Johannes Kepler and KEPLER’S FIRST LAW* Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion (in

New Astronomy, 1609) are scientific laws describing ORBITAL MOTION OF THE PLANETS (created to describe the motion of planets around the Sun)

"The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci."

* Kepler’s First Law stated that “THE PLANETARY ORBITS ARE ELLIPTICAL AND THE SUN IS AT THE END OF THE ELLIPSE, NOT AT THE CENTER…”

GERMAN MATHEMATICIAN & ASTRONOMER

Galileo Galilei and THE STARRY MESSENGER

By the 1600s, scientists could explain what the UNIVERSE looks like – but, “WHAT WERE PLANETS MADE OF & HOW IS MOTION IN THE UNIVERSE EXPLAINED?”

Galileo Galilei aka the “Father of Modern Observational Astronomy” aka the “Father of Modern Physics” aka the “Father of Science” aka the “Father of Modern Science”

Three discoveries published in The Starry Messenger (1610):1.) Jupiter has four moons2.) The Sun has dark spots3.) Earth’s moon has a rough/uneven surface* HEAVENLY OBJECTS” were composed of material substance – not pure orbs of light!

ITALIAN MATHEMATICIAN, PHYSICIST & ASTRONOMER

1609 – Galileo constructs his first TELESCOPE…

Galileo’s Problems with the Catholic Church…

(begin in 1616 when he is told not to support Copernicus’ heliocentric theory – 1633)

1 Chronicles 16:30 – “Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved.”

Psalm 96:10 – “Say among the heathen that the Lord reigneth: the world also shall be established that it shall not be moved: he shall judge the people righteously.”

Psalm 104:5 – “He set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.”

Ecclesiastes 1:5 – “The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose.”

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ORDERED GALILEO TO ABANDON HIS IDEAS! WHY? Answer: His discoveries THREATENED THE BIBLICAL CONCEPT OF

THE UNIVERSE – humans were no longer at the center and God was no longer in a specific place (“out there beyond the stars)

Opposing Viewpoints

Faith vs. Science

CARDINAL BELLARMINE argues that truth lies in the Holy Scriptures:

“…but to want to affirm that the sun really is fixed in the center of the heavens and only revolves around itself… and that the earth… revolves… around the sun, is a very dangerous thing… by injuring our holy faith and rendering the Holy Scriptures false.

…the holy Fathers… all agree in explaining literally that the sun is in the heavens and moves swiftly around the earth… now consider whether… the Church could encourage giving Scripture a sense contrary to the holy Fathers…”

(read the following viewpoint and answer the question below)

QUESTION: “Why did Galileo’s ideas represent a threat to the Catholic Church?” Answer: the Church taught the literal truth of the Bible – if something in the Bible could be proved false, it would shake the foundation of on which the Church was built – and its credibility!

GALILEO argues that the Church should reinterpret Scriptural truths if they conflict with scientific truths:

(read the following viewpoint and answer the question below)

QUESTION: “What did Galileo suggest that his opponents should do before dismissing his ideas?”Answer: He suggested that his opponents prove him wrong!

“…I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial orbs while the earth revolves around the sun… these men [his opponents] have resolved to fabricate [construct] a shield for their fallacies [mistakes] out of… the authority of the Bible. These they apply with little judgment to the refutation [disproving] of arguments that they do not understand and have not even listened to… before a physical proposition is condemned it must be shown to be… false.”

Isaac Newton’s View of the Universe

* Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo… NEWTON improved upon & built on their work REBUILDING THE UNIVERSE! * Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (published in 1687), Newton laid out his UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION.

BIG IDEA Newton taught that scientific theory should be coupled with rigorous experimentation – which would eventually become THE BASIS OF MODERN SCIENCE

…set forth LAWS of MOTION! – including GRAVITY

* Newton describes how the Universe FUNCTIONS… how THINGS move…

ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN & PHYSICIST

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION* Every object in the universe attracts every other object by a force called GRAVITY (the degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them)

QUESTION: “Why was this theory important to scientists of the 17th century?” Answer: If mathematically proven, the theory could explain all

MOTION throughout the universe!

* Newton’s WORLD-MACHINE CONCEPT created a new view of the universe! – HOW?

Up until the middle of the 17th century – scientists believed they could answer the following questions:

“…what the universe looks like.”“…HOW the universe moves.” “…what “stuff” in the universe is made of.”

WHO and WHAT? WHO and WHAT?

WHO and WHAT?

As Scientists begin to figure out the universe, curiosity & innovation spread to other fields

& topics… (like medicine, the human body, etc.)

Scientific Revolution:

Breakthroughs in Medicine(and the human body)

* GALEN – Greek (or Roman) physician/surgeon (2nd Century A.D.) who made early contributions to the understanding of anatomy, physiology and neurology…

* Focused on ANIMAL DISSECTION, rather than human, to formulate ideas on the human ANATOMY (teachings dominated until the Middle Ages – similar to Aristotle, Ptolemy)

GALEN ON BLOOD & THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Circulatory system consisted of two separate one-way systems of distribution – NOT a single unified system of

circulation. (TRADITIONAL, PRE-MODERN, “OLD VIEW”)

Venous blood was generated in the liver, from where it was distributed to all organs of the body – Arterial blood originated in the heart, from where it was distributed to all organs of the body. (TRADITIONAL, PRE-MODERN, “OLD VIEW”)

* Andreas Vesalius’ On the Fabric of the Human Body (published in 1543) presents an ACCURATE EXAMINATION OF THE ORGANS AND COMPLETE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY

* Vesalius is often referred to as the FOUNDER OF MODERN HUMAN ANATOMY!

THINK: “Why was Vesalius able to gain an understanding of the human anatomy where Galen was not?”

Scientific Revolution:

Breakthroughs in Medicine(and the human body)

* William Harvey publishes On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628)

* HEART ACTS AS PUMP TO CIRCULATE BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY – the same blood flows through veins and arteries…

Scientific Revolution:

Breakthroughs in Medicine(and the human body)

Arab medical scientists had already made these “discoveries” – it took Harvey’s findings for the world to notice! IBN AL-NAFIS

…was also the first to suggest that humans & mammals REPRODUCED VIA THE FERTILIZATION OF AN EGG BY SPERM!

Francis Bacon and…

The Scientific Method* MAIN IDEA: scientists came to believe that REASON is main source of ALL knowledge..

* REASON is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, for establishing and verifying facts, changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on NEW information!

Francis Bacon and…

The Scientific Method…It is a step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data and coming to new conclusions (systematic procedure).

* WHAT IS IT?

“If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties.”

* Focused on the use of INDUCTIVE REASONING (“start with a specific observation and proceed to a general understanding byway of a proven hypothesis”)

EXPLAINED by FRANCIS BACON (1622)

* …as opposed to Descartes’ rationalism based on DEDUCTIVE REASONING…

* INDUCTIVE REASONING…1.) Free mind from previous opinions that might distort the truth2.) Start with detailed facts and proceed to general principles

* Inductive reasoning DRIVES the Scientific Revolution!

* Bacon wanted science to advance human life with new discoveries(Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade)

Francis Bacon and…

The Scientific Method

“How does a scientist come to a conclusion?”

* The SCIENTIFIC PROCESS! Step 1: make an observation (observe a natural event)

Step 2: formulate a hypothesis (a theory or possible explanation for the event)

Step 3: test the hypothesis (perform organized experiments to test theory)

* Step 5: change the hypothesis (if necessary)

* GENERAL PRINCIPLE *

Step 4: analyze results from test (draw conclusions)