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J. B. L. Reyes
Jose Benedicto Luna Reyes (August 19, 1902December 27, 1994) was
a notedFilipinojurist who
served asAssociate Justiceof thePhilippine Supreme Courtfrom
1954 until 1972. Widely known by theinitials "JBL", his reputation
for erudition and fearlessness was such that the popular rumor took
hold that
PresidentFerdinand Marcosawaited Reyes's retirement from the
Court in August 1972 before imposing
martial lawa few weeks later.
After his retirement, Reyes became the first president of
theIntegrated Bar of the Philippines. He was also
a highly regarded legal scholar in the field ofcivil law.
[edit] Early life
Reyes was born inManilato Dr. Ricardo A. Reyes and Marcia C.
Luna. By the age of 15, he had earnedhisBachelor of Artsdegree,
magna cum laude, at theAteneo de Manila University. He obtained
hislaw
degreefrom theUniversity of the Philippinesin 1922, and passed
thebar examinationsof that year,
placing 6th. He was not allowed admission to the Philippine Bar
until the following year, when hereached his 21st birthday. Reyes
would later pursuemasteralanddoctoralstudies in law at
theComplutense University of Madridand theUniversity of Santo
Tomas.
[1]
In the 1930s, Reyes was a law professor at the University of the
Philippines and at theFar Eastern
University. As early as then, he was earning esteem in the legal
academe, and even abroad, particularly in
the field ofcivil law. His Dean at the U.P. College of Law,Jorge
Bocobo, remarked that Reyes wasamong of two Filipinos rated as
outstanding civilists in Spain.
[2]
As a private practitioner, Reyes was among the founders of
theCivil Liberties Unionin 1937.[3]
His
association with that group helped foster his lifelong
reputation as acivil libertarianand an ardentnationalist. Within
weeks after theJapanese invasionin 1941, Reyes helped organize the
underground
Free Philippinesmovement. His involvement with the resistance
was soon exposed, and he was
imprisoned by the Japanese inFort Santiagoin 1944. Unlike some
of the other founders of the FreePhilippines movement, such as
Rafael Roces, Jr. and Antonio Bautista, Reyes was spared
execution,
though not torture.[4]
After the war, Reyes was appointed to theCourt of Appeals. He
also helped found in 1947 theManuel L.
Quezon University, and joined its law faculty. When theCivil
Codewas enacted, Reyes, who had briefly
served on the Code Commission before the war, published widely
read article outlining his criticisms ofseveral articles. That
article has since been cited favorably in a number of Supreme Court
decisions.
[edit] Supreme Court serviceAfter nine years with the Court of
Appeals, Reyes was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1954 by
PresidentRamon Magsaysay. At 52, he was among the youngest
justices appointed to the Court.
However, Reyes would never get to serve as Chief Justice. This
was in part because his close friendRoberto Concepcion, several
months his junior, was appointed to the Court a few months before
Reyes.
Concepcion was named Chief Justice in 1966.
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During his tenure on the Court, Reyes andClaro M. Rectowere
unsuccessfully nominated to the
International Court of Justice.[5]
In his 18 years on the Court, Reyes grew in prominence unlike
few other Supreme Court magistrates
before and since. His gruff voice and inscrutable stare, which
had terrorized his students years before,similarly intimidated
lawyers who argued in hearings before the Court.
[6]Often, especially on matters
relating to his specialty, civil law, his opinions proved to be
the final word. In some quarters, he was
called "the Court", in tribute to the considerable influence he
wielded over his colleagues.[7]Upon hisretirement in 1972, one of
his colleagues, the future Chief JusticeFelix Makasiar, said of
Reyes that "[n]ojurist within living memory has commanded during
the last quarter of a century, the deep respect and
admiration of the bench and bar, of dilettantes and scholars, of
professors and students."[8]
[edit] Jurisprudence
As expected, Reyes penned many leading decisions in civil law
that remain widely studied today,
including Tenchavez v. Escao,122 Phil. 765 (1966), on the
recognition of foreign divorces in thePhilippines;
[9]Republic v. Luzon Stevedoring,128 Phil. 313 (1967), which
definedforce majeure;
[10]and
Medina v. Makabali,137 Phil. 329 (1969), affirming thebest
interest of the childas the paramount rule in
custody cases.[11]His dissenting opinion inExconde v. Capuno,101
Phil. 843 (1957), on thetortliabilityof schools for damages caused
by their students,
[12]was eventually adopted by the Court inAmadora v.
Court of Appeals,160 SCRA 315 (1988).
Reyes weaved his strong nationalist views to an interpretation
of the 1935Constitutionthat emphasized
its nationalistic thrust. He notably dissented inMoy Ya Lim Yao
v. Commissioner of Immigration,41
SCRA 292 (1971), where the Court had relaxed the requisites for
a foreigner to acquire Filipinocitizenship through marriage. Reyes
opined that unlike perhaps in theUnited States, the Philippine
constitution disfavored the absorption of immigrants and thus
the citizenship laws should be interpreted
with that view in mind.[13]
In similar fashion was Reyes's most famous opinion, among his
last, in
Republic v. Quasha,46 SCRA 160(1972). The Court, through Reyes,
insisted on a restrictive
interpretation of the expiring Parity Amendments occasioned by
theBell Trade Act, towards the end ofprohibiting the ownership by
foreigners of residential lands. At the end of his opinion, he
criticized the
earlier enactment of the Parity Amendments to the Constitution,
saying:
That Filipinos should be placed under the so-called Parity in a
more disadvantageous position than
United States citizens in the disposition, exploitation,
development and utilization of the public lands,forests, mines,
oils and other natural resources of their own country is certainly
rank injustice and
inequity that warrants a most strict interpretation of the
"Parity Amendment", in order that the
dishonorable inferiority in which Filipinos find themselves at
present in the land of their ancestors should
not be prolonged more than is absolutely necessary.[14]
[edit] IBP presidency and later activism
Shortly after his retirement from the Court, Reyes was elected
as the first president of theIntegrated Bar
of the Philippines. During his years on the Court, he had been
one of the most active proponents of bar
integration in the Philippines. He served as IBP President until
1975, and was Presidentemeritusfromthen on until his death.
Unburdened by his judicial role, Reyes became an active member
in the political opposition against themartial law rule ofFerdinand
Marcos. Together withLorenzo TaadaandJos Diokno, Reyes helped
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ipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1adahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1adahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1adahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dioknohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dioknohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dioknohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dioknohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1adahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Bar_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Bar_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._B._L._Reyes&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Trade_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_majeurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._B._L._Reyes&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Makasiarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claro_M._Recto
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organize the Anti-Bases Coalition, which sought the removal of
the American military bases inClarkand
U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay.[15]
He was the leadpetitionerin the landmark Supreme Court case
ofReyes v.
Bagatsing,125 SCRA 553 (1983), where he successfully
soughtinjunctive reliefagainst the mayor ofManila, who had wanted
to prohibit demonstrations in front of the United States
embassy.
[16]
After the ouster of Marcos following the1986 EDSA Revolution,
Reyes was named by PresidentCorazon
Aquinoas Vice-Chairman of the newly createdCommission on Human
Rights. However, he resigned
from that post in January 1987 in protest of themurder of
several unarmed farmersby policemen inMendiola.
[15]Reyes then retired to private life and died aged 92 in 1994.
He is buried at the Loyola
Memorial Cemetery inMarikina.
[edit] Personal life and legacy
Grave of J.B.L. Reyes and his wife, Rosario
Reyes was married to Rosario L. Reyes, a distant relative who
predeceased him by nearly forty years.They had three children.
Reyes had many protgs in the Philippine legal academe,
especially in the field of civil law. Among themost prominent
werePhilippine Supreme CourtAssociate JusticeJose
Vitug(whoclerkedfor Reyes in
the Court), andRuben Balane.
Following his retirement from the Court, Reyes was named as the
head of the Civil Code Revision
Committee of theUP Law Center. This Committee was instrumental
in the drafting of theFamily Code
which took effect in 1987. In this capacity, Reyes advocated the
equal treatment of wives and husbands
underfamily law, and many substantial changes to the Civil Code
were enacted to that effect. WhileReyes himself was in favor of
allowing divorce,
[17]this was not adopted by the Family Code.
A more notorious component of Reyes's legacy was his role in the
increased difficulty of thebar
examinations. Since the end ofWorld War II, the passing rate of
the bar examinations had ranged from 56
to 72% percent. However, when Reyes chaired the Bar Examinations
Committee in 1955, the passing rate
dropped dramatically to 26.8%, with a mortality rate of 73.2%.
That ratio has been invariably maintainedin the 50+ years
since.
[18][19]
Reyes was an enthusiastic amateur photographer and painter. He
was also among the first prominent
Filipino practitioners ofyoga.[20]
In 2006, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines dedicated the
multi-purpose hall in its main offices as the"Jose B.L. Reyes
Hall".
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tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_Philippines#The_Family_Code_of_1987http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruben_Balane&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Vitug&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._B._L._Reyes&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-fili-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendiola_Streethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendiola_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_EDSA_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation#The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=12592728#cite_note-fili-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Base
