Upload
vungoc
View
213
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
376
JJT-022-2014
THERMAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A
VERNACULAR RESIDENCE IN THANJAVUR REGION Ar. M. Dhanasekaran
1, Ar. P. Jayasudha
2
1Research Scholar, Department of Architecture, Periyar Maniammai University,
Vallam, Thanjavur.1Email.id: [email protected]
2Associate Prof., Department of Architecture, Periyar Maniammai University,
Vallam, Thanjavur.2Email.Id: [email protected]
Abstract: Globalization has contributed to economic growth, improved standard of living,
and imported trends and fashion throughout the world, with all its advanced technological
developments and faster communication facilities. At the same time, the architectural
characteristics of different regions and climatic zones have started losing their regional
identity and uniqueness, due to globalization. This has resulted in the use of irrelevant
design principles and materials in the built environment, which ultimately leads to
environmental degradation. Buildings today do not have any relevance to their context,
climate, and the user. The building industry at present creates innumerable wastes in terms of
spaces, skills and materials. There is a close connection between energy use in buildings and
the resulted environmental damage. Building sector electricity consumption has increased
from 14% to nearly 33% in 2004-2005 (BEE, 2010). If energy efficiency measures are
incorporated in the buildings judiciously, then the potential for energy savings could be 40%-
50% in these buildings (BEE, 2010). Climate responsive buildings or solar passive buildings
with advanced active systems seem to be most appropriate and efficient solutions to this
problem. The utilization of solar passive methods and techniques in modern buildings to
achieve thermal comfort allows the possibility of decreasing the dependence on fossil energy
as much as possible and realizes sustainability.
Keywords: Globalization, environmental degradation, energy saving, vernacular
architecture, energy efficient.
Introduction Energy conservation is the order of the day
today as energy consumption has increased
tremendously in all the fields. There is a
close connection between energy use in
buildings and the resulted environmental
damage. All the building materials used to
construct the vernacular houses are
available locally. This provides an edge on
environmental front as less energy is
involved in processing and transportation
and henceforth minimal environmental
degradation. Building sector electricity
consumption has increased from 14% to
nearly 33% in 2004-2005 (BEE, 2010). If
energy efficiency measures are
incorporated in the buildings judiciously,
then the potential for energy savings could
be 40%- 50% in these buildings (BEE,
2010). Climate responsive buildings or
solar passive buildings with advanced
active systems seem to be most
appropriate and efficient solutions to this
problem. The utilization of solar passive
methods and techniques in modern
buildings to achieve thermal comfort
allows the possibility of decreasing
thedependence on fossil energy as much as
possible and realizes sustainability.
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
377
Research methodology The purpose of this study is to identify and
understand the solar passive techniques
adopted in the vernacular residences of
Thanjavur region. So the study is carried
out by selecting, documenting and
analyzing a case study example in one of
the traditional settlements in this region,
and assessing their appropriateness in the
present context through a thermal
performance analysis using ECOTECT
2011 simulation software. Documentation of The Sample residence
Thanjavur is a traditional town which
dates back to the 3rd
century AD, and is
located in south- east part of India at
10°46′56.99″N latitude and 79°7′52.51″E
longitude with an elevation of 88m MSL.
It is well known for its strong and long
existing vernacular settlements.
Rural vernacular settlements in Thanjavur
region could be divided into two groups.
One is the consciously planned
settlements, which are community-based,
and the other one is the organically grown
settlements which are occupation-based.
Vernacular houses in this region had their
origin from a humble single spaced rural
hut, built by the locals with the available
knowledge of materials and techniques.
Later on, due to the increasing needs and
requirements, and also the exposure to
various applications of the material
resources and technical skills, the
residences have undergone various
changes and transformations at different
stages of development.So, the study was
conducted in a selected sample at Melatur
village and is analysed to identify the solar
passive techniques adopted in the design.
Description of the Sample
The selected sample is 200 years old, and
belongs to one of the headmen’s family,
whose main occupation is agriculture. The
family consisted originally of 15 members
(joint family), but now a single family
consisting of 5 members resides here. The
orientation of the house is North-South
and it faces south. The house abuts the
wide street at its front, and an open yard
with a kitchen garden and outdoor washing
area are located at its rear side. A small pit
in the backyard area is seen where the
kitchen waste and cow dung are stored;
they get decomposed and become compost
– i.e., organic manure. It is a multiple courtyard house (Figure 1
(a&b)), measuring 14.3m x 30.0m. The entire
residence consists of three courtyards of
different sizes, and each courtyard acts as a
core for the spaces and activities around it.
The front part is a semi private area, mainly
used by the male members of the family to
meet and entertain the outsiders and the
strangers. This consists of a double deep raised
platform (thinnai) at the front as the
transitional zone, and a lobby space (Rezhi)
acts as the buffer zone. The middle part of the
residence consists of a large living area and the
private rooms around the main central
courtyard are used both by the family
members and the relatives. The central court is
a larger one
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
378
Figure 1(a&b) Plan and roof plan of the
Sample Residence
Figure 2(a&b) Elevation of the Sample
Residence
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
379
measuring 5.4m x 6.4m, where the family
functions, religious rituals and domestic
activities are carried out, and thus becomes
the major activity zone of the house.The
rear part of the residence is mainly used by
the female members and the servants,
where the cooking, dining and other
service activities are carried out. This part
of the house has two courtyards. The
kitchen court is almost a square, measuring
1.85m x 2.2m, exclusively meant for the
female members of the family, where daily
rituals by the females were carried out. A
thulsi madam is located in the court to
facilitate the activity which adds a
character to the court.
The service courtyard is a square one
measuring 3m x 3m, where a water well
along with the bathing and washing area,
and storage space are located. The house
has a cattle shed on the eastern side of the
house where there is a large open yard
meant for drying grain and other
agricultural produce.In Melattur, it is row
housing, with wall to wall construction,
and thus, the exposure of the longer side
walls to direct solar radiation is totally
avoided. The deep recessed thinnai
protects the front facade from the harsh
sun during summer, and heavy rains
during the monsoon period.
Thermal Performance Analysis of
the Sample Residence During Critical Month of Summer
Period (May 2013)
The selected sample is a south facing
residence consists of a large central
courtyard and two secondary courtyards.
The living space is located on the west and
northern side of the main central court,
private rooms at the front and kitchen at
the north-west corner with a kitchen
courtyard. The north-east part consists of
the utility area with a service courtyard.
a. This multiple courtyard house shows that
the indoor temperature was relatively
stable, ranges between 320C to 35
0C,
regardless of the fluctuation of outdoor
temperature which varies between 26.70C
to 41.30C.
Figure 4 - Thermal performance analysis
of sample residence at Melattur during
the critical month of Summer period (1st
May, 2013) calculated through Ecotect
Analysis
Figure 5 (a & b) -Thermal performance
analysis of sample residence at Melattur
during the critical month of Summer
period (12th
and 24th
May, 2013)
calculated through Ecotect Analysis
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
380
b. The maximum temperature of the indoor
spaces for the critical month of summer
period (1st May to 31
st May 2013) is as
follows:
37.40C for rezhi , i.e., 3.9
0C lower than the
maximum outdoor temperature 36.20C for
living space on the northern side, i.e.,5.10C
lower than the maximum outdoor
temperature and 36.30C for living on the
western side, i.e.,50C lower than the
maximum outdoor temperature, 36.90C for
front room, i.e.,4.40C lower than the
maximum outdoor temperature and 37.60C
for kitchen, i.e.,3.70C lower than the
maximum outdoor temperature.
c. It is evident that the living space on the
north and west side of the central court
maintains more or less the same
temperature with a diurnal variation of
1.70C and 1.9
0C respectively which shows
a considerable difference from the outdoor
temperature.
d. The minimum temperature of the indoor
spaces for the critical month of summer
period (1st May to 31
st May 2013) is as
follows:
33.40C for rezhi, i.e., 6.7
0C higher than the
minimum outdoor temperature 34.50C for
living on the northern side, i.e.,7.80C
higher than the minimum outdoor
temperature, 34.40C for living on the
western side, i.e.,7.70C higher than the
minimum outdoor temperature, 36.90C for
front room, i.e.,7.10C higher than the
minimum outdoor temperature and 32.40C
for kitchen, i.e.,5.70C higher than the
minimum outdoor temperature.
e. The temperature fluctuation for the indoor
spaces is 3.20C on an average (4
0C for
zone 1, 1.70C for zone 4, 5.2
0C for zone 5
and 1.90C for zone 9) whereas the
temperature fluctuation for the external
environment is 14.60C.
During Critical Month (January 2013)
Of Winter Period
a. During the month of January, the
indoor temperature of the house ranges
between 24.50C to 30.4
0C whereas the
outdoor temperature ranges between
20.60C to 32.7
0C.
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
381
b. The maximum temperature of the indoor
spaces for the critical month of Winter
Period (1st January to 31
st January 2013)
is as follows:
29.70C for rezhi , i.e., 3
0C lower than the
maximum outdoor temperature, 28.10C
for living on both the north and southern
side, i.e.,4.60C lower than the maximum
outdoor temperature, 28.60C for front
room, i.e.,4.10C lower than the maximum
outdoor temperature and 30.40C for
kitchen, i.e., 2.30C lower than the
maximum outdoor temperature.
c. The living space on the north and west
side of the central court shows a
considerable temperature difference from
the exterior temperature with a diurnal
variation of 1.50C and 1.6
0C respectively.
d. The minimum temperature of the indoor
spaces for the Winter Period (1st January
to 31st January 2013) is as follows:
Figure 6 (a & b) – Thermal
performance analysis of sample
residence at Melattur during the
critical month of Winter period (1st
and 12th
January, 2013) calculated
through Ecotect Analysis
Figure 7- Thermal performance analysis of
sample residence at Melattur during the
critical month of Winter period (24th
January, 2013) calculated through Ecotect
Analysis
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
382
25.20C for rezhi, i.e., 4.6
0C higher than the
minimum outdoor temperature, 26.60C for
living on the northern side, i.e.,60C higher
than the minimum outdoor temperature,
26.50C for living on the western side,
i.e.,5.90C higher than the minimum
outdoor temperature, 25.90C for front
room, i.e.,5.30C higher than the minimum
outdoor temperature and 24.50C for
kitchen, i.e.,3.90C higher than the
minimum outdoor temperature.
e. The temperature fluctuation for the
indoor spaces is 3.240C on an average
(4.50C for rezhi, 1.5
0C for living on the
northern side, 1.60C for living on the
western side, 2.70C for front room and
5.90C for kitchen) whereas the
temperature fluctuation for the external
environment is 12.10C.
Analysis
The selected sample residence at Melattur
shows a moderately low temperature
mainly due to the compact arrangement of
spaces around the central courtyard. The
living spaces on the northern and western
side maintains a comparatively lower
temperature than the other habitable spaces
in the house, mainly due to the presence of
movement passage (thazhvaram) around
the court which acts as a buffer zone in
between the courtyard and the living
space. Though the size of the courtyard
(5.4m x 6.4m) is slightly big (14% to the
plinth area of the dwelling), the projected
eaves prevents the entry of direct heat into
the living space. The openings aligned
along the axis facilitate air movement into
the spaces. Also the depth of the courtyard
(0.6m) dissipates most of the incident heat
thus facilitates low internal temperature.
The orientation of the habitable spaces in
the house plays a major role in reducing
indoor temperature. The spaces located on
the eastern and northern side have lower
temperature than the rooms located on the
western and southern side. Provision of
smaller window openings to the rooms
induces the air movement and thus reduces
the internal heat gain.
Solar Passive Techniques Construction Details and Materials Of
Building Components
Walls
The external walls of the houses are
completely shaded on all the four sides,
which is an essential pre requisite, in warm
humid climatic conditions. In a strict row
housing pattern, the wall surface exposed
to the atmosphere is reduced to the
maximum extent, and protects the
structure from radiation and avoids heat
gain considerably.
The walls are heavy and solid with varying
thickness and construction techniques,
which ensure high thermal insulation for
buildings. Flat bricks, mud and lime
mortar are the predominant materials used
for the construction of the foundation and
walls. The variation in wall thickness
makes a significant difference in the
comfort performance of houses. There are
a minimum number of openings in the
walls, which are comparatively smaller in
size and look plain and austere. The flat
brick walls are plastered and smoothly
finished with lime mortar, that reflects a
considerable amount of incident heat.
i. Flat Bricks: High density and high
strength flat bricks (8.5cm x 11cm x 4cm,)
made of sediment soil, are used in the
entire construction. They possess high
compressive strength compared to the
modern country bricks, and are used both
in exterior and interior walls.
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
383
Figure 8 (a & b) - Wall showing flat bric
construction
ii. Mortar: The sediment soil is mixed
with sand, water and herbal juices (jaggery
or molasses, nutmeg (kadukkai) and amla),
and ground manually to a consistency of a
nice paste, which is nothing but mud
mortar which was used as the main
binding mortar in the selected sample.
iii. Lime: Kankar lime is available in
plenty in this region, which is the main
source of lime production. At the time of
construction, jaggery or molasses, nutmeg
(kadukkai) juice and amla juice were
mixed with the fermented lime which
increases the binding nature of the mortar.
Roof
A sloping roof with tile covering, is the
skyline of almost all the vernacular
settlements in this region. The sloping roof
is made of country wood (such as Enn,
Poovarasu and Pillai Maruthu consists of
more fibre content) or bamboo rafters and
battens, covered with two to three layers of
pan tiles (15cm x 10cm x 1.5cm in size,
with a special locking projection at its
top). As treated materials, these bamboo
rafters exist without any damage for more
than 250 years. The sloping roof is one of
the major climate responsive elements in
the vernacular setting. It plays a significant
role in reducing the incident heat on the
surface, due to its angle of slope (300 -
350), and in reflecting the maximum
amount of heat back. The roof height near
the ridges is 5m, which acts as a major
insulation space and facilitates a good air
flow inside. The eaves project 0.7m
beyond the wall surface, so that it protects
the wall from direct sun light. As the roof
height near the courtyard is very low, it
allows filtered light and dissipated heat
into the spaces around.
Figure 9 : Wooden roof truss with
segmental arch for sloping roof and
Bamboo rafters in
traditional construction
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
384
Courtyards
Courtyards have a greater impact on the
thermal performance of the residences. It
is an excellent thermal regulator in many
ways. Courtyards play a significant role in
the moderation of the climate in the hot
summer seasons, and provide comfortable
living conditions for the families. The
central courtyard acts as a light well, as
well as an air shaft, bringing both daylight
and air circulation into the rooms around it
(Dili, AS et al, 2010). Due to the incident
solar radiation in the courtyard, the air in
the courtyard becomes warmer and rises
up. To replace it, cool air from the ground
level flows through the louvered openings
of the room, thus producing the air flow.
During the night, the process is reversed.
As the warm roof surface gets cooled by
convection and radiation, a stage is
reached when its surface temperature
equals the dry bulb temperature of the
ambient air. If the roof surfaces are sloped
towards an internal courtyard, the cooled
air sinks into the court, and enters the
living space through the low level
openings, and leaves through the higher
level openings (Meir, I. A et al 1995,
Anupama Sharma et al, 2003). The
passage around the courtyard with proper
light, temperature and air flow, acts as the
space for household activities. It acts as a
buffer space to filter the light to the living
area.
Figure 10 : Air flow facilitated through the
aligned openings and court
The vertical elements (columns / pillars)
located along the edge of the thinnai and
the edge of the courtyards reduce the heat
gain by the spaces, by dissipating the heat
back to the atmosphere.
Openings:
A simple way to reduce the heat-gain of
the building is for the windows to catch
the prevailing breezes. There are two
factors used in determining the openings in
a tropical building; solar shade and size
(Mohammad Arif Kamal 2012). Cross
ventilation is of prime importance in
humid tropical climates, as well as the
solar protection of the roof.
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
385
Doors, windows are the openings in these
vernacular residences and they are
minimal in number. As the streets have
row housing, the side walls of the
structures are not provided with windows.
The sizes of these openings are small
which regulate the air flow, and control
theamount of light entering the buildings.
All the windows have the same size in this
building. The front and back door
alignment with the courtyard, eases the
wind flow from the exterior to the interior.
The less number of openings are mainly to
maintain the privacy, temperature and
required lighting level. Wherever the
wooden beams come into contact with a
mud wall, the wooden members were
wrapped with lotus leaves and tied with
threads and ropes made of fibres from the
stem of the lotus flowers. This never
allowed the oil content in the wood to be
absorbed by the mud walls.
Advantages of the traditional
construction techniques:
1. The major elements of traditional
construction are compression members.
2. Tension is very minimum in the
structures (2-3%), and is taken care of by
the wooden members.
3. The usage of herbal juices increases the
binding nature of the mortar and
strengthens the structures.
4. No structural element is continuous as
the load is passed through the centre of
5. gravity, and assembling the components
is very easy.
6. To prevent moisture entry through
capillary action, stone bed blocks are
used, where the wall and roof meet.
7. The use of lime reduces the setting time
and thus increases the longevity of the
structures.
Table 1 -Solar Passive Techniques used in Vernacular Residences
Sl.
No.
Architectural aspect Solar Passive Features Effect
1. Settlement planning Compact, moderate
density and low rise
development
Grid iron layout with Wide
streets in east-west
orientation
Presence of a water body
within the settlement
Less exposure to direct solar
radiation and thus reduced heat gain
during summer and heat loss during
winter.
Protection of longer sides of the
built forms on the east and west side
due to row housing.
2. Built form and
orientation
Linear houses with north -
south orientation Reduction of incident heat on the
exposed surfaces
Enhanced air movement
Defined activity spaces with various
degrees of filtered lighting level.
Building components
i. Walls 60 cm thick, solid composite
wall using flat brick core
with laterite stone lining.
Reduces external heat gain due to
the thickness and the materials used.
Exposed laterite stone surface work
very well by absorbing the humidity
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
386
and helping the building to breathe.
60 cm thick solid flat brick
walls with lime mortar
plastering
Reflection of incident heat due to
the polished surface and reduces
external heat gain due to the
thickness.
ii. Roof
Sloping on all the four
directions with country tile
covering
Reflects most of the solar radiation
back to the atmosphere
Dissipates the heat due to surface
undulation
Provides an excellent insulation
with three layers of tile covering
with air space below.
Increased volume of the space due
to the height at the centre increases
the thermal comfort conditions
iii. Courtyard
Alignment along the axis
with door openings.
Sunken floor level to
dissipate heat
Due to the incident solar radiation,
the air in the courtyard becomes
warmer and rises up and cool air
from the exterior flows into house
thus producing the air flow. Allows
the cool air to sink into the court as
the roof surfaces are sloped towards
the courtyard and enters the living
space through the low level
openings.
Sl.
No.
Architectural aspect Solar Passive Features Effect
iv. Openings
Minimum number of small
window openings with
projecting roofs and eaves.
Low level openings due to
Raised plinth and projecting
eaves.
Doors aligned along the axis
through courtyard.
Clerestory openings in
double height central space
(Typology 3 houses)
Direct entry of heat through window
openings is minimized and allows
required amount of light.
Entry of cool air through the
openings from exterior as well as
from inner open courtyard.
Axial alignment of openings
facilitates easy air movement
through the interior.
Let out the hot air and smoke
(during rituals) easily.
v. Buffer spaces
Filtering the natural light
both from exterior and the
internal court.
Provides different grades of filtered
light to the interior spaces.
Makes the user to get adjusted to the
indoor environment when he enters
the house from bright sunny
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
387
exterior.
vi. Columns /
Pillars
Row of wood or stone
columns (as both structural
as well as functional
elements) provided along the
building edges both
internally (courtyard) and
externally (Thinnai).
Dissipates the incident solar
radiation and the polished surfaces
of the columns reflects the heat back
to the environment.
vii. Shading
Devices
Eaves projection in the front
and the rear part of the
buildings and into the
internal open courtyard.
Protects the exposed surfaces in the
front and back from direct solar
radiation by shading the walls thus
reducing the heat gain considerably.
Conclusion The study reveals that the identified
sample residence is highly responsive to
the climatic conditions. This is mainly due
to the sustainable principles adopted in the
residences, in terms of the spatial design
and flexibility, energy efficient principles
and thermal performance of the residences.
It is highly necessary to check the
relevance and applicability of these
principles in the present conditions, to
create buildings appropriate to the context.
The settlement is surrounded by dense
vegetation and shady trees, which have a
great impact on the micro climatic
conditions of the settlement.
Normally, the buildings are oriented in
north-south direction, so that the shorter
sides facing north and south are exposed,
and the longer sides facing east and west
are always shaded, as they are in the row
housing pattern. Detached structures (as in
Someshwarapuram) are shaded by means
of dense vegetation all around. Eaves
provide shade to the exposed surface to a
great extent, thus reduces heat gain.
The courtyard is the source of lighting and
ventilation, and makes the house
climatically responsive. The courtyard
aligned along the linear axis, and the
minimum openings ease the air flow
through the building, and ventilate all the
habitable spaces around the court (stack
effect).
The buffer spaces provided to avoid the
direct entry of solar radiation offer a
significant design approach in the
vernacular residences. In addition, they
provide the required level of lighting to
different spaces with different activities,
facilitating energy efficiency.
As the spaces are designed to
accommodate any activity any time,
natural energy sources could be utilized to
the maximum possible extent, thus making
the structure energy efficient.
The use of indigenous materials available
in abundance, leads to the climate
responsive and energy efficient design of
vernacular structures. The thickness of the
walls and their composite construction is
the main reason for their high thermal
insulation property. In Someshwarapuram
houses, the walls are plastered with mud
mortar mixed with broken pieces of pot
tiles, ensuring extra strength to the walls of
these structures.
The round country tile reflects a
reasonable amount of heat, due to its
surface undulation. The attic space helps to
Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS
Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014
388
reduce the temperature of the ceiling thus
producing comfortable interiors. The size,
projecting eaves, low height roof and
wooden columns along the edge, and the
depth of the courtyard which is around
45cm, prevent direct entry of heat into the
house through the court, dissipate heat,
and allow diffused day light inside.
It is clear from the analysis that, the bond
between the materials and nature, and the
way they react or respond to nature will
never change. It is only the link between
the people and the materials, and the way
they look at the materials and use them
that is getting changed with time, which
has an impact on the architecture. It is
highly essential to respect and learn
valuable lessons from the past, as the
present scenario forces people to get away
from the box-in-box life style, due to
globalization, modernization and
urbanization, at least for a short duration.
References
1. Anupama Sharma, Dhote, KK &
Tiwari, R (2003), ‘Climatic Responsive
Energy Efficient Passive Techniques in
Buildings’ IE (I) Journal-AR,
vol. 84, pp. 17-26.
2. Avinash Gautam (2008), ‘Climate
Responsive Vernacular Architecture:
Jharkhand, India’, A Thesis Report,
Kansas State University Manhattan.
3. Dili, AS, Naseer, MA & Zacharia
Varghese, T (2010), ‘Passive Control
Methods of Kerala traditional
architecture for a Comfortable Indoor
Environment: A comparative
Investigation During Winter and
Summer’, Building and Environment,
vol. 45, pp.1134-1143.
4. Manoj Kumar Singh, Sadhan
Mahapatra & Atreya, SK (2010),
‘Thermal Performance Study and
5. Evaluation of Comfort Temperatures
in Vernacular Buildings of North-East
6. India’, Building and Environment,
vol.45, pp.320–329.
7. Manoj Kumar Singh, Sadhan
Mahapatra & Atreya, SK (2011),
‘Solar Passive Features in Vernacular
Architecture of North-East India’,
Solar Energy, vol. 85(9), pp.2011-
2022.
Mohammad Arif Kamal (2012), ‘An
Overview of Passive Cooling
Techniques in Buildings: Design
Concepts and Architectural
Interventions’, Acta Technica
Napocensis: Civil Engineering &
Architecture, vol. 55, no.1, pp.84-94.
8. Monsingh D Devadas (2001),
‘Thermal Performance of Houses in
Hot and Humid Regions - Case Studies
in Coastal Tamil Nadu and
Pondicherry’, Ph.D Thesis Report,
Anna University, Chennai, India.
9. Omar S. Asfour (2008), ‘A Study of
Thermal Performance of Traditional
Courtyard Buildings Using Computer
Simulation’, AHRCP,
pp.389-399.
10. Sandeep Sharma & Puneet Sharma
(2013), ‘Traditional and Vernacular
buildings are Ecological Sensitive,
Climate Responsive Designs- Study of
Himachal Pradesh’, International
Journal of Chemical, Environmental &
Biological Sciences (IJCEBS) vol.1,
issue 4, pp. 605-609.
11. Venkatarama Reddy, BV (2004),
‘Sustainable Building Technologies’
Current Science, vol. 87, no. 7,
12. Vyas, D (2005), ‘Traditional Indian
Architecture - The Future Solar
Buildings’, International Conference
on Passive and Low Energy Cooling
for the Built Environment, Santorini,
Greece.