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10/10/2012
1
John Dalton
(1766-1844)Daniel Clark,
Hazel Wertz, Cody Fletcher,
Brooke Bailey
Dalton’s Theory� He proposed the atomic theory in 1803
which stated that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles called atoms.
� Atoms of a given element possess unique characteristics and weight
� The three types of atoms are:
� Simple� Compound� complex.
5 steps of Daltons Theory� All matter consists of tiny particles� Atoms are indestructible and
unchangeable� Elements are characterized by the mass
of the atom� When elements react there atom
combine in simple whole number ratios� When elements react there atoms
sometimes combine into more then one simple whole number ratio
John Dalton
� Daltons core theory that chemical
reactions can form and separate atoms and that teach atom has a characteristic property is the foundation of modern
physical science.
Model of Atom
� This is what Dalton believed the atom
looked like.
Daltons Experiments
� He performed a series of experiments on
mixtures of gases to determine what effect properties of the individual gases had on the properties of the mixture as a
whole.
� He then developed the hypothesis that the sizes of the particles making up different gases must be different.
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Works Cited� http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=John_Dal
ton_s_Atomic_Theory&video_id=228303
� http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/the-path-to-the-periodic-table/dalton.aspx
� http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/dalton.shtml
� http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/dalton.html
� http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Dalton.ht
ml Kennedy Benjamin
John Cook
Javon Davis
Britni Gardner
Born: December 18, 1856Manchester UK
Died: August 30,1940
Nobel Prize in Physics
Known for the discovery of electron and isotopes
Joseph John Thomson
� He discovered a method for separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the use of positive rays. First to suggest that the fundamental unit was
over 1000 times smaller than an atom
Discovery
� A cathode ray tube is a fluorescent glow caused by a glass tube the has wires inserted in both ends. When air is pumped through, an electric charge is produced that causes the glow.
�He discovered electrons
Cathode Ray Tube
“J.J Thomson first experiment was to build a cathode ray tube with a metal cylinder on the end. This cylinder had two slits in it, leading to electrometers, which could measure small electric charges.
In 1897, he found that by applying a magnetic field across the tube, there was no activity recorded by the electrometers and so the charge had been bent away by the magnet. This proved that the negative charge and the ray were inseparable and intertwined.
http://www.experiment-resources.com/cathode-ray-experiment.html
Theory Nickname
Plum Pudding due to the dots that surrounded the plum. This reminded him of the atoms
JJ Thomson's 'Plum Pudding Model' of the atom, a sphere of positive charge containing electrons
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=IdTxGJjA4Jw
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� Google Images� Wikipedia
References
� Youtube
Ernest Rutherford
Sophia Lautieri
Carl Watkins
Danny Martinez
Birthday and Important Dates:
Born: August 30, 1871
Death: October 19, 1937
Important Dates:
He was awarded a University scholarship in 1889 and
proceeded to the University of New Zealand, Wellington,
where he attended Canterbury college.
In 1897 he was awarded the B.A Research Degree and the
Coutts-Trotter Studentship of Trinity College.
His Experiments:
In New Zealand he performed experiments with
the magnetic properties of iron exposed to high
frequency rotations.
He also did experiments with high frequency
alternating currents.
The Rutherford Experiment:
The Rutherford Experiment: He tested the “plum pudding model” Which was a theory that envisioned matter
made up of atoms that were positively charged spheres spiked with electrons. He discovered the nucleus by performing
this experiment. Rutherford used a particle emitter to transmit positively charged alpha particles which hit the gold foil
inside the detecting screen and would bounce back to detector screen. He realized the rays did not go straight through and
therefore discovered there was something positive in the center.
Video:
http://www.dnatube.com/video/2810/Rutherfords-Experiment-Nuclear-Atom
Rutherford’s Atomic Model:
Nickname: The Nuclear Model
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Websites Used
www.nobelprize.com
www.biography.com
www.physicsrutgers.edu
www.dnatube.com
www.britannica.com{
Niels Bohr(October 7,1885 - November 18, 1962)
Melanie Lippert, Kevin Dorsey, Mikayla Salazar, Jeremy Mayo
� He got his Master’s degree in physics in 1909 and his Doctor’s degree in 1911
� In 1916 he was appointed Chair of Theoretical Physics at U. of Copenhagen
� In 1922 he won the Nobel Prize in physics for his atomic structure
� In 1957 he received the first U.S. Atoms for Peace Award
Niels Bohr
� Quantum theory: Electrons travel in discrete orbit around the atoms nucleus
� Liquid Droplet theory: A liquid drop would give a very good picture of the nucleus permitted the understanding of the mechanism of nuclear fission
� You can’t move an electron a little bit, it must be moved a lot to keep it in the same order
� Uranium Isotope Fission Theory- he concluded that rare Uranium isotopes 235 were fissionable by slow neutrons while the common isotope 238 was not
Theories
� He did precise experiments on the vibrations of water jets as a way of determining surface tension
� He also sealed elemental gasses into cathode type tubes. He then electrified them, and each element fluoresced a different color. Knowing that light from the sun and from regular bulbs fluoresced white and formed a full spectrum when separated by a prism he separated the elemental light and was surprised because he only saw individual colored lines. The lines from each element were different and were like an identifying fingerprint. He called this line spectral analysis.
Experiments
� Main points of the Bohr Model:
• Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy. • The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit.
• Radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to another.
• Where electrons orbit the nucleus in specific orbits
• Model based on an earlier theory of Rutherford's.
Models
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� http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html
� www.cord.edu/faculty/ulnessd/legacy/fall2000/pfeifer/nielsbohr.htm
� http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/bohr.html
� http://chemistry.about.com/od/atomicstructure/a/bohr-model.htm
� http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2215635/Niels-Bohr-proposed-yet-another-modification-to-the-theory-of-
Sources
Daijha, Tyrell, Austin, Shelby
Erwin Schrödinger
-Born on August 12th 1887
-Born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary
-Nationality- Austrian, Irish
-Died on January 4th 1961
Background story
Gave a theoretical estimate of the probable height distribution of radioactive substances
The first publications of Schrödinger about atomic theory and the theory of spectra began to emerge only from the beginning of the 1920’s
In fall of 1922 he analyzed the electron orbits in an atom from a geometric point of view
He was awarded the 1920 Haytingera Prize of the Austrian Academy of science
Scientific Activities
In January 1926 he published In a paper on wave mechanics and was later known as the Schrödinger equation
Schrödinger presented another paper that solved the quantum harmonic
oscillator, the rigid rotor and the diatomic, and gave derivation of the Schrödinger equation
Creation of wave mechanics
He used lots of fancy quantum mechanic math.
His model can be thought of as the “quantum mechanic” model.
Big picture
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Schrodinger.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/308/000072092/
Sources :
B Y : T A Y L O R , R I C K Y , J O R D A N , N A T H O N
Werner Heisenberg
Born: December 5th 1901
Died: February 1st 1976
He died at 75 years old
Discoveries
• New theories in quantum mechanics about the behavior of electrons which agreed with the same result of previous experiment
• He is famous for his uncertainty principle (cannot know both exactly where electrons are and how fast there moving at the same time)
• He wrote plans for the first nuclear reactor in Germany
Model of Atom
An atom is composed of any
element that still retains a
characteristic of that element.
He thought electrons do not travel
near orbits. All electrons that
contain photons will then change
momentum and physics.
References
� http://the-history-of-the-atom.wikispaces.com/Werner+Heisenburg
� http://www.informationphilosopher.com/silutions/scientists/heisenburg
� http://books.google.com/books?id=XawKfCiHjJMC&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq=werner's+model+of+an+atom&source=bl&ots=FPPyjv2Dh_&sig=zZ0TctIGUYbv8z-oWlTmwtAq2ms&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lVpsUMqyD-X30gHTwYCgAg&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=werner's%20model%20of%20an%20atom&f=false
10/10/2012
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Atomic
TheoryBy:Mariah butler
• He had 5 parts to his atomic
theory (and they are…)
John Dalton
•This scientist said atoms are
invisible, like a billiard ball (you
cant see inside the, but you can
see them)
J.J. Thomson
• He found the
electron.
• This scientist used a
cathode ray tube
experiment.
•His model can be
thought of as the “Plum
Pudding” model.
Ernest Rutherford
• He also found the
nucleus.
• This scientist used
a gold foil
experiment .
Niels Bohr
• His model can
be thought of as
the “planetary”
model.
• This scientist
said electrons
move around in
orbits.
Erwin schrodinger
• He first used the word
orbitals to talk about where
electrons are located.
• This scientist used lots of
fancy quantum mechanic
math.
• His model can be thought of
as the “Quantum Mechanic”
model.
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8
Werner Heisenberg• This scientists model can
be thought of as the
“Electron Cloud” model.
• He has an uncertainty
principle.
James Chadwick
•The characters last name Neutron is the real scientists most famous
discovery.
•This scientist discovered
the neutron.
•Can you guess
the child cartoon
with some of his
similarities?
•Jimmy neutron
or James Isaac
neutron, a child
scientist /genius.
•The characters first name is the same as the real scientists and the
characters middle name Isaac sounds similar to Chadwick