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Ed i t o r i a l B o a r d

EDITOR IN CHIEF

John J. McCuskerHalsell Distinguished Professor of American History, professor ofeconomics at Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, and adjunctprofessor in the department of history at the University of Texas,

Austin.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Louis P. CainProfessor of economics at Loyola University Chicago and adjunct

professor of economics at Northwestern University.

Stanley L. EngermanJohn H. Munro Professor of Economics and professor of history at

the University of Rochester.

David HancockAssociate professor of British, American, and Atlantic history at

the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

Kenneth PomeranzChancellors Professor of History and professor of East Asian

languages and literatures at the University of California, Irvine,and director of the University of California Multi-Campus

Research Group in world history.

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John J. McCuskerE D I TO R I N C H I E F

VO LU M E

1A-K

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History of World Trade since 1450John J. McCusker, Editor in Chief

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

History of world trade since 1450 / John J. McCusker, editor in chief.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-02-865840-X (set hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 0-02-865841-8 (volume 1) ISBN 0-02-865842-6 (volume 2)1. International tradeHistory. 2. CommerceHistory. I. McCusker, John J.

HF1379.H574 2005382.09dc22

2005018624

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Ed i t o r i a l a n d P r o d u c t i o n S t a f f

EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT ANDPUBLISHER

Frank Menchaca

DIRECTOR, NEW PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT

Hlne Potter

PROJECT EDITORS

Ray AbruzziMark Drouillard

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

Jennifer AlbersShawn CorridorKate MilsonJenai MynattNicole Watkins

EDITORIAL TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Mark Springer

MANUSCRIPT EDITORS

Marc BorbelyAnne DavidsonMatthew May

ADDITIONAL EDITORIAL SUPPORT

David J. ClarkeJustin CrawfordRyan Peacock

PROOFREADERS

Dorothy BauhoffEleanor Stanford

TRANSLATOR

Paul Ellis

INDEXER

Wendy Allex

PRODUCT DESIGN

Michelle DimercurioKate Scheible

IMAGING

Dean DauphinaisLezlie LightChristine OBryanDenay Wilding

GRAPHIC ART

GGS Information ServicesXNR Productions

RIGHTS ACQUISITION ANDMANAGEMENT

Margaret Chamberlain-GastonSusan Rudolph

COMPOSITION

Evi SeoudMary Beth Trimper

MANUFACTURING

Rhonda Williams

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Co n t e n t s

VOLUME 1Preface ix

Introduction xi

List of Articles xv

Thematic Outline xxi

Contributors xxv

Selected Metric Conversions xxxv

H I S TO RY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450AK 1

VOLUME 2H I S TO RY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450LZ 445

List of Primary Source Documents 831

Primary Source Documents 833

Glossary 863

Index 873

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Pr e f a c e

The History of World Trade since 1450 offers help in understanding the complex interac-tions between peoples over time as they sought to exchange goods and services to their ownbenefit. Economics activity has been described as getting and spending. All people havedone this since humankind began. Individually, people cannot do as well for themselves asthey can collectively, either in getting or in spending. Trade broadens the return from suchactivities, widening the audience for what people have to offer as they try to get as much asthey can to spend, and widening their range of choices as they seek the most when theyspend. Geographical constraints limit what individuals are able to accomplish in selling thefruits of their labor and in maximizing their gains.

Over time some individuals began to occupy the middle ground between buyer andseller, offering to help individuals earn more and buy more, quantitatively and qualitative-ly. Traders charged fees to function as business brokers and bring together buyers and sell-ers, but diminished the competitive disadvantage suffered by anyone who initiated a trans-action. With their help, trade grew from neighborly to local, to regional, to national, tointernational. With the growth of trade, peoples worlds grew andideallythe returnsfrom their efforts and their standards of living grew, too.

The 500 years since the middle of the fifteenth century witnessed a spectacular expan-sion of world trade. These volumes are designed to offer the reader information about thechanges in the world that caused and were caused by this expansion. Precipitated largely byEuropean voyages of exploration and discovery that had as their primary purpose a searchfor better markets in which to sell and to buy, the growth of world trade has had numer-ous consequences, including the ending of the very empires that started and initially pros-pered from that expansion. It is a tale with many players, a story with many parts, all toldhere.

The History of World Trade since 1450 is intended for general readers with a high-school or college-level education, but the editors and authors expect that many others alsowill find much here of use and interest. There are more than 400 entries in the encyclope-dia, arranged in alphabetical order for easy reference. The entries vary in length from 200to 3,000 words and concern everything that has to do with the subject in the period from1450, the beginning of European expansion, to the present day. The entries explore allregions of the world. Thus they deal with persons and places, and developments and ideasthat are global in their reach and global in their implications. The stories told are not always

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wonderful; the consequences of world trade have not always been good. The expansion ofworld trade across the Atlantic Ocean included the expansion of African slavery to theWestern Hemisphere, for instance. But all is fodder for this discussion.

The entries have been written by experts, authorities in their respective fields; eachcontributor is identified by name. Like the topics they address, the authors are internation-al. As much as possible, the authors and editors have used language that should be easilyaccessible to the public at large. The result is a set of entries reflecting immense and solidscholarship. A glossary of terms with which the reader might be unfamiliar appears at theend of volume 2, and each entry concludes with a short list of articles and books to guidereaders to further sources of information. Cross-references at the end of each entry refer torelated topics. In addition, an outline of contents at the beginning of volume 1 groups theentries thematically.

The History of World Trade since 1450 contains historical images and contemporaryphotographs to illustrate the entries. Particularly for this topic, it is often difficult to visu-alize the subjects discussed. The editors have chosen the images carefully to provide furtherinformation and representation of the things included. There are sidebars that expand onan interesting aspect of a subject. At the end of the second volume, further material isincluded to assist the reader. In addition to the glossary, the concluding matter includes pri-mary source documents and a comprehensive subject index. The primary documents maybe of particular interest to those undertaking research in this field (for instance, extractsfrom United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamiltons 1791 Report on Man-ufactures; and key passages from the famed Navigation Acts issued by the British Parlia-ment during the reign of King Charles II). The editorial board and contributors have allbenefited from the editorial assistance given by individuals at Macmillan Reference USA,in particular Hlne Potter and Mark Drouillard. Their dedication to the project and infi-nite capacity for work inspired everyone. We express our thanks to them and to the otherswho contributed by suggesting authors, entries, and materials for the set.

John J . McCusker

x HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450

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In t r o d u c t i o n

Globalization is a word on many peoples lips at the dawn of this new millennium, notalways with positive connotations. Yet, like it or not, the world in which we live has changedmightily over the past five centuries. We have gone from thinking very small indeed tothinking large: we have been globalized. Before the middle of the fifteenth century, howev-er expansive ones perspective, his or her worldview was startlingly limited compared totodays. In the ancient world, both the emperor of Han dynasty China and the emperor ofRome thought of himself as the ruler of all of the world that mattered, yet even at theirgrandest they held sway over only a very small portion of the globe. They were barely evenaware of each other. Neither had any notion of the Western Hemisphere.

If anything, peoples worldview shrank between 500 and 1500. It certainly did notbroaden. Europeans focus had become local and limited after Rome withdrew its imperi-al presence. One risked ridicule, and possibly even death, just for thinking beyond thebounds during the Dark Ages in Europe. For the Chinese the Middle Kingdom was allthat counted; its limits were known, and everything outside it was barbarian. Trade withinEurope and trade across Asia flourished and declined with periods of peace and periods ofwar. The trade that existed between distant parts of the world, which was never very greatanyhow, was kept alive along precarious silk roads linking East and West. The centurybefore 1450 was an especially hard time in Europe and in Asia, punctuated by the plaguethe Black Deathwhich, ironically for our story, was spread and intensified by an earli-er boom time in long-distance trade. Europe and Asia now knew more of each other, andsuffered for it, but still neither had any notion of the Western Hemisphere. Nor were themighty empires of the Americas aware of much beyond their own borders. Some sailedships long distances, hugging the coasts, or across some well-charted seas, but very fewdared the open oceans. The high seas set limits.

To citizens of the twenty-first century, the world before 1500 seems almost as strangeas the future. Yet one aspect of our future is sure: people are steadily becoming less foreign,at a steadily increasing rate. We are becoming more and more globalized citizens of theworld, and the agency most responsible for this is expanded international trade, a processthat had its start 500 years ago. It is a tale often told and, in its outlines, already well known.The purpose of the History of World Trade since 1450 is to color in that outline and toenhance the picture to include much seen only dimly before, if at all. As a consequence ofthat expanded trade, the peoples of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas have discovered

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each other in ways that ultimately have enriched us all. The world begins at oceans edge.The high seas have become shipping lanes.

After 1450, Europe was the first to take advantage of these changes. Once recoveryfrom the plague was underway, networks of trade in both the East and the West wererevived and extended, but for a long period it was Western Europeans who gained the mostfrom global interaction. Europe, for a thousand years a backwater, became the center of thefirst truly global economic and political order through its dominance of world trade. Theagencies of European imperial expansion ultimately pushed into every corner of the globe,finding new goods to trade and new markets for the things they had to offer. Exploitingevery opportunity, subjugating many who challenged them and enslaving some, doingdeals with those they encountered who were locally as strong or stronger than they, andturning regional rivalries to their own good purposes, European nations created empireswhich from the start were at war with each other. Over the eighteenth century, having tri-umphed over the other contestants, the two nations with the strongest European empires,France and Great Britain, fought increasingly intense wars that culminated in worldwidewars. Britains ultimate victory in its Second Hundred Years War with France ushered in ahundred years of relative peace across the nineteenth century, when London reigned as thecenter of world trade and finance. Such great power only provoked newer rivals and a finalwar for empire in two partsWorld War I and IIthat resulted in the destruction of allthose empires. Five centuries of European expansion came to a stunning end in a globalfirestorm that threatened to destroy the very planet itself.

The twentieth century, which had begun with a world tightly enthralled by empire,ended with a world bound loosely by a legacy of empire. World trade, which had been afunction of the empires of Europe and the means of their sustenance, outlasted theirdemise. The peoples of the world, who had conducted business as best they could withinthe constraints of European imperialism, found new opportunitiesand room to maketheir own mistakesonce freed from European domination. Slowly during the second halfof the twentieth century newer, smaller counties and larger, older countries sought eachother out as trading partners under a new world order, each as usual trying to advance itsown best interest, but also working out anew the patterns of interaction. Symptomatically,already at the start of the century, as a direct consequence of World War I, the center ofworld trade and finance had migrated across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving London andEurope behind, to settle in New York. Where and when it will move next, who knows, butthe trajectory is clear. From the Italian city-states of Genoa and Venice at the time of theRenaissance, to London at the end of the seventeenth century, to New York at the begin-ning of the twentieth century, the line of march was clear: ever westward. On to Singaporeor Hong Kong or, perhaps, Shanghai! Or, perhaps, given the Internet and the World WideWeb, dispersed everywhere. Thus the globalization of the world. Thus the history of worldtrade since 1450.

THE EDITORSThe composition of the board of editors reflects the obvious necessity of a broad-based,interdisciplinary approach to the complex subjects addressed the History of World Tradesince 1450.

John J. McCusker is the Halsell Distinguished Professor of American History and aprofessor of economics at Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas. He also serves as adjunctprofessor in the Department of History of the University of Texas, Austin. He has heldmajor fellowships and grants from, among others: the Fulbright Senior Scholar Program,the Smithsonian Institution, Harvard University, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Bel-gium), the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of LearnedSocieties, the American Enterprise Institute, the Leverhulme Trust (Great Britain), theInstitute of Early American History and Culture, the John Simon Guggenheim MemorialFoundation, the University of Oxford, and the University of Cambridge. His teaching and

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his research have focused on the Atlantic World during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-turies. His major publications include: Money and Exchange in Europe and America,16001775 (1978; revised edition, 1992); with Russell R. Menard, The Economy of BritishAmerica, 16071789 (1985; revised edition, 1991); with Cora Gravesteijn, The Beginnings ofCommercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Cur-rents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe (1991); Essays in the Economic History ofthe Atlantic World (1997); How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Useas a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (1992; revised edition,2001); and, edited with Kenneth Morgan, The Early Modern Atlantic Economy (2001). Hismost recent article is The Demise of Distance: The Business Press and the Origins of theInformation Revolution in the Early Modern Atlantic World (American Historical Review,April 2005). His next book is tentatively titled The Price of Sugar and the Economic Integra-tion of the Early Modern Atlantic World. He and his wife, Ann Van Pelt, have five childrenand eight grandchildren.

Louis P. Cain is professor of economics at Loyola University Chicago and adjunct pro-fessor of economics at Northwestern University. He is currently serving as visiting codirec-tor of research in the Center for Population Economics and visiting professor at the Grad-uate School of Business of the University of Chicago. With the late Jonathan R. T. Hughes,he is author of American Economic History (sixth edition, 2003). Cain has served as an areaeditor for the Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History (2003), a chapter editor for the His-torical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Edition (2005), and a consulting editor tothe Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004). He also has served as chairman of the Board of Trusteesof the Cliometric Society and as a trustee of the Business History Conference and the Eco-nomic History Association. He is currently researching entrepreneurship in the UnitedStates before 1865. He and his wife are empty nesters who share a house in Glenview, Illi-nois, with the family dog.

Stanley L. Engerman is John H. Munro Professor of Economics and professor of his-tory at the University of Rochester, where he has taught since 1963. He received a B.S. cumlaude from New York University in 1956 and an M.B.A. there in 1958. After two years ofworking as an accountant, he went to The Johns Hopkins University and received a Ph.D.in economics in 1962. His major areas of research and writing have been American andBritish economic history and the history of slavery in the United States, the Caribbean, andelsewhere. Among his publications are: edited with Robert W. Fogel, The Reinterpretationof American Economic History (1971; winner of the American Historical Associations Ban-croft Prize in American History); with Robert W. Fogel, Time on the Cross: The Economicsof American Negro Slavery (1974; reissued 1995); edited with Robert Gallman, Long-TermFactors in American Economic Growth (1986); edited with Seymour Drescher, A HistoricalGuide to World Slavery (1998); and, edited with Robert Gallman, the three-volume Cam-bridge Economic History of the United States (19962000). He is currently coediting, withDavid Eltis, the four-volume Cambridge World History of Slavery. He is a fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been a fellow of the Center for AdvancedStudy in the Behavioral Sciences. He is a past president of the Economic History Associa-tion and the Social Science History Association, and was Pitt Professor of American Histo-ry and Institutions at the University of Cambridge. He has three married sons and a totalof five grandchildren.

David Hancock is associate professor of British, American, and Atlantic history at theUniversity of Michigan in Ann Arbor. A specialist on the eighteenth century, he is theauthor of Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British AtlanticCommunity, 17351785 (1995), and the editor of The Letters of William Freeman, LondonMerchant 16781685 (2002) and of Guerre et conomie dans le Monde Atlantique du XVIeau XXe Siecle: Stratgies en chec, Logiques dAdaptation (2005). He has just completed astudy, titled Oceans of Wine, Empires of Commerce, of the emergence and self-organizationof the Atlantic economy between 1640 and 1815 as viewed through the lens of Madeira

HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450 xiii

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wine production, distribution, and consumption. Professor Hancock was born in NewYork and received his A. B. degree in history and music from the College of William andMary, an A. M. degree in music from Yale University in 1983, and a Ph.D. degree in Histo-ry from Harvard University in 1990. He has also taught history at Harvard University(19901997) and the cole des Hautes tudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris (2003).

Kenneth Pomeranz is Chancellors Professor of History and professor of East Asianlanguages and literatures at the University of California, Irvine, and director of the Univer-sity of California Multi-Campus Research Group in world history. He received his Ph.D.from Yale University in 1988, and has been at UC Irvine ever since. His publicationsinclude: The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Econo-my (2000); with Steven Topik, The World that Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the WorldEconomy, 1400 to the Present (1999; second edition, 2005); and The Making of a Hinterland:State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 18531937 (1993). The Making of a Hin-terland won the John King Fairbank Prize of the American Historical Association for thebest book on East Asian history in 1994; The Great Divergence won the Fairbank Prize for2000, shared the World History Association Book Prize for 2000, and been the subject ofmore than a dozen symposia and panel discussions at sites around the world. Pomeranz hasheld fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the American Council of LearnedSocieties, the Social Science Research Council, and the American Philosophical Society,among others. Although the bulk of his work has revolved around Chinese and compara-tive economic development, rural social change, environmental change, and state forma-tion, he has also written on the history of popular religion, and on the history of familyorganization and gender roles. He lives in Irvine, California, with his wife and two children.

Louis P. CainStanle y L. Enger man

Dav id HancockJohn J . McCusker

Kenneth Pomeranz

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L i s t o f A r t i c l e s

Accounting and AccountingPracticesJohn Richard Edwards

Africa, Labor Taxes (Head Taxes)Leslie Bessant

Africa, Natives Land ActHarvey M. Feinberg

Agnelli FamilyAndrea Colli

AgricultureWilliam K. Hutchinson

Albuquerque, Afonso deGeorge Bryan Souza

Alcock, RutherfordChi-Kong Lai

Ali, MuhammadRobert L. Tignor

American SystemJohn Majewski

AmsterdamKarel Davids

Anglo American CorporationPeter E. Austin

AngolaPeter E. Austin

AntwerpGreta Devos

Michael Limberger

ARAMCOFrederick F. Anscombe

ArgentinaJonathan C. Brown

Arms, ArmamentsJohn Singleton

Artistic Representations ofTradeHubert Bonin

Astor FamilyPeter E. Austin

Australia and New ZealandMalcolm Tull

AutomobileWayne Lewchuk

BahiaDavid Baronov

Balance of PaymentsLouis D. Johnston

Baltic ExchangeMartin Stopford

Baltic StatesAnu Mai Kll

BaltimoreSilvia Marzagalli

BangladeshPeter E. Austin

BankingJohn Orbell

BarcelonaRalph Lee Woodward Jr.

Baring, AlexanderPeter E. Austin

BengalOm Prakash

Bessemer, HenryThomas J. Misa

Black SeaJohn M. Kleeberg

Blockades in PeaceLance E. Davis

Blockades in WarGary Clyde Hufbauer

Barbara Oegg

Board of Trade, BritishJacob M. Price

Board of Trade, SpanishMiguel-ngel Ladero Quesada

Bodin, JeanStphane Beaulac

Bonaparte, NapoleonFederico Boffa

BooksAlistair McCleery

BordeauxSilvia Marzagalli

BostonPeter E. Austin

BoycottAyodeji Olukoju

BrazilSteven Topik

Bretton WoodsMichael J. Oliver

BristolEvan Jones

British-American TobaccoHoward Cox

Brown FamilyEdwin J. Perkins

Brunel, Isambard KingdomJ. F. Bosher

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Bullion (Specie)Hugh Rockoff

Bunge and BornVera Blinn Reber

BurmaJrg Schendel

Cabot FamilyPeter E. Pope

CdizRalph Lee Woodward Jr.

CalcuttaHimanshu Prabha Ray

CanadaKris Inwood

CanalsWilliam K. Hutchinson

Canton SystemJohn E. Wills Jr.

Capital FlowsRobert G. Greenhill

CapitalismChristopher J. Castaneda

Caravan TradeKenneth Pomeranz

Cargoes, FreightJavier Cuenca-Esteban

Cargoes, PassengerAyodeji Olukoju

CartagenaFrank Safford

Chambers of CommerceCarmel Vassallo

CharlestonCarl E. Swanson

Chicago Board of TradePeter Alonzi

ChileMichael Monten

ChinaLoren Brandt

Churchill, WinstonLawrence H. Officer

ClimatePascal Acot

CoalSimon Ville

Coen, Jan PieterszoonVictor Enthoven

CoffeeSteven Topik

Colbert, Jean-BaptisteJohn C. Rule

ColombiaFrank Safford

Columbus, ChristopherWilliam D. Phillips Jr.

ComeconRandall W. Stone

Commodity MoneyH. A. Gemery

James L. A. Webb Jr.

Common Market and the Euro-pean UnionLarry Neal

CompradorsRobert Gardella

Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, MarquisdeRalph Lee Woodward Jr.

ConquistadorsJason L. Ward

ContainerizationKenneth McPherson

Cook, JamesNigel Rigby

CopperJohn R. Hanson II

Corn LawsGeorge R. Boyer

Corporation, or Limited Liabili-ty CompanyCharles R. Hickson

John D. Turner

Correspondents, Factors, andBrokersJacob M. Price

CottonSven Beckert

Counterfeit GoodsJohn M. Kleeberg

CowriesJan Hogendorn

CubaRalph Lee Woodward Jr.

Cunard, SamuelPeter N. Davies

DahomeyCatherine Coquery-Vidrovitch

DeBeersDavid J. Clarke

Deng XiaopingKenneth Pomeranz

DenmarkHans Chr. Johansen

Depressions and RecoveriesPatrick Verley

de Rhodes, AlexandreCharles Wheeler

Developmental State, Concept oftheErik Reinart

Daz, PorfirioSteven Topik

Disease and PestilenceBruce Fetter

Dole FamilySumner J. La Croix

Drugs, IllicitAlan Baumler

Duke FamilyRobert F. Durden

du Pont de Nemours FamilyAlfred D. Chandler Jr.

East India Company, BritishOm Prakash

East India Company, DutchLeonard Bluss

East India Company, OtherPhilippe Haudrre

Eastman, GeorgeElizabeth Brayer

eBayDonato Gmez-Daz

Jose Cspedes-Lorente

Economics, NeoclassicalDavid M. Levy

Sandra J. Peart

Education, OverviewDavid Mitch

EgyptRobert L. Tignor

Elizabeth IDavid J. Starkey

Empire, BelgianGuy Vanthemsche

Empire, British: 14501783David J. Clarke

Empire, British: 1783presentJ. F. Bosher

Empire, DutchWim Klooster

Empire, French: 14501815Silvia Marzagalli

Empire, French: 1815presentHubert Bonin

Empire, JapaneseChristopher Howe

Empire, MingJohn E. Wills Jr.

Empire, MughalOm Prakash

Empire, OttomanErnest Tucker

Empire, PortugueseJorge M. Pedreira

Empire, QingJohn E. Wills Jr.

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Empire, SpanishJohn E. Kicza

Encomienda and RepartimientoJason L. Ward

Engels, FriedrichAugust H. Nimtz Jr.

Entrept SystemJohn E. Wills Jr.

Ethnic Groups, AfricansMohammed Bashir Salau

Ethnic Groups, ArmeniansPeter E. Austin

Ethnic Groups, CantoneseYong Chen

Ethnic Groups, FujianeseChin-keong Ng

Ethnic Groups, GujaratiMichael N. Pearson

Ethnic Groups, HuguenotsJ. F. Bosher

Ethnic Groups, IrishL. M. Cullen

Ethnic Groups, JewsMaristella Botticini

Ethnic Groups, Native AmericansLeonard A. Carlson

Ethnic Groups, Scots before 1800Alan L. Karras

Ethnic Groups, Scots since 1800Richard J. Finlay

FactoriesLeonard Bluss

FairsRegina Grafe

FaminePascal Acot

Finance, Credit and Money Lend-ingSilvia Marzagalli

Hubert Bonin

Finance, InsuranceRobin Pearson

FinlandYrj Kaukiainen

Flows of Factors of ProductionRobert G. Greenhill

Ford, HenryWayne Lewchuk

FranceGuillaume Daudin

Franchising, InternationalAlfredo Manuel Coelho

Free PortsJos-Ignacio Martnez Ruiz

Free Trade, Theory and PracticeJohn V. C. Nye

Fugger FamilyMichael North

FursAnn M. Carlos

Gama, Vasco daMichael N. Pearson

Gates, BillB. Zorina Khan

GATT, WTOMichelle Sanson

GdanskPeter E. Austin

GenoaMaria Elisabetta Tonizzi

GermanyMichael North

Getty, Jean PaulFederico Boffa

GhanaHubert Bonin

Gilbert, HumphreyFederico Boffa

GlasgowChristopher A. Whatley

GlasswareMarco Beretta

Globalization, Pro and ConJay R. Mandle

Gold and SilverDennis O. Flynn

rturo Giraldez

Gold CoastHarvey M. Feinberg

Gold RushesKaren Clay

Gold StandardLawrence H. White

Great Depression of the 1930sPeter Fearon

GreeceMaria Christina Chatziioannou

Gresham, Sir ThomasIan W. Archer

GuangzhouYong Chen

Guggenheim FamilyFabio Braggion

GuildsCharles R. Hickson

John D. Turner

GujaratMarcia J. Frost

Gulbenkian, CalousteJeffrey Wood

HaitiMats Lundahl

Hakluyt, Richard, the YoungerJeffrey Wood

HamburgSimone A. Wegge

Hamilton, AlexanderPeter McNamara

Hanseatic League (Hansa orHanse)Ralph Lee Woodward Jr.

HarborsGordon Jackson

HardwareChris Evans

Hart, RobertKenneth Pomeranz

HavanaEvelyn Powell Jennings

Hawkins, JohnHarry Kelsey

Hearst, William RandolphBenjamin Passty

Heckscher-OhlinKevin H. ORourke

Home Charges (India)Amiya Kumar Bagchi

Hong KongCheuk-Wah Sunny Chan

Hong Kong and Shanghai BankChi-Kong Lai

Hoover, HerbertGene Smiley

Hope FamilyVictor Enthoven

Hume, DavidSheila C. Dow

Huskisson, WilliamPeter E. Austin

HyundaiByung Khun Song

ImperialismCharles Jones

Imperial Maritime Customs,ChinaJohn Y. Wong

Imperial PreferenceCarl Mosk

Import SubstitutionTirthankar Roy

IndiaTirthankar Roy

Indian OceanMichael N. Pearson

IndonesiaJan Luiten van Zanden

Daan Marks

HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450 xvii

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IndustrializationThomas M. Geraghty

Industrial RevolutionC. Knick Harley

Information and Communica-tionsGraeme J. Milne

Institutional Aspects of WorldTradeWilliam K. Hutchinson

International Labour Organiza-tionCarl Mosk

International Monetary Fund(IMF)James M. Boughton

International Trade AgreementsStanley L. Engerman

IranRudi Matthee

Iron and SteelCarl Mosk

ItalyTommaso Fanfani

Jaja, King of OpoboAnene Ejikeme

JamaicaB. W. Higman

JapanKaoru Sugihara

Japanese Ministry of Interna-tional Trade and Industry(METI)David Flath

Jardine MathesonElisabeth Kll

Joint-Stock CompanyVictor Enthoven

KenyaOlutayo Charles Adesina

Keynes, John MaynardBenjamin Passty

KongoDavid M. Gordon

KoreaJames B. Lewis

KruppChristian Leitz

Laborers, Aztec and IncaJason L. Ward

Laborers, CoercedRalph Shlomowitz

Laborers, ContractFarley Grubb

Laborers, Native American,Eastern Woodland, and FarWesternBrett Rushforth

Labor, Types ofRalph Shlomowitz

La RochelleJ. F. Bosher

Law, Common and CivilJames Q. Whitman

Law, International (Law ofNations and Law of the Sea)Jorge Guzman-Gutierrez

Lee Kuan YewW. G. Huff

Leopold IIRobert Harms

Levant CompanyAlexander H. De Groot

Lin ZexuKenneth Pomeranz

LisbonTimothy D. Walker

LiverpoolPeter N. Davies

Lloyds of LondonRobin Pearson

LondonSarah Palmer

Loney, NicholasNorman G. Owen

Los AngelesLong BeachPaul Rhode

MadrasDietmar Rothermund

Magellan, FerdinandJonathan Eacott

ManchuriaChristopher Isett

Marconi, GuglielmoPeter E. Austin

Market IntegrationA. J. H. Latham

Markets, StockLarry Neal

MarseillesRalph Lee Woodward Jr.

Marx, KarlDouglas Moggach

MediterraneanMaria Fusaro

MelakaAnthony Reid

MercantilismLars Magnusson

MERCOSURDonato Gmez-Daz

Ignacio Amate-Fortes

MexicoSandra Kuntz Ficker

Millets and CapitulationsChristine Philliou

Mill, John StuartRalph Lee Woodward Jr.

MiningEdward Beatty

MitsubishiWilliam Wray

MitsuiWilliam Wray

Money and Monetary PolicyMarc D. Hayford

Monnet, JeanDaniel Barbezat

Monopoly and OligopolyWilliam K. Hutchinson

Monroe, JamesGene A. Smith

Morgan, J. P.James E. Valle

MoroccoDaniel Schroeter

Most-Favored-Nation ProvisionsNancy S. Lind

MumbaiDietmar Rothermund

NAFTAEdward J. Chambers

NagasakiWilliam Wray

NantesOlivier Ptr-Grenouilleau

Nanyang Brothers TobaccoElisabeth Kll

NationalismAntonio-Miguel Bernal

NationalizationMartin Chick

Navigation ActsKenkichi Omi

Networks, Supply, Distribution,and CustomerLeos Mller

New OrleansFred Bateman

NewportEllen Hartigan-OConnor

New SpainJason L. Ward

New YorkSimone A. Wegge

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NigeriaJoseph E. Inikori

NitratesJos-Ignacio Martnez Ruiz

NorwayStig Tenold

Onassis, AristotleBenjamin Passty

OPECPeter E. Austin

Ostend East India CompanyJan Parmentier

Packet BoatsEdward W. Sloan

PakistanOmar Noman

Panama CanalJohn Major

ParisPhilip T. Hoffman

PartnershipCharles R. Hickson

John D. Turner

Pasha, IsmaEilRobert L. Tignor

Patent Laws and IntellectualProperty RightsB. Zorina Khan

PeddlersLaurence Fontaine

Peel, Sir RobertJ. F. Bosher

PEMEXJonathan C. Brown

Perry, MatthewKenneth Pomeranz

Persian GulfMichael N. Pearson

PeruPaul Gootenberg

PetroleumDiana Davids Hinton

PharmaceuticalsAlfredo Manuel Coelho

PhiladelphiaSheryllynne Haggerty

Philip IIPeter Pierson

PhilippinesNorman G. Owen

PhilipsFederico Boffa

PhysiocratsWalter Eltis

PiracyKris Lane

Political SystemsRichard Rosecrance

Pombal, Marqus deTimothy D. Walker

PopulationEmigration andImmigrationMichael R. Haines

Port CitiesMalcolm Tull

PortoPaul Duguid

PortugalPedro Lains

PotosPeter Bakewell

Prices and InflationChristopher M. Meissner

PrivateeringDavid J. Starkey

Protection CostsMorris Altman

Protectionism and Tariff WarsMario J. Crucini

Purchasing Power ParityJ. Peter Neary

Quantity Theory of MoneyRonald Michener

Raffles, Sir Thomas StamfordPeter E. Austin

Rates of ExchangeLawrence H. Officer

Regional Trade AgreementsJohn Ravenhill

ReligionAlexander Tokarev

Graham Lemke

RetailingClaire Walsh

Rhodes, CecilJeffrey Wood

RicePeter A. Coclanis

Rio de JaneiroSergio Lamaro

Rockefeller FamilyRoger M. Olien

Roosevelt, Franklin DelanoPrice V. Fishback

Rothschild FamilyJonathan Eacott

RotterdamPaul van de Laar

Royal Niger CompanyPeter P. Ekeh

RubberRichard P. Tucker

RussiaHubert Bonin

SalemBarry Levy

San FranciscoOaklandKerry A. Odell

Sarbah, JohnHarvey M. Feinberg

SaEud FamilyDavid W. Lesch

SchlumbergerFederico Boffa

Seamen WagesSari Menp

SenegambiaHubert Bonin

ServicesThomas M. Truxes

SevilleAntonio-Miguel Bernal

Sex and GenderEllen Hartigan-OConnor

ShanghaiHanchao Lu

ShipbuildingGordon Boyce

Shipping, Aids toJ. F. Bosher

Shipping, CoastalJohn Armstrong

Shipping, Inland Waterways,EuropeIngo Heidbrink

Shipping, Inland Waterways,North AmericaGerald Crompton

Shipping LanesYrj Kaukiainen

Shipping, MerchantDavid J. Starkey

Shipping, Technological ChangeDavid J. Clarke

Ships and ShippingRichard W. Unger

Ship TypesDavid J. Clarke

SiemensBenjamin Passty

SilkDebin Ma

SingaporeS. Sugiyama

Slavery and the African SlaveTradeDavid Richardson

Smith, AdamPeter E. Austin

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SmugglingJeremy Cohen

Socialism and CommunismCarol Scott Leonard

SonyShu Shin Luh

South AfricaLeslie Bessant

South China SeaCharles Wheeler

SpainJess M. Valdaliso

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)Kenneth Pomeranz

Spices and the Spice TradeGeorge Bryan Souza

SportsStefan Szymanski

Sri LankaJames L. A. Webb Jr.

Stalin, JosephJeffrey Wood

Staples and Staple TheoryMorris Altman

Stolper-Samuelson TheoremJ. Peter Neary

SubsidiesDaniel Barbezat

Suez CanalRobert Tignor

Sugar, Molasses, and RumSelwyn H. H. Carrington

SumitomoWilliam Wray

SwedenLeos Mller

SydneyLionel Frost

Tagore FamilySushil Chaudhury

TaiwanTsong-Min Wu

Tata Family EnterprisesVinay Bahl

TeaRobert Gardella

Textiles before 1800John Smail

Textiles since 1800Lars G. Sandberg

ThailandJohn Walsh

Theories of International Tradebefore 1900Andrea Maneschi

Theories of International Tradesince 1900Andrea Maneschi

TimberMarvin McInnis

TobaccoJacob M. Price

ToysSarah Anne Carter

Trade Forms, Organizational,and Legal InstitutionsMichelle Sanson

Transactions CostsJohn V. C. Nye

Travelers and TravelDaniel Kilbride

TreatiesJ. F. Bosher

Tribute SystemKenneth Pomeranz

Tung Chee-hwaMing Chan

UnileverIngo Heidbrink

United Fruit CompanyMarcelo Bucheli

United KingdomDonald G. Paterson

United StatesRobert Whaples

VenezuelaMiguel Tinker Salas

VeniceRuthy Gertwagen

VeracruzRalph Lee Woodward Jr.

VietnamLi Tana

Volcanic EruptionsAdebayo A. Lawal

Wallenberg FamilyLars G. Sandberg

War, Government ContractingVictor Enthoven

WarsDavid J. Clarke

Watson, Thomas, Sr., andThomas, Jr.Jeffrey Wood

West India Company, DutchPieter Emmer

Wheat and Other Cereal GrainsJoseph Santos

WineTim Unwin

Women Traders of SoutheastAsiaAnthony Reid

WoolSimon Ville

World BankEdward Marcus

YokohamaMariko Tatsuki

Zhang HanR. Bin Wong

Timothy Brook

Zheng FamilyJohn E. Wills Jr.

ZimbabweRobert I. Rotberg

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Th e m a t i c O u t l i n e

This systematic outline provides ageneral overview of the conceptualscheme of the History of World Tradesince 1450, listing the titles of eachentry and subentry. The outline isdivided into sixteen parts.

1. Business Families2. Cities3. Commodities4. Concepts and Ideas (Economic)5. Concepts and Ideas (General)6. Corporations and Businesses7. Countries and Regions8. Economic Agents9. Empires

10. Industries11. Infrastructure12. Labor13. Organizations and Institutions14. People15. Phenomena16. Shipping

1. BUSINESS FAMILIES

Agnelli FamilyAstor FamilyBrown FamilyCabot FamilyDole FamilyDuke Familydu Pont de Nemours FamilyFugger FamilyGuggenheim FamilyHope FamilyMitsubishi

MitsuiNanyang Brothers TobaccoPhilipsRockefeller FamilyRothschild FamilySaEud FamilySchlumberger FamilySiemensSumitomoTagore FamilyTata Family EnterprisesWallenberg FamilyZheng Family

2. CITIES

AmsterdamAntwerpBahiaBaltimoreBarcelonaBordeauxBostonBristolCdizCalcuttaCartagenaChambers of CommerceCharlestonEntrept SystemFactoriesFree PortsGdanskGenoaGlasgowGuangzhouGuildsHamburgHanseatic League (Hansa or Hanse)Havana

Hong KongLa RochelleLisbonLiverpoolLondonLos AngelesLong BeachMadrasMarseillesMelakaMumbaiNagasakiNantesNew OrleansNewportNew YorkParisPhiladelphiaPortoPotosRio de JaneiroRotterdamSalemSan FranciscoOaklandSevilleShanghaiSingaporeSydneyVeniceVeracruzYokohama

3. COMMODITIES

CoalCoffeeCottonCounterfeit GoodsCowriesDrugs, IllicitFurs

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GlasswareGold and SilverHardwareRiceRubberSilkSpices and the Spice TradeSugar, Molasses, and RumTeaTextiles before 1800Textiles since 1800TimberTobaccoToysWheat and Other Cereal GrainsWineWool

4. CONCEPTS AND IDEAS (ECONOMIC)

Balance of PaymentsBoycottBullion (Specie)Canton SystemCapital FlowsCapitalismCommodity MoneyCorn LawsDepressions and RecoveriesDevelopmental State, Concept of theEconomics, NeoclassicalFlows of Factors of ProductionFree PortsFree Trade, Theory and PracticeGlobalization, Pro and ConHeckscher-OhlinImperial PreferenceImperialismImport SubstitutionIndustrial RevolutionIndustrializationInstitutional Aspects of World TradeMarket IntegrationMerchantilismMillets and CapitulationsMoney and Monetary PolicyMonopoly and OligopolyMost-Favored-Nation ProvisionsNationalizationNetworks, Supply, Distribution and

CustomerPhysiocratsProtection CostsPurchasing Power ParityQuantity Theory of MoneyRates of ExchangeSpecial Economic Zones (SEZs)Staples and Staple TheoryStolper-Samuelson TheoremSubsidiesTheories of International Trade before

1900Theories of International Trade since

1900Transaction Costs

Tribute SystemWomen Traders of Southeast Asia

5. CONCEPTS AND IDEAS (GENERAL)

American SystemArtistic Representations of TradeEducation, OverviewLaw, Common and CivilLaw, International (Law of Nations and

Law of the Sea)NationalismPatent Laws and Intellectual Property

RightsPiracyPolitical SystemsPrivateeringReligionSex and GenderSmugglingSocialism and CommunismTreaties

6. CORPORATIONS AND BUSINESSES

Anglo American CorporationARAMCOBankingBritish-American TobaccoBunge and BornCorporation, or Limited Liability Com-

panyCorrespondents, Factors, and BrokersDeBeersEast India Company, BritishEast India Company, DutchEast India Company, OtherGuildsHong Kong and Shanghai BankHyundaiJardine MathesonJoint-Stock CompanyLevant CompanyLloyds of LondonMitsuiNanyang Brothers TobaccoOstend East India CompanyPartnershipPeddlersPEMEXRetailingRoyal Niger CompanyServicesSonyTata Family EnterprisesUnileverUnited Fruit CompanyWest India Company, Dutch

7. COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

AngolaArgentinaAustralia and New ZealandBaltic StatesBangladeshBengal

Black SeaBrazilBurmaCanadaChileChinaColombiaCubaDahomeyDenmarkEgyptFinlandFranceGermanyGhanaGold CoastGreeceGujaratHaitiIndiaIndian OceanIndonesiaIranItalyJamaicaJapanKenyaKongoKoreaManchuriaMediterraneanMexicoMoroccoNew SpainNigeriaNorwayPakistanPersian GulfPeruPortugalSaEud FamilySenegambiaSouth AfricaSouth China SeaSpainSri LankaSwedenTaiwanThailandUnited KingdomUnited StatesVenezuelaVietnamZimbabwe

8. ECONOMIC AGENTS

ClimateCorrespondents, Factors, and BrokersEthnic Groups, AfricansEthnic Groups, ArmeniansEthnic Groups, CantoneseEthnic Groups, FujianeseEthnic Groups, GujaratiEthnic Groups, Huguenots

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Ethnic Groups, IrishEthnic Groups, JewsEthnic Groups, Native AmericansEthnic Groups, Scots before 1800Ethnic Groups, Scots since 1800Laborers, Aztec and IncaLaborers, ContractLaborers, Native American, Eastern

Woodland and Far WesternLabor, Types ofNetworks, Supply, Distribution, and

CustomerPartnershipPeddlersPiracyPrivateeringRetailingSlavery and the African Slave TradeSmugglingTravelers and Travel

9. EMPIRES

Board of Trade, BritishBoard of Trade, SpanishEast India Company, BritishEast India Company, DutchElizabeth IEmpire, BelgianEmpire, British: 14501783Empire, British: 1783presentEmpire, DutchEmpire, French: 14501815Empire, French: 1815presentEmpire, JapaneseEmpire, MingEmpire, MughalEmpire, OttomanEmpire, PortugueseEmpire, QingEmpire, SpanishHome Charges (India)Imperial Maritime Customs, ChinaLeopold IINavigation ActsNew SpainPhilip IISlavery and the African Slave TradeTribute SystemWar, Government ContractingZheng Family

10. INDUSTRIES

AgricultureArms, ArmamentsAutomobileBankingBooksCoalCottonCounterfeit GoodsDrugs, IllicitFinance, Credit and Money LendingFinance, InsuranceFurs

GlasswareGold and SilverHardwareIndustrializationInformation and CommunicationsNitratesPetroleumPharmaceuticalsRetailingRubberServicesShipbuildingSilkSugar, Molasses, and RumTextiles before 1800Textiles since 1800TimberTobaccoToysTravelers and TravelWar, Government ContractingWheat and other Cereal GrainsWineWool

11. INFRASTRUCTURECanalsFairsHarborsPanama CanalPort CitiesSuez Canal

12. LABORAfrica, Labor Taxes (Head Taxes)Encomienda and RepartimientoIndustrial Labour OrganizationLaborers, Aztec and IncaLaborers, CoercedLaborers, ContractLaborers, Native American, Eastern

Woodland, and Far WesternLabor, Types ofSeamen WagesSlavery and the African Slave Trade

13. ORGANIZATIONS ANDINSTITUTIONSAccounting and Accounting PracticesAfrica, Labor Taxes (Head Taxes)Africa, Natives Land ActBaltic ExchangeBankingBoard of Trade, BritishBoard of Trade, SpanishBoycottBretton WoodsCanton SystemCaravan TradeChambers of CommerceChicago Board of TradeComeconCommon Market and the European

UnionCompradors

Corporation, or Limited Liability Com-pany

Correspondents, Factors, and BrokerseBayEncomienda and RepartimientoEntrept SystemFactoriesFranchising, InternationalFree PortsGATT, WTOGold StandardGuildsHanseatic League (Hansa or Hanse)Home Charges (India)Imperial Maritime Customs, ChinaInternational Labour OrganizationInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)Japanese Ministry of International

Trade and Industry (METI)Joint-Stock CompanyLloyds of LondonMarkets, StockMERCOSURMillets and CapitulationsNAFTANationalizationOPECOstend East India CompanyPeddlersPiracyPrivateeringRegional Trade AgreementsRussiaTrade Forms, Organizational, and Legal

InstitutionsTribute SystemWorld Bank

14. PEOPLE

Albuquerque, Afonso deAlcock, RutherfordAli, MuhammadBaring, AlexanderBessemer, HenryBodin, JeanBonaparte, NapoleonBrunel, Isambard KingdomChurchill, WinstonCoen, Jan PieterszoonColbert, Jean-BaptisteColumbus, ChristopherCondorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nico-

las de Caritat, Marquis deConquistadorsCook, JamesCunard, SamuelDeng XiaopingDe Rhodes, AlexandreDaz, PorfirioEastman, GeorgeElizabeth IEngels, FriedrichFord, HenryGama, Vasco da

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Gates, BillGetty, PaulGilbert, HumphreyGresham, Sir ThomasGulbenkian, CalousteHakluyt, Richard, the YoungerHamilton, AlexanderHart, RobertHawkins, JohnHearst, William RandolphHoover, HerbertHume, DavidHuskisson, WilliamJaja, King of OpoboKeynes, John MaynardKruppLeopold IILee Kuan YewLin ZexuLoney, NicholasMagellan, FerdinandMarconi, GuglielmoMarx, KarlMill, John StuartMonnet, JeanMonroe, JamesMorgan, J. P.

Onassis, AristotlePasha, IsmaEilPeel, Sir RobertPerry, MatthewPhilip IIPombal, Marqus deRaffles, Sir Thomas StamfordRhodes, CecilRoosevelt, Franklin DelanoSarbah, JohnSmith, AdamStalin, JosephTung Chee-hwaWatson, Thomas, Sr., and Thomas, Jr.Zhang Han

15. PHENOMENABlockades in PeaceBlockades in WarBoycottClimateDisease and PestilenceFamineGold RushesGreat Depression of the 1930sPopulationEmigration and

Immigration

Prices and InflationProtectionism and Tariff WarsTravelers and TravelVolcanic EruptionsWar, Government ContractingWars

16. SHIPPING

Caravan TradeCargoes, FreightCargoes, PassengerContainerizationFree PortsPacket BoatsShipping, Aids toShipping, CoastalShipping, Inland Waterways, EuropeShipping, Inland Waterways, North

AmericaShipping LanesShipping, MerchantShipping, Technological ChangeShips and ShippingShip TypesSuez Canal

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Co n t r i b u t o r s

Pascal AcotProfessor, Department of the Historyof Science, Centre National de laRecherche Scientifique, France

ClimateFamine

Olutayo Charles AdesinaSenior Lecturer and Ag. Head ofDepartment, Department of History,University of Ibadan, Oyo State,Nigeria

Kenya

Peter AlonziAssociate Professor of Economicsand Finance, School of Business,Dominican University

Chicago Board of Trade

Morris AltmanProfessor and Head of theDepartment of Economics,University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Protection CostsStaples and Staple Theory

Ignacio Amate-FortesAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Faculty of Economicsand Business Studies, University ofAlmeria, Spain

MERCOSUR

Frederick F. AnscombeLecturer in Contemporary History,School of History, Classics andArchaeology, Birbeck College,University of London

ARAMCO

Ian W. ArcherFellow and Tutor in Modern History,Faculty of History, University ofOxford

Gresham, Sir Thomas

John ArmstrongProfessor, School of Business,Thames Valley University, London

Shipping, Coastal

Peter E. AustinProfessor, Department of History, St.Edwards University

Anglo American CorporationAngolaAstor FamilyBangladeshBaring, AlexanderBostonEthnic Groups, ArmeniansGdanskHuskisson, WilliamMarconi, GuglielmoOPECRaffles, Sir Thomas StamfordSmith, Adam

Amiya Kumar BagchiProfessor, Director, Institute ofDevelopment Studies Kolkata,Calcutta University Alipore Campus

Home Charges (India)

Vinay BahlAssociate Professor, Department ofSociology, Pennsylvania College ofTechnology (Penn State)

Tata Family Enterprises

Peter BakewellProfessor, Department of History,Southern Methodist University

Potos

Daniel BarbezatProfessor, Department of Economics,Amherst College

Monnet, JeanSubsidies

David BaronovAssociate Professor, Department ofSociology, St. John Fisher College

Bahia

Fred BatemanProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Georgia

New Orleans

Alan BaumlerAssistant Professor of History,Department of History, IndianaUniversity of Pennsylvania

Drugs, Illicit

Edward BeattyAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory and the Kellogg Institute forInternational Studies, University ofNotre Dame

Mining

Stphane Beaulac (Cantab)Associate Professor, Faculty of Law,University of Montreal

Bodin, Jean

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Sven BeckertProfessor, Department of History,Harvard University

Cotton

Marco BerettaProfessor, Department of Philosophy,Universit di Bologna

Glassware

Antonio-Miguel BernalProfessor, Departamento de Historiae Instituciones Econmicas, Facultadde Economa, Universidad de Sevilla,Spain

NationalismSeville

Leslie BessantProfessor, Department of History,Ripon College

Africa, Labor Taxes (HeadTaxes)

South Africa

Leonard BlussProfessor, Departments of Historyand Southeast Asian Studies, LeidenUniversity

East India Company, DutchFactories

Federico BoffaAssistant Professor and DoctoralCandidate, Department ofEconomics, Northwestern University;Free University of Bolzano/Bozen

Bonaparte, NapoleonGetty, Jean PaulGilbert, HumphreyPhilipsSchlumberger Family

Hubert BoninProfessor, Montesquieu Center forEconomic History, Institut dtudespoliticques de Bordeaux

Artistic Representations ofTrade

Empire, French: 1815presentFinance, Credit and Money

LendingGhanaRussiaSenegambia

J. F. BosherProfessor, Department of History,York University Toronto

Brunel, Isambard KingdomEmpire, British: 1783presentEthnic Groups, HuguenotsLa RochellePeel, Sir RobertShipping, Aids toTreaties

Maristella BotticiniAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Boston University andUniversit di Torino

Ethnic Groups, Jews

James M. BoughtonHistorian, International MonetaryFund

International Monetary Fund(IMF)

Gordon BoyceProfessor, Faculty of Business,Queensland University of Technology

Shipbuilding

George R. BoyerProfessor, Department of LaborEconomics, School of Industrial andLabor Relations, Cornell University

Corn Laws

Fabio BraggionDoctoral Candidate, Department ofEconomics, Northwestern University

Guggenheim Family

Loren BrandtProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Toronto

China

Elizabeth BrayerIndependent Historian, Author ofGeorge Eastman: A Biography (1995)

Eastman, George

Timothy BrookProfessor, Department of History,University of Toronto

Zhang Han

Jonathan C. BrownProfessor, Department of History,University of Texas at Austin

ArgentinaPEMEX

Marcelo BucheliAssistant Professor of BusinessAdministration and History, BusinessAdministration and History,University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

United Fruit Company

Jos Cspedes-LorenteProfessor of Management,Department of Mangement, Facultyof Economics and Business Studies,University of Almeria, Spain

eBay

Ann M. CarlosProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Colorado

Furs

Leonard A. CarlsonAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Emory University

Ethnic Groups, Native Ameri-cans

Selwyn H. H. CarringtonProfessor, Department of History,Howard University

Sugar, Molasses, and Rum

Sarah Anne CarterDoctoral Candidate, History ofAmerican Civilization, HarvardUniversity

Toys

Christopher J. CastanedaProfessor and Chair, Department ofHistory, California State University,Sacramento

Capitalism

Edward J. ChambersResearch Professor, School ofBusiness, University of Alberta

NAFTA

Cheuk-Wah Sunny ChanAssociate Professor, PublicAdministration Program, MacaoPolytechnic Institute

Hong Kong

Ming ChanResearch Fellow and Coordinator ofthe Hong Kong DocumentaryArchives, Hoover Institution,Stanford University

Tung Chee-hwa

Alfred D. Chandler Jr.Professor of Business History,Emeritus, Harvard Business School,Harvard University

du Pont de Nemours Family

Maria Christina ChatziioannouDirector of Research, Institute forNeohellenic Research, NationalHellenic Research Foundation

Greece

Sushil ChaudhuryProfessor, Department of History,Calcutta University

Tagore Family

Yong ChenAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, University of California,Irvine

Ethnic Groups, CantoneseGuangzhou

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Contributors

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Martin ChickSenior Lecturer, Department ofEconomic History, University ofEdinburgh

Nationalization

David J. ClarkeDoctoral Candidate, Department ofHistory, University of Newfoundland

DeBeersEmpire, British: 14501783Shipping, Technological

ChangeShip TypesWars

Karen ClayAssistant Professor of Economics,Heinz School of Public Policy andManagement, Carnegie MellonUniversity

Gold Rushes

Peter A. CoclanisProfessor, Department of History,University of North Carolina atChapel Hill

Rice

Alfredo Manuel CoelhoResearch Assistant, Department ofEconomics, Business and SocialSciences, Umr Moisa Agro, France

Franchising, InternationalPharmaceuticals

Jeremy CohenAdjunct Assistant Professor,Department of History, University ofFlorida

Smuggling

Andrea ColliProfessor, Economic HistoryInstitute, Bocconi University, Milan,Italy

Agnelli Family

Catherine Coquery-VidrovitchProfessor Emeritus, LaboratoireSEDET/CNRS, Universit Paris

Dahomey

Howard CoxProfessor, Worchester BusinessSchool, University College Worcester

British-American Tobacco

Gerald CromptonReader in Economics and BusinessHistory, Kent Business School,University of Kent

Shipping, Inland Waterways,North America

Mario J. CruciniAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Vanderbilt University

Protectionism and TariffWars

Javier Cuenca-EstebanProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Waterloo, Canada

Cargoes, Freight

L. M. CullenProfessor Emeritus of modern Irishhistory, Modern history, TrinityCollege, Dublin

Ethnic Groups, Irish

Guillaume Daudinconomiste, Department of theEconomics of Globalization,Observatoire Franais desConjonctures conomiques, SciencesPo

France

Karel DavidsProfessor, Department of History,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Amsterdam

Peter N. DaviesProfessor Emeritus, The Centre forPort and Maritime History, TheSchool of History, University ofLiverpool

Cunard, SamuelLiverpool

Lance E. DavisProfessor of Social Science, Divisionof Humanities and Social Sciences,California Institute of Technology

Blockades in Peace

Alexander H. De GrootReader in Islamic Institutions,Department of the Languages andCultures of the Islamic Middle East,Leiden University

Levant Company

Greta DevosProfessor, Centrum forBedrijfsgeschiedenis, University ofAntwerp

Antwerp

Sheila C. DowProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Stirling

Hume, David

Paul DuguidProfessor, Centre for BusinessManagement, Queen Mary,University of London

Porto

Robert F. DurdenProfessor Emeritus of History,Department of History, DukeUniversity

Duke Family

Jonathan EacottDoctoral Candidate, Department ofHistory, University of Michigan

Magellan, FerdinandRothschild Family

John Richard EdwardsProfessor, Cardiff Business School,Cardiff University

Accounting and AccountingPractices

Anene EjikemeAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, Trinity University

Jaja, King of Opobo

Peter P. EkehProfessor, Department of AfricanAmerican Studies, State University ofNew York at Buffalo

Royal Niger Company

Walter EltisEmeritis Fellow, Exeter College,Oxford University

Physiocrats

Pieter EmmerProfessor, Department of History,University of Leiden

West India Company, Dutch

Stanley L. EngermanProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Rochester

International Trade Agree-ments

Victor EnthovenAssociate Professor, InternationalSecurity Studies, Royal NetherlandsNaval College

Coen, Jan PieterszoonHope FamilyJoint-Stock CompanyWar, Government Contract-

ing

Chris EvansPrincipal Lecturer, School ofHumanities, Law and Social Sciences,University of Glamorgan

Hardware

Tommaso FanfaniProfessor, Department of Economics,Universit di Pisa

Italy

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Contributors

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Peter FearonProfessor, School of HistoricalStudies, University of Leicester

Great Depression of the 1930s

Harvey M. FeinbergProfessor, Department of History,Southern Connecticut StateUniversity

Africa, Natives Land ActGold CoastSarbah, John

Bruce FetterProfessor, Department of History,University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Disease and Pestilence

Richard J. FinlayProfessor, Chair of Scottish History,Department of History, University ofStrathclyde, Glasgow

Ethnic Groups, Scots since1800

Price V. FishbackProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Arizona

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

David FlathProfessor, Department of Economics,North Carolina State University

Japanese Ministry of Interna-tional Trade and Industry(METI)

Dennis O. FlynnProfessor, Department of Economics,University of the Pacific

Gold and Silver

Laurence FontaineProfessor, Department of History,CNRS-EHESS-Paris

Peddlers

Lionel FrostAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics and Institute for RegionalStudies, Monash University, Australia

Sydney

Marcia J. FrostAssistant Professor of Economics,Department of Economics,Wittenberg University

Gujarat

Maria FusaroAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, University of Chicago

Mediterranean

Donato Gmez-DazProfessor of Economic History,Department of Economics, Faculty ofEconomics and Business Studies,University of Almeria, Spain

eBayMERCOSUR

Robert GardellaProfessor, Department ofHumanitites, U.S. Merchant MarineAcademy

CompradorsTea

H. A. GemeryProfessor Emeritus, Department ofEconomics, Colby College

Commodity Money

Thomas M. GeraghtyAssistant Professor, Department ofEconomics, University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill

Industrialization

Ruthy GertwagenSchool of History, Byzantine and PostByzantine Studies, Haifa University

Venice

rturo GiraldezProfessor of Modern Language andand Literature (Spanish),Department of Modern Languageand Literature, University of thePacific

Gold and Silver

Paul GootenbergProfessor of History, Department ofHistory, Stony Brook University

Peru

David M. GordonAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, Bowdoin College

Kongo

Regina GrafePrize Fellow, Nuffield College,Oxford University

Fairs

Robert G. GreenhillEconomics, Finance andInternational Banking, LondonMetropolitan University

Capital FlowsFlows of Factors of Produc-

tion

Farley GrubbProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Delaware

Laborers, Contract

Jorge Guzman-GutierrezScott Polar Research Institute,University of Cambridge

Law, International (Law ofNations and Law of the Sea)

Sheryllynne HaggertyFellow, School of History, Universityof Liverpool

Philadelphia

Michael R. HainesProfessor of Economics, Departmentof Economics, Colgate University

PopulationEmigration andImmigration

John R. Hanson IIProfessor, Department of Economics,Texas A and M University

Copper

C. Knick HarleyUniversity Lecturer in EconomicHistory, Department of Economics,University of Oxford

Industrial Revolution

Robert HarmsProfessor, Department of History,Yale University

Leopold II

Ellen Hartigan-OConnorProfessor, Department of History,San Jose State University

NewportSex and Gender

Philippe HaudrreProfessor, Department of History,University of Angers, France

East India Company, Other

Marc D. HayfordAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, School of BusinessAdministration, Loyola UnviersityChicago

Money and Monetary Policy

Ingo HeidbrinkGerman Maritime Museum

Shipping, Inland Waterways,Europe

Unilever

Charles R. HicksonSenior Lecturer, School ofManagement and Economics,Queens University, Belfast

Corporation, or Limited Lia-bility Company

GuildsPartnership

xxviii HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450

Contributors

HOWT_fmv1 10/24/05 4:12 PM Page xxviii

B. W. HigmanProfessor, History Program, ResearchSchool of Social Sciences, AustralianNational University

Jamaica

Diana Davids HintonProfessor, Department of History,The University of Texas of thePermian Basin

Petroleum

Philip T. HoffmanProfessor, Division of Humanitiesand Social Sciences, CaliforniaInstitute of Technology

Paris

Jan HogendornProfessor Emeritus, Department ofEconomics, Colby College

Cowries

Christopher HoweResearch Professor, Department ofFinance and Management Studies,School of Oriental and AfricanStudies, University of London

Empire, Japanese

Gary Clyde HufbauerSenior Fellow, Institute forInternational Economics

Blockades in War

W. G. HuffReader in Economics, Department ofEconomics, University of Glasgow

Lee Kuan Yew

William K. HutchinsonVisiting Professor, Department ofEconomics, Vanderbilt University

AgricultureCanalsInstitutional Aspects of

World TradeMonopoly and Oligopoly

Joseph E. InikoriProfessor, Department of History,University of Rochester

Nigeria

Kris InwoodProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Guelph

Canada

Christopher IsettAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, University of Minnesota,Twin Cities

Manchuria

Gordon JacksonHonorary Research Fellow EconomicHistory, Department of History,University of Strathclyde, Glasgow

Harbors

Evelyn Powell JenningsChair of Latin American History,Department of History, SaintLawrence University

Havana

Hans Chr. JohansenProfessor, Department of History,University of Southern Denmark

Denmark

Louis D. JohnstonAssociate Professor of Economics,Department of Economics, College ofSaint Benedict

Balance of Payments

Charles JonesDirector of the Centre of LatinAmerican Studies, Centre ofInternational Studies, University ofCambridge

Imperialism

Evan JonesLecturer in Economic and SocialHistory, Department of HistoricalStudies, University of Bristol

Bristol

Anu Mai KllProfessor of Baltic History,Department of History, StockholmUniversity

Baltic States

Elisabeth KllAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, Case Western ReserveUniversity

Jardine MathesonNanyang Brothers Tobacco

Alan L. KarrasProfessor, International and AreaStudies Teaching Program, Universityof California, Berkeley

Ethnic Groups, Scots before1800

Yrj KaukiainenProfessor, Department of History,University of Helsinki

FinlandShipping Lanes

Harry KelseyResearch Scholar, Huntington Library

Hawkins, John

B. Zorina KhanAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Bowdoin College andUBER

Gates, BillPatent Laws and Intellectual

Property Rights

John E. KiczaProfessor, Department of History,Washington State University

Empire, Spanish

Daniel KilbrideAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, John Carroll University

Travelers and Travel

John M. KleebergD.Phil. in Modern History fromOxford; former curator of moderncoins and currency at the AmericanNumismatic Society

Black SeaCounterfeit Goods

Wim KloosterAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, Clark University

Empire, Dutch

Sandra Kuntz FickerProfessor, Centro de EstudiosHistricos, El colegio de Mxico

Mexico

Sumner J. La CroixProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Hawaii and East-WestCenter

Dole Family

Miguel-ngel Ladero QuesadaReal Academia de la Historia,Madrid, Spain

Board of Trade, Spanish

Chi-Kong LaiReader in Modern Chinese History,Department of History, School ofHPRC, University of Queensland

Alcock, RutherfordHong Kong and Shanghai

Bank

Pedro LainsAssociate Research Fellow, Institutode Cincias Sociais, University ofLisbon

Portugal

Sergio LamaroAssociate Researcher at Research andDocumentation Center in BrazilianContemporary History, GetulioVargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

Rio de Janeiro

HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450 xxix

Contributors

HOWT_fmv1 10/24/05 4:12 PM Page xxix

Kris LaneAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, College of William & Mary

Piracy

A. J. H. LathamDepartment of History, University ofWales, Swansea (retired)

Market Integration

Adebayo A. LawalProfessor, Department of Historyand Strategic Studies, University ofLagos, Nigeria

Volcanic Eruptions

Christian LeitzCorporate Historian, UBS AG

Krupp

Graham LemkeAssistant Professor, Department ofBusiness, Northwestern College, Iowa

Religion

Carol Scott LeonardUniversity Lecturer in RegionalStudies of the Post-CommunistStates, Russian and East EuropeanGraduate Studies, Oxford University

Socialism and Communism

David W. LeschProfessor of Middle East History,Department of History, TrinityUniversity

SaEud Family

Barry LevyAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, University of Massachusetts,Amherst

Salem

David M. LevyDirector and Professor, Departmentof Economics, Baldwin-WallaceCollege

Economics, Neoclassical

Wayne LewchukProfessor, Department of LabourStudies & Economics, McMasterUniversity

AutomobileFord, Henry

James B. LewisUniversity Lecturer in Korean,Department of Oriental Studies,University of Oxford

Korea

Michael LimbergerAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, Catholic University ofBrussels (KUBrussel), Belgium

Antwerp

Nancy S. LindProfessor, Department of Politics andGovernment, Illinois State University

Most-Favored-Nation Provi-sions

Hanchao LuProfessor, Department of History,Technology, and Society, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology

Shanghai

Shu Shin LuhFreelance Journalist, Author ofBusiness the Sony Way (2003)

Sony

Jan Luiten van ZandenProfessor, International Institute forSocial History

Indonesia

Mats LundahlProfessor of DevelopmentEconomics, Department ofEconomics, Stockholm School ofEconomics

Haiti

Sari MenpResearch Associate, School ofHistory, University of Liverpool,England

Seamen Wages

Leos MllerAssociate Professor of History,Department of History, UppsalaUniversity, Sweden

Networks, Supply, Distribu-tion, and Customer

Sweden

Debin MaAssociate Professor, NationalGraduate Institute for Policy Studies,Tokyo, Japan

Silk

Lars MagnussonProfessor, Vice Chancellor of UppsalaUniversity, Department of EconomicHistory, University of Uppsala,Sweden

Mercantilism

John MajewskiAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, University of California atSanta Barbara

American System

John MajorDepartment of History, University ofHull, United Kingdom (retired)

Panama Canal

Jay R. MandleProfessor, Department of Economics,Colgate University

Globalization, Pro and Con

Andrea ManeschiProfessor, Department of Economics,Vanderbilt University

Theories of InternationalTrade before 1900

Theories of InternationalTrade since 1900

Edward MarcusProfessor Emeritus and Former Chairof the Department of Economics,Department of Economics, CityUniversity of New York; BrooklynCollege

World Bank

Daan MarksInternational Institute for SocialHistory

Indonesia

Jos-Ignacio Martnez RuizFaculty of Economics and BusinessAdministration, University of Seville,Spain

Free PortsNitrates

Silvia MarzagalliProfessor, Department of History,Universit of Nice, France

BaltimoreBordeauxEmpire, French: 14501815Finance, Credit and Money

Lending

Rudi MattheeProfessor, Department of History,University of Delaware

Iran

Alistair McCleeryProfessor, Scottish Centre for theBook, Napier University

Books

Marvin McInnisProfessor Emeritus, Department ofEconomics, Queens University,Kingston, Ontario

Timber

Peter McNamaraAssociate Professor, Department ofPolitical Science, Utah StateUniversity

Hamilton, Alexander

Kenneth McPhersonProfessor, South Asia Institute,University of Heidelberg, Germany

Containerization

xxx HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450

Contributors

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Christopher M. MeissnerLecturer, Faculty of Economics,University of Cambridge and KingsCollege, Cambridge

Prices and Inflation

Ronald MichenerAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, University of Virginia

Quantity Theory of Money

Graeme J. MilnePostdoctoral Researcher, Departmentof History, University of Liverpool

Information and Communica-tions

Thomas J. MisaAssociate Professor of History,Department of Humanities, IllinoisInstitute of Technology

Bessemer, Henry

David MitchAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, University of Maryland,Baltimore County

Education, Overview

Douglas MoggachProfessor, School of Political Studiesand Department of Philosophy,University of Ottawa

Marx, Karl

Michael MontenProfessor, Department of History,University of California, San Diego

Chile

Carl MoskProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Victoria

Imperial PreferenceInternational Labour Organi-

zationIron and Steel

Larry NealProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Illinois

Common Market and theEuropean Union

Markets, Stock

J. Peter NearyProfessor, Department of Economics,University College Dublin

Purchasing Power ParityStolper-Samuelson Theorem

Chin-keong NgAdjunct Professor, Department ofHistory, National University ofSingapore

Ethnic Groups, Fujianese

August H. Nimtz Jr.Professor, Department of PoliticalScience, University of Minnesota

Engels, Friedrich

Omar NomanHuman Development Report Office,United Nations

Pakistan

Michael NorthProfessor, Department of History,University of Greifswald, Germany

Fugger FamilyGermany

John V. C. NyeAssociate Professor of Economicsand History, Department ofEconomics, Washington University,St. Louis

Free Trade, Theory and Prac-tice

Transactions Costs

Kevin H. ORourkeProfessor, Department of Economics,Trinity College, Dublin

Heckscher-Ohlin

Kerry A. OdellProfessor, Department of Economics,Scripps College, Claremont

San FranciscoOakland

Barbara OeggInstitute for International Economics

Blockades in War

Lawrence H. OfficerProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Illinois, Chicago

Churchill, WinstonRates of Exchange

Roger M. OlienProfessor, J. Conrad Dunagan Chairin Regional and Business History,The University of Texas of thePermian Basin (retired)

Rockefeller Family

Michael J. OliverAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Bates College

Bretton Woods

Ayodeji OlukojuProfessor, Department of Historyand Strategic Studies, University ofLagos, Nigeria

BoycottCargoes, Passenger

Kenkichi OmiAssociate Professor, Faculty of Lawand Economics, Mie ChukyoUniversity

Navigation Acts

John OrbellFormer head of CorporateInformation Services, ING Bank NV,London

Banking

Norman G. OwenVisiting Scholar, Department ofHistory, Duke University; Universityof North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Loney, NicholasPhilippines

Olivier Ptr-GrenouilleauProfessor, Department of History,University of Bretagne Sud, Lorient,France

Nantes

Sarah PalmerProfessor, Greenwich MaritimeInstitute, University of Greenwich

London

Jan ParmentierCoordinator European researchEurindia, Department of EarlyModern History, Ghent University

Ostend East India Company

Benjamin PasstyDoctoral Candidate, Department ofEconomics, Northwestern University

Hearst, William RandolphKeynes, John MaynardOnassis, AristotleSiemens

Donald G. PatersonProfessor, Department of Economics,University of British Columbia

United Kingdom

Michael N. PearsonProfessor, Humanities and SocialSciences, University of Technology,Sydney

Ethnic Groups, GujaratiGama, Vasco daIndian OceanPersian Gulf

Robin PearsonSenior Lecturer in Economic History,Department of History, University ofHull, UK

Finance, InsuranceLloyds of London

HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450 xxxi

Contributors

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Sandra J. PeartProfessor, Department of Economics,Baldwin-Wallace College

Economics, Neoclassical

Jorge M. PedreiraProfessor, Institute of HistoricalSociology, Universidade Nova deLisboa

Empire, Portuguese

Edwin J. PerkinsProfessor Emeritus, Department ofHistory, University of SouthernCalifornia

Brown Family

Christine PhilliouTeaching Fellow, Yale Center forInternational and Area Studies, YaleUniversity

Millets and Capitulations

William D. Phillips Jr.Professor, Department of History,University of Minnesota

Columbus, Christopher

Peter PiersonProfessor Emeritus, Department ofHistory, Santa Clara University

Philip II

Kenneth PomeranzChancellors Professor, Departmentof History, University of California,Irvine

Caravan TradeDeng XiaopingHart, RobertLin ZexuPerry, MatthewSpecial Economic Zones (SEZs)Tribute System

Peter E. PopeProfessor, Archaeology Unit,Memorial University ofNewfoundland

Cabot Family

Om PrakashProfessor, Department of Economics,Delhi School of Economics,University of Delhi

BengalEast India Company, BritishEmpire, Mughal

Jacob M. PriceProfessor Emeritus, Department ofHistory, University of Michigan

Board of Trade, BritishCorrespondents, Factors, and

BrokersTobacco

John RavenhillProfessor, Department ofInternational Relations, AustralianNational University

Regional Trade Agreements

Himanshu Prabha RayAssociate Professor, Centre forHistorical Studies, School of SocialSciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University

Calcutta

Vera Blinn ReberProfessor, Department of History,Shippensburg University

Bunge and Born

Anthony ReidProfessor, Asia Research Institute,National University of Singapore

MelakaWomen Traders of Southeast

Asia

Erik ReinartProfessor, Department of Humanitiesand Social Science, Tallinn Universityof Technology, Estonia

Developmental State, Conceptof the

Paul RhodeProfessor, Department of Economics,University of North Carolina, ChapelHill

Los AngelesLong Beach

David RichardsonProfessor, Department of Historyand Wilberforce Institute for Study ofSlavery and Emancipation, Universityof Hull, United Kingdom

Slavery and the African SlaveTrade

Nigel RigbyHead of Research, National MaritimeMuseum, Greenwich, UK

Cook, James

Hugh RockoffProfessor, Department of Economics,Rutgers University and NBER

Bullion (Specie)

Richard RosecranceDistinguished Research Professor,UCLA and Senior Fellow, BelferCenter, Kennedy School ofGovernment, Harvard University

Political Systems

Robert I. RotbergProfessor, Kennedy School ofGovernment, Harvard University

Zimbabwe

Dietmar RothermundProfessor Emeritus, Department ofHistory, South Asia Institute ofHeidelberg University

MadrasMumbai

Tirthankar RoyProfessor, Gokhale Institute ofPolitics and Economics, India

Import SubstitutionIndia

John C. RuleProfessor Emeritus, Department ofHistory, Ohio State University

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste

Brett RushforthAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, Brigham Young University

Laborers, Native American,Eastern Woodland, and FarWestern

Frank SaffordProfessor, Department of History,Northwestern University

CartagenaColombia

Mohammed Bashir SalauDoctoral Candidate, Department ofHistory, York University, Canada

Ethnic Groups, Africans

Lars G. SandbergProfessor Emeritus, Department ofEconomics, Ohio State University

Textiles since 1800Wallenberg Family

Michelle SansonLecturer and Director ofUndergraduate Programs, Faculty ofLaw, University of Technology,Sydney, Australia

GATT, WTOTrade Forms, Organizational,

and Legal Institutions

Joseph SantosAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, South Dakota StateUniversity

Wheat and Other CerealGrains

Jrg SchendelAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, University of Toronto

Burma

Daniel SchroeterProfessor, Department of History,University of California, Irvine

Morocco

xxxii HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450

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Ralph ShlomowitzReader in Economic History, Schoolof Business Economics, FlindersUniversity, Adelaide, Australia

Laborers, CoercedLabor, Types of

John SingletonReader in Economic History, Schoolof Economics and Finance, VictoriaUniversity of Wellington

Arms, Armaments

Edward W. SloanProfessor Emeritus, Department ofHistory, Trinity College, Hartford

Packet Boats

John SmailProfessor, Department of History,University of North Carolina atCharlotte

Textiles before 1800

Gene SmileyProfessor Emeritus, Department ofEconomics, Marquette University

Hoover, Herbert

Gene A. SmithProfessor, Department of History,Texas Christian University

Monroe, James

Byung Khun SongAssociate Professor, School ofEconomics, SungkyunkwanUniversity, Seoul

Hyundai

George Bryan SouzaAdjunct Associate Professor,Department of History, University ofTexas, San Antonio

Albuquerque, Afonso deSpices and the Spice Trade

David J. StarkeyLecturer in Maritime History,Department of History, University ofHull, United Kingdom

Elizabeth IPrivateeringShipping, Merchant

Randall W. StoneAssociate Professor, Department ofPolitical Science, University ofRochester

Comecon

Martin StopfordManaging Director, ClarksonResearch Studies, Finance Institute,Cass Business School, London

Baltic Exchange

Kaoru SugiharaProfessor, Graduate School ofEconomics, Osaka University

Japan

S. SugiyamaProfessor, Department of Economics,Keio University

Singapore

Carl E. SwansonAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, East Carolina University

Charleston

Stefan SzymanskiProfessor, Tanaka Business School,Imperial College, London

Sports

Li TanaFellow, Division of Pacific and AsianHistory, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,The Australian National University

Vietnam

Mariko TatsukiProfessor, Department of Economics,Aoyama Gakuin University

Yokohama

Stig TenoldAssociate Professor, EconomicHistory Section, Department ofEconomics, Norwegian School ofEconomics and BusinessAdministration

Norway

Robert TignorProfessor of Modern andContemporary History, Departmentof History, Princeton University

Ali, MuhammadEgyptPasha, IsmaEilSuez Canal

Miguel Tinker SalasProfessor, Chicano Studies, History,Latin American Studies, PomonaCollege

Venezuela

Alexander TokarevAssistant Professor, Department ofEconomics, St. Johns University

Religion

Maria Elisabetta TonizziDepartment for European Research,University of Genoa

Genoa

Steven TopikProfessor, Department of History,University of California, Irvine

BrazilCoffeeDaz, Porfirio

Thomas M. TruxesVisiting Lecturer, Department ofHistory, Trinity College, Hartford,Connecticut

Services

Ernest TuckerAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, United States Naval Academy

Empire, Ottoman

Richard P. TuckerAdjuct Professor, School of NaturalResources and Environment,University of Michigan

Rubber

Malcolm TullAssociate Professor, Department ofEconomics, Murdoch BusinessSchool, Murdoch University

Australia and New ZealandPort Cities

John D. TurnerSenior Lecturer, School ofManagement and Economics,Queens University, Belfast

Corporation, or Limited Lia-bility Company

GuildsPartnership

Richard W. UngerProfessor, Department of History,University of British Columbia

Ships and Shipping

Tim UnwinProfessor, Department of Geography,Royal Holloway, University ofLondon, United Kingdom

Wine

Jess M. ValdalisoProfessor of Economic History,University of the Basque Country,Spain

Spain

James E. ValleProfessor, Department of Historyand Political Science, Delaware StateUniversity

Morgan, J. P.

Paul van de LaarProfessor, Faculty of History andArts, Erasmus University, Rotterdam

Rotterdam

HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450 xxxiii

Contributors

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Guy VanthemscheProfessor, Department of History,Free University Brussels

Empire, Belgian

Carmel VassalloCoordinator of the MediterraneanMaritime History Network,Mediterranean Institute, Universityof Malta

Chambers of Commerce

Patrick VerleyProfessor, Department of EconomicHistory, University of Geneva

Depressions and Recoveries

Simon VilleProfessor, School of Economics andInformation Systems, University ofWollongong

CoalWool

Timothy D. WalkerAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, University of Massachusetts,Dartmouth; Universidade Aberta deLisboa

LisbonPombal, Marqus de

Claire WalshAssociate Lecturer, Faculty of Arts,Open University

Retailing

John WalshAssistant Professor, School ofManagement, Shinawatra University

Thailand

Jason L. WardAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory and Political Science, LeeUniversity

ConquistadorsEncomienda and Repartimien-

toLaborers, Aztec and IncaNew Spain

James L. A. Webb Jr.Professor, Department of History,Colby College

Commodity MoneySri Lanka

Simone A. WeggeAssociate Professor of Economics,Department of Economics, CityUniversity of New York

HamburgNew York

Robert WhaplesProfessor, Department of Economics,Wake Forest University

United States

Christopher A. WhatleyProfessor of Scottish History,Department of History, University ofDundee

Glasgow

Charles WheelerAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, University of California,Irvine

de Rhodes, AlexandreSouth China Sea

Lawrence H. WhiteProfessor, Department of Economics,University of Missouri-St. Louis

Gold Standard

James Q. WhitmanProfessor of Comparative andForeign Law, School of Law, YaleUniversity

Law, Common and Civil

John E. Wills Jr.Professor Emeritus, Department ofHistory, University of SouthernCalifornia

Canton SystemEmpire, MingEmpire, QingEntrept SystemZheng Family

John Y. WongReader in History, Department ofHistory, University of Sydney

Imperial Maritime Customs,China

R. Bin WongProfessor of History and Director ofUCLA Asia Institute, Department ofHistory, University of California, LosAngeles

Zhang Han

Jeffrey WoodGraduate Student, Department ofEconomics, Northwestern University

Gulbenkian, CalousteHakluyt, Richard, the

YoungerRhodes, CecilStalin, JosephWatson, Thomas, Sr., and

Thomas, Jr.

Ralph Lee Woodward Jr.Professor of History Emeritus,Department of History, TulaneUniversity

BarcelonaCdizCondorcet, Marie-Jean-

Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat,Marquis de

CubaHanseatic League (Hansa or

Hanse)MarseillesMill, John StuartVeracruz

William WrayAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, University of BritishColumbia

MitsubishiMitsuiNagasakiSumitomo

Tsong-Min WuProfessor, Department of Economics,National Taiwan University

Taiwan

xxxiv HISTORY o f WO R L D T R A D E s i n c e 1450

Contributor