Jesse arrives at the clinic, he is 14 months old

Though he looks normal in many respects his parents are worried about him

Developmental milestones 1-2

Knows a few parts of the body and can point to them when askedYES NOFollows simple commands (“Roll the ball”) and understands simple questions (“Where’s your shoe?”)YES NOEnjoys simple stories, songs, and rhymesYES NOPoints to pictures, when named, in booksYES NOAcquires new words on a regular basisYES NOUses some one- or two-word questions (“Where kitty?” or “Go bye-bye?”)YES NOPuts two words together (“More cookie” or “No juice”)YES NO

Uses many different consonant sounds at the beginning of words

Attention deficit disorder drugs

Ritalin is a mild central nervous system stimulant.

It affects chemicals in the brain that contribute to hyperactivity and impulse control.

Jesse’s brain on autopsy

Normal brain

Coronal section

Normal brain

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

18FluorodeoxyglucoseHalf life = 110 minutes

PET scanner

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Horizontal sections

Normal brain Area of abnormalActivity (seizure)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Horizontal sections

Normal brain Area of abnormalactivity in Alzheimer’spatient

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Horizontal sections

Brain showing tumor

Area of abnormalactivity (seizure)

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

Hydrogen atomMRI scanner

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)

Hemoglobin: Oxygenation changesFe 2+ to Fe 3+ MRI scanner

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

Corpus callosum

Structural MRI Functional MRI(Subject read one word)

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

TumorAgenesis of the corpus callosum

Electroencephalopathy (EEG)

Cap

Leads

Amplifier

Electroencephalopathy (EEG)

Parietal area betweenelectrodes

Neurons responsibleFor the signal