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/..1Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Future Reference Values
for Structure and Functionin the Habitat Directive Nature Types
Dr. Jesper Fredshavn
NERI, Aarhus University, DenmarkApril 26, 2007
/..2Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Reference values
Setting reference values has scientific
as well as political aspects
”how high will you fly”
”how low can you go”
/..3Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
The process of future reference values
Select relevant indicators Monitor indicators
Select a reference set of areas with favourable condition Compare variation range of reference set with entire
monitoring set Set criterias of individual indicators Set importance of different indicators
Produce reference value of structure and function from the weighted average of indicators of the reference set
/..4Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Scientific Criteria for Favourable Conservation Status in Denmark
Technical Report from NERI - 462 pp in a Danish version
Criteria for 51 habitats
Criteria for 36 species
Criteria for 75 birds
A draft version with 7 habitats, 4 species and 4 birds in English
/..5Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Table 3.29. Criteria for favourable conservation status on local/site level for the habitat type 4030. Indicators marked with (P) are pressure indicators.
Type 4030 Property Unit of measurement Criteria Comments
Area Area (hectares) Number of hectares Stable or increasing
Structure and function Naturally low nutrient level Nitrogen deposition (kg/N/hectare/year)
Not exceeding the critical load Critical load 10-20 kg/N/year, UNECE 2003
Naturally low nutrient level C/N relation in upper layer of peat Within the expected variation of the natural habitat type in Denmark. Stable or improving
Should be >30
Naturally low nutrient level Nutrition content in year-shoot of dwarf bushes
Within the expected variation of the natural habitat type in Denmark. Stable or improving
Should be <14 mg/g
Naturally low nutrient level Frequency and intensity of the heather’s leaf-beetle
Not exceeding one large attack each 15 years
Natural part of the dynamic of the heath, but increased frequency may indicate increased N-content in parts of the plant
Acidity pH The pH must be stable and not considerably lower than the natural acidity of the locality.
If no historical information is available, the natural pH can be predicted by model
Open vegetation Coverage of Mountain pine, Spruce, Aspen, Oak, Birch, and Juniper
Stable or decreasing Should be <10%. Sparse occurrence of trees may be acceptable out of consideration for animals and birds
Vegetation dynamics Coverage /frequency of heather (dwarf bushes) in the pioneer stage
Within the expected variation of the natural habitat type in Denmark. Stable or improving
Should be about 10% of the heather/ dwarf bush area. Dynamic is favourable where the heath’s other plant communities and fauna shift with the stages of the heather’s life cycle
Regeneration (heather/ dwarf bushes)
Coverage of bare soil Within the expected variation of the natural habitat type in Denmark. Stable or improving
Preferably >20% at intervals of some years. Important for establishing of lichen/ mosses, herbs, the sedge family, and for heat-demanding insects
Invasive species Coverage/ frequency of Campylopus introflexus and the other cryptogames
Stable or decreasing Should be <5%, but not more than 10% of the cryptogame community’s total frequency. The moss is invasive and an aggressive competitor to the heather’s lichen-species
Species composition of plants
Deviation from the species composition of the habitat type in reference condition
The deviation is within the expected variation of the natural habitat type in Denmark
The species composition is a diversity indicator of changes in the environment factors
Characteristic species Population of characteristic species
Index of populations of characteristic species present
Long-term maintenance on a stable or increasing level
Variations are natural. In special cases declines may be acceptable /targeted.
/..6Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Monitoring: Intensive sampling stations
201 Sampling stations, monitored yearly
Detailed data on year-to-year fluctuations
in Natura 2000 areas
6-19 stations pr habitat type
(tot. 201 stations covering 18 hab. types)
40 random sampling sites pr station (5-10 ha)
•Area: changes in sampling sites with hab. type
•Structure/function: registration of vegetation and geo/chemical indicators
•Species: sampling site and 5 m circle
/..7Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Monitoring: Extensive sampling stations
761 Sampling stations, monitored 6-years cycle
Specific data on conservation status and trends
50% in N2000 – 50% outside N2000
9-92 stations pr habitat type
(tot. 761 stations covering 16 hab. types)
40 random sampling sites pr station (5-10 ha)
•Area: changes in sampling sites with hab. type
•Structure/function: registration of vegetation and geo/chemical indicators
•Species: sampling site and 5 m circle
/..8Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Indicators - function and structure
5 m
Observations in the 5 m circle:Vegetation heightPct. cover of woody speciesPct. cover of herbivoriBog structure
Observations in the sample plots:pH in soil/waterConductivityC/N - ratioPhosphorousNitrate in soil/waterN in shoots, mosses and lichens
Observations on the station:Pct. cover of invasive speciesPct. cover of rare typical spec.
/..9Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
The 201 intensive sampling stations
Monitoring stations
Main nature types
MeadowHeath landCalc. FensDunesAcid fensGrasslandSalt meadow
/..10Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Sampling Stations
Sampling stations are each designated for one habitat type
The stations cover the habitat type broadly and often include several habitat types in a mosaic
Random sampling sites are used to :
• detect changes in area covered by each habitat type
• sampling of structure and function indicators
/..11Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Mapping of Danish habitat types
Complete mapping of all 254 Natura 2000 areas
and sampled data outside Natura 2000 areas
• Stratified Network of Monitoring Stations based on size and quality of the areas
• Natura 2000 Management Plans
Biological status assessment -
• Area: GIS data, field verification
• Structure/function: Visual, measurable field indicators
• Species: 5 m documentation circle
/..12Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Mapping the area of habitat types
Natura 2000 Designated
Area
Basic mapping of
Habitat types
(ortho photo interpretation &
field mapping)
/..13Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Structural indicators in the mapping
Vegetation structure Hydrology and coastal protection Grassing and nature management Eutrofication and pesticide spraying Habitat type specific structures
The structural indicators reflects the pressures on the habitat types
All habitat types are evaluated from the same indicators, but the scoring and weighting of the indicators vary from habitat type to habitat type
/..14Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Vegetation structure
1. Vegetation StructureCategories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Evaluation
Percent area without vegetation cover0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with grass/herb vegetation below 15 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 15-50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with grass/herb vegetation above 50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with dwarf bush formation0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with tree cover (canope)0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%Percent area with invasive species0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%
/..15Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Hydrology and coastal protection
2. Hydrology og coastal protectionCategories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Evaluation
Drainage and water catchment (bogs, mires and fens)No drainageand watercatchment
No vegetationchanges fromdrainage orwatercatchment
Drainage withsummerdesiccationand initialovergrowth
Generallydesiccatedand overgrownwith talldrylandspecies
Completedesiccationand withdrylandcharacter
Streams and watercourseNatural streamswithoutmanagement
Naturalstreams.Managementis not affectingvegetation
Someregulation ofstreams andsome streamplant cutting
Streamsregulated andwith annualcutting
All streamsin pipes
Coastal protection (coastal habitats)No coastalprotection
Coastalprotection butwith naturaldynamics andvegetationzonation
Coastalprotection withsignificantinfluence onnaturaldynamics andvegetationzonation
Strong coastalprotection withfresh waterdominatedvegetation andonly littlezonation
Fresh watervegetationwith no saltinfluence
/..16Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Agriculture and Nature management
3. Grassing and nature managementCategories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Evaluation
Percent area with grassing and/or hay cutting0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
4. Agricultural pressuresCategories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Percent area with significant effects from agricultural spraying and manuring0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%
5. Habitat specific structuresCategories of positive and negative structures
1: abundant 2: sparse/rudimentary 3: not presentHabitat type Structure
6230 Nardus grassland Large stones, ant’s nests, steep slopes. Scattered trees andbusheseutroficated and dominated by Lolium per., Elytrigia rep.,Cirsium arv., Cerastium and Poa ann.
/..17Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Species indicators
5 m
Documentation from a circle of 5 m radius
Species composition of vascular plants
The circle is placed in a homogenous area characteristic of the habitat type
/..18Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Biological Status Classes
5 quality classes for Biological Status cf. the 5 class frame used by the Water Framework Directive
I High nature status
II Good nature status
III Moderate nature status
IV Poor nature status
V Bad nature status
I & II represents the Habitat Directive’s demands for FCS
/..19Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Indicators
Status class I II III IV V
score 1,0 - 0,8 0,8 - 0,6 0,6 - 0,4 0,4 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,0
The Biological Status assessment is based on the evaluation of a set of indicators.
The Biological Status is assessed on a reference scale between 0 and 1, where 1 is the optimal condition without any negative pressures and 0 is the worst possible condition
Each indicator is evaluated separately and given a score between 0 and 1, and the biological status is then calculated from the weighted scores of the indicators
/..20Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
1. Vegetation StructureCategories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Eva
lua
tio
n
Percent area without vegetation cover0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with grass/herb vegetation below 15 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 15-50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with dwarf bush formation0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%Percent area with tree cover (canope)0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%Percent area with invasive species0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%
Calculation of Structural Index
1. Vegetation StructureCategories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Eva
lua
tio
n
Percent area without vegetation cover0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
1
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation below 15 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
3
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 15-50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
4
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
1
Percent area with dwarf bush formation0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
2
Percent area with tree cover (canope)0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%
2
Percent area with invasive species0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%
1
/..21Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Calculation of Structural Index
1. Vegetation StructureCategories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Eva
lua
tio
n
Sco
re
Percent area without vegetation cover0-5% 1.00 5-10% 0.60 10-30% 0.40 30-75% 0.10 75-100%0.00
1 1.00
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation below 15 cm0-5% 0.00 5-10% 0.10 10-30% 0.40 30-75% 0.60 75-100%1.00
3 0.40
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 15-50 cm0-5% 0.30 5-10% 0.60 10-30% 1.00 30-75% 0.60 75-100%0.30
4 0.60
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 50 cm0-5% 1.00 5-10% 0.60 10-30% 0.40 30-75% 0.10 75-100%0.00
1 1.00
Percent area with dwarf bush formation0-5% 0.30 5-10% 0.60 10-30% 1.00 30-75% 0.60 75-100%0.30
2 0.60
Percent area with tree cover (canope)0% 0.80 1-10% 1.00 10-25% 0.60 25-50% 0.30 50-100%0.00
2 1.00
Percent area with invasive species0% 1.00 1-10% 0.60 10-25% 0.40 25-50% 0.10 50-100%0.00
1 1.00
1. Vegetation Structure 0.40Categories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Eva
lua
tio
n
Sco
re
Wei
gh
t
Percent area without vegetation cover0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
1 1.00 0.05
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation below 15 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
3 0.40 0.20
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 15-50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
4 0.60 0.20
Percent area with grass/herb vegetation 50 cm0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
1 1.00 0.20
Percent area with dwarf bush formation0-5% 5-10% 10-30% 30-75% 75-100%
2 0.60 0.05
Percent area with tree cover (canope)0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%
2 1.00 0.20
Percent area with invasive species0% 1-10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-100%
1 1.00 0.10
/..22Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Species scores
The species are assigned scores from 1 to 7 based on how they react on increased antropogenic pressures:
-1 = Problem species
1 = Very tolerant
3 = Indifferent
7 = Very susceptible
The species are related to Main Habitat types: 21, coastal dunes; 40, heath land; 62, grass land; 64, meadow; 91, forests etc.
MainNature type Score Danish name Scientific name
62 -1 kløver, hvid- Trifolium repens62 -1 kvik, almindelig Elytrigia repens ssp. repens62 1 hundegræs, almindelig Dactylis glomerata62 1 kløver, rød- Trifolium pratense62 2 gåsemad, almindelig Arabidopsis thaliana62 2 gåsepotentil Argentina anserina62 3 hønsetarm, storblomstret Cerastium arvense62 3 kamgræs, almindelig Cynosurus cristatus62 4 enghavre, dunet Helictotrichon pubescens62 4 flipkrave Teesdalia nudicaulis62 5 djævelsbid Succisa pratensis62 5 evighedsblomst, gul Helichrysum arenarium62 6 kobjælde, opret Anemone pulsatilla62 6 kohvede, blåtoppet Melampyrum nemorosum62 7 guldblomme Arnica montana62 7 gøgeurt, bakke- Orchis ustulata
/..23Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Species Index vs Structural IndexDry grassland
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
6120
6210
6230
Ecological inertia
Newly established natural
areas are characterised by
high structural indices,
but for many years
they maintain a low
species diversity
Disturbed and destroyed
habitats can for many years
still maintain relicts of the
original and rare species,
but eventually the species
will disappear
/..24Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Mapping results
The mapped areas with habitat types in the Danish NATURA 2000 areas are generally small and of good or low quality.
Areas of low biological quality are expected not to meet the demands of favourable conservation status
smallmedium
large
high
good
low
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
number
Area size
Biol. quality
Distribution of areas with habitat types in Danish NATURA 2000 areas on size and quality
/..25Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Mean values of the indicators of calcareous grassland
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00ve
g_n
o
veg_
low
veg_
med
veg_
hig
h
veg_
bus
h
veg_
tree
veg_
inva
s
hyd_
dra
in
hyd_
stre
am
hyd_
coas
t
Gra
zing
Eut
roph
Ha
b_po
sitiv
e
Ha
b_ne
gativ
e
Full set 6210
Favourable set
Unfavourable set
/..26Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Mean values of the indicators of alkaline fens
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50ve
g_n
o
veg_
low
veg_
med
veg_
hig
h
veg_
bus
h
veg_
tree
veg_
inva
s
hyd_
dra
in
hyd_
stre
am
hyd_
coas
t
Gra
zing
Eut
roph
Ha
b_po
sitiv
e
Ha
b_ne
gativ
e
Full set 7230
Favourable set
Unfavourable set
/..27Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Mean values of the indicators of salt meadows
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00ve
g_n
o
veg_
low
veg_
med
veg_
hig
h
veg_
bus
h
veg_
tree
veg_
inva
s
hyd_
dra
in
hyd_
stre
am
hyd_
coas
t
Gra
zing
Eut
roph
Ha
b_po
sitiv
e
Ha
b_ne
gativ
e
Full set 1330
Favourable set
Unfavourable set
/..28Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
No of species
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
1330 6210 7230
no
of
spec
ies
Full set
Favourable set
Unfavourable set
/..29Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Reference set of alkaline fens, 7230
Eutrophication
hydr
olog
y
/..30Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Reference value
Status class I II III IV V
score 1,0 - 0,8 0,8 - 0,6 0,6 - 0,4 0,4 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,0
The Biological Status is calculated from the weighted scores of the mapping indicators
A reference set of high and good nature status would reproduce 0,6 as the reference value
An index calculated from the weighted scores of the monitoring indicators, and the selection of a reference set, would produce a national reference value of structure and function
/..31Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
The process of future reference values
Select relevant indicators
Select a reference set of areas with favourable condition
Produce reference values of structure and function
/..32Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Mapping:1.000.000 Euro’s = 16 man years over a 2 years period
254 N2000 areas with a total of 5.700 sites or appr.
16x1400 hours/ 5.700 sites = 4,0 hours/site
Monitoring:201 intensive sampling stations:
1.000.000 Euro/year = 5.000 Euro/Sampling station
761 extensive sampling stations: 800.000 Euro/year = 1.000 Euro/Sampling station
How expensive is it?
Cost calculations
/..33Jesper Fredshavn, NERI, Denmark Reference values
Thank you for your attention