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INTRODUCTION

The saying Nice Girls dont ask! is yesterdays

Advice for business.

Todays advice is women ask, and ask, and

Appreciate what they get.

-Nancy Clark.

Nutrition is essential for growth and development, health and

well being. Eating a healthy diet contributes to preventing future

illness and improving quality and length of life. Nutritional status is

the state of health as determined by what we eat. There are several

ways of assessing nutritional status, including anthropometric

(Physical body measurement), food intake and biochemical

assessment (Dwyer J. Harrisons, 2006).

Engels attributes practice of private property as the beginning

of womens subjugation. Men became the proprietor of women. The

women was degraded and reduced to servitude and the female became

the slave of his lust and a mere instrument for production of children

(Engels. F. 2001).

In the recent years, Women have taken a bold step to come out

of their traditional domestic occupation to take up jobs out of homes.

Today, the entrepreneurial world is also open to the womenfolk

(Murthy. C.S.V, 2002).

Women all over the world in general, and in India in particular,

are entering in various occupations and professions which have been

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derived from a French root which means to undertake

(Kotler, 2002).

Women Entrepreneurs in India represent a group of women who

have broken away from the beaten trade and are exploring new

avenues of economic participation. Their tasks have been full of

challenges. They have had to encounter public prejudices and

criticism. Family opposition and social constraints had to be overcome

before establishing themselves as Independent Entrepreneurial

(Prabhakara Rao J.V, 2000).

Emancipation of Women is an essential perquisite for economic

development and social progress of the nations

(Guru Moorthy T.T , 2000).

However in India, the actual participation of Women in income

generating activities is quite unsatisfactory, only 8% of the Small

Scale manufacturing units are owned and operated by women

(Sumangala Naik, 2003).

Entrepreneurship is an economic activity which is undertaken

by an individual or group of individual. Entrepreneurship can bedefined as the making of a New combinations of already existing

materials and forces; that entrepreneurship throws up a innovations, as

opposed to inventions and that no one is entrepreneur for ever, only

when He or she is actually doing the innovative activity

(Schumpeter Joseph, 1961).

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Today Women in advanced market economies own more than

25% of all businesses and Women owned businesses in Africa, Asia,

Eastern Europe and Latin America are growing rapidly. In some

regions of the world, transformation to market economy, Women

Entrepreneur is a growing trend (Eswaran et al, 2002).

The motivational and behavioural characteristic of 60 female

business owners, utilizing both structural questionnaire and

unstructured interviews. They found that the need for independence

was an important motivating factor to start a business for the Women

in their sample (Victoria A. Velkoff, 1998).

To explore the personal and contextual factors that influence the

start up and successful continuation of Womens businesses. Taking a

comparative approach, they conducted twenty semi structured

interviews with managers, 10 female and 10 male, in order to examine

how personal and contextual factors may be gender related. They

found that the female entrepreneurs main motivations for starting

their own businesses were the need for flexibility due to childcare

responsibilities, and their negative experiences of previous

employment (Arjun Adlakha, 1998).

To succeed as Entrepreneurs, tips- such as never undervalue or

underestimate our self, never forget why we started our own company,

maintain a comfortable network, remember that we are running a

business, and promote our self could be of more help to female

business owners than male (Shivganesh Bhargava, 2002).

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OBJECTIVES

Hence the present study was carried out with the following

objectives

To assess the Nutritional status of Women Entrepreneurs by

means of

Anthropometric Measurements,

Biochemical Tests,

Clinical signs and symptoms,

Dietary patterns.

To assess the Socio Economic Status of Women Entrepreneurs.

To assess the Occupational Health problem and Work details of

Women Entrepreneurs.

To create awareness on health, nutrition among Women

Entrepreneurs through Nutrition Education.

To assess the impact of Nutrition Education.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

WOMEN IN INDIA

The status ofWomen in India has been subject to many great

changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in

ancient times through the low points of the medieval period, to the

promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in

India has been eventful. (Jayapalan et.al., 2001)

In modern India, women have adorned high offices in India

including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok

Sabha, Leader of Opposition, etc. The current President of India is a

woman (www.wikipedia.com)

The Literature pertaining to the present study entitled

Assessment of Nutritional status of Women Entrepreneurs

involved in Food processing is reviewed under the following

headings.

A. SUCCESSFUL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA

B. SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEUR

C. HEALTH STATUS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

D. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

E. COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS OF WOMEN

F. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEUR

G. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WOMEN

H. PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURI. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS.

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SUCCESFUL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA

1st Successful Women Entrepreneur Priyanka Malhotra

Priyanka Malhotra is successful woman entrepreneur in India.

She is operating the business of book publishing and also devotes her

time in cafe business. She did graduate in printing and publishing

from Landon college of publishing. She also holds the degree of M.Sc.

in media and communication field. After this, she came to India and

became successful businesswomen in Delhi. Priyanka thinks

differently about the idea of scaling her businesses. Here's a young

entrepreneur unplugged. She got licence for operating cafe. She

encouraged young woman in this video also. (www.svtuition.org).

2st Successful Women Entrepreneur - Bhawana Kakkar

Bhawana Kakkar is young graduate woman in Painting and

Arts. She did also postgraduate in Art history from Baroda University.She has huge experience in fashion designing in India and she opened

Art gallery. She is also publishing a magazine named "Take - Simple

Black". She is successful woman entrepreneur in India and she told

many tricks to success in business in following video.

(www.svtuition.org).

3rd Successful Women Entrepreneur - Manju Bharatram

Mrs Manju Bharatram was a simple child for whom school

wasn't a happy experience. Just like many others. And the day she saw

her own children feeling the same as well, she became a social

entrepreneur (www.svtuition.org).

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4rd Successful Women Entrepreneur - Rajashree Birla

Rajashree Birla is a successful woman entrepreneur and

chairperson of Aditya Birla Centre for Community and rural

development. Her focus is on the all-round development of the

communities around our plants located mostly in distant rural areas

and tribal belts. All our Group companies Grasim, Hindalco, Aditya

Birla Nuvo, Indo Gulf and UltraTech have Rural Development Cells

which are the implementation bodies (www.svtuition.org).

5th Successful Women Entrepreneur - Shruti

Shruti is a degree holder in Chemistry from University of

Pennsylvania and she did worked with Merrill Lynch. She came back

India after study in USA and started his own hotel business and

became successful woman entrepreneur in India. (www.svtuition.org).

SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEUR

Mishra. R.C (2006) stated that Socio Economic status is a term

which is often constrated with that of social class. Socio Economic

status is a rather arbitrary category and is developed by combining the

position or score of persons on criteria such as income, level of

education, type of occupation held, or neighborhood of residence.

The scores can then be arbitrarily divided so as to create Socio

Economic divisions such as upper class, middle class, lower class.

Sociologist are interested in Socio Economic status, as they are in

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class, since it is assumed that this status affects life chances in

numerous ways. (www.sociologyindex.com).

According to Romila pruthi (2001) Though the constitution of

India provides equal rights and privileges for men and women and

makes special provisions for women to improve their status in society,

strong patriarchal traditions are followed and continue in India for

several years and womens lives are shaped by social customs. The

need to bring women into the mainstream of development has been a

national concern, since independent and their status has improved in

the last few decades with the implementation of several developmental

policies, plans and programmes.

Guru Moorthy T.T (2000) deplicted that Emanicipation of

Women is an essential perquisite for economic development and

social progress of the nations.

Brady Anderson J (2005) indicated that Eventhough Womens

contributions to business are one of the major engines of global

economic growth, too often, women do not have access to basic

business education, commercial credit and marketing opportunities.

Education is one of the main determinants of employment. Ifwomen attain higher levels of education, then we expect to see a larger

percentage in wage earning jobs. (www.pacificweb.0rg).

According to Singh S (2007) Though it is gradually rising, the

female literacy rate in India is lower than the male literacy rate.

Compared to boys, for fewer girls are enrolled in the schools and

many of them drop out.

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Usha Jumani (2001) conducted a study to analyse the status of

self employed Women in rural areas. Economic activities through

which the income of the women will be increased have to be identified

with great care. They have to be in consonance with time availability

with family roles and their awareness levels.

HEALTH STATUS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. It is

also a level of functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism,

often implicity human. At the time of the creation of the World

Health organisation (WHO) in 1948, Health is defined as a state of

complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the

absence of disease (www.who.int).

Krummel et al., (1996) stated that Health status is the current

state of the own health. It includes the state of the wellness, fitness and

any underlying diseases or injuries.

Housman Jeff (2005) stated that The Alameda country study

examines the relationship between life style and health. It has found

that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep,

maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol use and avoiding

smoking.

Health care is the prevention, treatment and management of

illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through

the services offered by the medical, nursing and allied health

professionals. (www.nhs.uk).

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According to MC Ewen BS (2006) Prolonged psychological

stress of Women Entrepreneurs may negatively impact health and has

been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with ageing, depressive

illness and expression of disease.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEUR

Judith E. Brown (2010) stated that the average female life

expectancy today in India is low compared to many countries, but it

has shown gradual improvement over the years. In the many families,

especially rural ones, the girls and women face nutritional

discrimination within the family, and are anaemic and malnourished.

The maternal mortality in India is the second highest in the

World. Only 42%of births in the country are supervised by health

professionals. Most women deliver with help from women in the

family who often lack the skills and resources to save the mothers life,

it is in danger (Marie A. Boyle, 2008).

The average nutritional intake of women is 1400 calories. The

necessary requriment is approximately 2220 calories. 92% of Women

in India suffer from Gynaecological problems.

(Gender and Womens health, publication by CHETNA, NGO).

According to Chatterjee (1990) Women in poor health are

more likely to give birth to low weight infants. They also are less

likely to be able to provide food and adequate care for their children.

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Finally a womens healthy affects the household economic well being,

as a women in poor health will be less productive in the labor force.

The malnutrition results in poor health of women. Generally in

India, women are the one who eat last and least in the whole family.

So they eat whatever is left after men folk are satiated. As a result

most of the times their food intake does not contain the nutritional

value required in maintaining the healthy body. In village Women

Entrepreneurs, sometimes do not get the whole meal due to poverty.

(Dadibhavi R.V, 1994).

COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS OF WOMEN

MENSTRUAL PROBLEM

Teera Diane (2004) stated that It is very common to experience

problems with menstruation from time to time. According to

textbooks, the period should come regularly every 28 days or so, and

the blood you should expect to lose is equivalent to about a quarter of

a cup. However some women face serious trouble during their

menstrual cycle. These problems can be related to the length or

frequency of the periods, the amount of flow, or irregular periods, or

periods that come regularly but with longer intervals in between. Themost common problems associated with menstruation are

Premenstrual syndrome

Painful periods (Dysmenorrhea)

Excessive bleeding (Menorrhagia)

Absence of periods (Amenorrhea)

Infrequent periods (oligomenorrhea).

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OBESITY

Kushner Robert (2007) stated that Obesity is a medical

condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that

it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life

expectancy or increased health problems.

Gray DS, et al., (1991) showed that Obesity is defined by body

mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via

the waisthip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.

Manson JE, et al., (1995) depicted that At an individual level, a

combination of excessive caloric intake and a lack of physical activity

are thought to explain most cases of obesity. A limited number of

cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric

illness.

BREAST CANCER

One of the most growing problems among women, which is

responsible for 1 per cent of deaths worldwide, is breast cancer. Dr

Ashok Vaid, senior oncologist, Medanta Medicity, "Breast cancer isdefinitely one of the most common problems with women today.

While there's no one cause that can be ascertained as to why it hits

one, science does understand some issues related with it. Things like

late marriage, delay in having the first child, less breast feeding,

problems of over-weight and genetic factors, all make for a variety of

reasons that heighten the risk of breast cancer in women."

(www.cancer.com).

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POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE

Polycystic ovary disease is yet another issue that has come up

to be one of the most common female endocrine disorders affecting

about 5 to 10 per cent of women of reproductive age, which is

anything between 12-45 years. It is a condition in which there are

many small cysts in the ovaries, which can affect a woman's ability to

conceive (www.seasonindia.com).

ANAEMIA

Marlene B Goldman, et al., (2000) stated that Iron deficiency

is the most widespread form of malnutrition in the world affecting

more than two billion people. In India anaemia affects an estimated 50

percent of the population. Anaemia has determined effects on the

health of Women and children and can become an underlying cause of

maternal mortality, ante- natal mortality, increased risk of pre mature

delivery and other maternal morbidities.

In karnataka, the haemoglobin level was tested for 94 percent of

the Women compared with 88 percent in India as a whole. Overall 42

percent of women had some degree of anaemia, 27 percent of womenwere mildly anaemic, 13 percent were moderately anaemic and two

percent severely anaemic. This prevalence was found to be higher

among rural women(46 percent)than among urban(36percent), high

for illiterate scheduled caste or scheduled tribe and working women

who were not self-employed. It is slightly higher among Hindus than

among Muslims and Christians. Thus, it is evident that the high

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prevalence of anaemia among women is due to the poor Socio

Economic conditions and eating habits. (Sidramshettar, 2002).

DIABETES

Florence M Brown, et al., (2009) deplicted that Diabetes is a

serious chronic illness that affects how the body uses food. The food

that we eat is broken down into glucose, which is our body main

source of energy. To burn this energy our body needs insulin,

produced by the pancreas, to get the glucose into cells where it can be

used. When this is not done correctly, serious health problems can

occur.

Approximately 23.6 million people in the United states had

developed diabetes. (American Diabetes Association, 2007).

The American Diabetes Association reports an estimated 11.5

million women over the age of 20 in the U.S. have diabetes, and one-

third of them remain undiagnosed. When compared with men, women

have a 50 percent greater risk of diabetic coma, a condition brought on

by poorly controlled diabetes and lack of insulin. Women with

diabetes have heart disease rates similar to men, but more women withdiabetes die from a first heart attack.

(Francine Kaufman MD, 2009)

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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEUR

Karl M, (2006) skowed that Health at work and healthy work

environments are among the most valuable assets of individuals,

communities and countries. Occupational health is an important

strategy not only to ensure the health of workers, but also to contribute

positively to productivity, quality of products, work motivation, job

satisfaction and thereby to the overall quality of life of individuals and

society.

Occupational health is a basic element and constitutes a social

and health dimension of the principle of sustainable development.

Occupational health practices constitute a set of key activities for such

development. (Marlene B Goldman, 2000).

Due to lack of education, unaware of the hazards of their

occupation, general backwardness in sanitation, poor nutrition and

climatic proneness of this geographic region to epidemics aggravate

their health hazards from work environment. (Vilanilam J V, 2006).

A very high respiratory morbidity was recorded from a cross-

sectional survey on Mango plantation workers in Lucknow. This

respiratory morbidity was attributed to prolonged inhalation of organic

dusts during the farming operation. (Gupta B N, et al, 2005).

According to Jose P., et al., (2007) Occupational stress is

one of the major problems from Women Entrepreneurs. Studies from

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developed countries show that sources of stress in womens lives are

more diverse and diffuse than those experienced by men. A number of

factors cause stress among working women.

Headache is a term used to describe aching or pain that occurs

in one or more areas of the head, face, mouth, or neck. Headache can

be chronic, recurrent, or occasional. The pain can be mild or severe

enough to disrupt a womens daily activities. Headache involves the

network of nerve fibers in the tissues, muscles, and blood vessels

located in the head and at the base of the skull. A womens health can

be affected greatly if she suffers from headaches (Bullock, 2004).

Carol S Coonrod (2008) stated that Low back pain does not

signify poor quality of individuals life, but also showed decreased in

labour productivity due to offwork, absenteenism and early retirement.

About 11.6% out of 2600 populations in a semirural area, malaysia

were diagnosed with low back pain.

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WOMEN

Energy: Energy requirements of an adult woman is based on

Reference Woman. Reference Woman is between 20-39 years of age,healthy and weighs 50 kg. For the sedentary women 1875 kcal,

moderate 2225 and for heavy worker 2925 kcal is recommended per

day. (B. Srilakshmi, 2005)

Protein: The average daily protein requirement for an adult women

one gram kilogram of body weight. Protein rich foods are the Egg,

pulses, soya protein, etc. (Garrow et al., 2000)

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Fat: In the diets of adults in India, about 20% energy may be derived

from fats. 10-20g of fat per day depending upon the level of calories

consumed. (Antia, F.P., 2002)

Calcium:The recommended daily allowance varies from 400 to 1,200

mg/ day.Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy green

vegetables, oatmeal and other grains, tofu, cabbage, summer squash,

green beans, garlic, and sea vegetables. Calcium is absorbed slowly

and your body cannot take in more than 500 mg at any one time.

(Mahan Kathleen., et al, 2000)

Iron: Iron requirement for women is 2 mg higher than man. Iron loss

through menstruation in women of reproductive age groups are 0.6

mg/day on an average, when spread over the whole month.

(Swaminathan, M., 1998)

Vitamin D: Aim for between 400 and 1,000 IU daily. You can get

Vitamin D from about half an hour of direct exposure to sunlight, and

also from foods and supplements. Salmon is an excellent source of

vitamin D. Other good sources include shrimp, vitamin-D fortified

milk, cod, and eggs.

(David A Bender, 2002)

Vitamin C vitamin C is important for normal gum, tooth, bone and

body tissue formation. The best source of Vitamin C is an orange, but

it is also found in other citrus fruits and a variety of vegetables.

(Marie A Boyle., et al., 2008)

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Zinc this nutrient is needed to maintain the health of cells. Taking

iron supplements may interfere with the absorption of zinc so women

taking iron supplements should continue to eat iron-rich foods, which

are also a good source of zinc. (Judith E Brown., et al., 2010)

PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

Mallika Das(2009) made an exploratory study of Women

Entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The study examined the

problems faced by Women in initiating, running and succeeding in

business and differences between the experiences of women from the

developing and developed worlds. The study also underscored the

difficulties faced by women in getting funds for setting up business

and meeting the working capital requirements. The Women in the

study differ from western counterparts in family background, marital

status, incubator organizations issues and environmental factors.

Dhanalakshmi., et al.,(2000) carried out a study of Women

Entrepreneurs which seeks to examine the problems faced by Women

Entrepreneurs in Madurai. It is stated that women who have interest in

business should take the first step and are courageous enough to face

the ups and downs their families should be liberal in financing theventure conducted by women.

Major problems faced by Women Entrepreneurs were poor

location of unit, tough competition from larger and established units

because in all the enterprises work was done manually so it was very

tough to compete with these enterprises in which electrical equipments

and big machineries were used. Other problems were lack of transport

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facility, lack of time for household work, non availability of raw

material, heavy schedule and lack of time for rest and slap leading to

mental tension and fatigue (Badi N.V., et al, 2005)

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Savithri (2002) made a comparative study of Women

Executives and Women Entrepreneurs in Chennai city to gauge the

stress level, its impact on them, etc. It is found that stress played a role

in a wide range of common ailments, such as headache, allergy and

skin disease, blood pressure, ulcer, diabetes and heart disease. Stress

affects sleep, productivity and growth workload also cause stress.

Women Entrepreneurs develop stress when there is labour problem,

wastage and loss occurring in the organization feeling that they do not

have enough time to do everything that is requires. For Women

Executives stress originates from personality, family and organization.Both the parties are affected physical, psychological and then create

stress in the family in the organization.

A recent study by the National Council of Applied Economic

Research(NCAER) reveals that Tamil Nadu offers the best incentives

package for industries, among industrialized states in India and it

ranks second at the all India level in terms of attractiveness of

incentives. (www.indianbusiness.nic.in)

TIMELINE

The steady change in their position can be highlighted by looking

at what has been achieved by women in the country.

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1879: John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune established the

Bethune School in 1849, which developed into the Bethune

College in 1879, thus becoming the first women's college in

India.

1883: Chandramukhi Basu and Kadambini Ganguly became

the first female graduates of India and the British Empire.

1905: Suzanne RD Tata becomes the first Indian woman to

drive a car.

1917: Annie Besant became the first female president of the

Indian National Congress.

1925: Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian born female

president of the Indian National Congress.

1951: Prem Mathur of the Deccan Airways becomes the first

Indian women commercial pilot.

1953: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit became the first woman (and

first Indian) president of the United Nations General Assembly.

1963: Sucheta Kriplani became the Chief Minister of Uttar

Pradesh, the first woman to hold that position in any Indian

state.

1966: Indira Gandhi becomes the first woman Prime Minister

of India.

1970: Kamaljit Sandhu becomes the first Indian woman to wina Gold in the Asian Games.

1972: Kiran Bedi becomes the first female recruit to join the

Indian Police Service.

1979: Mother Teresa wins the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming

the first Indian female citizen to do so.

1984: On May 23, Bachendri Pal became the first Indian

woman to climb Mount Everest.

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1989: Justice M. Fathima Beevi becomes the first woman

judge of the Supreme Court of India.

1997: Kalpana Chawla becomes the first India-born woman to

go into space.

2000: Karnam Malleswari became the first Indian woman to

win an Olympic medal (bronze medal in the 2000 Summer

Olympics at Sydney)

2007: Pratibha Patil becomes the first woman President of

India.

2009: Meira Kumar became the first woman Speaker of Lok

Sabha, the lower house in Indian Parliament.

(www.wikipedia.com)

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