Nl"Ll,r .s

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1

HrsToRY oF ARcHITEcTURE I

SouthtothefortressofTughtoqobodisihe,tombofitsbuilder,Ghiyo.suddin Tughloq. R on.. fortified ltrtu*oy leod to the tomb compound'

which of one time stood within ol"ig" reservoir*' Ghiyos-ud-din Tughtoq

wos obviousry o mon of set ideoF"whfe"-he wcis'obout fortifying every-

thing in sight, he fortified his tomt os well. whot ogoinst is hord to soy;

probobly Mongols who took the term hoppy hunting grounds too literolly'

The reservoir .is

1.o tonggr stores onf *otui on! ]rre

bridge over it hos been

broken off in the miOJte to mo[e woy for on extremely busy rood' The

tomb is bosed rou-g!Jy-*q11qP9u9.991!l p]gn ond its entronce-ll"'9i'old'-9d

b;-mosffe P"ffi66' *:

-,!-

-*-,-;Simple Architecture

The mousoleum itsetf is very simple, Very mUCh the worrior's tomb.

S i m p t e w !l ! Jrr

e, ",', "J@#i:#fi'*ifl: l?*lifi i,T ; t

*Jr.r.r. EoCh wott rrosQ66ed soteYvgys decor<

E"oGitul,lq]!cevyq'ffi.Thedomeisentirelyot-white*mgr-bre ond is quiie sii.rling inaa"aa:rnriotn", severe tomb does ollow itself

ofewinscribedSgnels,glc.h,b-o19|els.lotticeworkscreensond,lotus-bud,edseswhich i"ffi

fioworos the left of the enJlgnce, in the corridor, there is o tiny grove

which is soid to be thot of *," rriton,s fovorite Jog; which is not exiictly o

cr o Muslim' who consid'iir dogs uncleon' lo do'typicol thing for o Musllm' wtlt.l uL''r rrr,er vvvv

THIRD SEMESTER

I r-r-.- includes the introduction \;'

",, n J?,ffi j,:;I]:ffi| i: T |ffi1.J[:.#*1; ;;; e n ts in ih e l ndio n -

subcontinent region in the *uoi"roi ierioo. Th.ese rndo-rsromic orchitec-

tures in lndio *"YJini'oduced #;;H:ly:: rules in different prov-

inces which ^oJL tremendo* grorith-espec'roi'rli this fierd' These styles

were neither rrro]ii. nor ,inou oi,itr.u fusion of both' The Muslim rulers

[",1 J? :"iffi r: ]r i*t] : l'f$,j; :p'lt'xrffi ''

ond opprieo to-oJ;;;" ffreil o'itoingt' Dure to this monv new

were introduceJ in *,"i, ou,uiri"oi'. ;i; yYlT; ;'r"" durins this period

mostly creoted mousoleums' *Z'qu"t' minorets' forts ond poloces'

There were numerous reosons which conditioned the chorocter of

the provinciol styres, o1u of *t,,',Jr, *.r the Muslim powers ond their proc-

tice of orts of Derhi. when o prolrin"e remoined closely ossocioted to the

centrol powerwhich wos *,u ilrrrim aynosty' their effect on orchritecture

grew strong, *r,," this influen."l, less notic"t;i; i; the distont ports of

the country. nnJther moio, t#i '"

ievetoping tl^re provinciol style wos

the noture of the indigenous orts which ,r..uu'deJ witnin ihe oreo of the

province thot'flJurirr,Jo or* tl'tn" o"o"iotion oito"ot ortisons' Another

reoson behind the deverop*Jni'ot frorincior styre in rndio wos the nr'

srotion ot u*J",.i"nt"o toreis;';;[;"1]^"i#"l"t ot different Muslim

rulers. They *Li" wonderfut ortirons ond t't"i"O "*ozing lslomic orchi-

tectures onoiiit"i"niprin.ipr., "if'eir notive rono mixing with lndion pro-

vinqisr.urt,,rel sJdJi[:::r*; mi*tl;iff.,'*..::di.J ", "r

opi n s o s p e cifi c P'","iI :'^1' :lI':: : "::' ;;"k'il of buildi n s moterio|

tions impor.i rlr"tor tec!1icol differen:?:'r;;; "1

ot wnicrr ioturollv

being common in some regions ond rore tn <

oitlJt"o ilt"""n"tolt"t ot irre building ort'

lndionsubcontinentweredividedintofollowingcotegortes.I Puniob wos the fii:t er:Yl::.

'[ltru'*:Jf":nT;# Jffi;m ;:,tm; iiT:.i il[i lyr ir Jr ?tJ T;if,: ]i: :jI Ii T

rltr;;',';;,:nffi ::fl ,1l:l:ffti^"-;;v,'***j:,",ff ':ffi

"il;fiiffi :::Ffl [[:'.'ffi ,:=H:i#itTi,*iltffi [*:";H[ilfi 3;ffi#;nif,to.i. innuence'" *f.]fi[]f#ffi"rrr ."0 produced hishlv

iecture of Puniob Province wos

THIRD SEMESTER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I3

ARCHITECTURE DIJRING SAYYID AND tOD

The construction of lslomic orchitecture procticed during the Tughloq dy-nosty wos reloxed under the Soyyid ond Lodi rule. Due to the inheritonceof greotly weokened siote treosury, both the dynosfies were not oble toconstruct monumentol buildings. So their desire for orchltecturol construc-tions were projected in smqll tombs ond mousoleum built throughout Delhi.The pottern of orchitecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty wos thereforerestricted to tombs ond sepulcher only.The orchiiectures during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty mode smoller influenceto the cities where they ruled. Whotever they constructed mirrored the bro-ken spirit of the rulers of both the dynosties. No fomous building orts, copitolcities, imperiol poloces ond fortresses were creoied during their regime oiDelhi. They were olso not credited for ony mosques or colleges. During theeniire regime of the Soyyid ond Lodhi, they constructed severol monumentsos memoriols io the deod. This orchitecturql period during Soyyid ond LodhiCynosiy wos known os the period of the mocobre (word probobly derivedfrom *moqboro* or ihe cemetery in Arobic). A lorge number of tombs wereconstructed orouncj the copitol. The three royol tombs of Muborok Soyyid,Muhommed Soyyid ond Sikondar Lodireflect the prototype of orchitecturec'-,ring Sovyid orrd Lodhi dynosty. Aport from ihese, other fqmous orchi-tectures of Soyyid ond Lodi ciynus'iies in the Delhi neighbourhood ore Boro

Khon ko Gumbod, Choto Khon ko Gumbod, Shish Gumboci, Boro Gum'cqd,Tomb of Shihob-ud-din Toj Khon, Poli ko Gumbod ond Dodi ko Gumbod.

Architecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty developed q new form of ls-

lomic orchitecture which wos loter followed by the Mughols. Soyyids ondLodis consiructed the tombs in two different forms; one pottern wos bosedon octogonol plon surrounded by orched wolkwoy with one storey in height

ond the otherlone wos bosed on squore plon without wolkwoy wiih two or

three storey in height. ln both ihe coses, the building hod o dome with pil-

lors on eoch side of the ociogonol ond the squore vorieiy. An importontfeoiure of the orchitecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty is the omozing

meosurements of height ond width to motch with the structure of ihe bose-

ments. The height ond width of eoch octogonol foce is thirty feet, including

the bosement. The orncmentol pinnocles or guldosto is preseni of the cor-

ners. This meosurement is olso holf the iotol height of the building including

the flniol. Eoch octogonol foce contoins three orched openings divided

by pillors. The centrol opening of the octogonol foce is slightly brooder

thon the two oiher openings. The tomb chomber inside is octogonol in plon

THIRD SEMESTER

olong with on "orch ond beom" opening in eoch foce" The squore typetomb structure ond olso the octogonol type tomb structure morks the pot-tern of orchitecture during Soyyid ond Lodi dynosty.

Amongst the octogonol ond squore tombs of the orchitecture during Soyy-id ond Lodi dynosty, octogonol tombs were reserved for the rulers ond thesquore type tombs were reserved for the nobles of their courts. All the mon-uments were supposed io erect within o yeor or two either before or oftertheir demise. Among the severol monuments found in the city, three lorgemousoleums ore of the rulers themselves, while the others ore the restingploces of severol nobles of their court. The orchitecture of the tomb build-ing of the three rulers Muborok Soyyid, Muhommed Soyyid crnd Sikcrndor

Lodiore identicol, the only exception is the crown of the dome of MuborokSoyyid which is four feet lower thon the other two tombs. They meosures

30 feet eoch to the octogonol side, 74 feel width, ond the height of thedome, excluding the finiol is 54 feet, except the Muborok Soyyid's tombwhich is 50 feet.

THIRD SEMESTER

l.Le .:4Fr*-;-,6r,*'-'--_

IlISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I5

Archiiecture during Tughloq dynosty flourished in lndio when GhoziTughloq

come io power i,i rsl in Dethi-Jeteoting the Khcrlji rulers' The period of

Tughloq dynosty in history hos been morked os the time of elotion ond

rediscovery for tslomic orchitectri"r. Mosier builders were hired for o new

Sulion to constrr;i " new empire turt of creotivity in lndo-lslomic style' The

lndo-lslomic style dominoted th; pottern of orchitecture during Tughloq

dynosty.Thelndo-lslomicstyleoforchitectureWostheomolgomotionoflstomic orchitectrr" o, well cs Hir,J, style of :rchitecture' This omolgqmo-

tionhoppenedduringtheinvosionperiooofthgMuslimrulers;theyusedtobuild their mosques with the ,ri*i ,noteriols of the Hindu or Join temples

ondfewiemplesitselfweremodifiedintomosques.Thefusioncreotedthenew lndo-lslomic style of or.flit..lure in lndio thot groduolly developed

intoogreoto,cnit".turolsignifi*."duringtheTughloqdynosty.

Eoch ruler odded orchitecturol creotivity to his own copitol city whilst mok-

ing orchiiecture during the fughioq O,t-.,otiy to stond oport' The influence

of the three obove mentioneo i'rltt in the lslomic orchitecture is there-

forenoieworth,,r.Ghivos-udninrrgrrloq'sTughloqoboddepictsthesogoofthegloriousdoysoforchitecturcricieveiopmentsoftheTughloqdynosty.The greot poloce wos mod" of g;roen bricks. The orchitecture of i'rie Tu-

ghloqobod city wos boseg 3n R*omon foshion ond wos divided into iwo

ports,oneportconsistedofthefortressCorrespondingtothecostleoftheoccident ond the other port *orl1"

"it,1, '1'1ch extended out for the resi-

dentiolondmiliioryrequirementsofthetimes.Thewqllsweremodeupofsun-driedbricks.Thehugeo,t"r*oltshodsloping,extendedtothelorgeoreo of ihe ,oJr.l"l,n oetr,i rioje. s"rni.ir.Yl* ?::Pns

with evelets were

present of ,ugJor intervols to look down of the enemles'

Amongthemo]ororchiiecturesduringtheTughloqdynosty,thetombofGhiyos-ud-pinJi otmost p"|,t*.tiy-fr"rltu"d' originolly the tomb wos con-

structed in on ortiflciol loke, which wos connutLo with the citodel by on

eminent poth. Howerrer, of pr"i"nt the orched ccusewoy hos been re-

ploced. r,e cr-,ivos-ud-Din', io*t is in the form of o self-contoined for-

tress in minioture with the srop'rirg *orr, of circuror bostions wiih eyelets for

orchery; on tti"-off,er r,ono it mlv olso hove L"*n intended os o fortified

centrol tower'

IHIRD SEMESTER

ffi

i

i ,ne rsromic orchitecture frourished under the oegis of the ruring power

' of'the Muslim tt"o of Delhiwfricfr wos mointoined fo::.:""f1",1'""-:it::?-:

:lH H;':';i',r'ri"r. The origin of these'orchirectures wos from distont ports

of western Asio,, which prevoiled in lndio from the twelfth to the sixteenth

centuries.TheorchitectureouringKholjidynostywosintheformotivestogeof building ort thot mode o little p.gtltt'in the lost yeors of the ihirteenth

century in lndio. Kholiis were trre seco"nd Muslim dynosiy qnd ruled the Delhi

Sultonote from 1290 lo 1320. Under the reign of Alo-ud:din Kholji' who os-

cended the throne of Delh i in liqo, o .rr.iol development in the field of

orchitecture took plcce. He wos considered os o greot potron.of lslomic

orchitecture. This ruler's most i.nportont building projects were tl-r'= exten-

sion of the Qutb mosque ond the construction of siri Fort in Delhi'

lslomic orchitecture in lndio wos introduced by Qutb-ud-din Aibcrk in 1 l9I '

the first slove King from the slove dynosty' He'wos the most octive potron

of the building ort ond his.constructions were of the greotest significonce

in toying the Lundotions oiif"'" style' Loter the trodition of the lslomic or-

chifecture wos foilowed ond continued by il-re Khorji dynosty. Architecture

duringKhotjidynosty*o,orotcontQuredbyAlo.ud-dinKholii.Herecon-'structedtheQutbmosqueerectedbyhispreoecessors.Heexiendedits

northern end ond roised o "otlrrol

minor. The proportion of the minor wos

doubte, compored to thos;;f il; .n. t"t up by the Slove Kings o century

,, before. The moin wolls of the mosgu? "'attil!"jsible; h:*"-I:l: T::t ":1t:

TheorchitectureofKholiidvnostywoso.gt?:tt:ilttllonofcreotiveknowledge which *o, .o,IprJ"i ]n on.rltetligent supervision' The Qutb

Minor ond the structurof "[,i."nt of the nfci OJrwozo echo this truth' Aloi

Dowozowoscompletedintr."yeorl3o5.Thisstructureisthesouthernen.tronce holl to the courtyord, o gotewoy_oi nro- ud-din Kholji' Some fresh

. influence wos present due'to thJossistonce :f llu :'rl::"0 moture de-

i veropmenis were done to in" ouidjlg l? Aloi Dorwozo is o unique build-

ing ort due to the shope ond inventiven"" of t]" ot"h"s' in the method of

its wolling, in the conception ono support system for the.dome ond in the

design of the surfoce O"toiotion' The nroi Oorwozo consists of mony indig-

enous feotures throughout its design'

'"gl-i{L-?:lir'

,f'

,iil--''rt\=d

THIRD SEMESTER

HISTORY OF ARCHIIECTURE I7

Its fobric runs in the lndion rnonner, someiimes in the form of o mereborder, of oihers comprising consideroble poris of the poitern. lt is the skil-ful fusion of the two modes thot hos produced in this building such on out-stonding work of ort. Alo- ud-din Kholji creoted four entronces to the AloiDorwozo mosque two of which were to be on the long eostern side, ondone eoch on the north ond south. However, only the southern entroncewos completed comporing to the other unflnished portions. To view theprogress of the work from hls royol residence, the Sulton constructed thesouihern quorter which wos one of the most ortistic structurol ochievementsproduced under the lslomic rule. The designs of the three outer fqces ofAloi Dorwozc ore similor, eoch contolning o toll orchwoy over o flight ofsieps leoding to the higher floor of the interior. Below is o plotform, iis verii-col sides grocefully corved in voried bonds, while the surfoce of the wollqbove is divided into two stories ond then ogoin into upright rectongulorponels, the two lower being orched recesses with stone grilles. These oreoccomplished with the combinotion of red sondstone ond white morble,olong with the orobesques ond decorotive inscriptions enriching the whole.The outstonding lslomic orchiiecture of the mosque consists of o rore kindof orch constructed in o horse-shoe shope structure. Around its outlines is

o bond of inscription corved in white morble, while in the inner curve is o"fringe" of speor-heods, ond in the spondrels cre sockets, typicol of theorchwoys in the buildings of the Sciijuqs. Suppcrting the orch ore slenrlernook-shofts, corved ond moulded, ond the whole is ploced in o recton-gulor frome work bordered with vorious repeoting potterns ond writings inwhite mcrble. The surfoces ore intricoiely corved with the coloured plosticscheme. The Aloi Darwozo os o whole is o wonderful lslqmic orchitecturein the lndigenous style. The structure not only depicts the finesse of lslomicorchitecture but olso murmr..rrs the brillionce of the development of orchi-tecture during Kholji dynosty.

THIRD SEMESTER

RED FORT I

One of the most spectoculor pieces of Mughol Architecture is the Loi Quilo

or the Red Fort. Built by the Mughol emperor, Shoh Johon between ,l638

ond ,|548, the Red Fort hos wolls extending up to 2 kms in length with the

height vorying from lB metres, on the riverside to 33 metres on the city

side.Ihe entry to this splendid fort is from the Lohori Gote or the Chotio Chowk.

Loi Quilo is now o busy morket ploce colled the * Meeno Bozoor'. This bo-zoor hos on excellent collection of ontiques, minioture pointings ond skill-

fully crofted foke ivory jewellery. The Fort sports oll the obvious iroppings

befitting o viiol center of Mughol governonce holls of public ond privote

oudiences, domed ond orched morble poloces, luxurious privote oport-

ments, o mosque, ond eloborotely designecl gordens. Even todoy, the Fort

remoins on impressive testimony to Mughol nrognificence, despite being

ottocked by the Persion Emperor Nodir Slioh in 1739, ond by the Briiish sol-

diers, during the wor of indgpendence in 1857.

The Red Fort wos the poloie for Shoh JohorTs new copitol, Shohjohonobod,

the seventh Muslim city in the Delhi site. He moved his copiiol from Agro in

o move designed to bring prestige to his reign, ond to provide omple op-

portunity to opply his ombitious building schemes ond interests' The Red

Fort stonds of the eostern edge of Shohjohonobod, ond gets its nome from

the. mossive woll of red sondstone thot defines its eight; sides. The woll is

i.Srriies iong, ond vories rn ireighfTrom 60ft orr the rive rside to I lOft towords

the city.l. Meosurements hove shown il"rot the plon wos ger()roted using

o squore grid of 82m. The fort lies olong whot wos once the course of the

Jomuno river (it hos since chonged its course) thot supplies the moois thot

surround most of the woll. The woll of its rtcrth-'ostern corner is odjoining to

on older fort, the Solimgorh, o dgl

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