف إلى خلق ا

علیھا.المبني ٢٠٠٥لسنة ٣٧إن دراسات تقییم األثر البیئي في األردن تتم بموجب نظام تقییم األثر البیئي رقم

شمل القوانین و األنظمة و التعلیمات و المواصفات على قانون حمایة البیئة، باإلضافة إلى مجموعة التشریعات التي تالقیاسیة األردنیة ذات العالقة بمشاریع التعدین و ھي مقسمة إلى دراسات تقییم أثر بیئي مبدئي ، و دراسات أثر بیئي

شامل و ذلك بناء على أسس شكلت مرافق لھذا النظام .إعداد تقریرھا یتطلب مجموعة من األعمال و إن إعداد دراسة تقییم األثر البیئي لمشاریع التعدین و

النشاطات یمكن تنفیذھا على مرحلتین ھما :و تشمل ھذه المرحلة اللقاء المرحلة المتعلقة باألعمال التي تؤدي إلى تحضیر الشروط المرجعیة للدراسة :

ول المشروع و مع صاحب العمل والجھات المعنیة األخرى من أجل الحصول على ما یلزمھم من معلومات حكما تشمل ھذه المرحلة عملیة اإلستطالع و التشاور و إعداد ’ التعرف على وجھة نظرھم بالنسبة للمشروع أیضا

(scoping session )مسودة الشروط المرجعیة بعد مناقشتھا مع الجھات المعنیة من خالل جلسة تشاوریة و تعتبر ھذه المرحلة ھي الھدف الرئیسي للدراسة ، و المرحلة التي تتعلق بتقییم األثر البیئي لمشروع :

التي من خاللھا یتم تقییم جمیع األثار البیئیة لمشروع التعدین على عناصر البیئة و بخاصة العناصر الرئیسیة منھا یار التي تحددھا الشروط المرجعیة. و تشمل ھذه المرحلة إعداد الدراسات المرجعیة لمنطقة المشروع ، حیث أنھا مع

للتغیرات التي قد یحدثھا مشروع التعدین على عناصر البیئة ، كما تشمل ھذه الدراسات المرجعیة مناخ منطقة المشروع ، و جیولوجیتھا ، و مصادر المیاه فیھا ، و وصف للصحة العامة ، و التنوع الحیوي ، و المواقع األثریة و

تماعي و حركة المرور. و تشمل مرحلة تقییم األثر البیئي، أیضا التاریخیة و التراثیة ، و الوضع اإلقتصادي و اإلجو الضجیج و اإلھتزازات ، و إنبعاث الغبار و الغازات (overburden)تحدید مؤثرات للمواد غیر مستھدفة بالتعدین

عتمدة و التي تقوم و عملیات التفجیر ، كما یتناول مصادر ھذه المؤثرات و تقیمھا من خالل الیة تقییم األثر البیئي المالعملیات الحسابیة باستخدام المعادالت ، (Matrices)، المصفوفات أو الجدولة ، (Checklists)وائم التدقیق ق :على

، وأیة أسالیب علمیة أخرى. (Models)النماذج ، تقدیر الفریق معد الدراسة، المناسبةم مقارنة النتائج بنتائج الدراسات المرجعیة من أجل و بعد تحدید مصادر المؤثرات و تقیمھا كما و نوعا یت

معرفة و تحدید مقدار اآلثار البیئیة للمشروع على عناصر البیئة ، و بناء علیھ سیتم إعداد دراسة تقییم األثر البیئي ، مراقبة عناصر و إعداد وثیقة خطة اإلدارة البیئیة التي تشمل اإلجراءات التخفیفیة آلثار المشروع ، و برامج رصد و

البیئة باإلضافة إلى برامج بناء قدرات العاملین البیئیة و توعیتھم على مسائل البیئة.


51

Engineering Geology


52

Site Investigation for the Salt Dikes and on shoreline Stability Study (Safi Solar Pond)

Mohammad Abu Hassan and Sawsan Abdullah Arab Center for Engineering Studies, Amman, Jordan.

Abstract

An intensive geotechnical investigation including field and laboratory testing for the salt dike and onshore line stability site (Safi Polar ponds) in Dead Sea, Jordan was completed by ACES Amman. The main purpose of this investigation was aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties and condition of subsurface materials. The finding of this study will be utilized to determine the stability of the existing salt dikes and to determine the maximum height that could be reached by dumping additional dredged salt.

In this investigation, a total of 16 boreholes were drilled at the site in the period between December 21st 2010 and February 9th 2011 with total drilled meters of 400 below the existing ground surface. During drilling, which was carried out by two rigs and supervised by two geologists, undisturbed samples were retrieved from drilled boreholes using Shelby tube samplers. The undisturbed sampling continues within the cemented halite materials and clay using double tube core barrel. During the investigation and drilling, casing was used until reaching solid strata to prevent the collapse of the boreholes.

Several field testing was conducted to obtain the dynamic and mechanical properties; Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was conducted at the upper fill and soil material to obtain the dynamic resistance properties, vane shear tests were performed to estimate the undrained shear strength at various depths. Throughout drilling, pocket penetrometer and pocket vane tests were also conducted frequently at various depths to obtain the undrained shear strength of cohesive soil and unconfined compressive strength of stiff/hard soil, respectively.

Following the field activities, numerous laboratories testing on retrieved and selected samples were conducted to identify the physical and mechanical properties of subsurface ground. The laboratory testing including classification tests (moisture content, bulk density, specific gravity, and sieve analysis), consolidation (odometer) tests, and strength tests (drained direct shear, unconfined compression, and point load) were all conducted at ACES facilities following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards.

The results of laboratory testing along with those obtained from the field activities (logging, and field testing) were analyzed and put together in a comprehensive factual report.


53

Quality Control and Failure of Some Concrete Structures Related to Soil Problems in Jordan

Nafeth A. Abdel Hadi1, Ali Naser2 and Khalid Tarawneh3 1Faculty of Engineering Technology, Civil Engineering Department P.O.Box:15008,

Amman 1134, Jordan, email: [email protected]. 2 Jordan Engineers Association, Engineering Supervision Division and Site Investigation

Unit, P. O. Box 940188, Amman, Jordan, email: [email protected] 3 Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Faculty of Engineering, Mining Department, P.O. Box

20, Ma’an, Jordan, email: [email protected] Abstract

It has been noticed in the last ten years in Jordan that various concrete structures were subjected to complete collapse. Some commercial and residential buildings in addition to many retaining walls at different areas in the vicinity of the Amman area and other districts were completely or partially collapsed. The cost of damage, death and injuries at work sites increased. In many cases the surrounding structures were also subjected to negative impacts.

Different committees were set to investigate the reasons behind these problems, and the conflicts between the contractor, designer, owner and consultant begins, which is reflected on the public safety of the citizen, as well as losses on the national economy. Properties and behavior of the soil during different stages of construction at the site and its interaction with the surrounding environment were noticed. In many cases, excavations are very close to nearby structures below foundation level, improper foundation soil, backfill of unsuitable materials behind retaining walls and buildings constructed on unstable slopes with minor or major mass moving (landslides) areas were highly considered in such failure problems of concrete structures in Jordan.

Various study cases in Jordan will be demonstrated and discussed in detail, supported with suitable figures and photos showing the study case, soil and geology investigation results in addition to the proposed engineering solutions to avoid such problems in the future. Develop appropriate engineering and geotechnical solutions in a timely manner will reduce the human and material losses, which will have responded to the national economy in the construction sector in Jordan.


54

Geotechnical Evaluation of Limestone Occurrences in the Jonggrangan Area - Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta Province - Indonesia

Eng. Badri Edwin Mohammed Engineering Geology Administration, Geological Research Authority of the

Sudan P.O.Box 410 Khartoum-Sudan, email: [email protected]

Abstract

The limestone has worldwide attention because of their economic worth as building stone, concrete aggregate, road metal, agriculture dressing, and manufacture of Portland cement and as storage reservoirs for both petroleum and groundwater. Therefore, the researcher has been giving great concern to evaluation of limestone occurrences in the Jonggrangan area - Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta Province - Indonesia. Almost all the occurrences of pink and white-gray limestone in the study area were visited during the field investigation, where suitable samples of the rock were collected for laboratory testing.

A correlation of the geotechnical results using the standard testing result of the all tests that have been done with results made and hence revealed that the pink limestone have a good geotechnical properties than the white –gray limestone. It is recommended that the quality of the pink limestone very high strength and good mechanical properties. Reserve estimation it huge.

Keyword: Limestone, economic worth, geotechnical testing, strength, pink limestone


55

الھاشمیة األردنیة المملكة في الكرنب لرمل وھندسیة جیولوجیة دراسة مھندس محمود عزاموال ابو قبع، الجیولوجي لطفي ابو سعدالمھندس جمال

[email protected]سلطة المصادر الطبیعیة، األردن

ملخص

Lowerابتیان) –كرنب الرملیة ذات العمر الكریتاسي المبكر (البیان تتكشف صخور مجموعة حجر الCretaceous ( Albian – Aptian) على حافتي حفرة االنھدام الشرقیة والغربیة، وفي األودیة العمیقة ذات ،

ل في غرب. ویمكن تتبع صخور ھذه المجموعة من نھر الزرقاء شماال و لغایة رأس النقب وبطن الغو-االتجاه شرق .قي من المملكةالجنوب والجنوب الشر

یتكون الرمل من خلیط رسوبي سواء من أصل مائي أو من أصل قاري من حبیبات تتدرج أحجامھا ما بین ( ) ملم ، وكذلك نتیجة تفتت الصخور بالعوامل الطبیعیة والصناعیة المختلفة. ومعظم الرمل والحجر الرملي ٢ - ٠٫٠٦

أو الفلدسبار ألنھما األكثر وفرة في القشرة األرضیة. ویتخذ الرمل ألوانا متنوعة تعتمد على یتكون من الكوارتز و / كمیة ولون المواد الرابطة وحبیبات المعادن المكونة لھ، وأكثر ألوانھ شیوعا ھي البني واألحمر والوردي.

د بإنھ یعطي خلطات یستخدم الرمل في الخلطات اإلسفلتیة والخرسانة و المالط ،ویتصف الرمل الجیخرسانیة وإسفلتیة جیدة من حیث المقاومة والدیمومة والثبات وقابلیة التشغیل وغیرھا، حیث یشكل جزءا أساسیا في

%) ولھ تأثیر كبیر على خواص الخلطات ألن خواصھ الفیزیائیة ٢٥ - ٢٠الخلطة الخراسانیة تصل نسبتھ ما بین (أثیر واضح على الخرسانة من حیث جودتھا وخواصھا قبل وأثناء وبعد انتھاء والكیمیائیة والحراریة أحیانا لھا ت

عملیات الخلط والصب. ویستخدم أیضا منفردا كردم في خنادق تمدید خطوط الھاتف و الخدمات األخرى، وفي تحسین التربة

ریھ الفیزیائیة الزراعیة من اجل التھویة، ویخضع الرمل لمواصفات معیاریة خاصة تحدد بالفحوصات ألمخبوالمیكانیكیة والكیمیائیة الالزمة. التي تشتمل على فحوصات الوزن النوعي ،نسبة امتصاص الماء ، التدرج الحبیبي،

، المكافئ الرملي ، معامل النعومة، وكذلك المواد الكیمیائیة الضارة.٢٠٠نسبة المار من منخل رقم د في منطقة العاصمة تحقق في مجملھا شروط المواصفات وقد بینت الدراسة المخبریة أن الرمل المتواج

القیاسیة لالستخدام في األعمال اإلنشائیة، إال أن بعض خواصھا كالتدرج یحتاج إلى المعالجة لیفي بالشروط الالزمة.


56

Keynote Speeches


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The Place of Jordanian Oil Shale Development in the Global Progress of the Oil Shale Industry

Jeremy Boak, Director, Center For Oil Shale Technology And Research, Colorado School Of Mines, 1516 Illinois Street, Golden Co 80401 Usa; 1-303-384-2235, email: [email protected]

Jordan has moved aggressively over the past five or more years to encourage the

development of oil shale as an energy resource. As a country without major oil and gas reserves, Jordan has a strong interest in seeing the oil shale industry develop globally, and in serving to lead that development where possible. Jordan’s resources are very substantial, although still somewhat uncertain.

Movement toward internationally recognized standards for resource evaluation could help to resolve these uncertainties, and open up the era of development. Already, at least four major efforts are under way to investigate and eventually develop oil shale resources by traditional and novel technical means. In deposits where the oil shale is shallow and the stripping ratio low, JEML, Enefit, and Petrobras/Total are investigating mining and aboveground retorting. In deeper, probably thicker resources, Shell at least is investigating in-situ heating and extraction. The Jordanian government has made clear its dedication to developing the resource efficiently and with appropriate controls. They have laid out the regulatory framework under which oil shale would be developed, and designed a royalty structure that provides adequate encouragement to interested companies, while still providing a reasonable return to the people of Jordan. Jordanian authors have been welcome contributors to the Oil Shale Symposia in its recent incarnation, and to other symposia worldwide.

The Jordanian approach of multi-party international collaboration may serve as a model for other countries interested in development of unconventional resources. The rise of oil shale production to significance in the global arena may well ultimately depend upon the entry of larger players like China and the United States. However, Jordan appears poised to enter the market early, providing a valuable resource to its own people, and leadership to the world in utilization of this globally distributed unconventional resource.


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Professional Relationship Mining

Phil Naughton Major Projects Director, Leighton Mining, [email protected]

Mining operations such as resource extraction and processing predominantly falls

within three types of contract frameworks; Fixed Price, Cost Reimbursable and Schedule of Rates. The contract which offers the greatest benefit for both the Owner Miner and the Mining Contractor is the Cost Reimbursable Alliance, known as Relationship Mining. Relationship Mining is relationship focused and provides the safest, lowest cost per tonne product produced. It offers the lowest contract risk to both parties. An early alliance between parties provides Owner Miners with greater flexibility in mine planning and development of the project feasibility. During the course of the contract the alliance provides the Owner Miner with unlimited flexibility, limiting scope ambiguity and provides the Mining Contractor with their appropriate returns. The alliance operates as an integrated team, working towards single-focused objectives measured by key performance indicators and eliminates blame, claims and disputes between parties.

Leighton Mining is part of the Leighton Group, Australia’s largest project development and contracting group with an annual revenue exceeding US$18 billion. The Leighton Group has been a key player in the mining and resource industry since the 1940’s and is now the world’s leading contract miner and mine service provider. Leighton’s mining operations span Australasia, Central Asia, the Middle East and Africa and they have extensive experience in resource extraction, processing and infrastructure provision.

As a comprehensive mine service provider, Leighton is also able to design and construct the mine infrastructure for mining projects. An Engineer, Procurement and Construction (EPC) fixed, lump-sum contract with well-defined scope definition, provides the greatest benefits to both the Owner Miner and Contractor in the delivery of mine infrastructure. Sufficient detailed design through a two-phase design development process limits scope ambiguity and reduces risks to both parties while keeping cost control a high priority.


59

میاه الوطن العربي وتحدیاتھا

د. عبدالعزیز وشاح خبیر بیئي ومائي، المكتب الشامل للھندسة، األردن

إن میاه األمطار في معظم أقطار الوطن العربي ھي المصدر الرئیسي لموارد المیاه فیھا، حیث تتشكل ھذه

أقطار الوطن العربي بجزء كبیر و ھام من الموارد من المیاه الجوفیة و المیاه السطحیة. وترفد میاه بعض األنھار موارده المائیة كما ھو الحال بالنسبة ألقطار سوریا و العراق و السودان ومصر حیث تقدر الموارد المائیة التي

% من مجموع الموارد المائیة في األقطار العربیة. ٦٠توفرھا ھذه األنھار بحوالي وطبیعة مناخھ فإنھ یصنف من أجزاء العالم الجافة و شبھ الجافة وفي ظل ھذا الواقع وموقع الوطن العربي

قدرة الطلب على المیاه و نتیجة لندرة ھذه الموارد فإن ھناك فجوة كبیرة بین و ،المائیةھا موارد التي تعاني ندرة فيتبر من منظور عالمي عقطار الوطن العربي واقعة تحت خط الفقر المائي الذي یأاإلمداد بالمیاه األمر الذي جعل معظم

في االحتیاجات بل یتجاوزه إلى تنام ،ال یقف األمر عند ھذا الحد و. سنویامن المیاه حصة الفرد ٣م١٠٠٠حوالي في نوعیتھا أو استنزاف في عاني بعضھا من تردیمقابل محدودیة الموارد المائیة التي أو الطلب على المیاه المائیة فوق ذلك كلھ فإن المیاه التي تنبع من خارج أقطار الوطن العربي تعتبر و علیھا من الجوار،، أو حتى االعتداء میاھھا

األمثلة على ذلك كثیرة و ،دول المجرىو دول المنبع مع ضغط سیاسي على ھذه األقطار عند تضارب المصالح أداة كانت وما تزال میاھھ دن الذي قبل ذلك حوض نھر األر كما ھو الحال في حوض نھر الفرات و حوض نھر النیل و

سببا في الصراع العربي اإلسرائیلي، ونسمع في ھذه األیام أصواتا من دول حوض نھر النیل بإعادة ترتیب حقوق فالماء ھو الحیاة. المیاه بین ھذه الدول وبصورة قد تؤثر على حقوق میاه جمھوریة مصر العربیة،

أمر یدل على الوضع الخطر للمیاه في السنوات والكبیرة بین الطلب على المیاه و إمدادات المیاه ھ إن الفجوةمشتركة من قبل دول وتدابیر المقبلة، وإن اإلحساس بھذا الخطر وفھمھ ال بد أن یكون محركا أساسیا التخاذ إجراءات

ن لدولة بمفردھا حل مشكلتھا المائیة دون تعاون دول حیث أنھ ال یمك ،للتعامل مع ھذا الواقع الصعبمجتمعة المنطقة كما ھو السطحیة ال بد من تنظیم الحقوق المائیة بین الدول المتشاركة باألحواض المائیة ،و المنطقة. ومن ھناأاإلقلیم

كة تنظیم استغالل المیاه الجوفیة المشتر و ،الحال في حوض نھر الفرات و حوض نھر النیل و حوض نھر األردنیندرج ھذا القول على الدول العربیة المتشاركة في وارد وبین األقطار المتجاورة للمحافظة على دیمومة ھذه الم

من تھاحمایالخزانات المائیة الجوفیة الضخمة كما ھو الحال في حوض النوبة و حوض الدیسي و حوض الیرموك لاالستثمار في ال بد أیضا من و ،تشرف علیھا األمم المتحدةاتفاقیات دولیة تشریعات و من خالل و ذلك أسباب التلوث

المشاریع المائیة الكبرى التي توفر موارد مائیة لدول المنطقة مثل مشاریع تحلیة میاه البحر باإلضافة إلى استكمال للجوء إلى وبخاصة المیاه الجوفیة العمیقة على المستوى القطري، واوتطویرھا البحث عن موارد المیاه التقلیدیة

مصادر المیاه غیر التقلیدیة بشتى أنواعھا.

Documents

jordanian international mining conference