Upload
diegoioioioioooooo
View
41
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
the scales for jazz
Citation preview
12/4/2015 JazzscaleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale#Modes_of_the_melodic_minor_scale 1/7
Onechordscaleoptionfor+7thchordsisthewholetonescale:[1]
CDEFGA/B Play.
Augmenteddominantseventh(+7th)chord:CEGB Play.
JazzscaleFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Ajazzscaleisanymusicalscaleusedinjazz.Many"jazzscales"arecommonscalesdrawnfromWesternEuropeanclassicalmusic,includingthediatonic,wholetone,octatonic(ordiminished),andthemodesoftheascendingmelodicminor.AllofthesescaleswerecommonlyusedbylatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturycomposerssuchasRimskyKorsakov,Debussy,RavelandStravinsky,ofteninwaysthatdirectlyanticipatejazzpractice.[2]Somejazzscales,suchasthebebopscales,addadditionalchromaticpassingtonestothefamiliardiatonicscales.
Oneimportantfeatureofjazziswhattheoristscall"theprinciplesofchordscalecompatibility":theideathatasequenceofchordswillgenerateasequenceofcompatiblescales.Inclassicalmajormodeharmony,chordstypicallybelongtothesamescale.(Forexample,aIiiVIprogressioninCmajorwilltypicallyuseonlythenotesoftheCdiatoniccollection.)Injazz,afourchordprogressionmayusefourdifferentscales,oftenastheresultofchordalalterations.Forinstance,inCmajor,ajazzmusicianmayaltertheVchordGBDFwithaflattenedfifth,producingGBDF.Animprovisermightthenchooseascalecontainingthesefournotes,suchasGwholetone(GABCDF),Goctatonic[orsymmetricdiminished](GABBCDEF),oramodeofeitherDorAmelodicminorascending(GABCDEForGABCDEFrespectively).IneachcasethescalecontainsthechordtonesGBDFandissaidtobecompatiblewithit.Thisnotionof"chordscalecompatibility"marksafundamentaldifferencebetweenjazzharmonyandtraditionalclassicalpractice.
Anavoidnoteisanoteinajazzscalethatisconsidered,injazztheoryandpractice,toodissonanttobeplayedagainsttheunderlyingchord,andsoiseitheravoidedorchromaticallyaltered.[3]Forexample,inmajorkeyharmonythefourth,andthus11th,isanavoidnoteandthuseithertreatedasapassingtoneoraugmented(raisedasemitone).[4]Avoidnotesareoftenaminorsecond(oraminorninth)aboveachordtone[5]oraperfectfourthabovetherootofthechord.[6]
[One]cangetagoodsenseofthedifferencebetweenclassicalandnonclassicalharmonyfromlookingathowtheydealwithdissonances.Classicaltreatsallnotesthatdon'tbelongtothechord(i.e.,thetriad)aspotentialdissonancestoberesolved....Nonclassicalharmonyjusttellsyouwhichnoteinthescaletoavoid["whatissometimescalledanavoidnote"](becauseit'sreallydissonant),meaningthatalltheothersareokay.[6]
Contents
1Modesofthemajorscale2Bebopscales
12/4/2015 JazzscaleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale#Modes_of_the_melodic_minor_scale 2/7
Patternofwholeandhalfstepsinthemajorscale
3Modesofthemelodicminorscale4Symmetricdiminished/Octatonicscale5Wholetonescale6Pentatonicscales7Bluesscale8Harmonicminorscale9Altereddominantscale10Sources11Furtherreading12Externallinks
Modesofthemajorscale
Thenumberofscalesavailabletoimprovisingmusicianscontinuestoexpand.Asmoderntechniquesandmusicalconstructionsappear,jazzplayersfindtheonestheycanputintocompositionsoruseasmaterialformelodicexploration.Prominentexamplesarethesevenmodesofthediatonicmajorscaleandaddednotescales.
I Ionianmode CDEFGABC (associatedwithCMajor7chord)
ii Dorianmode CDEFGABC (associatedwithC6orC713chord)
iii Phrygianmode CDEFGABC (associatedwithCsus49)
IV Lydianmode CDEFGABC (associatedwithCMaj711chord)
V Mixolydianmode CDEFGABC (associatedwithC7chord)
vi Aeolianmode CDEFGABC (associatedwithC713chord)
vii Locrianmode CDEFGABC (associatedwithC75chord)
Compareeachofthemodestothemajorscaleforcluesastothesubtledifferencesbetweenthem.Ionianisbasedonthe1stdegreeofthemajorscale,Dorianonthe2nd,Phrygianonthe3rd,etc.
CIonian CDEFGABC (associatedwithCMajor7chord)
DDorian DEFGABCD (associatedwithD6orD713chord)
EPhrygian EFGABCDE (associatedwithEsus49chord)
FLydian FGABCDEF (associatedwithFMaj711chord)GMixolydian GABCDEFG (associatedwithG7chord)
AAeolian ABCDEFGA (associatedwithA713chord)
BLocrian BCDEFGAB (associatedwithB75chord)
12/4/2015 JazzscaleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale#Modes_of_the_melodic_minor_scale 3/7
Amelodicminorascending Play.
Bebopscales
Bebopscalesaddasinglechromaticpassingtonetothe7notemajorscale(IonianandMixolydianmodes).Theaddedpassingtonecreatesan8tonescalethatfitsrhythmicallyevenlywithina4/4measureofeight8thnotes,thusmakingitusefulinpracticing.Whenan8thnotebebopscalerunstartsonthebeatfromachordtone(Root,3rd,5thor7th)theotherchordnoteswillalsofallonthebeats.Asaresultallofthe"nonchordtones"willfallontheupbeats(the"ands"whencounting"oneandtwoandthreeandfourand")andbecomepassingtones.
Therearetwocommonlyusedtypesofbebopscales:
Dominantbebopscale,whichaddstheraised7thtoMixolydian:Ascending:12345677(8)Descending:87665432(1)
Majorbebopscale,whichadds5toIonian:12345567(8)
NOTE:AdominantbebopscaleworkswelloveranentireiiV.
Modesofthemelodicminorscale
Agreatdealofmodernjazzharmonyarisesfromthemodesoftheascendingformofthemelodicminorscale,alsoknownasthejazzmelodicminorscale.[7](seejazzminorscale)Thisscaleisessentiallyadiatonicmajorscalewithaflattedthird,forexampleCDEFGABC.Aswithanyotherscale,themodesarederivedfromplayingthescalefromdifferentrootnotes,causingaseriesofjazzscalestoemerge.[7]
ModesofCascendingmelodicminor:
i ascendingmelodicminor T,2,3,4,5,6,7
(associatedwithCmaj7orC6chords,functionsasaiminor)
II Phrygian6(orDorian2) T,2,3,4,5,6,7
(associatedwithC7sus9chord,functionsasadominant)
III Lydianaugmented(Lydian5)T,2,3,4,5,6,7
(associatedwithCmaj7+5chord,functionsasaI+)
IV Lydiandominant(also,"Lydian7")(alsoknownasMixolydian4)
T,2,3,4,5,6,7
(associatedwithC711chord,functionsasadominantnotgoingtoI)
V Mixolydian6(ormelodicmajororsimply"fifthmode")
T,2,3,4,5,6,7
(associatedwithC713chord,functionsasadominant)
vi Locrian2(alsoknownas"halfdiminished"scale)T,2,3,4,5,6,7
(associatedwithC75,whichfunctionsasaiichordinminor)
VII SuperLocrian(also"altereddominantscale",or"alteredscale")T,2,3,4,5,6,7
(associatedwithC7913chord,functionsasadominant)
12/4/2015 JazzscaleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale#Modes_of_the_melodic_minor_scale 4/7
DiminishedscalesonE,D,andD,ascending
WholetonescaleonB Play:{B,D,E,F,G,A,B}.
Itshouldbenotedthatthenamesofthesescalesarevariationsofthenamesusedforsomeofthemodesofthediatonicmajorscale,forexamplethePhrygianNatural6,thesecondmodeofthemelodicminor,isnamedsobecauseitisthesameasthePhrygianmodeofthemajorscaleexceptwitharaised(i.e.,6)sixth.
Symmetricdiminished/Octatonicscale
Therearetwotypesofsymmetricdiminishedscales.Thesescalesaresometimescalledoctatonicscalesbecausetheycontaineighttones.Theyarebasedonaseriesofalternatinghalfstepsandwholesteps.Onetypestartswithahalfstep(HWHWHWHW),andonestartswithawholestep(WHWHWHWH).
Becauseoftherepetitionoftheintervalpatternafteronlytwonotes,eachnoteinthescalecanbearootinanothersymmetricdiminishedscale.Forexample,theCsymmetricdiminishedscaleofthehalfstepfirsttype,iscomposedwiththesamenotesasthehalfstepfirsttypeEscale,andthewholestepfirsttypeDscale:
Csymmetric(half,whole)diminished Play:CDEEFGABC
Esymmetric(half,whole)diminished:EEFGABCDE
Dsymmetric(whole,half)diminished:DEEFGABCD
Allthreearecomposedwiththesamegroupofnotes:CDEEFGABCDEEFGAB
Infact,allsymmetricdiminishedscalesarecomposedwithonlythreegroupsofnotes.
Wholetonescale
Thewholetonescale,consistingexclusivelyofwholesteps,isoftenusedonV7+5chords(G7+forexample).
Pentatonicscales
Twopentatonicscalescommontojazzarethemajorpentatonicscaleandtheminorpentatonicscale.Theyarebothmodestoeachother,respectively.
Themajorpentatonicscalebeginswithamajorscaleandomitsthefourthandtheseventhscaledegrees.TheCmajorscaleis(C,D,E,F,G,A,B),sotheCmajorpentatonicscaleis(C,D,E,G,A):
Cmajorpentatonicscale Play.
12/4/2015 JazzscaleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale#Modes_of_the_melodic_minor_scale 5/7
Bluesscaleasminorpentatonicplusflat5th/sharp4th Play.
Theminorpentatonicscaleusesthesamenotesasthemajorpentatonicscale,butbeginsonthesixthscaledegreeofthecorrespondingmajorscale.Continuingtheexampleabove,AisthesixthscaledegreeofCmajor,sotheAminorpentatonicscalewouldbe(A,C,D,E,G):
Aminorpentatonicscale Play.
Thenomenclature,"minorpentatonicscale,"minorisemployedinthesenseofrelativekey,asthediatonicAminorscaleistherelativeminorofthediatonicCmajorscale.
Theminorpentatonicscalereplacesthe2ndscaledegreewithanaugmented4followedbythefifthandiscommonlyknownasabluesscale.
Jazzimprovisers,particularlybassistandguitarist,usethesescalesinanumberofinterestingways.Forexample,overBbMaj7#11,onecanuseamajorpentatonicbasedonthe2ndscaledegreeofBb(CDEGA)toimply9,3,11,13,and7respectively.Similarly,overafullyalteredF#7chord,onecanusethesamemajorpentatonic,thistimebasedonthetritone(CDEGA)toimply5,13,7,9,and9.
Bluesscale
Bluesscalesalsocomeinmajorandminorvarieties.
TheAminorbluesscaleisACDDEGAascendingorAGEEDCAdescending.Thedifferenceintheupanddownversionsisonlyinitsenharmonicspelling,i.e.EvsD.
TheCmajorbluesscaleisCDDEGACascendingorCAGEEDCdescending.
NotewellthattheCmajorbluesscaleanditsrelativeminor,theAminorbluesscale,bothcomprisethesamenotes.Theydifferonlyinwhichnoteisnominatedastheroot.
Guitaristsoftenmixthemajorandminorpentatonicstogetheralongwiththebluesscale.Thedorianandmixolydianmodesaresimilartothiscombinationandtheycanalsobeusedinthesamecontext.
Bluesscaleasachromaticvariantofthemajorscale Play.
WinthropSargeantdescribesthejazzscaleastheabovescale,definedas,"adefiniteseriesoftoneswithinanoctaveusedasthebasisofamusicalcomposition,"compiledinsteadfrommultiplecompositionsandimprovisations(accordingtoStearns:"agreatmanyjazzrecords")andishypothesizedasdisplayingtheinfluenceofAfricanmusic.[8]TheEandBarebluenotes.[9]
Harmonicminorscale
12/4/2015 JazzscaleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale#Modes_of_the_melodic_minor_scale 6/7
Aharmonicminor Play.
AltereddominantscaleonC.
Theharmonicminorscaleisalsoofvaluetomanyimprovisors,asitprovidesanalternativecolorformanycommonchordsandchordprogressions.AnexampleisCDEFGABC.TheCharmonicminorscalecanbeusedonthechordsofapieceinCminor,especiallyontheminoriiV7ichordprogression.
Altereddominantscale
Thealtereddominantscale,alsolooselycalledthealteredscale,issonamedbecauseallthescalemembersthatcanbealteredrelativetothebasicdominantscale(theMixolydianmode),withoutlosingthedominantquality,arealtered.Thescaleincludesbothalteredninths(raisedandlowered),andbothalteredfifths(raisedandlowered).StartingonC,itcontainsthenotes:C,D,E,F,G,AandB.ThealteredfifthscoincideenharmonicallywiththesharpeleventhandtheflatthirteenthwhichwouldalsobeconsideredalteredrelativetotheirMixolydianforms.Thetonic,majorthird(asadiminishedfourth),anddominantseventhareretainedasessentialtothedominantquality.
Thescalecanalsobeunderstoodasamodeoftheascendingmelodicminorscalestartingfromthe7thscaledegree.ForaC7chord,theCmelodicminorscalestartingfromB(Cenharmonically)producestheCaltereddominantscaleenharmonically.
Thisscaleisalsocalledthesuperlocrianscale,asitisindeedreminiscentofalocrianscalewithaflattened4th,butitisusuallyregardedasthatofmajorquality.
Anothernameforthisscaleisthediminishedwholetonescalebecausethefirsttetrachordisthatofa(half,whole)diminishedscaleandthesecondtetrachordiswholetone.Thebebopscaleisusedmostoften.
Sources
1. Hatfield,Ken(2005).JazzandtheClassicalGuitarTheoryandApplications,p.121.ISBN0786672366.2. Tymoczko,Dmitri(1997)."TheConsecutiveSemitoneConstraintonScalarStructure:ALinkBetween
ImpressionismandJazz",Integral11:13579.3. Humphries,Carl(2002).ThePianoHandbook,p.262.ISBN0879307277.4. Humphries(2002),p.128.5. Nettles,Barrie(1987).Harmony1.BerkleeCollegeofMusic.p.34.6. Humphries(2002),p.126.7. Baerman,Noah(1998).CompleteJazzKeyboardMethod:MasteringJazzKeyboard,p.34.ISBN088284
9131.8. Sargeant,Winthrop(1946).Jazz:HotandHybrid.NewYork,Dutton.ISBN.citedinMarshallWinslow
Stearns(1970).Thestoryofjazz,p.278.ISBN0195012690.9. Dr.Metfessel,MiltoncitedinStearns(1970),p.278.
Furtherreading
12/4/2015 JazzscaleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_scale#Modes_of_the_melodic_minor_scale 7/7
Yamaguchi,Masaya.2006.TheCompleteThesaurusofMusicalScales,revisededition.NewYork:MasayaMusicServices.ISBN0967635306.
Externallinks
CommonJazzScalesandHowtoApplyThem(http://www.thejazzresource.com/music_scales.html)NicolasSlonimskyThesaurusofScalesandMelodicPatterns,acompleteguidetocreatingscales,arpeggios,chordsandmelodicpermutationsbasedonnonfunctionalconcepts(http://books.google.com/books?id=RiYPAAAACAAJ)JerryBergonziInsideImprovisation,aseriesofinstructionalbookscoveringpentatonics,hexatonicsandothertypesofjazzscales(http://www.jerrybergonzi.com/books.htm)DavidLiebman(JameyAebersoldpublications)aseriesofinstructionalbookswithlivedemonstrationsonhowtoutilizevariousscalesinjazzimprovisation(http://www.jazzbooks.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=SRCH&Search=David%20Liebman)JazzScalesonGuitarFretboarddiagramswithlabelledscaletones(http://www.fretjam.com/jazzguitarscales.html)Basicscalesuggestionsforanyjazzchart(http://www.jazzscalesuggester.com)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jazz_scale&oldid=653241563"
Categories: Jazztechniques Musicalscales
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon24March2015,at01:19.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.