JOANNA CONRAD INSTRUCTOR GREENWOOD PUBLIC LIBRARY Introduction to Computers

JOANNA CONRADINSTRUCTOR

GREENWOOD PUBLIC LIBRARY

Introduction to Computers


This is a class for very beginning computer users. At most, you should be familiar with using a mouse and keyboard. If you’ve hardly ever touched a computer before, this is the right place for you.

We will be using personal computers (PC) running the Microsoft Windows operating system. You may have heard these words before, but if not, don’t worry. We’ll cover their meanings later in the class.


What you will learn:

How to identify major computer components

Differentiate between hardware and software

Understand the basics of how computers work

Understand the basics of the Microsoft Windows operating system


What you will learn:

How to turn the computer on and offTo use and understand the mouse and

keyboardTo use and understand taskbars and menusTo navigate programs and applicationsTo save and retrieve files

Types of Computers

There are three major types of computers:

Desktop Computers Laptop Computers Mobile Computers

Today we will learn about desktop computers.

Computer Hardware

Computers can be designed in a variety of ways. However, regardless of brand, there are major similarities. All desktop computers have the following components:

• Monitor• CPU• Keyboard• Mouse

Computer Hardware

THE MONITOR The monitor looks like a television screen and is where you see what is happening on your computer.

Computer Hardware

THE TOWER (OR CASE)The tower houses the computer itself. You might find it on the floor or desk standing upright, or lying flat under the monitor. Some new models incorporate the tower inside the monitor, so you might not see it at all.

Inside the tower you’ll find all the components that make the computer work. The most important part is the CPU. Think of it as the brain of the computer.

Computer Hardware

INPUT DEVICESTHE KEYBOARD The keyboard is one of two ways to interact with your computer. The keys should mostly mimic a traditional typewriter.

THE MOUSE This is the other way to interact with your computer. Most mice have two buttons—a right and a left button—and a scrolling wheel.

Scroll Wheel

Right button

Left Button

Computer Hardware

INPUT DEVICESOther forms of input devices might include:CamerasMicrophonesScanners/ barcode readersStylusesJoysticks/ game controllersTouchscreens

Computer Hardware

INPUT DEVICES

And more!Any device that helps you to put information into your computer is an input device.

Computer Hardware

OUTPUT DEVICESAny device that returns processed information back to you is an output device. These might include:PrintersSpeakers/headphonesScreens/monitorsProjectors

Computer Hardware

STORAGE DEVICESStorage devices include any of the disk drives that hold information before and after it is processed. You can see them represented in the images below.

DVD or CDDrive

C: Drive – inside the tower – the CPU

Floppy Disk Drive – obsolete format.You won’t see this unless your computer is more than 10 years old.

Removable storage (USB or Flash Drive)

Both USBs and CDs/DVDs are considered removable storage, but the CD or DVD Drive itself is not removable.

Network drive - resides on another computer.

Hardware vs. Software

HARDWARE =All the physical pieces of the computer. Everything you can touch, Everything we’ve talked about so far.

SOFTWARE =All the programs we use to interact with the computer. Word processing programs, games, etc. A video would not be

software. The program that plays that video is software. Sometimes called “apps,” short for “applications.” Software processes “data” (information), and different

programs work with different types of data.

Software

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) The most important piece of software on your computer.

Without it, the computer won’t work, even though you might be able to turn it on.

Coordinates all the other software on your computer. Most computers come with an operating system pre-installed. The most popular is Microsoft Windows. That’s what we’re

using today. Apple computers use OS X. It looks a bit different, but works

on the same principles. Both Windows and Apple OS are “graphical user interfaces”

(GUIs, pronounced “gooey”). GUIs use images, icons, and text to display processed data.

Before GUIs came about, operating systems were entirely text-based. Instead of pointing and clicking a mouse, users had to type in commands.

Software

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) You shouldn’t have to mess with your operating system, though some

maintenance is required. Updates can be installed automatically. Virus scanners automatically scan for harmful changes. Microsoft Windows has undergone many changes over the past few

decades. New versions of the operating system are released every couple of years. It is currently being released in a version called “Microsoft Windows 8.”

Past versions include: “Windows 95,” Windows 98,” “Windows ME,” “Windows XP,” “Windows Vista,” and “Windows 7.”

Many people continue to use Windows 7, even though newer versions have been released.

It is important to know that there are different versions of Windows, because different features (such as the Start Menu discussed below) may look different in different versions.

Turning On the Computer and Logging On

Let's get started! As you sit down at your desk, you can assume that your computer system is in one of three states:

OFF: No parts are running or working. The monitor is black (no images), there is no “whirring” sound from the CPU, and the computer is unresponsive to mouse movements or pressing keys on the keyboard. The power button (if it lights up) should not be lit up.

ON: You should see images on the monitor, possibly hear a “whirring” noise coming from the CPU, and the pointer on the screen (the small white arrow) should respond when you move the mouse.

SLEEP MODE: The computer is on, but has assumed an energy-efficient, minimal power mode. To “wake” the computer, move the mouse around or press the space bar on the keyboard, and it will “wake up” and return to the exact same place that it was when it went to sleep. If you were using a word processing program and the computer went to sleep, it would return to exactly what you were working on when it wakes up.

To turn a computer on, simply press the power button once (no need to hold the button—just press and release). We will go over how to turn off a computer later.


Logging On Startup: Once you turn the computer on, the computer will

go through a series of automated tasks before it is ready for you to interact with it; this process is called “startup.”

Startup will last between one and two minutes. If the computer is not working correctly, you may see an error message during startup. If the computer is performing as it should, however, you will probably see one of the following screens:


Logging On

This is called a “Log On” window, and it means that the computer is password protected.

If you do not see this window upon starting the computer, you can assume that your computer is NOT password-protected and may be used by anyone.

To log on, you simply enter your user name and password. If you are using a public library computer, this could be your library card number or guest patron ID.


YOUR DESKTOP: After you log on, the computer will display what is known as your

desktop within a few seconds to a few minutes (if your computer is newer, this will probably go faster).

Here you will see a digital representation of something similar to a real-life office space, complete with a workspace, files and file folders, and even a recycling bin! The desktop is your work surface, and all of your open windows will appear on top of it.

The Keyboard and Mouse

In order to use your computer effectively, you must interact with it using both the mouse and the keyboard.

KEYBOARD COMMANDS: The below image of a keyboard may closely resemble (if it is not

identical to) the keyboard in front of you; Learning the function of just a few keys will help you to interact

better with your computer and individual programs.


The following is a list of commonly used keys that have special functions (keep in mind that key functions can change depending on which program you are using):

1. Backspace: This key deletes letters backward (f) 2. Delete: This key deletes letters forward (g)3. Shift: This key, when pressed WITH another key, will perform a secondary function. 4. Spacebar: This key enters a space between words or letters. 5. Tab: This key will indent what you type, or move the text to the right. The default indent distance is usually ½ inch. 6. Caps Lock: Pressing this key will make every letter you type capitalized. 7. Control (Ctrl): This key, when pressed

WITH another key, performs a shortcut. 8. Enter: This key either gives you a new line, or executes a command (pressed in a word processing program, it begins a new line). 9. Number Keypad: These are exactly the same as the numbers at the top of the keyboard; some people find them easier to use in this position. 10. Arrow Keys: Like the mouse, these keys are used to navigate through a document or page.


TO USE THE MOUSE: Rest the palm of your hand lightly on the mouse. Place your index finger on the left button and your middle finger on

the right button. Grasp the sides of the mouse with your thumb and your ring finger. Slowly move the mouse back and forth.

With the mouse in your hand you cause the onscreen arrow to move around your computer display.

This method of inputting data depends on the “point and click” philosophy.

You move your mouse to a point where you want something to happen, then you click to make that event take place.

Sometimes you click once. Sometimes you click twice. And sometimes you hold down a button while your event is happening.


USING THE MOUSE Pressing the LEFT mouse button is called “left-clicking,” while pressing

the RIGHT mouse button is called “right-clicking.” Left-clicking is used far more often than right clicking. The LEFT

mouse button SELECTS items. Double-Clicking the LEFT mouse button EXECUTES options (for

example, you can open a program by double-clicking an icon on the desktop).

The RIGHT mouse button GIVES YOU MORE OPTIONS. Double-Clicking the RIGHT mouse button does not do anything.

PRACTICE EXERCISES Mousing Around! http://www.pbclibrary.org/mousing/intro.htm Keyboarding Practice!

http://www.sense-lang.org/typing/tutor/keyboarding.php


The mouse symbol, or pointer, that appears on the computer screen will change its look and function depending on what it is near or hovering over.

Your pointer will most often look like an arrow. When your pointer is over an internet link, it will look like a pointing hand. When your pointer is over a place where you can type, it will look like an I-

beam When your computer is busy or ‘working,’ your mouse pointer may look

like an hourglass or a spinning circle. There are actually many different pointers (though these are the most

common), and they will change automatically depending on what task you are trying to perform.

The buttons on the mouse may also have different functions, depending on which program you are using. If you are working in Microsoft Word, for example, the mouse will offer options related to Microsoft Word. Conversely, if you are working in Microsoft Excel, the mouse will offer options related to Microsoft Excel, and so on.

Navigating the Computer and Software

THE START MENU The Start Menu is a good place to

start! The Start button (which opens the menu) is located in the lower left corner of your screen. LEFT-CLICK once on the Start Button to open the menu.

This is the Start Menu as it appears in Windows 7.

Notice the options that are available in this menu. Popular programs, like the calculator and paint applications are on the left, while folders, the Control Panel, and help features are on the right.

Also note the “Shut Down” button at the bottom of the menu. We will cover how to log off and turn the computer off in more depth later.


THE START MENU By LEFT-CLICKING once on “All

Programs,” another menu will appear. This is a list of all the programs that you have installed on your computer.

Nearly everything that you can do with your computer can be found in the Start menu. This includes finding help, using programs, getting on the Internet, e-mailing, playing games, customizing your desktop, and more!

You should feel free to experiment with the Start Menu. Go ahead and left-click on something!


MANAGING “WINDOWS” Programs appear on your screen as “Windows” that are laid 3-

dimensionally on top of one another, just like on a real desktop. If you can see a window, that means the program is open and running.


MANAGING “WINDOWS” It is possible to make the window bigger, smaller, or close it using the buttons in the top right corner of any window.

Minimize: Left-click this button to shrink the window down to a small button that will appear in the task bar (see below).

Maximize: Left-click this button to make the window as large as it can be—it should take up your entire screen.

Close: Left-click this button to close the window. The program will close and stop running. Make sure you save your work first!

Restore Down: Left-click this button to make the window smaller without minimizing it.

Minimize

Maximize

Close – or “X-out”

Minimize Toolbar or Ribbon

Search for Help

Restore Down


MANAGING “WINDOWS” Menu Bar or Tab Bar

Toolbar or Ribbon

Arrow

Scroll Bar

Title Bar or Document Title

File Menu or File Tab

Other common features of windows shared by many programs include toolbars and scrollbars, menus, and the document title. You might also see forward and back buttons, a search box, and an address or file path box.


MANAGING “WINDOWS”

Windows is capable of running more than one program at once. You can write a letter in Microsoft Word, while surfing the Internet while using Microsoft Excel while checking your e-mail, and so on! This is called “multi-tasking” and is a feature of all computers.

The Taskbar, which is the bar that spans across the bottom of your screen next to the Start Menu, is designed to help you keep track of all of your programs. It looks like this:


MANAGING “WINDOWS”

In the illustration above, there are several programs running. Each program that is open is represented by a “button” on the Taskbar.

Left-click on one to open the window, and bring it up to the top of the screen.

The taskbar is modeled after what might happen in real life: You are reading the newspaper, and you put it down to pick up your favorite book. You didn’t throw it out or destroy it, you simply set it aside. This way, you can pick up right where you left off once you are done reading your book. The taskbar works the same way, but with software programs, not books.

Programs open and running

Shortcuts – not open, not running


MANAGING FILES AND FOLDERS Folders on a computer work just like manila folders do in real life.

They’re used to organize and store individual files. Files, on the other hand, are individual Word documents, individual

songs/audio files, or individual photos. File names will often end with an extension, which tells you what type

of file you’re working with. For example, a Word document file name will most likely end with the extension “.doc” or “.docx,” while a photo file will most likely end with the extension “.jpg” or “.gif” to distinguish it from other types of files. Folders do not have extensions after their names.


MANAGING FILES AND FOLDERS

Your computer will often have folders created for you automatically. As you can see in the image at the right, this computer already has a folder for music, pictures, and videos. Your computer may have folders similar to this.

Usually these folders are very general. You will need to create new folders if you don’t want things to get too messy.

Forward and Back buttons

Address/title barOr Document Path Search box


CREATING FOLDERS To create a new folder, you will first need to open a Windows Explorer window. Click the Start button Then move your mouse over to Documents. Click once with the left mouse button. This will bring up a window like

the image you saw above. Let’s add a folder called “Text Documents” where we can store files

such as Microsoft Word documents (e.g., letters to friends, recipes, etc.).

In the Documents window, left-click once on the New folder button at the top (see image to right).


CREATING FOLDERS This will create a new folder

inside the folder you’re currently viewing (so, a new folder inside Documents).

To see what folder you’re currently inside, simply read the file location in the Address bar.

Sometimes this will appear as one simple name (such as “Documents” in the image below), and sometimes it will appear as a path.

Address/title barOr Document Path

Forward and Back Buttons

File structure or “tree”


CREATING FOLDERSFor example, the location of the folder we just created might look like this:

Each arrow in the path indicates a different level. The left side of the path is the highest point on the organization

tree, while the right side is the lowest. Text Documents is inside the folder Documents. The folder

Documents is inside the folder Libraries. And finally Libraries is inside the C Drive (which is represented here by a paper icon and is often written as C:\).

The C Drive is the most common space for saving materials on your computer.


CREATING FOLDERSOnce you have created the new folder, it’s important to name it. The title should automatically

appear highlighted inside a text box when you first create it, and you should be able to change it by just typing.

If the name of the folder is not highlighted, click once on the name, then wait a second, and click once more on the name to edit it.

For our example, we’ll name this folder “Text Documents.”

Highlighted Title


CREATING FOLDERSNaming conventions Almost as important as where you save

something, is how you save something. Naming all your files “Word Document 1,”

“Word Document 2,” etc., is confusing. It’s important to assign names to files that

are meaningful (for example, “Resume” or “ChickenPotPieRecipe”).

Also, if you create many Word documents, including the date is helpful. For example, if you write many letters to your friend, Claire, you might name the files something like: LetterToClaire9_23_2012.doc .

Some programs don’t recognize spaces, so saving your files without spaces or with underscores instead of spaces is a good habit to get into.

Highlighted Title


CREATING FOLDERS

To go inside the folder and see what files are saved there, simply double-click with your left mouse button.

If “Text Documents” is the last word you see on the right-hand side of the path, then you are currently inside the folder “Text Documents.”

You will be able to repeat this process of creating folders inside of folders as many times as you like.

However, if you create folders inside of folders inside of folders… (you get the picture), it could become more confusing than having no folders at all.

Think carefully about the organization structure that works best for you, and stick to that.


SAVING FILES IN FOLDERSMicrosoft Office 2010 To save a file, click on the File Tab and

click Save As. This will allow you to save the file within

any folder you choose. Within the window that appears, you

can select the Desktop, Documents or My Computer, in the left panel, to save your work in folders in any of these spaces.

To save our work in the new folder we created, we would click on Documents, and then choose the folder Text Documents.

Finally, once you have your location specified and an appropriate name typed in, click Save in the bottom, right-hand corner of the Save As window.


Files and folders can be moved from place to place. You can also make copies of files or folders and place the copy somewhere else.To move a file from one folder to another, you can simply drag and drop the file from one window to another (or from the Desktop to the Explorer window).

Right-click and hold down the right mouse button. Still holding the mouse button, move the mouse until the pointer is over the location

you want to move the file to. Release the mouse button when you have moved the file or folder to the desired

location. When you release the mouse button, a small box will open with the options “Move

Here” or “Copy Here.” Select the appropriate option.

MOVING vs. COPYING

If you make a copy of a folder when you intended to move it, you now have two separate, identical folders, and when you make changes to one, those changes will not be made to the other.

If you move a folder when you intended to copy it, it will be hard to find your documents in the future.


DELETING FILES AND FOLDERS To delete a folder (or file), simply select

it by clicking once with the left mouse button.

Click the Organize button at the top of the windows explorer window and select Delete from this menu.

OR click once with the right mouse button and select Delete from the menu.

A window will appear asking if you are sure you want to send the folder and all of its contents to the Recycle Bin. If you are sure you want to delete it, click “Yes.”


DELETING FILES AND FOLDERS Remember that deleting a file will

delete only that file, but deleting a folder will delete the folder and everything inside it.

If you have accidentally placed something in the Recycle Bin and you would like to get it back out, you can either drag it back into the correct folder

or right-click on the file and choose “Restore” from the menu—that will put the file back in the exact same place you deleted it from.


DIFFERENT VIEWS You can view your folders and files in several different ways, for instance, as a list or as a group of icons. To change the way that your files and folders are displayed: Click the icon on the right in the file menu. You will then be able to select from the following options by dragging the slider.


DIFFERENT VIEWS

Many more options are available through the menu that appears if you right click in any blank space within the open window.

The currently selected view will have a small dot next to it. This can be changed at any time, so don’t be afraid to play around with it and decide what works best for you.


CREATING SHORTCUTS Creating a shortcut to a particular folder that you use often can eliminate the need to navigate through several layers of folders. To create a shortcut to a folder: Right-click an open area on your desktop, point to New, and then

click Shortcut. Click the Browse button. Find the folder or file you want to create a shortcut to and click on

it. Click the Open button, and then click the Next button. Type a name for the shortcut. If a Finish button appears at the bottom of the dialog box, click it. If a Next button appears at the bottom of the dialog box, click it,

then, click the icon you want to use for the shortcut, and then click Finish.

[Steps adapted from the Microsoft Support Web site.]


SHUTTING DOWN THE COMPUTERLogging Off vs. Shutting Down To log off or shut down the computer, click the Start button:

Logging off your computer and shutting down your computer are two different things. Logging off a computer is like locking the car. The computer is password-protected and you can’t do anything until you log back on. when you are done using the computer, you need to log off (the computer will remain on) to make sure no one can make changes while you are away.


SHUTTING DOWN THE COMPUTERLogging Off vs. Shutting Down By contrast, when you click Shut Down, you’re turning the computer off. The computer goes through a shut-down process that properly closes all the programs that you have open, as well as programs that are running in the background that you don’t know are running. Click the Start button, then click Shut Down.

Only use the power button to turn off the computer if it won’t turn off any other way. Hold the power button in for five seconds and your computer will shut off. When you turn the computer on again, you may get an error message.


Finding More Help If you ever find that you need help while using your computer, you can

left-click the Start button, and then click “Help and Support.” In addition, most programs on your computer will also have an

individual help feature. The Help function may be available from a Help menu at the top of the

window, or by clicking a button. Help buttons are usually located in the top-right corner of the window,

and may look like a question mark. Help menus often have a search function or pre-prepared FAQs. Most programs also have 1-800 numbers to connect with a technician.

Search for Help


There you have all the basics on computers and how to use them!If you have questions, please don’t hesitate to ask a librarian.

This presentation borrows heavily from the following resources:

Computer Basics. Community Workshop Series. University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Libraries. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.

File Organization. Community Workshop Series. University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Libraries. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.

Introduction to Computers. Sheila Harmon. Greenwood Public Library. 3 Jan. 2015.