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The Fragile X Protein FMRP Associates with BC1 RNA and Regulates the Translation of Specific mRNAs at Synapses Francesca Zalfa et al. (2003) Cell. Jeremy Logue. Dendritic Spines. Nimchinsky, E. et al (2002) Annual Review of Physiology. Spine Shape and Plasticity. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Fragile X Protein FMRP Associates with BC1 RNA and Regulates the Translation of Specific mRNAs at Synapses
Francesca Zalfa et al. (2003) Cell
Jeremy Logue
Dendritic Spines
Nimchinsky, E. et al (2002) Annual Review of Physiology
Nimchinsky, E. et al (2002) Annual Review of Physiology
Spine Shape and Plasticity
Acitivity Dependent Metamorphosis of Spines
Heike Hering and Morgan Sheng (2001) Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Fragile X Syndrome
• Fragile X accounts for about one-half of cases of X-linked mental retardation and is the most second most common cause of mental impairment after trisomy 21.
• Caused by a (CGG)n expansion in the FMR1 gene promoter.
• Normal individuals harbor 45 +/- 25 repeats, more than 200 produces fragile X. Repeats induce hypermethylation of the promoter, silencing the gene.
• FMR1 encodes fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA binding protein expressed in the brain.
• FRAXA patients and FMR1 KO mice exhibit abnormal dendritic spines.
Fragile X Spine Morphology
A. Fragile X patient spines
B. Normal
Irwin, S. et al (2000) Cerebral Cortex
Heike Hering and Morgan Sheng (2001) Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Macromolecular Structure of the Synapse
Claudia Bagni and William T. Greenough (2005) Nature Reviews Neuroscience
FMRP Shuttling
Claudia Bagni and William T. Greenough (2005) Nature Reviews Neuroscience
FMRP and Synapse Pruning
FMRP Granules
Antar, L et al (2004) J. Neurosci
mGluR Activation Regulates FMRP Localization
Antar, L et al (2004) J. Neurosci
Claudia Bagni and William T. Greenough (2005) Nature Reviews Neuroscience
FMRP at Synapses
BC1/BC200 RNA
• BC1 is a 200-nucleotide-long RNA pol III product.
• BC1 RNA is a non-translatable psuedogene.
• BC1 is highly expressed in the brain.
• Composed of three domains;
(1) 5’ portion homologous to the Alu Lm(2) a central adenosine rich region(3) terminal 43-nt non-repetitive domain
• Believed that BC1 was retropositionally generated and exapted into a function regulating synaptic plasticity.
Polysome/mRNP Distrubution of mRNAs
Sucrose gradient centrifugation of extracts and RT-PCR for mRNAs.
FMR1 KO exhibits shift to polysome fraction (Note: this includes BC1).
Polysome/mRNP Distribution of mRNAs
Polysome/mRNP analysis
38%
13% 22
%
17%
Protein Levels for FMR1 KO and WT
Polysome/mRNP Distribution of FMRP Protein
FMRP co-sediments with monomeric 80S ribosomes and with mRNPs in total brain and in synaptoneurosomes.
Ribo protein (control)
mRNAs Associated with FMRP Complex
IP salt dependent
Input
wt KO wt KO wt KO wt KO
qRT-PCRHuman
FMRP Binds Directly to BC1 RNA
EMSA using in vitro transcribed BC1 RNA.
750 mM NaCl used.
Concentrations?
25% of RNA bound.
Authors argue that other factors are requiredfor high-affinity binding.
Homology Between BC1 RNA and Regulated mRNAs
BC1 RNA Interacts with FMRP-Targeted mRNAs
21mer DNA oligonucleotide toward region of complementarity to MAP1B.
BC1 RNA hybiridization to mRNAs is required for FMRP complex formation.
BC1 RNA and FMRP targeted mRNAs interact in the absence of protein.
BC1 RNA Interacts with FMRP-Targeted mRNAs
Inpu
tPu
ll D
own
(-) B
C1
Inpu
tPu
ll D
own
(-) B
C1
Inpu
tPu
ll D
own
(-) B
C1
Inpu
tPu
ll D
own
(-) B
C1
Inpu
tPu
ll D
own
(-) B
C1
Inpu
tPu
ll D
own
(-) B
C1
Total brain RNA mixed with biotin labeled BC1 RNA.
Conclusions• Translation of key mRNAs is upregulated in FMR1 KO mice.
• Translational repression is stronger at synapses.
• BC1 RNA determines specificity of mRNAs to be regulated by FMRP.
• FMRP and BC1 RNA associate directly.
• The association between BC1 RNA and FMRP-regulated mRNAs occurs in the absence of proteins.
• FMRP’s role in translational repression at synapses likely underlies abnormalities in dedritic spine morphology in FRAXA patients and in FMR1 KO mice.
• Mechanism of translation repression remains unkown.