jktuhfr foKku[POLITICAL SCIENCE]

B.A. I : Semester–I

2014-15

(Political Theory)

- 462 001

(0755) 2535366, 4256804. ((0755) 276185

200/-

All Rights Reserved. No Part of this Publication may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means without prior written permission of the publishers.

While due care and diligence was taken in editing and printing of this book, neither theauthor nor the publisher nor the printer of this book holds any responsibility for anymistake that might have inadvertently crept in.

(ii)

I

M.M. : 70

– I Political science - Definition, nature and scope. Nature and significance ofPolitical Theory. Methods : Traditional and Modern; Relations with other social

Sciences : Sociology, History, Economics, Psychology and Geography.

– II State – Origin, Development and Elements. Power and Authority, Sovereignty;

Pluralist Criticism, Citizenship and Civil Society. Globalization and State.

– IIIRights and Duties : Liberty, Equality and Justice. Democracy : Meaning, Types

and Theories of Democracy, Theories of Representation and Welfare state.

– IV Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Theory of Separation of Powers.

Constitution : Meaning and types.

– V Concepts : Feminism, Human Rights, Corruption, Castism, Regionalism.

I

1 01

(Definitions and Scope of Political Science)

2 13

(Nature of Political Science)

3 18

(Nature and Significance of Political Theory)

4 23

(Methods of the Study of Political Science)

5 38

(Relation of Political Science with other Social Sciences)

II

6 41

(Concept of Power)

7 53

(Concept of Authority)

8 61

(State : Definitions and its Elements)

9 68

(State : Origin and Development)

10 94

(State : Dominant Perspectives)

11 105

(Sovereignty : Pluralistic Criticism)

12 121

(Citizenship)

13 130

(Civil Society)

14 135

(Globalization and State)

III

15 140

(Rights : Theories of Rights)

16 151

(Rights and Duties)

17 154

(Liberty and Equality)

18 165

(Concept of Justice)

19 170

(Democracy)

20 182

(Principles of Representation)

21 190

(The Concept of Welfare State)

IV

22 198

(Legislature)

23 204

(Executive)

24 210

(Judiciary)

25 215

(Theory of Separation of Powers)

26 220

(Constitution)

V

27. 229

(Concept of Feminism)

28. 234

(Concept of Human Rights)

29 245

(Concept of Corruption)

30 254

(Concepts of Castism)

31 261

(Concepts of Regionalism)

[Political Theory]

1

jepeveerefle efJe%eeve ke¡er HeefjYee<eeSB SJeb #es$e

(DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE)

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 (Normative) ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ

䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 (Empirical) ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ

jepeveerefle efJe%eeve ke¡er HejcHejeJeeoer HeefjYee<eeSB

(Traditional Definitions of Political Science)

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂

ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ 䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂䠂 ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ

ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ǥǥǥǥǥ

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