Job AnalysisSeptember 3, 2014

Class AgendaOrganizational structureWork flow analysisComponents of job analysisJob analysis example

Organizational StructureProvides a cross-sectional overview of the relationship between individuals and units that create the outputs.Two of the most important dimensions of structure are centralization and departmentalization:Centralization the degree to which authority resides at the top of the organizational chartDepartmentalization the degree to which work units are grouped based upon functional similarity or similarity of workflow

Structural ConfigurationsThere is no 1 right answer. Here are 2 common forms:Functional structurefunctional departmentalization and high centralization. very efficient tend to be inflexible and insensitive to subtle differences across products, regions, or clientsmost appropriate in stable, predictable environmentsDivisional structure workflow departmentalization and low levels of centralization. not very efficient tend to be more flexible and innovativemost appropriate in unstable, unpredictable environments

Functional Structures

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Divisional Structures

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Structural ConfigurationsBombs and Baby Formula:Assume our company, HRM Suppliers, sells 2 distinct product lines, bombs and baby formula. What type of structural configuration would be most appropriate, a divisional or functional structure? Why?

Work-Flow Analysis

Developing a Work-Unit Activity Analysis

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Components of Work-Flow AnalysisWork outputsThe product of a work unitWork processesThe tasks that must be performed in the production of the outputRaw materialsMaterials that are converted into the work units productEquipmentThe technology and machinery necessary to transform the raw materials into a productHuman resourcesThe knowledge, skills, and abilities of our employees*

Work-Flow Analysis: Hot Dog StandWork outputsHot dogsWork processesCook the dogs, pull them out of water, put them in a napkin, ring up the customerRaw materialsDog, bun, relish, ketchupEquipmentHot dog cart, cash registerHuman resourcesThe knowledge, skills, and abilities of our employees*

Job AnalysisThe process of getting detailed information about jobs.Before you can know what kinds of people to recruit and select, what to train them on, and on what basis to evaluate and compensate them, you must understand the job they will perform.

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Components of Job AnalysisJob DescriptionA list of the tasks, duties, and responsibilities that the job entailsWhat they need to doNeeds to be updated regularlyJob SpecificationA list of the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics that an individual must have to perform a jobWhat they need in order to do so

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Work-Flow Analysis

Developing a Work-Unit Activity Analysis

U4-*

What are KSAOs?K: KnowledgeKnow WhatS: SkillsKnow HowBoth of these are trainable. People are not born with these.A: AbilitiesCan DoO: Other factorsPersonality, motivation, etc.Both of these are less trainable. People are born with these.KSAOs are characteristics about people that are not directly observable. They are only observable as people carry out the tasks, duties, and responsibilities of the job

K vs. S vs. A vs. OSometimes the distinctions among the KSAO categories are fuzzyI can know whats wrong with my computer, but not have the skills to fix itK vs. SI can be taught to read a map, but still not have a good sense of directionS vs. A Other is a pretty broad categoryThe distinction doesnt matter; we need it all*

Rating Importance of TasksOf all the tasks we generated, which are tasks most important?We judge importance using some combination of frequency and criticalnessFrequencyHow often is the task performed?CriticalnessHow likely is it that a barely acceptable worker would perform this task well?How likely is it that a superior worker would perform this task well?How likely is it trouble will result from poor performance?*

The Bottom Line on KSAOsThose KSAOs that are necessary for the MOST IMPORTANT tasks are the ones upon which key human resource decisions should be based.These are also the KSAOs that you will need to focus on in your group projects.*

Sources of Job Analysis DataRespondentsSupervisorsJob holdersCustomersMaterialsInterviewsObservationQuestionnairesSurveys*

Supervisors as Sources of Job Analysis InformationDeputy Chief Bill NorthcuttThe Operations Section is overseen by Deputy Chief Bill Northcutt and is responsible for the provision of emergency response fire protection/prevention and emergency medical services (EMS) to the community. The Fire Rescue Section is the largest Section in the Department. It is made up of 224 members, 188 of which are uniformed personnel assigned to Operations that staff emergency units 24/7. *

Supervisors as Sources of Job Analysis InformationThe Operations Section is organized into three (3) branches; Field Operations, Technical Services and Training, and Emergency Medical Services. The Field Operations Branch is responsible for all personnel assigned to 24 hour shift and lead by six District Chiefs. The EMS Branch is responsible for EMS program oversight, health and safety and logistics. The Technical Services Branch includes training, life safety and internal affairs. All of these section leaders report to the Deputy Chief Northcutt. *

Sources of Job Analysis DataOccupational Information Networkwww.onetonline.orgUsed by many employers and employment agenciesCan be helpful to job seekers as well

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Job Analysis of a FirefighterAs you are watching the video, think about:What qualities make someone a good firefighter?Does Jack possess those KSAOs?

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Job Analysis of a FirefighterWhat are the job dimensions of a firefighter that are illustrated in the video?What are key tasks within each of those dimensions?What KSAOs are needed to perform this job?

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Job Analysis for FirefighterTasks:Rescue victims from burning buildings and accident sites.Search burning buildings to locate fire victims.Administer first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation to injured persons.Dress with equipment such as fire resistant clothing and breathing apparatus.Drive and operate fire fighting vehicles and equipment.*

Job Analysis for FirefighterTasks:Move toward the source of a fire using knowledge of types of fires, construction design, building materials, and physical layout of properties.Respond to fire alarms and other calls for assistance, such as automobile and industrial accidents.Assess fires and situations and report conditions to superiors to receive instructions, using radios.Position and climb ladders to gain access to upper levels of buildings, or to rescue individuals from burning structures.Create openings in buildings for ventilation or entrance, using axes, chisels, crowbars, etc.

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Job Analysis for FirefighterKnowledge*

Public Safety and Security Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.Customer and Personal Service Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.Education and Training Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.Mechanical Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.Building and Construction Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.English Language Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.Administration and Management Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.Law and Government Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.Transportation Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.Geography Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

Job Analysis for FirefighterSkills*

Active Listening Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.Coordination Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.Critical Thinking Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.Operation Monitoring Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.Monitoring Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.Operation and Control Controlling operations of equipment or systems.Service Orientation Actively looking for ways to help people.Instructing Teaching others how to do something.Judgment and Decision Making Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.Speaking Talking to others to convey information effectively.

Job Analysis for FirefighterAbilities*

Problem Sensitivity The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.Reaction Time The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.Arm-Hand Steadiness The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.Manual Dexterity The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.Multilimb Coordination The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.Response Orientation The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.Deductive Reasoning The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.Oral Comprehension The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.Rate Control The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.Speech Recognition The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

Job Analysis for FirefighterOther*

Dependability Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.Cooperation Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude.Integrity Job requires being honest and ethical.Concern for Others Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job.Self Control Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.Stress Tolerance Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations.Attention to Detail Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.Adaptability/Flexibility Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.Initiative Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.Persistence Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.

The Importance of Job AnalysisThe use of Job Descriptions and Job Specifications is fundamental to successful:RecruitmentSelectionTrainingPerformance EvaluationCompensationBefore you can know what kinds of people to recruit and select, what to train them on, and on what basis to evaluate and compensate them, you must understand the job they will perform.

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Using Job Descriptions and Job SpecificationsRecruitment:The important tasks get grouped into a Job Description that defines the job.The accompanying KSAOs are included in the job posting.Selection:The KSAOs become the things we look for in resumes, references, interviews, ability tests, personality tests, etc. Legal Issues in Selection:If selecting on a given KSAO disproportionally harms a federally protected group, the practice can only be defended if the KSAO is critical for an important task.

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Using Job Descriptions and Job SpecificationsTraining:We design training to improve the Ks and Ss inherent in the important tasks. These form the basis for our evaluation of training success.Performance Evaluation:Performance of the important tasks is what gets measured with our evaluation instruments, along with the important KSAOs themselves.Compensation:The KSAOs become compensable factors used in Job Evaluation to assign a base salary to a given job. The rarer the KSAO, the more money the organization must pay for it.

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Next ClassMonday 9/8Job Design (pages 177-183)Group Project Introduction and WorkshopNo quiz*

Because of their workflow focus, their semi-autonomous nature, and their proximity to a homogenous consumer base, divisional structures tend to be more flexible and innovative. **Ladder 49http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smitcwFuDUc3:22-9:33 (end)

Images:http://www.dvdizzy.com/images/l-o/ladder4.jpghttp://static.thecia.com.au/reviews/l/ladder-49-0.jpg

Backdraft clip:Brian (William Baldwin) sits scared as Stephen (Kurt Russell) charges into a fire, saving the life of a little boy.****