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Research on High Fidelity Simulator Scenario Design to evaluate Crew Performance in abnormal and surprising Situations
Ekkehart Schubert | Research Associate Flight Safety & Flight Simulation
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 2
SMS - Safety Performance Index ( 2009 – 2015 )
Joint Project in the Federal Aeronautical Research Programme (LuFo IV-2) with focus on quantitative risk assessment & protective measures in airline operations
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 3
Multiple Failures (Accident in Munich on May 17th 2012)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 4
Unexpected & Time Critical Scenario (Definition)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 5
Pilots were scheduled for participation as part of their
working time (special refresher)
Participation in this full-flight simulator experiment was not voluntary (randomly selected)
120 pilots holding valid ATPL with appropriate type ratings
Map generated by Great Circle Mapper
copyright © Karl L. Swartz
Participants Nov/Dec 2013 (Airline Pilots)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 6
Map generated by Great Circle Mapper
copyright © Karl L. Swartz
Sim Configuration AP/FD ON in ALT/HDG Mode in 3,000 ft Flaps 2 with ATHR SPD Mode with 170 Kts
Non-precision landing @ moderate weather Wind 180°/10Kts OVC 1800ft light Rain Vis 8km “Real” ATC LFMN with RWY 22R for Landing “Real” ATC KJFK with RWY 13L and 22R for Landing
Fuel for approx. 60 min. A340-600 7,500 kg FOB / A320-200 2,500 kg FOB
Background Nov/Dec 2013 (Pilot Info)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 7
AVIATE Crew identifies unsafe nose gear Set TOGA for GA and NAV Mode
NAVIGATE PF check if A/C follow Missed Approach Procedure
COMMUNICATE PM inform ATC, cabin and PAX declare emergency?
MANGAGE THE SYSTEMS Crew executes SOPs and Checklists : ECAM, QRH and ILD Crew SA gear remains down check fuel, flight time Crew runway decision or diversion
1st malfunction (loss of green hydraulic @ gear down)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 8
AVIATE Crew identifies unsafe nose gear Set TOGA for GA and NAV Mode
NAVIGATE PF check if A/C follow Missed Approach Procedure
COMMUNICATE PM inform ATC, cabin and PAX declare emergency?
MANGAGE THE SYSTEMS Crew executes SOPs and Checklists : ECAM, QRH and ILD Crew SA gear remains down check fuel, flight time Crew runway decision or diversion
1st malfunction (loss of green hydraulic @ gear down)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 9
2nd malfunction (slats or flaps locked @ lever setting)
AVIATE & NAVIGATE Crew identifies wing tip brake on check a/c configuration, fuel, flight time Crew decides for continue approach and landing ASAP or Crew decides circling/hold (360°) or second missed approach
COMMUNICATE PM request circling / hold or second missed approach
MANGAGE THE SYSTEMS Crew executes SOPs and Checklists again: ECAM, QRH and ILD Crew SA flaps or slats movement consider possible slat/flap setting for landing Crew decision (longer runway)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 10
© Andreas Haslbeck (2013)
Experimental Observation (A346 Full Flight Simulator)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 11
JFK Overview – all 30 Crews (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 12
JFK Overview – all 30 Crews (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 13
JFK Runway selection (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 14
JFK Runway selection (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 15
JFK Approach Type (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 16
2nd GA FOB 900 kg (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 17
JFK Fuel vs. Time – all 30 Crews (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 18
JFK Fuel vs. Time – all 30 Crews (A346 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 19
NCE Overview – all 30 Crews (A320 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 20
NCE Overview – all 30 Crews (A320 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 21
NCE Runway selection (A320 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 22
Crew intend Nose Gear up Landing (A320 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 23
A320-200
Landing Runway Overrun (A320 Scenario)
CM2 QRH Trouble No ECAM items No LDG C/L SPD BRK not armed !!!
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 24
A320-200
Marseille Diversion FOB <400kg (A320 Scenario)
MAYDAY declared early Diversion to Marseille Flight Freeze ~400kg FOB
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 25
„Chain of Events” (Newcastle Incident on Aug 17th 2013)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 26
Fuel vs. Time – all 30 Crews (A320 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 27
Fuel vs. Time – all 30 Crews (A320 Scenario)
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 28
Recommendations:
Procedures have to be simplified whenever possible
Implementation of a TIME CRITICAL LANDING PROCEDURE
Fuel Management and Awareness
Simulator-Training (on top !!!):
Additional Scenarios & Simulators Unexpected and complex situations
Error Analysis Training (Train the Trainer concepts)
Simulator Results / Take away’s
APATS 2015, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-16 September 2015 | Ekkehart Schubert | Section Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Page 29
Ekkehart Schubert E-Mail: [email protected]
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Prof. Dr.-Ing. Oliver Lehmann / Sekr. F3 Marchstr. 12-14 / D-10587 Berlin / GERMANY Internet: http://www.ff.tu-berlin.de
Thank you very much for your attention !!!