INTENSIVECARE

MEDICINE

EI:mA UALUPDATE

JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT

INTENSIVECARE

MEDICINE

ANNUALUPDATE

2010

Editor

Jean-Louis VincentMD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP

Head, Department of Intensive CareErasme Hospital, Universire libre de Bruxelles

Brussels, Belgium

With 93 Figures and 59 Tables

~ Springer

]EAN-LoUIS VINCENT, MD, PHD, FCCM, FCCPHead, Department of Intensive CareErasme HospitalUniversire libre de BruxellesRoute de Lennik 8081070 BrusselsBelgium

ISBN 978-1-4419-5561-6

© 2010 Springer Science + Business Media Inc.

Printed on acid-free paper.

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Table of Contents

I The Microcirculation

v

The Microcirculation and Oxidative StressA. HARROIS, E. VICAUT, and J. DURANTEAU 3

64

Diagnosis and Treatment of the Septic MicrocirculationC. RUIZ, G. HERNANDEZ, and C.INCE 16

Targeted Treatment of Microvascular DysfunctionJ.H. BOYD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27

11 Hemodynamic Monitoring

Diagnosing Hypovolemia in Critically III PatientsA. PERNER and U.G. PEDERSEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39

Measuring Stroke Volume Using Electrical Impedance TomographyH. LUEPSCHEN, S. LEONHARDT, and C. PUTENSEN 46

Direct Arterial Pressure Monitoring: Pattern Recognition in the Managementof Circulatory Failure

M. NIRMALAN and M.R. PINSKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Choosing Patient-tailored Hemodynamic MonitoringC. SLAGT, R.-M.B.G.E. BREUKERS, and A.B.J. GROENEVELD

111 Resuscitation Issues

Airway and Ventilation during CPRJ.P. NOLAN and J. SOAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75

The Role of Gasping in ResuscitationL.P. ROPPOLO, P.E. PEPE, and B.J. BOBROW 83

Recent Concepts in Burn ResuscitationD.J. DRIES and W.J. MOHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96

Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation in Cardiogenic ShockK. WERDAN, M. Russ, and M. BUERKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

IV Inflammatory Responses in the Lung

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Acute Lung InjuryV. D'SOUZA, R.C.A. DANCER, and D.R. THICKETT . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

VI Table 01 Contents

Role of CD14 in Lung Inflammation and InfeetionA. ANAS, T. VAN DER POLL, and A.F. OE VOS 129

V Mechanical Ventilation

Measurement of Funetional Residual Capaeity during Meehanical VentilationG. BELLANI, N. PATRONITI, and A. PESENTI 143

New and Conventional Strategies for Lung Reeruitment in Aeute RespiratoryDistress Syndrome

P. PELOSI, M. GAMA OE ABREU, and P.R.M. Rocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154

Consequenees of Pleural Effusions for Respiratory Meehanicsin Ventilated Patients

J. GRAF, P. FORMENTI, and J.J. MARINI 164

Weaning Failure of Cardiae Origin: Reeent AdvaneesJ.-1. TEBOUL, X. MONNET, and C. RICHARO 175

VI Respiratory Failure

The Effeets of Pleural EffusionD. CHIUMELLO, V. BERTO, and E. GALLAZZI 185

Fluid Management in Aeute Lung Injury and ARDSA. ROCH, C. GUERVILLY, and 1. PAPAZIAN 193

Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from HINI Influenza: Lessons from theSouthern Cone Outbreak

C.M. LUNA, R. VALENTINI, and O. RIZZO 203

VII Infections

Cytomegalovirus Infections in Non-immunocompromised Critically III PatientsD.F. FLORESCU and A.C. KALIL 219

Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-related Infeetion in the Intensive Care UnitD. FRASCA, C. DAHYOT-FIZELIER, and O. MIMOZ 223

Standardization of Care to Improve Outeomes of Patients with Ventilator­Associated Pneumonia and Severe Sepsis

M.H . KOLLEF and S.T. MICEK 235

Strategies for Implementation of Evidenee-based Guidelines for Preventionof Healtheare-associated Infeetion

S. LABEAU, D. VANDIJCK, and S. BLOT 244

Antibiotic Stewardship: Possibilities when Resourees Are LimitedD. CURCIO 257

VIII Metabolie SupportVitamin D in Critieal Illness

A. KRIsHNAN, J. OCHOLA, and B. VENKATESH 273

Table of Contents VII

IX Anticoagulant Therapies

Update on Antithrombin for the Treatment of Burn Trauma and SmokeInhalation Injury

S. REHBERG, D.L. TRABER, and P. ENKHBAATAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 285

Update on Physiologieal Antieoagulant Factor Concentrates in Patients with SepsisM. LEVI and T. VAN DER POLL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

X Anemia and Blood Transfusions

Venous Oxygen Saturation as a Physiologie Transfusion TriggerB. VALLET, E. ROBIN, and G. LEBUFFE 313

Tissue Protective Activities of ErythropoietinN.S.A. PATEL, M.M. YAQOOB, and C. THIEMERMANN 321

XI Renal Disease and Therapy

Doppler-Based Renal Resistive Index: A Comprehensive ReviewM. DARMON, D. SCHNELL, and E ZENI ' " 331

Atrial Natriuretie Peptide in Postoperative Acute Renal FailureS.-E. RICKSTEN and K. SWÄRD 339

Renal Dysfunction in Chronic Liver DiseaseA. SLACK, A. YEOMAN, and I. WENDON 349

Hemofiltration and Hybrid Therapies in 2010P.M. HONORE, O. ]OANNES-BoYAU, and T. Ross 365

Timing of Renal Replacement TherapyW. DE CORTE, 1. OE LAET, and E.A.]. HOSTE 373

XII Neurological Aspeets

Multimodal Monitoring: A Critieal Tool in the Neuro-ICUK. SHUKRI and ES. ALl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 383

Hemodynamie Management of Acute Spinal Cord InjuryO. SOLAIMAN and D. ZYGUN 392

Quantitative CT Scan and CT-Estimated Brain Specific Gravity in TB!V. DEGOS, T. LESCOT, and L. PUYBASSET 399

Cerebral Perfusion in SepsisC.S. BURKHART, M. SIEGEMUNO, and L.A. STEINER 411

Systemic Complications after Subarachnoid HemorrhageA. CARICATO, R. MAVIGLIA, and M. ANTONELLI 419

XIII Perioperative Management

Epidural Anesthesia: New Indieations for an Old TechniqueA. GOTTSCHALK, C. ERTMER, and M. WESTPHAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Risk Assessment and Prevention of Perioperative StrokeA. PAPANGELOU and M. MIRSKI 439

VIII Table of Contents

Overview of Chronic Post-thoracotomy Pain: Etiology and TreatmentP.K. BATTU, T.D. PRIEST, and E GAO-SMITH 455

XIV Abdominal Compartment SyndromeThe Polycompartment Syndrome: What's all the Fuss About?

M.L.N .G. MALBRAIN, I. DE LAET, and J. DE WAELE 465

Laparostomy: Why and When?A.K. LEPPANIEMI . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

XV Drug Distribution and Clearance

Augmented Renal Clearance: Unraveling the Mystery of Elevated AntibioticClearance

A.A. UDY, J.A. ROBERTS, and J. LIPMAN " 495

Drug Distribution: Is it a more Important Determinant of Drug Dosing thanClearance?

M. ULLDEMOLINS, J.A. ROBERTS, and J. RELLa 507

XVI Risk Stratification

Risk Stratification in Severe Sepsis: Organ Failure Scores, PIRO or Both?R.P. MORENO, P. METNITZ, and P. BAUER 519

XVII Critical Care Outreach

On the Response to Acutely Deteriorating PatientsS. MUKHERJEE and S.J. BRETT 531

Identifying Cardiorespiratory Insufficiency Outside the ICUM.R. PINSKY and M. HRAVNAK " 539

XVIII End-of-life Issues

An Update on ICU Management of the Potential Organ DonorM.T. KEEGAN, K.E. WOOD, and D.B. COURSIN 547

End-of-life Care in the ICU: Commonalities and Differences Between NorthAmerica and Europe

Y.-L.C. NGUYEN, EB. MAYR, and D.C. ANGUS 560

XIX Patient Care

Do Sleep Disorders have an Impact on Outcome in ICU Patients?J. MANTZ, C. PAUGAM-BuRTZ, and S. HAMADA 571

Communication in Crisis : The Importance of 'Verbal Dexterity'P.G. BRINDLEY 581

Patient Safety and Acute Care Medicine: Lessons for the Future, Insightsfrom the Past

P.G. BRINDLEY 590

Subject Index 597

List of Contributors

ALl FSDepartment of Emergency MedicineKing Fahad Specialist HospitalPO Box 15215Dammam 31444Saudi Arabia

ANAS A

Center for Experimental and MolecularMedicineCenter of Infection and ImmunityAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9, G2-1301105AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

ANGUS DCDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA

ANTONELLl MInstitute of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School of MedicineLargo A. Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly

BATTU PKDepartment of Anesthesia, CriticalCare and PainWarwick Medical SchoolBordesley Green EastBirmingham B9 5SSUnited Kingdom

BAUER PDepartment of Medical StatisticsMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18-201090 ViennaAustria

BELLANI GDepartment of Perioperative andIntensive Care MedicineSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320052 MonzaItaly

BERTO VDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareFondazione IRCSSOspedale Maggiore PoliclinicoVia Francesco Sforza 3520122 MilanItaly

BLOT SGeneral Internal Medicine andInfectious DiseasesUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium

IX

X List of Contributors

BOBROW BJBureau of Emergency Medical Services& Trauma SystemThe Arizona Department of HealthServices150 North 18th Avenue, #540Phoenix, AZ 85007USA

BOYD JHCritical Care Research LaboratoriesHeart and Lung InstituteSt. Paul's Hospital1081 Burrard StreetVancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6Canada

BRETT SJDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareHammersmith HospitalDu Cane RoadLondon W12 OHSUnited Kingdom

BREUKERS RMBGEDepartment of Intensive CareVUMCDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands

BRINDLEY PDivision of Critical Care Medicine4H 1.22 University of Alberta Hospital8440-112th StreetEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7Canada

BUERKE MDepartment of Medicine IIIUniversity HospitalErsnst-Grube-Strasse 4006120 HalleGermany

BURKHART CSDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalSpitalstrasse 214031 BaselSwitzerland

CARICATO AInstitute of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School of MedicineLargo A. Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly

CHIUMELLO DDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareFondazione IRCSSOspedale Maggiore PoliclinicoVia Francesco Sforza 3520122 MilanItaly

COURSIN DBDepartment of Anesthesiology andMedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School ofMedicine and Public Health600 Highland AvenueMadison, WI 53792USA

CURCIO DInfectious Diseases DepartmentInstituto Sacre CourInfectologia Institucional SRLParaguay 31281425 Capital FederalArgentina

DAHYOT-FIZELIER CSurgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire2 rue de la Mileterie86021 PoitiersFrance

DANCER RCALung Investigation Unit1st floor Nuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth HospitalEdgbastonBirmingham BIS 2THUni ted Kingdom

DARMON MMedical-Surgical Intensive Care UnitSaint-Etienne University HospitalAvenue Albert Raimond42270 Saint-Priest-en-]arezFrance

DE CORTE W

Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareAZ GroeningeHoutmarkt8500 KortrijkBelgium

DEGOS VUnit of Neuro-intensive CareDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU Pitie-Salpetriere47-83, boulevard de l'Höpital75651 Paris Cedex 13France

DE LAET IIntensive Care UnitZiekenhuisNetwerk AntwerpenZNA StuivenbergLange Beeldekensstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium

DE Vos AFCenter for Experimental and MolecularMedicineCenter of Infection and ImmunityAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9, G2-1301105AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

DE WAELE]

Surgical Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium

List of Contributors XI

DRIES D]

Department of Surgery andAnesthesiologyRegions Hospital640 ]ackson Street, #11503CSt. Paul, MN 55101USA

D'SOUZA VLung Investigation Unit1st floor Nuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth HospitalEdgbastonBirmingham B15 2THUnited Kingdom

DURANTEAU]

Department of Anesthesia and SurgicalIntensive CareCHU de Bicetre78 rue du General Ledere94275 Le Kremlin BicetreFrance

ENKHBAATAR PInvestigational Intensive Care UnitDepartment of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University Blvd.Galveston, TX 77555-0833USA

ERTMER CDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity of MuensterAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany

FLORESCU DF

Infectious Diseases DivisionUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center985400 Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198-5400USA

FORMENTI PPulmonary ResearchRegions Hospital640 ]ackson StSt. Paul, MN 55101USA

XII List of Contributors

FRASCA DSurgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire2 rue de la Mileterie86021 PoitiersFrance

GALLAZZI EAnesthesia and Intensive CareFondazione IRCSSOspedale Maggiore PolidinicoVia Francesco Sforza 3520122 MilanItaly

GAMA DE ABREU MDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CarePulmonary Engineering GroupUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusFetscherstr. 7401307 DresdenGermany

GAO-SMITH F

Department of Anesthesia, CriticalCare and PainWarwiek Medical SchoolBordesley Green EastBirmingham B9 5SSUnited Kingdom

GOTTSCHALK A

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity of MuensterAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany

GRAF J

Pulmonary ResearchRegions Hospital640 Iackson StSt. Paul, MN 55101USA

GROENEVELD ABJ

Department of Intensive CareVUMCDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands

GUERVILLY CMedical Intensive CareHöpital Sainte-Marguerite270 Bd de Sainte Marguerite13009 MarseilleFrance

HAMADA S

Department of Anesthesia and CriticalCareBeaujon University Hospital100 boulevard du General Ledere92110 ClichyFrance

HARROIS A

Department of Anesthesia and SurgicalIntensive CareCHU de Bicetre78 rue du General Ledere94275 Le Kremlin BicetreFrance

HERNANDEZ G

Department of Intensive CareMedical FacultyCatholic University of ChileMarcoleta 367Santiago de ChileChile

HONoRE PMICU High and Medium CareBurn CenterQueen Astrid Military HospitalRue Bruyn 11120 BrusselsBelgium

HOSTE EAJ

Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium

HRAVNAK MSchool of NursingUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine606 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA

INCE CDepartment of Intensive CareErasmus Medical CenterErasmus University of RotterdamS-Gravendijkwal 2303015 CE RotterdamNetherlands

JOANNEs-BoYAU 0Department of Intensive CareHaut Leveque University Hospital ofBordeauxPessacFrance

KAUL ACInfectious Diseases DivisionUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center985400 Nebraska Medical CenterOrnaha, NE 68198-5400USA

KEEGAN MTMayo Clinic College of Medicine200 1st Street SWRochester, MN 55905-0001USA

KOLLEF MHDivision of Pulmonary and CriticalCare MedicineWashington University School ofMedicine660 South Euc1id Avenue, Campus Box8052St. Louis, MO 63110USA

KRISHNAN ADepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and IpswichHospitalsBrisbane, QLD 4102Australia

List of Contributors XIII

LABEAU SFaculty of Medicine and HealthSeiencesUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium

LEBUFFE GDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of LilleRue Michel Polonovski59037 LilleFrance

LEONHARDT SMedical Information TechnologyHelmholtz-InsituteRWTH UniversityPauwelsstrasse 2052074 AachenGermany

LEPPÄNIEMI ADepartment of SurgeryMeilahti HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiHaartmaninkatu 4PO Box 34000029 HusFinland

LESCOT TUnit of Surgical Intensive CareDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU Pitie-Salpetriere47-83, boulevard de I'Höpital75651 Paris Cedex 13France

LEVI MDepartment of Medicine (F-4)Academic Medica CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

XIV List of Contributors

LIPMAN JDepartment of Intensive Care MedicineRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbane, Queensland 4029Australia

LUEPSCHEN HDepartment of Anesthesiology andOperative Intensive Care MedicineUniversity of BonnSigmund-Freud Strasse 2553105 BonnGermany

LUNA CM

Universidad de Buenos AiresHospital de ClinicasAcevedo 1070Banfield1828 Buenos AiresArgentina

MALBRAIN MLNG

Intensive Care UnitZiekenhuisNetwerk AntwerpenZNA StuivenbergLange Beeldekensstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium

MANTZ JDepartment of Anesthesia and CriticalCareBeaujon University Hospital100 Boulevard du General Leclerc92110 ClichyFrance

MARINI JJPulmonary and Critical CareRegions HospitalMS-1l203B640 [ackson StSt. Paul, MN 55101USA

MAVIGLIA RInstitute of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCatholic University School of MedicineLargo A. Gemelli 800168 RomeItaly

MAYR FBDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA

METNITZ PDepartment of Anesthesiology andGeneral Intensive CareMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18-201090 ViennaAustria

MICEK STPharmacy Department/MS 90-52-411Barnes-Iewish HospitalOne Barnes-[ewish Hospital PlazaSt. Louis, MO 63110USA

MIMOZ 0Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire2 Rue de la Mileterie86021 PoitiersFrance

MIRSKI M

Department of Anesthesiology andCritical Care Medicine600 N. Wolfe StreetMeyer 8-140Baltimore, MD 21287USA

MOHR WJBurn CenterRegions Hospital640 [ackson Street, #11503CSt. Paul , MN 55101USA

MaNNET XService of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier de Bicetre78 rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

MORENO RP

Unit of Polyvalent Intensive CareHospital de St. Antonio dos CapuchosCentro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central,E.P.E.1150-069 LisbonPortugal

MUKHER]EE SDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareHammersmith HospitalDu Cane RoadLondon W12 OHSUnited Kingdom

NGUYEN YLCDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA

NIRMALAN M

Critical Care UnitManchester Royal InfirmaryOxford roadManchester, M13 9WLUnited Kingdom

NOLAN JP

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineRoyal United HospitalCombe ParkBath BAI 3NGUnited Kingdom

OCHOLA J

Department of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and IpswichHospitalsBrisbane, QLD 4102Australia

List of Contributors XV

PAPANGELOU A

Department of Anesthesiology andCritical Care Medicine600 N. Wolfe StreetMeyer 8-140Baltimore, MD 21287USA

PAPAZIAN LMedical Intensive CareHöpital Sainte-Marguerite270 Bd de Sainte Marguerite13009 MarseilleFrance

PATEL NSA

The William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCentre for Translational Medicine andTherapeuticsBarts and The LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon ECIM 6BQUnited Kingdom

PATRONITI N

Department of Perioperative andIntensive Care MedicineSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320052 MonzaItaly

PAUGAM-BuRTZ CDepartment of Anesthesia and CriticalCareBeaujon University Hospital100 boulevard du General Ledere92110 ClichyFrance

PEDERSEN UGDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalRigshospitalet2100 CopenhagenDenmark

XVI List of Contributors

PELOSI P

Department of Ambient Health andSafetyServizio Anestesia BOspedale di CircoloUniversity of InsubriaViale Borri 5721100 VareseItaly

PEPE PE

Department of Emergency MedicineThe University of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center and the ParklandHealth and Hospital System5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Mai!Code 8579Dallas, TX 75390-8579USA

PERNER ADepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalRigshospitalet2100 CopenhagenDenmark

PESENTI ADepartment of Perioperative andIntensive Care MedicineSan Gerardo HospitalVia Pergolesi 3320052 MonzaItaly

PINSKY MR

Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine606 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA

PRIEST TDDepartment of Anesthesia,Critical Care and PainWarwick Medical SchoolBordesley Green EastBirmingham B9 5SSUnited Kingdom

PUTENSEN CDepartment of Anesthesiology andOperative Intensive Care MedicineUniversity of BonnSigmund-Freud Strasse 2553105 BonnGermany

PUYBASSET LUnit de Neuro-intensive CareDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareCHU Pitie-Salpetriere47-83, boulevard de l'H öpital75651 Paris Cedex 13France

REHBERG S

Investigational Intensive Care UnitDepartment of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University Blvd.Galveston, TX 77555-0833USA

RELLO JCritical Care Department[oan XXIII University HospitalMallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain

RICHARD CService of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier de Bicetre78 rue du General Leclere94270 Le Krernlin-BicetreFrance

RICKSTEN SE

Department of CardiothoracicAnesthesia and Intensive CareSahlgrenska University Hospital41345 GöreborgSweden

RIZZO 0Hospital de Rehabilitacion RespiratoriaMaria FerrerFinochietto 849Barracas, Capital Federal4307-6738Argentina

ROBERTS JABums, Trauma and Critical CareResearchCentre, The University of QueenslandLevel 3, Ned Hanlon BuildingRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalHerston 4020, QueenslandAustralia

ROBIN EDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of LilleRue Michel Polonovski59037 LilleFrance

ROCH AMedical Intensive CareH öpital Sainte-Marguerite270 Bd de Sainte Marguerite13009 MarseilleFrance

Rocco PRMLaboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationUniversidade Federal do Rio de [aneiroInstituto de Biofisica Carlos ChagasFilhoC.C.S. Ilha do Fundao21941-902 Rio de IaneiroBrazil

ROPPOLO LPEmergency Medicine ResidencyThe University of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center and the ParklandHealth and Hospital System5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MailCode 8579Dallas, TX 75390-8579USA

ROSE TDepartment of Intensive Care andSurgeryBurn CenterQueen Astrid Military HospitalRue Bruyn 11120 BrusselsBelgium

List of Contributors XVII

RUIZ CDepartment of Intensive CareMedical FacultyCatholic University of ChileMarcoleta 367Santiago de ChileChile

Russ MDepartment of Medicine IIIUniversity HospitalErsnst-Grube-Strasse 4006120 HalleGermany

SCHNELL DMedical Intensive Care UnitSaint-Louis University Hospital1 Rue Claude Vellefaux,75010 ParisFrance

SHUKRI KDepartment of Critical CareKing Fahad Specialist HospitalPO Box 15215Dammam 31444Saudi Arabia

SIEGEMUND MDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineOperative Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalSpitalstrasse 214031 BaselSwitzerland

SLACK AInstitute of Liver StudiesKing's College HospitalDenmark HillLondon SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom

SLAGT CDepartment of Intensive CareVUmcDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands

XVIII List of Contributors

SOAR J

Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineSouthmead HospitalBristol BSI0 5NBUnited Kingdom

SOLAIMAN 0Interdepartmental Division of CriticalCareUniversity of TorontoToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst StreetToronto, ONT M5T 258Canada

STEINER LA

Department of AnesthesiologyCentre Hospitalier UniversitaireVaudoisRue du Bugnon 461011 LausanneSwitzerland

SWÄRD KDepartment of CardiothoracicAnesthesia and Intensive CareSahlgrenska University Hospital41345 GöteborgSweden

TEBOULJL

Service of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier de Bicetre78 rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance

THICKETT DR

Lung Investigation Unit1st floor Nuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth HospitalEdgbastonBirmingham BIS 2THUnited Kingdom

THIEMERMANN CThe William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCentre for Translational Medicine andTherapeuticsBarts and The LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon ECIM 6BQUnited Kingdom

TRABER DL

Investigational Intensive Care UnitDepartment of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University Blvd.Galveston, TX 77555-0833USA

UDyAADepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareHammersmith HospitalDu Cane RoadLondon W12 OHSUnited Kingdom

ULLDEMOLINS MCritical Care Department[oan XXIII University HospitalMallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain

VALENTINI R

Intensive Care ServiceCentro de Educaion Medica eInvestigaciones ClinicasAvenida Galv än 4102Buenos Aires 1431Argentina

VALLET BDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of LilleRue Michel Polonovski59037 LilleFrance

VAN DER POLL TCenter for Experimental and MolecularMedicineCenter of Infection and ImmunityAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9, G2-130n05AZ AmsterdamNetherlands

VANDIJCK DGeneral Internal Medicine andInfectious DiseasesUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium

VENKATESH BDepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra and IpswichHospitalsBrisbane, QLD 4102Australia

VICAUT ELaboratoire d'Etude de laMicrocirculationFaculte de Medecine LariboisiereSite Villemin10 avenue de Verdun75010 ParisFrance

WENDON JInstitute of Liver StudiesKing's College HospitalDenmark HiliLondon SES 9RSUnited Kingdom

WERDAN KDepartment of Medicine IIIUniversity HospitalErsnst-Grube-Strasse 4006120 HalleGermany

List of Contributors XIX

WESTPHAL MDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity of MuensterAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany

WOOD KEDepartment of Anesthesiology andMedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School ofMedicine and Public Health600 Highland AvenueMadison, WI 53792USA

YAQOOB MMThe Wiliiam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCentre for Translational Medicine andTherapeuticsBarts and The LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon ECIM 6BQUnited Kingdom

YEOMAN AInstitute of Liver StudiesKing's College HospitalDenmark HiliLondon SES 9RSUnited Kingdom

ZENIF

Medical-Surgical Intensive Care UnitAvenue Albert Raimond42270 Saint-Priest-en-IarezFrance

ZYGUN DDepartment of Critical CareFoothilis Medical CenterEG23, 1403-29 Street NWCalgary, Alberta T2N 2TPCanada

xx

(ommon Abbreviations

AKIAllAPACHEARDSCOPDCPPCPRCTCVPEEGEKGEVLWHbICUIFNILLPSMAPMRINF-KBNONOSPAOPPEEPSCV02SIRSSOFASv02

SVRTBITNFVAP

Acute kidney injuryAcute lung injuryAcute physiology and chronic health evaluationAcute respiratory distress syndromeChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCerebral perfusion pressureCardiopulmonary resuscitationComputed tomographyCentral venous pressureElectroencephalogramElectrocardiogramExtravascular lung waterHemoglobinIntensive care unitInterferonInterleukinLipopolysaccharideMean arterial pressureMagnetic resonance imagingNuclear factor-kappa BNitric oxideNitric oxide synthasePulmonary artery occlusion pressurePositive end-expiratory pressureCentral venous oxygen saturationSystemic inflammatory response syndromeSequentiai organ failure assessmentMixed venous oxygen saturationSystemic vascular resistanceTraumatic brain injuryTumor necrosis factorVentilator-associated pneumonia