John Hawkins Born 1532 Born 1532 Learned sailing skills working with his father and later fighting...
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John Hawkins Born 1532 Born 1532 Learned sailing skills working with his father and later fighting the French Learned sailing skills working with his father
John Hawkins Born 1532 Born 1532 Learned sailing skills working
with his father and later fighting the French Learned sailing
skills working with his father and later fighting the French 30
began first slave trading expedition 30 began first slave trading
expedition
Slide 2
Through friendships and family ties Hawkins able to secure
backers from the centre of power Through friendships and family
ties Hawkins able to secure backers from the centre of power
Treasurer of the Navy Benjamin Gonson Traders such as William
Garrad First journey conceived as purely commercial First journey
conceived as purely commercial Allowed Elizabeth I to claim that it
contravened no treaty Allowed Elizabeth I to claim that it
contravened no treaty still freedom on the High Seas
Slide 3
Next problem navigation Next problem navigation Hawkins
proficient in techniques of 16 th C Navigation Hawkins proficient
in techniques of 16 th C Navigation But without But without maps
longitude calculations familiarity of the region voyage was
potentially disastrous voyage was potentially disastrous Here
Hawkins experience paid off Here Hawkins experience paid off
Slide 4
Over the years developed a partnership with a trader on the
Canaries Over the years developed a partnership with a trader on
the Canaries Juan Martinez Juan Martinez A Spanish Pilot form Cadiz
Knowledge and expertise of both sides of the Spanish Atlantic
Knowledge and expertise of both sides of the Spanish Atlantic
profit overcoming loyalty Hawkins was also meticulous Hawkins was
also meticulous
Slide 5
Journey was long and unhealthy Journey was long and unhealthy
Offered higher wages than anyone else Offered higher wages than
anyone else He also held out an additional carrot He also held out
an additional carrot Possibility to supplement pay through pillage
and private trade Also not be afraid to use the stick Also not be
afraid to use the stick Crew new that discipline would be firm
Slide 6
They also knew that Hawkins would look after them he loaded
prodigious supplies They also knew that Hawkins would look after
them he loaded prodigious supplies Adequate water Beer Biscuit
Fresh beef & salt beef Fresh and salted fish Salt, butter,
cheese Also live pets, that later could be used as food Also live
pets, that later could be used as food
Slide 7
Alongside food Hawkins provided other necessities Alongside
food Hawkins provided other necessities Broad cloth and cotton for
trade items to replace broken and lost items and repair the ship As
well as As well as carpenters cooks barber-surgeon And a company of
musicians And a company of musicians
Slide 8
Three ships Three ships Salomon, Jonas And Swallow Spent four
moths in Africa Spent four moths in Africa Guinea was a huge area
of 2000 miles Guinea was a huge area of 2000 miles Guinea the land
of the black men in Berber Initially attempted to gain cargo by
capturing slaves Initially attempted to gain cargo by capturing
slaves With the help of competing nations However, this was to
change However, this was to change
Slide 9
Hawkins soon worked out how to gain profit more easily Hawkins
soon worked out how to gain profit more easily British ships better
armed and more maneuverable than Spanish and Portuguese ships
Easier to coast along the coast and find other Europeans Easier to
coast along the coast and find other Europeans Hawkins began
attacking ships as they were leaving port Hawkins began attacking
ships as they were leaving port
Slide 10
As one recorder noted Hawkins As one recorder noted Hawkins
stayed some good time, and got into his possessions, partly by the
sword and partly by other means, to the number of 300 Negroes at
the least, besides other merchandise, which the country yields
Gained so much smallest ship Gained so much smallest ship the
Swallow sent back to England with goods sent back to England with
goods Francis Drake on board
Slide 11
April 1563 Hawkins left Africa and headed across the Atlantic
April 1563 Hawkins left Africa and headed across the Atlantic Only
half slaves survived the journey Only half slaves survived the
journey In poor condition Despite this Hawkins initially had no
trouble selling his cargo Despite this Hawkins initially had no
trouble selling his cargo Merchandise was untaxed and therefore
cheap Merchandise was untaxed and therefore cheap
Slide 12
Eventually local authorities began to take notice Eventually
local authorities began to take notice Lorenzo Bernldez Lorenzo
Bernldez young officer dispatched to confront Hawkins Facing a much
better armed vessel, Bernldez quickly granted Hawkins a license
Facing a much better armed vessel, Bernldez quickly granted Hawkins
a license Something he had no authority to do
Slide 13
Hawkins quickly off loaded his goods Hawkins quickly off loaded
his goods Profit was huge Ships were so loaded with Ships were so
loaded with Pearls, gold, silver, hides, ginger and other goods had
too much to sail had too much to sail Rented two Spanish ships
Rented two Spanish ships loaded them up and sent them back to Spain
loaded them up and sent them back to Spain with instruction to
report to an English merchant there
Slide 14
Ships confiscated by the Spanish Ships confiscated by the
Spanish Hawkins lost the profit confiscated because of letters from
the Caribbean confiscated because of letters from the Caribbean One
ended with the statement that One ended with the statement that
Tomorrow all this land could be come part of England if steps are
not taken This is the only indication of the value of the trip This
is the only indication of the value of the trip Confiscated goods
had value of 2000 Confiscated goods had value of 2000 $701,372 in
todays money
Slide 15
Upon return to England welcomed as a hero Upon return to
England welcomed as a hero Despite the loss of the Spanish ships he
brought huge profits Despite the loss of the Spanish ships he
brought huge profits for his backers and the men who had sailed
with him Also granted an audience with the Queen Also granted an
audience with the Queen With new support and fame easily able to
gain support for a second voyage With new support and fame easily
able to gain support for a second voyage
Slide 16
Hawkins not only problem for the Spanish Hawkins not only
problem for the Spanish Confiscated ships and news of his trip
alarmed the Spanish Confiscated ships and news of his trip alarmed
the Spanish Both Both piracy of the coast of Africa trading and
undercutting of Spanish authority in the Caribbean Fellow former
Channel pirate, Thomas Stucley was also causing problems Fellow
former Channel pirate, Thomas Stucley was also causing
problems
Slide 17
Stucly had been working together with French pirate Ribault
Stucly had been working together with French pirate Ribault Who had
founded the failed French settlement in Florida In Caribbean with
fleet of six ships and over three hundred men In Caribbean with
fleet of six ships and over three hundred men Less well known about
because his acts were more provocative Less well known about
because his acts were more provocative
Slide 18
Stucly wrought havoc all over the Caribbean attacking merchants
and colonist equally Stucly wrought havoc all over the Caribbean
attacking merchants and colonist equally Elizabeth I had no choice
but to issue a warrant for his arrest Elizabeth I had no choice but
to issue a warrant for his arrest She also disowned Stucly She also
disowned Stucly However, she hesitated for a long time before
issuing the order Acts of adventurers were proving very useful to
Elizabeth's plans for the rebuilding of England Acts of adventurers
were proving very useful to Elizabeth's plans for the rebuilding of
England
Slide 19
Actions of Hawkins and Spanish reaction to it Actions of
Hawkins and Spanish reaction to it Symptomatic of the worsening
relationship of Catholic Spain and Protestant England Symptomatic
of the worsening relationship of Catholic Spain and Protestant
England The situation came to a head on February 25, 1570 with the
publication, by Pope Pius V, of The situation came to a head on
February 25, 1570 with the publication, by Pope Pius V, of Regnana
in Excelsis Regnana in Excelsis
Slide 20
We declare the said Elizabeth heretic and fautress of heretics,
and her servants to have fallen under the sentence of anathema, and
to be cut of from the unity of the Body of Christ, and her,
Elizabeth, to be deprived of her pretended right to the said realm
and of all and every dominion, dignity and privilege
Slide 21
In effect an act of Religious Imperialism In effect an act of
Religious Imperialism By the time the document had been nailed to
the door of Lambeth Palace By the time the document had been nailed
to the door of Lambeth Palace Archbishop of Canteburys residence in
London It had become an open invitation to assassinate Queen
Elizabeth It had become an open invitation to assassinate Queen
Elizabeth
Slide 22
Declaration of War in the eyes of Elizabeths Sea Dogs
Declaration of War in the eyes of Elizabeths Sea Dogs The age of
hostile commerce The age of hostile commerce As seen with Hawkins
Was over Was over now it was time for War Enter Francis Drake Enter
Francis Drake But First But First
Slide 23
In response to the Papal Bull In response to the Papal Bull
Drake went to war Drake went to war To Protect his Queen To Enrich
Himself Spread the Glory of the English Decided to hit directly at
source of Spanish power Decided to hit directly at source of
Spanish power $$Wealth of the Americas $$Wealth of the
Americas
Slide 24
Question: Question: How had the Spanish brought that wealth
home without trouble for so long? Answer Answer people had attacked
at the wrong place Rather than attacking the Flota Rather than
attacking the Flota Attack the Treasure house at Nombre de Dos and
the treasure Train Attack the Treasure house at Nombre de Dos and
the treasure Train
Slide 25
Feb 1571 Drake returned to the Caribbean Feb 1571 Drake
returned to the Caribbean knowledge of how to get there as sailed
with Hawkins But no intimate knowledge of the region But no
intimate knowledge of the region Through capture and interrogation
of Spanish vessels and their crew Through capture and interrogation
of Spanish vessels and their crew And importantly the help of
Cimaroons And importantly the help of Cimaroons Gained the missing
knowledg e Gained the missing knowledg e
Slide 26
Drake spent three month on the River Charges and surrounding
region attacking shipping Drake spent three month on the River
Charges and surrounding region attacking shipping Gained increasing
knowledge from each attack 3 expeditions sent out to capture him 3
expeditions sent out to capture him cost of 4000 pesos (approx.
$470,000) Drakes private/public war netted 66,000 ($23.22 Million)
Drakes private/public war netted 66,000 ($23.22 Million)
Slide 27
Drake returned to England Drake returned to England May 24,
1572 he left again for the treasure house of Spain May 24, 1572 he
left again for the treasure house of Spain With explicit blessing
of Elisabeth With explicit blessing of Elisabeth Beginning of
Privateers Beginning of Privateers state sponsored piracy
Slide 28
Returning to the location from his previous journey, Returning
to the location from his previous journey, Which had been found by
the Spanish Drake constructed a base to began his new attacks Drake
constructed a base to began his new attacks After meeting up with a
fellow privateer After meeting up with a fellow privateer Raunce
Drake advanced on Nombre de Dos Drake advanced on Nombre de
Dos
Slide 29
Nombre de Dos 1909
Slide 30
Drake took 73 men aboard three small boats Drake took 73 men
aboard three small boats made his way to the Treasure house of the
World Between 2-3am clouds parted revealing a full moon Between
2-3am clouds parted revealing a full moon Drake ordered the attack
Drake ordered the attack
Slide 31
Advantage of surprise Drakes attack was successful Advantage of
surprise Drakes attack was successful To a degree Drake hurt Drake
hurt they collected some silver they collected some silver failed
to get into the treasure house failed to get into the treasure
house (which they would later find was empty) Alcalde of Nombre de
Dos counted his losses Alcalde of Nombre de Dos counted his
losses
Slide 32
Sent an envoy to drake Sent an envoy to drake Drake Advised the
governor to Drake Advised the governor to hold open his eyes,
before he departed, if God lent him life and leave, he meant to
reap some of their harvest, which they get out of the earth
Slide 33
While recovering from wounds became friendly with Diego While
recovering from wounds became friendly with Diego former slave
Hatched plan to hit treasure train before it got to Nombre de Dos
Hatched plan to hit treasure train before it got to Nombre de Dos
Spent time attacking in the region waiting for the next train Spent
time attacking in the region waiting for the next train Lost some
men to Spanish attack Lost some men to Spanish attack Including his
Brother
Slide 34
Moral beginning to drop Moral beginning to drop Running out of
supplies Recovered somewhat when they captured a 90 ton Spanish
supply vessel Recovered somewhat when they captured a 90 ton
Spanish supply vessel Shortly after Drake and remaining men Shortly
after Drake and remaining men With 30 cimaroones headed out again
in to the forest headed out again in to the forest
Slide 35
Leader of Cimaroons, Pedro, asked Drake to climb a tree Leader
of Cimaroons, Pedro, asked Drake to climb a tree Puzzled but OK
Puzzled but OK Sees both sides of the Panama Isthmus Sees both
sides of the Panama Isthmus both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Spanish get news that Drake is on move Spanish get news that Drake
is on move Separate the wealth Drake stuck made off with limited
goods Drake stuck made off with limited goods
Slide 36
March 31, 1573 headed back out March 31, 1573 headed back out
This time successful This time successful Adding $23 Million to
their haul Adding $23 Million to their haul Of which $2.13 million
belonged personally to Philip Of which $2.13 million belonged
personally to Philip
Slide 37
Returning to ships headed back to England Returning to ships
headed back to England Returning in Plymouth Harbor on Aug 9, 1574
Returning in Plymouth Harbor on Aug 9, 1574 Drake had now made two
successful and profitable journeys Drake had now made two
successful and profitable journeys Singeing the King of Spains
Beard Singeing the King of Spains Beard
Slide 38
Upon Drakes return to England following his second voyage Upon
Drakes return to England following his second voyage Was praised by
many Was praised by many But his deeds had been privately motivated
But his deeds had been privately motivated In order to prove his
loyalty without question he was sent to help in the pacification of
Ireland In order to prove his loyalty without question he was sent
to help in the pacification of Ireland
Slide 39
Having worked in Ireland for several years Having worked in
Ireland for several years Or he may have been in prison Or he may
have met and married wife Drake returned to England for his next
venture Drake returned to England for his next venture Conceived
while at the top of a tree in America Perfectly timed Perfectly
timed Several factors came together to make his next voyage not
only possible but probable Several factors came together to make
his next voyage not only possible but probable
Slide 40
Second cousin and man who had first taken him to America Second
cousin and man who had first taken him to America John Hawkins John
Hawkins On November 18, 1577 On November 18, 1577 Was appointed as
treasurer for marine courses Was appointed as treasurer for marine
courses Basically head of Navy and naval affairs Basically head of
Navy and naval affairs
Slide 41
In addition Martin Frobisher and his promoter Michael Lok In
addition Martin Frobisher and his promoter Michael Lok pushing the
(false) news that during trip to North America pushing the (false)
news that during trip to North America Frobisher had discovered
Gold Frobisher had discovered Gold Spains wealth may now be
countered by gold for England? Spains wealth may now be countered
by gold for England? International exploration was booming
International exploration was booming
Slide 42
In addition British trade into the region known as the Barbary
coast had grown from 1572 In addition British trade into the region
known as the Barbary coast had grown from 1572 Elizabeth was
promoting the trade and encouraging voyages to the region Elizabeth
was promoting the trade and encouraging voyages to the region And
in 1576 an important and influential book was to be published by
Dr. John Dee And in 1576 an important and influential book was to
be published by Dr. John Dee
Slide 43
Within book was a shorter piece called Within book was a
shorter piece called A Petty Royal Navy A Petty Royal Navy Dee laid
out a 13 point plan for a standing navy to act as Britains defense
Dee laid out a 13 point plan for a standing navy to act as Britains
defense also first to refer to the British Empire Planned for a
fleet of 75 ships Planned for a fleet of 75 ships Claiming that
pirates of good character would be happy to join this fleet
Claiming that pirates of good character would be happy to join this
fleet It would also provide work for vagrants It would also provide
work for vagrants Dee went on to write that Dee went on to write
that
Slide 44
This Petty Navy Royal is thought to be the only Master Key
wherewith to open all the locals that keep or hinder this
incomparable British Empire from enjoying... such a yearly revenue
of Treasure... with so great ease All things seaborne were in favor
at this time All things seaborne were in favor at this time A third
voyage for, the already successful, Drake was assured A third
voyage for, the already successful, Drake was assured
Slide 45
All things seaborne were in favor at this time All things
seaborne were in favor at this time A third voyage for, the already
successful, Drake was assured A third voyage for, the already
successful, Drake was assured
Slide 46
Drake permitted audience with the Queen Drake permitted
audience with the Queen She permitted him the use of a ship and
supplied a cash investment She permitted him the use of a ship and
supplied a cash investment That is she invested personal not
government funds Also agreed to his terms that included that Also
agreed to his terms that included that the Queens Majesty may be
made privy to the truth of the voyage, and yet the color [cover] to
be given out to Alexandria
Slide 47
True intent of Drakes voyage True intent of Drakes voyage
Attack the Spanish in what was known as the Spanish Sea Attack the
Spanish in what was known as the Spanish Sea Pacific July 1577,
Elizabeth decided that Drake would be allowed to go to Alexandria
July 1577, Elizabeth decided that Drake would be allowed to go to
Alexandria
Slide 48
Drake set sail with five ships Drake set sail with five ships
Pelican Elizabeth Marigold Swan Christopher Leaving Plymouth he
headed south for Africa Leaving Plymouth he headed south for
Africa
Slide 49
Captured Portuguese ship Captured Portuguese ship Santa Maria
renamed the Mary Took navigator, Nuo de Silva to aid his voyage
Took navigator, Nuo de Silva to aid his voyage Worked his way down
coast of Africa Worked his way down coast of Africa instead of
heading east he headed west Course was clear and crew now knew for
certain what they may have only suspected before Course was clear
and crew now knew for certain what they may have only suspected
before They were not heading for Alexandria They were not heading
for Alexandria On April 5, 1578 they reached Brazil On April 5,
1578 they reached Brazil
Slide 50
En route he renamed the Pelican the Golden Hind En route he
renamed the Pelican the Golden Hind In honor of his main benefactor
Sir Christopher Hatton In honor of his main benefactor Sir
Christopher Hatton His Coat of Arms was topped by the image of a
Golden Hind
Slide 51
With aide of Portuguese maps worked his way south and headed
for the With aide of Portuguese maps worked his way south and
headed for the Strait of Magellan Strait of Magellan
Slide 52
First European ship to pass through captained by Magellen First
European ship to pass through captained by Magellen Magellan, had
died during a battle in the Philippines Magellan, had died during a
battle in the Philippines But ship returned to Europe But ship
returned to Europe The journey through the straits is notoriously
rough and dangerous The journey through the straits is notoriously
rough and dangerous It did not disappoint on this occasion It did
not disappoint on this occasion
Slide 53
Pen Gwiins White Shirt
Slide 54
As he headed down the coast to the Straits As he headed down
the coast to the Straits Two boats abandoned Two boats abandoned
Swan and Christopher Caught in storms for two months at entrance to
Straits Caught in storms for two months at entrance to Straits
Marigold went down with all on board Elizabeth got caught up in
storms and headed back to England Elizabeth got caught up in storms
and headed back to England
Slide 55
Golden Hind limped on alone Golden Hind limped on alone After
entering the Pacific After entering the Pacific Drake landed and
made necessary repairs Drake landed and made necessary repairs A
short time later came across a native canoe A short time later came
across a native canoe persuaded its occupant to become his new
Navigator Using small boats Using small boats brought with him for
the purpose attacked and plundered cities and ships along the coast
attacked and plundered cities and ships along the coast
Slide 56
However the big prize was the However the big prize was the
Seora de la Concepcion Seora de la Concepcion Commonly know as
Commonly know as CacaFuego CacaFuego A Peruvian treasure ship A
Peruvian treasure ship Capture told by captain Capture told by
captain
Slide 57
When they heard this, a whistle sounded in the English ship and
a trumpet responded. At once, they discharged what seemed to be
about sixty arquebuses, and then many arrows which struck the side
of my ship. Shortly, a heavy gun was fired with chainballs which
carried away the mizzen- mast into the sea with the sail and the
yard. Another heavy gun was fired, someone saying that I should
strike. At this point, the launch came alongside on the portside
with a matter of some forty arquebusiers, who climbed up the
channels to which the shrouds are fastened and came aboard my ship.
The English ship lay alongside on the starboard and thus they made
me strike sail.
Slide 58
the English ship crossed the stern of my ship, and shortly came
alongside, abreast of the tack. I hailed her, but the Corsair did
not answer. On asking what ship it was, the answer came that it was
a ship from Chile, and believing this, I went to the side, the
English ship having already run foul of me [taken the wind from his
sails]. Some one said "Englishmenstrike sail," and another said
"Strike sail, Senor San Juan de Anton! If not, see that we will
send you to the bottom." I said, "What old tub is that to order me
to strike sail? Come on board and do so yourself."
Slide 59
The haul was huge The haul was huge It took three full days to
transfer goods It took three full days to transfer goods Our ship
shall no more be called the Cacafuego but the Cacaplata Drake
continued up the coast Drake continued up the coast
Slide 60
On July 23, 1759 Drake struck out West On July 23, 1759 Drake
struck out West Why? Why? No one knows for sure as his orders were
kept secret No one knows for sure as his orders were kept secret
Was this his initial plan or did he head that way to avoid the
Spanish who were now hunting him Was this his initial plan or did
he head that way to avoid the Spanish who were now hunting him
Either way he and crew spent 68 days out of sight of land before
hitting Micronesia on Sept 30, 1579 Either way he and crew spent 68
days out of sight of land before hitting Micronesia on Sept 30,
1579
Slide 61
September 26, 1580 September 26, 1580 The Golden Hind, weather
worn but loaded, limped into Plymouth The Golden Hind, weather worn
but loaded, limped into Plymouth On the way in a few local
fishermen heard a voice from the ship On the way in a few local
fishermen heard a voice from the ship Is Elizabeth still Queen Is
Elizabeth still Queen An odd question they thought but they
answered in the affirmative An odd question they thought but they
answered in the affirmative These few men were the welcome party
for one of the worlds greatest adventures These few men were the
welcome party for one of the worlds greatest adventures
Slide 62
Unsure of his welcome Unsure of his welcome Would his actions
be treason or patriotism? Would his actions be treason or
patriotism? But Drake need not have worried But Drake need not have
worried The money he brought back smoothed any doubts The money he
brought back smoothed any doubts Elizabeth Knighted Drake on Board
the Golden Hind, calling him Elizabeth Knighted Drake on Board the
Golden Hind, calling him the master pirate of the known world the
master pirate of the known world The money also dispersed quickly
The money also dispersed quickly No full accounting was taken but
nobody complained No full accounting was taken but nobody
complained
Slide 63
Drake received at least 10,000 ($3.43 Mill) Drake received at
least 10,000 ($3.43 Mill) The Queens personal take exceeded more
than a full years expenditure for the whole country The Queens
personal take exceeded more than a full years expenditure for the
whole country This was Piracy on a grand scale This was Piracy on a
grand scale
Slide 64
And now back to Tortuga
Slide 65
When we left Tortuga the buccaneers had just moved in When we
left Tortuga the buccaneers had just moved in Over the next few
years the island swapped hands frequently Over the next few years
the island swapped hands frequently Finally in 1640 a group of
French Calvinist's arrived on the island Finally in 1640 a group of
French Calvinist's arrived on the island They had arrived from St
Kitts, and were led by an engineer They had arrived from St Kitts,
and were led by an engineer
Slide 66
Led by the engineer the group built a strong hold Led by the
engineer the group built a strong hold Cutting steps into a cliff
face until to steep for steps they then affixed an iron ladder
Cutting steps into a cliff face until to steep for steps they then
affixed an iron ladder On the top of the cliff they built a strong
fort and armed it with cannon On the top of the cliff they built a
strong fort and armed it with cannon When a Spanish fleet returned,
the cannon opened fire When a Spanish fleet returned, the cannon
opened fire Sank several ships and forced the Spanish to retreat
Sank several ships and forced the Spanish to retreat The settlement
would prosper for almost a century The settlement would prosper for
almost a century
Slide 67
The fort became a depot for trade The fort became a depot for
trade Meat, hides, tobacco, sugar, brandy and rum, gunpowder and
guns, cloth for sails Meat, hides, tobacco, sugar, brandy and rum,
gunpowder and guns, cloth for sails All of which could be purchased
or bartered by anyone All of which could be purchased or bartered
by anyone Plundered goods were welcome Plundered goods were
welcome
Slide 68
The strength of the fort attracted not only the buccaneers
trade The strength of the fort attracted not only the buccaneers
trade But also the buccaneers themselves But also the buccaneers
themselves It became a base for many It became a base for many The
society formed was unusual The society formed was unusual
Egalitarian Egalitarian Two men would form a compact and work
together until death Two men would form a compact and work together
until death At death all good would pass to the second who would
have support the wife of the dead partner At death all good would
pass to the second who would have support the wife of the dead
partner
Slide 69
Once the agreement was made Once the agreement was made one
partner headed out to sea to plunder second remained on the island
to hunt and provide for the group Gradually the community grew
attracting more members Gradually the community grew attracting
more members Both buccaneers, farmers and merchants Both
buccaneers, farmers and merchants And gradually became more
powerful And gradually became more powerful
Slide 70
Francois Lolonois Francois Lolonois Indentured servant
Indentured servant Reputation for courage and cruelty Reputation
for courage and cruelty expect no quarter give no quarter expect no
quarter give no quarter Recruited 500 men and planed to raid the
Spanish settlement of Maracaibo Recruited 500 men and planed to
raid the Spanish settlement of Maracaibo Fleet able to take
Maracaibo and Gibraltar Fleet able to take Maracaibo and
Gibraltar
Slide 71
Next plan was for attack on settlements on Lake Nicaragua Next
plan was for attack on settlements on Lake Nicaragua sacked the
town, little money was taken This is where Lolonois reputation for
violence was secured This is where Lolonois reputation for violence
was secured When one of the captives showed defiance When one of
the captives showed defiance Lolonois cut open his chest, ripped
out his heart Lolonois cut open his chest, ripped out his heart
Taking a bite he held the blooded heart in front of a second
captive Taking a bite he held the blooded heart in front of a
second captive
Slide 72
After failed attack buccaneers split up After failed attack
buccaneers split up Lolonois left with a number in one ship
Lolonois left with a number in one ship Ran aground Took lots to
see who would go for help in a small row boat Took lots to see who
would go for help in a small row boat Lolonois was one to leave
Local natives captured Lolonois, they knew of his violent
reputation Local natives captured Lolonois, they knew of his
violent reputation He was roasted and eaten He was roasted and
eaten
Slide 73
Over the years Spanish wore down Buccaneers Over the years
Spanish wore down Buccaneers Additionally religious and national
disputes weaken the cohesiveness of the group Additionally
religious and national disputes weaken the cohesiveness of the
group 1655 the British took control of Jamaica 1655 the British
took control of Jamaica Fearful of a Spanish counter attack Fearful
of a Spanish counter attack The British welcome the Buccaneers for
the protection they offered The British welcome the Buccaneers for
the protection they offered
Slide 74
Well known Port Royal Buccaneers Rock Brasilliano Rock
Brasilliano unpredictable, feared when drunk, Governor of Jamaica
moved to avoid him Bartholomew the Portuguese Bartholomew the
Portuguese unlucky in keeping treasure but, good at escape Red Leg
Greaves Red Leg Greaves Scottish, Scottish, grew up a slave, known
to be humane to captives And now a little visit to Port Royal And
now a little visit to Port Royal
Slide 75
And now over to Christopher Wood Graduate Student studying
Pirates And now over to Christopher Wood Graduate Student studying
Pirates
Slide 76
Henry Morgan More popularly known as..
Slide 77
Meanwhile.Back in England The English Civil War, 16411649
(1651) The English Civil War, 16411649 (1651) The Commonwealth,
under Cromwell, from 1649 to 1660 The Commonwealth, under Cromwell,
from 1649 to 1660 The Restoration, Charles II, in 1660 The
Restoration, Charles II, in 1660 The Glorious Revolution, in 1688
The Glorious Revolution, in 1688 Henry Morgans Death
Slide 78
Pirates of the Caribbean After the capture of Jamaica by the
English, Port Royal became the centre for a new stage of Piracy
After the capture of Jamaica by the English, Port Royal became the
centre for a new stage of Piracy No longer would the Spanish have
to face sporadic attacks by individuals No longer would the Spanish
have to face sporadic attacks by individuals Now it had to face
organized large scale government sponsored attacks Now it had to
face organized large scale government sponsored attacks And the big
man, the big name, in this phase of Privateers was Henry Morgan And
the big man, the big name, in this phase of Privateers was Henry
Morgan
Slide 79
Henry Morgan Born in Wales in 1635 Born in Wales in 1635 Grew
up in a country torn by war and strife 1654 sailed with British
expeditionary force to capture Hispaniola 1654 sailed with British
expeditionary force to capture Hispaniola Failed Took Jamaica
instead Took Jamaica instead After cashing out of service stayed on
as buccaneer After cashing out of service stayed on as buccaneer
1662 purchased own ship 1662 purchased own ship
Slide 80
Came under the tutelage of Commodore Sir Christopher Myngs Came
under the tutelage of Commodore Sir Christopher Myngs Joined him in
attack on Santiago Cuba Joined him in attack on Santiago Cuba
However- Attempting to secure peace with Spain However- Attempting
to secure peace with Spain 1663 King Charles II recalled warships
from region 1663 King Charles II recalled warships from region
Slide 81
Governor Modyford of Jamaica Governor Modyford of Jamaica
Fearful of attack began issuing letters of marque Fearful of attack
began issuing letters of marque For a fee and a percentage With
Myngs recalled, Captain Edward Mansfield became de facto Naval
leader With Myngs recalled, Captain Edward Mansfield became de
facto Naval leader 1664- Morgan bought a commission and headed out
with four other captains 1664- Morgan bought a commission and
headed out with four other captains Raided numerous cities and town
along the coast of the mainland Raided numerous cities and town
along the coast of the mainland
Slide 82
HispaniolaJamaicaVillahermosa Gran Granada
PortobelloMaracaiboPanama
Slide 83
Due to his capabilities Morgan became leader of the expedition
Due to his capabilities Morgan became leader of the expedition
After several successful attacks he led the group to Gran Granada
After several successful attacks he led the group to Gran Granada
Persuading local Indian guides he headed into Nicaragua Persuading
local Indian guides he headed into Nicaragua Only to come out on a
city much larger than expected Only to come out on a city much
larger than expected With a bold move Morgan attacked in broad
daylight With a bold move Morgan attacked in broad daylight Taken
by surprise the city quickly fell Taken by surprise the city
quickly fell He then proceeded to torture people to learn the
whereabouts of their personal wealth
Slide 84
Morgan returned to Jamaica in 1665 a hero Morgan returned to
Jamaica in 1665 a hero Upon return Morgan discovered his Uncle
Edward Morgan had become Lieutenant Governor Upon return Morgan
discovered his Uncle Edward Morgan had become Lieutenant Governor
He married Edward Morgans daughter Purchased the first of several
plantations Captain Mansfield died in 1668 at the hands of the
Spanish Captain Mansfield died in 1668 at the hands of the Spanish
Morgan was elected Morgan was elected Leader of the Brethren Leader
of the Brethren At 30 he had wealth, property and power
Slide 85
Attack on Portobello-1668 After his successful attack at Gran
Granada After his successful attack at Gran Granada Morgan planed
his next mission Morgan planed his next mission Initial idea Havana
Initial idea Havana To big and to well defended To big and to well
defended Second choice Portobello Second choice Portobello
Slide 86
Portobello
Slide 87
ALSO Well defended- ALSO Well defended- BUT mainly by badly
trained garrison troops 460 buccaneers 460 buccaneers Attacked
using captives as human shields Attacked using captives as human
shields Nuns and Priests, carrying ladders Allowed his men to sack
the city but not burn it Allowed his men to sack the city but not
burn it Threatened Spanish that he would destroy it Threatened
Spanish that he would destroy it Eventually received large
ransom
Slide 88
Maracaibo Next Attack: Maracaibo
Slide 89
People had fled Maracaibo People had fled Maracaibo They didnt
want to be eaten alive Morgan attacked Gibraltar instead Spanish
turned up and defended the narrow straits out Spanish turned up and
defended the narrow straits out Overwhelming forces Overwhelming
forces Demanded surrender Demanded surrender Morgans Crews: Well
meet you in battle Morgans Crews: Well meet you in battle Spies
reported to Spanish : Spies reported to Spanish : Captured ship was
being made into flagship A small sloop was to be used as a fire
ship
Slide 90
Morgan and his crew headed into battle Morgan and his crew
headed into battle The flagship leading the way The flagship
leading the way But Morgan had tricked them But Morgan had tricked
them Flag ship was a fake it was the fire ship Flag ship was a fake
it was the fire ship Defeated Spanish fleet, but Fort still held
Defeated Spanish fleet, but Fort still held Split the treasure
between ships, ready to flee Prepared for a secret attack of the
fort by land Ferried men to shore in canoes, leaving ships unmanned
Ferried men to shore in canoes, leaving ships unmanned But the
Spanish saw this, turned their cannon inland But the Spanish saw
this, turned their cannon inland But Morgan had tricked the Spanish
again But Morgan had tricked the Spanish again Men simply laid down
in canoes Fully manned ship sailed away Fully manned ship sailed
away