Jeff Cherry - KISD Urban Geography. So where have you lived? Rural countryside? Small rural town? Large town Small city? Big city? Suburbs

Jeff Cherry - KISDJeff Cherry - KISD

Urban GeographyUrban Geography

So where have you lived?So where have you lived?

Rural countryside?Rural countryside? Small rural town?Small rural town? Large townLarge town Small city?Small city? Big city?Big city? Suburbs of a big city?Suburbs of a big city? https://youtu.be/fKnAJCSGSdkhttps://youtu.be/fKnAJCSGSdk


What does urban mean?What does urban mean? It refers to the built up space of a central It refers to the built up space of a central

city and its suburbs. city and its suburbs.


11stst agricultural village agricultural villageCatal Huyuk (Turkey)Catal Huyuk (Turkey)



11stst Urban Revolution Urban Revolution

10,000 – 12,000 years ago10,000 – 12,000 years ago 5 early hearths5 early hearths

Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates)Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates) Nile River ValleyNile River Valley Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley Yellow River ValleyYellow River Valley MesoamericaMesoamerica


22ndnd Urban Revolution Urban Revolution

Late 18Late 18thth / early 19 / early 19thth century century Mirroring the Mirroring the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Starting in England and spread to Europe Starting in England and spread to Europe

and America.and America. Gave rise to unplanned and rapid growth, Gave rise to unplanned and rapid growth,

creating overcrowded slums, poor creating overcrowded slums, poor sanitation, and polluted sanitation, and polluted “black cities.”“black cities.” Described by Charles DickensDescribed by Charles Dickens


Bleak Industrial CitiesBleak Industrial Cities

Warnings of Warnings of population growth by population growth by Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus seemed to appear seemed to appear true, as overcrowded, true, as overcrowded, slum like conditions slum like conditions prevailed in the prevailed in the Midlands of England.Midlands of England.

Where is this Where is this phenomenon found phenomenon found today?today?


Quality of life was slow to progressQuality of life was slow to progress


UrbanizationUrbanization


Barrios, Favelas, GecekonduBarrios, Favelas, Gecekondu


Urbanization’s patternUrbanization’s pattern

In 1800, only 3% of the world’s population In 1800, only 3% of the world’s population lived in a city.lived in a city. 6% in 18506% in 1850 14% in 190014% in 1900 30% in 195030% in 1950 47% in 200047% in 2000 50% in 2007 (Monumental moment)50% in 2007 (Monumental moment) 2020 projection – 62% urban2020 projection – 62% urban 2050 projection – 75% urban2050 projection – 75% urban


Where is this happening?Where is this happening? 90% of population growth will take place in 90% of population growth will take place in

the LDC’s of the world,the LDC’s of the world, and conversely the and conversely the rate of urbanization.rate of urbanization.

https://youtu.be/v1p9jlQUW0khttps://youtu.be/v1p9jlQUW0k


The biggest of the biggest!The biggest of the biggest!

MegalopolisMegalopolis Large cities and their suburbs Large cities and their suburbs

interconnected with other cities and their interconnected with other cities and their suburbs.suburbs.BosnywashBosnywashTokaidoTokaidoRandstad “blue banana” or Randstad “blue banana” or

“bluemarang”“bluemarang”Jeff Cherry - KISDJeff Cherry - KISD

““Bosnywash” megalopolisBosnywash” megalopolis



““blue banana” blue banana” or or bluemarang”bluemarang”



Urban EnvironmentsUrban Environments World MegacitiesWorld Megacities (10 million or more) (10 million or more)

More than ¾ of the current metropolitan areas that More than ¾ of the current metropolitan areas that are Megacities are found in the developing world.are Megacities are found in the developing world.

This number is expected to be a 4 to 1 ratio by 2025.This number is expected to be a 4 to 1 ratio by 2025. TokyoTokyo Mexico CityMexico City MumbaiMumbai SeoulSeoul Sao PauloSao Paulo ShanghaiShanghai JakartaJakarta (This list is argumentative and subject to change)(This list is argumentative and subject to change) https://youtu.be/eFboV2m1yuwhttps://youtu.be/eFboV2m1yuw


Urban AgglomerationsUrban Agglomerations

Metropolitan Area (MSA)Metropolitan Area (MSA) The U.S. designate a city with at least 50,000The U.S. designate a city with at least 50,000 At least 25 persons per square mileAt least 25 persons per square mile At least 50% of people working in central cityAt least 50% of people working in central city

ConurbationConurbation Metropolitan areas that are connected to one Metropolitan areas that are connected to one

another yet smaller than a megalopolis.another yet smaller than a megalopolis. Chicago-Milwaukee-GaryChicago-Milwaukee-Gary Dallas-Forth WorthDallas-Forth Worth


Hamlet:Hamlet: less than 500 usually at a less than 500 usually at a crossroadcrossroad

VillageVillage: 500-2500 people and : 500-2500 people and specializes in one economic activity.specializes in one economic activity.

Town:Town: has between 2500 and 20,000 has between 2500 and 20,000 people with a functioning government people with a functioning government and specialized activities.and specialized activities.

City:City: has between 20,000 to 1 million has between 20,000 to 1 million people. A regional center of people. A regional center of government and trade.government and trade.

ALL OF THESE DEFINITIONS CAN BE ALL OF THESE DEFINITIONS CAN BE DETERMINED BY INDIVIDUAL DETERMINED BY INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES


How are Urban Areas Laid out?How are Urban Areas Laid out?

There are 3 primary models of urban There are 3 primary models of urban structure within U.S. cities:structure within U.S. cities: Concentric Zone ModelConcentric Zone Model Sector ModelSector Model Multiple Nuclei ModelMultiple Nuclei Model

Various urban patterns have developed in Various urban patterns have developed in other parts of the world.other parts of the world.


Concentric Zone ModelConcentric Zone Model


Concentric Zone ModelConcentric Zone Model

Developed by E.W. Burgess in 1923Developed by E.W. Burgess in 1923 A city grows outward in rings from the central A city grows outward in rings from the central

city, or CBD.city, or CBD. The size and width of the bands may vary.The size and width of the bands may vary. Generally there are 5 bands:Generally there are 5 bands:

Central Business DistrictCentral Business District Zone of transition (industry and poorer housing)Zone of transition (industry and poorer housing) Working class homesWorking class homes Newer middle class homesNewer middle class homes Commuter zoneCommuter zone


Sector ModelSector Model


Sector ModelSector Model

Developed in 1939 by Homer HoytDeveloped in 1939 by Homer Hoyt Possibly environmental factors created Possibly environmental factors created

wedges or pie shapes away from the CBD.wedges or pie shapes away from the CBD. Zones or pie-shaped sectors include:Zones or pie-shaped sectors include:

Transportation and industryTransportation and industry Low-class residentialLow-class residential Middle-class residentialMiddle-class residential High-class residentialHigh-class residential


Multiple-Nuclei ModelMultiple-Nuclei Model


Multiple-Nuclei ModelMultiple-Nuclei Model C.D. Harris & E.L Ullman in 1945C.D. Harris & E.L Ullman in 1945 A complex structure that includes more than one city center.A complex structure that includes more than one city center. Multiple-Nuclei states that some activities are attracted to particular Multiple-Nuclei states that some activities are attracted to particular

nodes.nodes. A Multiple-Nuclei city might have:A Multiple-Nuclei city might have:

CBDCBD Wholesale, light manufacturingWholesale, light manufacturing Low-class residentialLow-class residential Medium-class residentialMedium-class residential High-class residentialHigh-class residential Heavy manufacturingHeavy manufacturing Outlying business districtOutlying business district Residential suburbResidential suburb Industrial suburbIndustrial suburb



Related topics of UrbanizationRelated topics of Urbanization

Central Place TheoryCentral Place Theory Rank-size ruleRank-size rule Primate city and Primate city rulePrimate city and Primate city rule World citiesWorld cities Daily urban systemsDaily urban systems Suburbanization/”Edge Cities”Suburbanization/”Edge Cities” Gentrification/New UrbanismGentrification/New Urbanism


Rank-size RuleRank-size Rule

In MDC’s, geographers notice that a In MDC’s, geographers notice that a ranking from largest to smallest ranking from largest to smallest (population) produces a regular pattern or (population) produces a regular pattern or hierarchy.hierarchy.

In other words, the 2In other words, the 2ndnd largest city is one- largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the 4half the size of the largest, the 4thth largest is largest is one-fourth the size of the largest, and so one-fourth the size of the largest, and so on.on.


Rank-size illustrationRank-size illustration




Central Place Theory- Central Place Theory- Walter ChristallerWalter Christaller

A A central placecentral place is a market center for the is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding people attracted from the surrounding area.area.

Explains how services are distributed, Explains how services are distributed, therefore why settlement patterns are fairly therefore why settlement patterns are fairly regular in MDC’sregular in MDC’s



Using the Central Using the Central Place Theory, use the Place Theory, use the map to create market map to create market centers for MLB centers for MLB teams, NBA teams, teams, NBA teams, NFL teams, and NFL teams, and Media markets Media markets including newspaper including newspaper and television in and television in Texas.Texas.

Use different colored Use different colored rings to illustrate and rings to illustrate and label.label.

John BorchertJohn Borchert Borchert’sBorchert’s ideas are ideas are

based on the impact based on the impact of transportation and of transportation and communication communication technology on the technology on the development of North development of North American cities.American cities.

Cities will grow and Cities will grow and decline respectively decline respectively based on their based on their positions of hierarchy.positions of hierarchy.

Sail and Wagon EpochSail and Wagon Epoch 1790-18301790-1830

Steam-Iron Horse EpochSteam-Iron Horse Epoch 1830-18701830-1870

Steel Rail EpochSteel Rail Epoch 1870-19201870-1920

Auto-Air Amenity EpochAuto-Air Amenity Epoch 1920-19701920-1970

High Technology/ High Technology/ Telecommunication EpochTelecommunication Epoch Not in Borcherts modelNot in Borcherts model

1970’s into 211970’s into 21stst century centuryJeff Cherry - KISDJeff Cherry - KISD


Primate City rulePrimate City rule

A country’s largest city is the primate city.A country’s largest city is the primate city. The primate city rule is slightly different The primate city rule is slightly different

than the rank-size rule.than the rank-size rule. In the primate city rule, the primate city is In the primate city rule, the primate city is

MORE than twice the size of the next city. MORE than twice the size of the next city. Example: London 11 million to Example: London 11 million to

Birmingham (2Birmingham (2ndnd largest) 3 million. largest) 3 million.


World CitiesWorld Cities

These cities are the dominant economic These cities are the dominant economic cities in the world.cities in the world.

They have a large concentration of global They have a large concentration of global companies and business centers.companies and business centers.

Dominant sectors include law, banking, Dominant sectors include law, banking, insurance, accounting, advertising, and insurance, accounting, advertising, and the stock market.the stock market.


World City HierarchyWorld City Hierarchy


Emerging “Edge Cities”Emerging “Edge Cities”

““Edge Cities”, Edge Cities”, a phrase coined by a phrase coined by

geographer geographer Joel Joel Garreau.Garreau.


““Edge Cities”Edge Cities”

These “edge cities” are suburban areas that These “edge cities” are suburban areas that are almost totally self-sufficient in terms of are almost totally self-sufficient in terms of shopping, leisure activities, and shopping, leisure activities, and workplaces.workplaces.

Examples in Houston area include:Examples in Houston area include: League City-Nasa AreaLeague City-Nasa Area The WoodlandsThe Woodlands Medical Center-West UniversityMedical Center-West University Sugarland-Richmond-RosenburgSugarland-Richmond-Rosenburg KATY!KATY!




““Daily urban systems”Daily urban systems”

Urban MovementsUrban Movements Gentrification and the New UrbanismGentrification and the New Urbanism

https://youtu.be/5nyDbHi1YQEhttps://youtu.be/5nyDbHi1YQE https://youtu.be/VGJt_YXIoJIhttps://youtu.be/VGJt_YXIoJI


RedliningRedlining Racially biased loan practices to depress Racially biased loan practices to depress

communities and drive down property values.communities and drive down property values.

BlockbustingBlockbusting Realtors convinced white owners that Realtors convinced white owners that

minorities were moving in, essentially buying minorities were moving in, essentially buying up property at a low cost.up property at a low cost.

Properties would then be sub-divided and Properties would then be sub-divided and sold to minorities or developers.sold to minorities or developers.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98IYrtA4U8cv=98IYrtA4U8c


Documents

Jeff Cherry - KISD Urban Geography. So where have you lived? Rural countryside? Small rural town? Large town Small city? Big city? Suburbs